TIU LUN :

NG DNG MNG NEURAL TRONG NHN DNG K

T QUANG HC
GVHD : TS. Phc.
Sinh vin thc hin :
Lng V Trc
Lm T Bnh
Hunh Th Phng Oanh
Nguyn Ch Thanh
Li m u
T khi ra i, my tnh nhanh chng pht trin v ng mt vai tr rt quan
trng trong nghin cu khoa hc k thut cng nh trong i sng.
Nhng mt my tnh d c mnh n u chng na, cng ch c th lm vic
theo mt chng trnh c hoch nh sn bi lp trnh vin.N vn khng c kh
nng lin tng, kt ni s vic ny vi s vic khc, v quan trng hn ht l kh nng
sng to nh con ngi.
V l do ,mng noron (Artificial neural networks ) ra i t mc ch c gng
m phng hot ng tr tu ca con ngi.T khi ra i, mng neuron nhanh chng
pht trin trong cc lnh vc v nhn dng ,phn loi , gim nhiu, d on
Trong phm vi mt bi tiu lun nh, chng em ch xin trnh by v ng dng
mng neuron trong nhn dng k t quang hc.
hon thnh bi tiu lun ny, chng em c s hng dn nhit tnh t
thy TS Phc.Nhng bi ging v ti liu ca thy chnh l c s chng em c th
hon thnh tt bo co ca mnh. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy!
Nhm thc hin

Chng 1 : Tng Quan V Mng Neural

I.Gii Thiu
Mng neural nhn to (Artificial Neural Networks : ANN) ra i xut pht t
tng m phng hot ng ca b no con ngi.
Mng noron nhn to l s ti to bng k thut nhng chc nng ca h thn kinh
con ngi vi v s cc neural c lin kt truyn thng vi nhau qua mng.Ging nh
con ngi , ANN c hc bi kinh nghim, lu nhng kinh nghim v s dng trong
nhng tnh hung ph hp.
Mng neural trong mt vi nm tr li y c nhiu ngi quan tm v p
dng thnh cng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, nh ti chnh, y t, a cht v vt l.
Tht vy, bt c u c vn v d bo, phn loi v iu khin, mng neural u c
th ng dng c. V d nh kh nng nhn dng mt ngi trong cc h thng qun l
thng tin lin quan n con ngi (qun l nhn s cc cng s, doanh nghip; qun l
hc sinh, sinh vin trong cc trng trung hc, i hc v cao ng; ); cc ngnh khoa
hc hnh s, ti phm; khoa hc tng s, t vi,
Kt hp cht ch vi logic m, mng neural nhn to to nn cuc cch mng
thc s trong vic thng minh ha v vn nng ha cc b iu khin k thut cao cho c
hin nay v trong tng lai. V d nh ng dng t ng iu khin h thng li tu, h
thng d bo s c,
Mng neural da trn vic m phng cp thp h thng neural sinh hc. Trong
tng lai vi s pht trin m phng neural sinh hc, chng ta c th c loi my tnh
thng minh tht s.
Trong phm vi cp nhng g lin quan n kin thc c s lm n, chng em ch
xin trnh by nhng vn c lin quan, nhng kin thc c s dng phc v cho vic
hon thnh n.

