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SUMMARY IN ENGLISH
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF LEON SGOUROS, BYZANTINE LORD
OF NORTHEASTERN PELOPONNESE
IN THE EARLY 13th CENTURY
Description of the topic and major sources
The present study consists of a prosopographical examination of a major personality at the turn of the 12th-13th century, before and after the conquest of Constantinople by the knights o the Fourth Crusade (1204), based on the major contemporary
and later Byzantine sources (Michael and Niketas the Choniatai, Theodore Skoutariotes, Ephraim of Ainos, Chronicle of the Morea and Geoffrey of Villehardouin), as
well as on the available secondary bibliography (specialised articles and major syntheses by J. Hoffmann, K. Setton, M. Kordoses, R. Radi, A. Savvides, Aneta Ilieva,
P. Niaves et alii). The codification of this material puts Sgouros career in the right
perspective and helps solve various misinterpretations regarding his personality, aims
and rle vis--vis his contemporary events.
Aims and methodology
The existing bibliography refers to various aspects of Sgouros meteoric career, yet a complete and analytical study on this topic was still missing. The present
dissertations aim is to fill this gap by providing a detailed biography of this important
independent Greek lord (archon),whose activities span between c. 1200 and c.
1208. Moreover, this study also provides information on the family (oikos) of the
Sgouroi as well as prosopographical data on Leons father, Theodore Sgouros also a
local lord in the north-eastern Peloponnese (the Morea) at the close of the 12th century
as well as on his enigmatic brother, Gabriel Sgouros, who seems to have remained
phrouriarch of Nauplion after Leos violent end.
Additionally, the dissertation tackles topographical/geographical issues regarding Sgouros advance from the north-eastern Peloponnese to central Greece
(Hellas), as far north as Thessalys capital, Larissa, also providing relevant maps
and sketches/photographs. Moreover, it provides sigillographic evidence according to
the only surviving lead seal (molybdboullon) of Leon Sgouros, nowadays in the
Athens Numismatic Museum.

121

A brief sketch of Sgouros personality and activities

A highly controversial figure, Leon Sgouros has been variably characterised
an unscrupulous and ambitious local tyrant, but also a heroic adversary against the
Latin onslaught and the last defender of medieval Hellenism at the time of the Fourth
Crusade and the ensuing first fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders (1204).
Although several of this compatriots had placed upon him their hopes for an effective
resistance against the Western invaders of Greece, Sgouros would expend most of his
energy combating his fellow Greeks, in the course of his desperate attempt to expand
his territories northwards, reaching as far as Larissa, the capital of central Greece
(Thessaly), only to be repulsed by the advancing latin conquerors of northern Greece
at Thermopylai and seek shelter in the steep fortress of Akrocorinth (northeastern Morea), where he was blockaded and besieged for almost four years), c. 1204-c.1208).
He eventually perished fighting the Latins either leaping on horseback from the precipices of Akrokorinth, or defending his native Nauplion.
Evolution of the present study
Sgouros eventful career is here examined in the following sections:
a. His origins, the social-political conditions of his time and the rle of his family in
this context.
b. His prevalence in the north-eastern Peloponnese (c.1200-1202/1203).
c. His invasion of Attica and Boeotia (capture of Athens -except the Acropolis- and
Thebes), as well as of Euboea (1203-1204).
d. Arrival in Thessaly (Larissa); pact with ex-emperor Alexios III Angelos, stand in
Thermopylae and withdrawal to Akrocorinth (1204)
e. Long siege of Sgouros in Akrocorinth by the Latins and his legendary suicide on
horseback from the fortress (1204-1208); the alternative version of his assassination outside Nauplion.
f. Evaluation of his personality according to the testimony provided by the primary
sources as well as by modern scholars (negative criticisms, but also positive aspects). Sgouros real contribution to the attempt for the survival of medieval Hellenism.
g. The above sections roughly correspond to the chapters of the present dissertation.