II.Khi Nim Mng Neural

1.S lc v neural sinh hc

Sau y l nhng thnh phn chnh trong cu trc ca mt nron trong b no con ngi

Hnh 1.1 : M hnh neuron sinh hc

Trong :
Cc Soma l thn ca noron.
Cc dendrites l cc dy mnh, di, gn lin vi soma, chng truyn d liu (di
dng xung in th) n cho soma x l. Bn trong soma cc d liu c tng
hp li. C th xem gn ng s tng hp y nh l mt php ly tng tt c cc d
liu m nron nhn c.
Mt loi dy dn tn hiu khc cng gn vi soma l cc axon. Khc vi dendrites,
axons c kh nng pht cc xung in th, chng l cc dy dn tn hiu t nron i
cc ni khc. Ch khi no in th trong soma vt qu mt gi tr ngng no
(threshold) th axon mi pht mt xung in th, cn nu khng th n trng thi
ngh.
Axon ni vi cc dendrites ca cc nron khc thng qua nhng mi ni c bit gi
l synapse. Khi in th ca synapse tng ln do cc xung pht ra t axon th synapse
s nh ra mt s cht ho hc (neurotransmitters); cc cht ny m "ca" trn
dendrites cho cc ions truyn qua. Chnh dng ions ny lm thay i in th trn
dendrites, to ra cc xung d liu lan truyn ti cc nron khc.
C th tm tt hot ng ca mt nron nh sau: nron ly tng tt c cc in th
vo m n nhn c, v pht ra mt xung in th nu tng y ln hn mt ngng
no . Cc nron ni vi nhau cc synapses. Synapse c gi l mnh khi n cho

php truyn dn d dng tn hiu qua cc nron khc. Ngc li, mt synapse yu s
truyn dn tn hiu rt kh khn.
Cc synapses ng vai tr rt quan trng trong s hc tp. Khi chng ta hc tp th
hot ng ca cc synapses c tng cng, to nn nhiu lin kt mnh gia cc
nron.
C th ni rng ngi no hc cng gii th cng c nhiu synapses v cc synapses
y cng mnh m, hay ni cch khc, th lin kt gia cc nron cng nhiu, cng nhy
bn.
2.Mng Neural Nhn To
-Noron nhn to l mt n v tnh ton c nhiu u vo v mt u ra.

Hnh 1.2 : M hnh neuron nhn to mc n gin

Nron ny s hot ng nh sau: gi s c N inputs, nron s c N weights (trng
s) tng ng vi N ng truyn inputs. Nron s ly tng ctrng s ca tt c cc
inputs. Ni nh th c ngha l nron s ly input th nht, nhn vi weight trn ng
input th nht, ly input th hai nhn vi weight ca ng input th hai v.v..., ri ly
tng ca tt c cc kt qu thu c. ng truyn no c weight cng ln th tn hiu
truyn qua cng ln, nh vy c th xem weight l i lng tng ng vi synapse
trong nron sinh hc. C th vit kt qu ly tng ca nron nh sau:

Kt qu ny s c so snh vi threshold t ca nron, nu n ln hn t th nron

cho output l 1, cn nu nh hn th output l 0. Ngoi ra ta cng c th tr tng ni trn

cho t, ri so snh kt qu thu c vi 0, nu kt qu l dng th nron cho ouput bng

1, nu kt qu m th output l 0. Di dng ton hc ta c th vit output ca nron nh
sau:

Trong f l hm Heaviside:

f c gi l threshold function hay transfer function ca nron, cn gi tr (-t) cn c

gi l bias hay offset ca nron.
Nu chng ta a thm mt input na vo, input th 0, c gi tr lun lun bng 1 v
weight lun lun bng bias (-t) th output ca nron cn c th vit di dng:

Lu l ch s ca tng by gi bt u t 0 ch khng phi bng 1 nh trc na.

3.Kin Trc Mng

L mt h thng bao gm nhiu phn t x l n gin (hay cn gi l neural) ta
nh neural thn kinh ca no ngi, hot ng song song v c ni vi nhau bi cc
lin kt neural. Mi lin kt km theo mt trng s no , c trng cho tnh kch hot
hoc c ch gia cc neural.

C th xem cc trng s l phng tin lu tr thng tin di hn trong mng

neural v nhim v ca qu trnh hun luyn ca mng l cp nht cc trng s khi c
thm thng tin v mu hc. Hay ni mt cch khc, cc trng s u c iu chnh sao
cho dng iu vo ra ca mng s m phng hon ton ph hp vi mi trng ang xem
xt.
3.1 Mng Mt Tng
Mng mt tng vi S n-ron c minh ha trong hnh 3.1. Ch rng vi mi
mt u vo trong s R u vo s c ni vi tng n-ron v ma trn trng s by gi
s c S hng.
Mt tng bao gm ma trn trng s, cc b cng, vector ngng b, hm chuyn v
vector u ra a.
ai bi

Mi phn t ca vector u vo p c ni vi tng n-ron thng qua ma

trn trng s W. Mi n-ron c mt ngng , mt b cng, mt hm chuyn f v mt
u ra
.
Cng vi nhau, cc u ra to thnh mt vector u ra a.
Thng thng th s lng u vo ca tng khc vi s lng n-ron.(R#S).
C phi tt c cc n-ron trong cng mt tng phi c hm chuyn ging nhau ? Cu tr
li l khng; bn c th nh ngha cc n-ron trong mt tng c hm chuyn khc nhau
bng cch kt hp song song hai mng n-ron ging trn. C hai s c u vo ging
nhau, v mi mng sn xut ra vi u ra.
Ma trn trng s cho cc phn t trong vector u vo W:
w1,1 w1, 2 ...w1, R

W=

w2,1 w2, 2 ...w2, R

......................

wS ,1 wS , 2 ...wS , R

pS

a = f(Wp+b)

Hnh 3.1 : M hnh mng 1 lp.

Cc ch s hng ca cc phn t trong ma trn W ch ra n-ron ch kt hp vi
trng s , trong khi ch s ct cho bit u vo cho trng s . V vy, cc ch s trong
w3, 2

ni rng y l trng s ca u vo th 2 ni vi n-ron th 3.

3.2 Mng a Tng

Hnh 3.2 :V d v mt m hnh mng a tng

M hnh mng neural trn gm 3 lp: lp nhp (input), lp n(hidden) v lp
xut (output). Mi nt trong lp nhp nhn gi tr ca mt bin c lp v chuyn vo
mng.

D liu t tt c cc nt trong lp nhp c tch hp ta gi l tng trng s v

chuyn kt qu cho cc nt trong lp n. Gi l n v cc nt trong lp ny ch lin lc
vi cc nt trong lp nhp v lp xut, v ch c ngi thit k mng mi bit lp ny
(ngi s dng khng bit lp ny).
Cc nt trong lp xut nhn cc tn hiu tng trng ha t cc nt trong lp n.
Mi nt trong lp xut tng ng vi mt bin ph thuc.
III.Hun luyn mng neural.
1.Phng Php Hc
Mng neural nhn to phng theo vic x l thng tin ca b no ngi, do vy c trng
c bn ca mng l c kh nng hc, kh nng ti to cc hnh nh v d liu khi hc.
Trong trng thi hc thng tin c lan truyn theo hai chiu nhiu ln hc cc trng
s. C 3 kiu hc chnh, mi kiu hc tng ng vi mt nhim v hc tru tng. l
hc c gim st (c mu), hc khng gim st v hc tng cng. Thng thng loi kin
trc mng no cng c th dng c cho cc nhim v.
1.1.Hc c gim st.
Mt thnh phn khng th thiu ca phng php ny l s c mt ca mt ngi thy (
bn ngoi h thng). Ngi thy ny c kin thc v mi trng th hin qua mt tp
hp cc cp u vo - u ra c bit trc. H thng hc ( y l mng neural) s
phi tm cch thay i cc tham s bn trong ca mnh (cc trng s v cc ngng)
to nn mt nh x c kh nng nh x cc u vo thnh cc u ra mong mun. S thay
i ny c tin hnh nh vic so snh gia u ra thc s v u ra mong mun.
1.2.Hc khng gim st.
Trong hc khng c gim st, ta c cho trc mt s d liu x v hm chi ph cn
c cc tiu ha c th l mt hm bt k ca d liu x v u ra ca mng, f hm chi
ph c quyt nh bi pht biu ca bi ton. Phn ln cc ng dng nm trong vng
ca cc bi ton c lng nh m hnh ha thng k, nn, lc, phn cm.
1.3.Hc tng cng.
D liu x thng khng c to trc m c to ra trong qu trnh mt agent tng
tc vi mi trng. Ti mi thi im t, agent thc hin hnh ng yt v mi trng to
mt quan st xt vi mt chi ph tc thi Ct, theo mt quy trnh ng no (thng l
khng c bit). Mc tiu l mt sch lc la chn hnh ng cc tiu ha mt chi
ph di hn no , ngha l chi ph tch ly mong i. Quy trnh hot ng ca mi

trng v chi ph di hn cho mi sch lc thng khng c bit, nhng c th c

lng c. Mng neural nhn to thng c dng trong hc tng cng nh mt
phn ca thut ton ton cc. Cc bi ton thng c gii quyt bng hc tng cng
l cc bi ton iu khin, tr chi v cc nhim v quyt nh tun t (sequential
decision making) khc.
1.4.V d
Gi s chng ta mun dy nron phn bit ch A v B. Khi a input l A chng ta mun
nron cho output l 1, cn khi input l B th nron phi cho output bng 0.

Hy bt u bng cch cho cc weights nhng gi tr ngu nhin, lc ny nron cha bit
g ht. By gi hy input ch A. Nron s ly tng c trng s ca cc inputs v so snh
kt qu vi 0. Nu kt qu dng th output l 1, m th output l 0. Kh nng nron on
ng l 50%, v cc weights ang c gi tr hon ton ngu nhin. Nu nron on ng
th chng ta khng cn lm g c, nhng khi nron on sai (output bng 0), th chng ta
phi tng cc weights ca cc inputs ang hot ng (cc inputs khc khng) ln,
sao cho ln ti tng c trng s s vt qu threshold v to nn output l 1.
Ngc li, khi a ch B vo v nron on sai (output bng 1), th ta phi gim cc
weights ca cc inputs ang hot ng xung, sao cho ln ti tng c trng s s
nh hn threshold v buc nron phi cho output bng 0.
Nh vy, khi dy ch B thnh cng ri th nron c qun i ch hc trc l A
khng ? Khng, v khi input l cc ch khc nhau th nhm cc ng inputs ang hot
ng cng khc nhau hoc l khng hon ton trng nhau. Nh l chng ta ch bin i
weights ca cc inputs ang hot ng thi. Chng ta ch vic lp i lp li qu trnh dy
nh trn cho ti khi nron hc thuc bi mi thi.

2.Thut Ton Hun Luyn Mng

Trong phm vi cp nhng g lin quan n kin thc c s lm n, chng em ch
xin trnh by nhng vn c lin quan, nhng kin thc c s dng phc v cho vic
hon thnh n.
Trong n , chng em s dng mng feed-forward v thut ton lan truyn ngc sai
s Back Propagation x l bi ton.
2.1.Thut Ton Lan Truyn Ngc Back Propagation
y l phng php thng dng nht hun luyn cho cc mng nron truyn thng
nhiu lp.
C th p dng cho cc mng truyn thng vi cc hm chuyn v cc
hm li kh vi.
Tiu chun hun luyn: Lm cho sai s u ra cng nh cng tt.
Trit l ca phng php: da trn u ra iu chnh trng s ca lp ra, sau da
trn tnh ton ca lp ra iu chnh trng s ca lp n.
Hun luyn mng neural nhiu lp s dng thut ton Lan truyn ngc gm hai qu
trnh: Qu trnh truyn tuyn tnh v qu trnh truyn ngc:
Qu trnh truyn tuyn tnh: D liu t lp nhp qua lp n v n lp xut :
Thay i gi tr ca trng s lin kt W ca cc neural trong mng biu
din c d liu hc.
Tm ra s khc nhau gia gi tr tht hm mu m mng tnh c v
kt qu d on ca mng gi l li (hc c gim st).
Qu trnh truyn ngc: Gi tr li s c truyn ngc li sao cho qu trnh
huyn luyn(hc) s tm ra trng s Wi li nh nht.
Cng thc tnh v p dng c th cho bi ton s c cp trong phn I.2 ca
Chng 2.
Nhng hn ch ca phng php lan truyn ngc:
Ngoi nhng thnh cng ca gii thut hc lan truyn ngc, vn cn c mt s
kha cnh lm cho gii thut tr nn cha c bo m l mi lc u tt. Kh khn ch

yu l qu trnh hun luyn lu. C th do nhp hc v ng lc khng ti u. S sai

st trong vic hun luyn ni chung xut hin t hai ngun: mng lit v nhng cc tiu
a phng.
Mng lit: xy ra khi nhng trng s c iu chnh ti nhng gi tr rt ln. Tng
u vo ca mt n v n hoc n v u ra c th bi vy m t gi tr rt cao (hoc
dng hoc m), v qua hm kch hot sigmoid, n v s c mt gi tr kch hot rt gn
0 hoc rt gn 1. Gi tr hiu chnh trng s gn 0, v qu trnh hun luyn c th i n
mt trng thi dng o.
Cc tiu a phng: b mt sai s ca mng rt phc tp y nhng ngn i v
nhng thung lng. Bi v s h dc, mng c th b mc by ti mt cc tiu a
phng khi c nhiu cc tiu thp hn gn bn cnh. Nhng phng php thng k c
th gip trnh ci by ny, nhng chng lm chm. Mt phng n khc l tng thm
s lng n v n. Nh vy s lm vic trong khng gian sai s nhiu chiu, nn c hi
gp by nh hn. Tuy nhin vic tng cng c gii hn trn, khi vt qua gii hn ny, c
hi mc by li tng ln.

Chng 2 : Nhn Dng K T Quang Hc Trong

Mng Neural Nhn To
Phng Php V Thut Ton Nhn Dng K T
I.Cc Bc Xy Dng Nn Bi Ton
Di y l cc bc chnh khi tin hnh thit k v thc thi mng noron nhn to
cho bi ton nhn dng k t :
Xc nh d liu u vo, v u ra mong mun tin hnh hun luyn cho
mng noron.
u vo : V tiu lun ch tp trung vo nghin cu v ci t qu trnh nhn dng
k t neural, nn cc d liu u vo phi qua x l v t chun yu cu trc
khi a vo nhn dng.Cc yu cu d liu u vo l cc file nh dng vn bn
c nh dng *.bmp, y l dng file nh chun, c kiu mu pixel en v trng,
vic tin hnh nhn dng c chnh xc.Cc file nh ny qua giai on tin
x l : x l nh nhiu, nh a sc , lc nh...
u ra mong mun : l mt file text cha cc k t Unicode tng ng m chng
trnh mong mun hun luyn mng hc thuc.S k t u ra mong mun phi
tng ng vi s k t nh u vo cn hun luyn.

ABCDEFGHIJKMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
0123456789
+-\?*^@&:<>

Hnh 2.2 Mt v d v mu cc k t trong nhn dng k t quang

hc.
2.Xc nh Cu Trc Mng
-Mng noron c xy dng theo phng php hc c gim st.
Bi ton la chn mng Feed-forward 3 lp vi cu trc nh sau :
-S noron lp u vo : 150 noron.
Gii thch : Vic hun luyn cho mng hc l mt vng lp duyt qua ln lt cc k t
nh gip mng noron nh v nhn dng cc k t nh ny.Vi mi vng lp, mt k t s
c a vo ging dy cho mng noron hc.Trong qu trnh ny, mi k t s c
phn tch v chuyn t l vo mt ma trn nh phn 15 x 10 .ng vi mi im li ca
ma trn s c tuyn tnh ha to ra tng ng vi mt noron u vo.V vy ma trn s
to ra 15x10=150 noron u vo.
Lu : Vic chn s lng noron u vo hay ni cch khc vic chn t l ma trn u
vo cho k t l rt quan trng.
Nu s lng noron ln qu s dn n vic :
1.Nhn dng nhng k t c font ch nh hoc trung bnh b sai hoc khng chnh xc.
2.Chng trnh vit ra phi duyt qua rt nhiu vng lp dn n chng trnh b chm,
hoc gy ra tnh trng b ng my khi chy.
Nu s lng noron qu nh :
-Vic phn tch cc k t nh thng thng v ln s dn n sai s ln , v vy, vic nhn
dng k t cng s thiu tnh chnh xc.

-Qua kim nghim, v da trn nhiu ti liu, nhn thy gi tr 150 noron u vo l kh
ph hp nhn dng vi kiu k t nh c font ch trung bnh, v ph bin.Cc k t
nh ny c chiu cao trung bnh l 70 pixel v chiu rng khong 54 pixel.
-S noron lp n : 500 noron.Vic la chn gi tr ny da trn thc nghim ca cc ti
liu chuyn v nhn dng k t quang hc.S noron ny c quyt nh t nhng kt
qu ti u v gi tr li c s trong qu trnh hun luyn.
-S noron u ra : 16 noron tng ng vi 16 bit nh phn ca m Unicode.T 16 noron
ny ta tng hp v chuyn thnh 16 bit nh phn, sau cng chuyn thnh 1 k t Unicode.

3.Thut ton hun luyn mng.

Mng feed- forward s dng gii thut lan truyn ngc sai s Back Propagation.
Gii thut gm 2 bc :
Bc 1:
-Lan truyn xui u vo qua mng.
S dng cc cng thc :
Cng thc chung tnh u ra ca mt noron th i ti lp th k:
n

w x
ij

j 0

yi= f (

-bi)

Vi f l hm chuyn sigmoid lng cc c tnh theo cng thc :

f=

2
1
1 e t

: h s gc ca hm chuyn
t: bin net-input
bi: h s ngng hay lch
p dng i vi m hnh mng ca chng trnh :
-Cng thc cho u ra ca mt noron th i (1250) ti lp n
n

w x
ai= f (

j 1

ij

-bi)

wij

Vi

: trng s ti noron th i ca lp n kt ni vi u vo th j ca lp vo
xj

: gi tr u vo ca noron th j ti lp vo

bi : gi tr ngng hay lch ca noron th i ca u vo

-Cng thc cho u ra ca mt noron th k (k =116)ti lp output
n

wkj a j bk
yk= f(

j 1

wkj (
)=f [

j 1

w x
f(

j 1

ij

)]

Bc 2 : Lan truyn ngc

Tnh ton sai lch gia u ra thc v u ra mong mun ca noron th k
ti u ra.
ei= ti- yi
Tng bnh phng sai s ca mng ng vi mu hc (Xs, Ts):

E=

1 p

2 k 1

( ti- yi) 2

P: s phn t u ra
Nu E< v l+1<epochs th :
Thng tin sai s s c lan truyn ngc qua mng iu chnh li
trng s ti vng lp l.
-Cng thc iu chnh trng s vi lin kt gia noron th j trong lp n v
noron th i trong lp ra ti ln lp l+1: (l+1<s ln dy( epochs) )
wij

wij

(l+1) =

(l)+ .ei(l).yj.f(yi(l))

Vi : h s hc
ei(l) : gi tr sai lch ca noron th i trong lp ra , trong ln dy (lp )
th l .

f: o hm ca hm chuyn lng cc ,cng thc f=

: h s hc

1 x2
2

yi(l) : gi tr u ra ca noron th i trong lp ra ti vng lp th l.

yj (l): gi tr u ra ca noron th j trong lp n ti vng lp th l.

-Cng thc iu chnh trng s vi lin kt gia noron vo th j v noron

n th i , ti ln lp th l+1 (l+1 <epochs)
m

wij

wij

(l+1) =

(l)+ .xj.f(yi).

k 1

ki

(l 1).ek (l ). f ' ( yk (l ))

Vi :
: h s hc
xj : gi tr u ra ca noron th j trong lp vo.
yi : gi tr u ra ca noron th i trong lp n
wki(l+1) : trng s lin kt gia noron th k trong lp ra v noron th i
trong lp n trong ln lp th l+1 .
yk (l) : gi tr u ra ca noron th k trong lp ra.
Cc tham s s dng trong chng trnh
Tc hc = 150.
H s gc Sigmoid= 0.014.
Gi tr ngng hay lch : 30
S ln dy 300-600 ty phc tp ca tng loi font.
Ngng ca li = 0.0002.

II.Phng Php v Thut Ton Nhn Dng K T

1.X l d liu (Phn tch nh)

-Qu trnh phn tch nh thc cht l phn tch chui vn bn nh thnh tng k t mt.
Vic phn tch ny da trn vic nhn dng cc pixel mu ca k t nh vi d liu u
vo c x l v chuyn thnh nh dng *.bmp ch c 2 pixel im en RGB(0,0,0)
v im trng RGB(255, 255, 255).
Qu trnh phn tch nh c thc hin tun t nh sau :
-Phn tch vn bn thnh tng dng vn bn .
-Phn tch tng dng vn bn thnh tng k t nh mt.
1.1.Tch dng k t
- Vic tch dng k t chnh l c s tin hnh tch tng k t mt cch d dng v
nhanh chng.
Thut ton :
-Bt u t im nh (x, y) u tin ca file nh (0,0) , gn s dng ang xt lines =0;
a.-Xc nh gii hn trn ca dng : Qut ht chiu rng ca nh, trn cng mt gi tr
y ( chy x<=chiu rng nh, gi nguyn y )
+ Nu gp mt pixel en th ghi nhn y chnh l ta gii hn trn ca
dng(top_line).Dng duyt x.
+Nu khng , tip tc duyt
+Nu khi qut ht chiu rng ca nh, vn khng tm thy gi tr im mu en th
reset li x=0, v tip tc duyt n dng tip theo (tng y=y+1)
b.-Xc nh gii hn di ca dng :
+ Bt u duyt t gii hn trn (nh ) va tm thy ca dng (0,top_line)
+ Tng t nh xc nh gii hn trn , ta duyt ht chiu rng ca nh trn cng mt
gi tr y.
+Nu duyt ht dng m khng tm thy k t pixel en no th ghi nhn y-1 l gii
hn di ca dng (bottom_line).Dng duyt.Tng s dng ln (lines++).
+Nu cha tm thy bottom_line, tip tc duyt n dng tip theo (tng y, reset x=0).

Gii hn di

c.Bt u t gii hn di y (bottom_line) va tm thy sau cng,lp li cc bc a,b

xc nh cc gii hn ca cc dng tip theo , cho n khi duyt ht chiu cao ca
nh th dng, qu trnh xc nh dng k t hon tt.

Gii hn trn

1.2.Tch tng k t
Thut ton :
Xt ln lt tng dng
1.-Bt u xt t gi tr gii hn trn y ca dng (top_line) v gi tr x u tin (x=0)
2.Xc nh gii hn trn ca k t : Qut ht chiu rng ca nh, trn cng gi tr y.
+ Nu pht hin pixel en th nh du y l gi tr nh ca k t
(top_character).Dng qut.
+Nu qut ht chiu rng, m vn khng tm thy pixel en no th tng y v reset li
x, tip tc thc hin li bc 2.
3. Xc nh gii hn di ca k t :Bt u duyt t gii hn trn (nh ) va tm
thy ca k t (0,top_character)

+ Tng t nh xc nh gii hn trn , ta duyt ht chiu rng ca nh trn cng mt

gi tr y.
+Nu duyt ht dng m khng tm thy k t pixel en no th ghi nhn y-1 l gii
hn di ca k t (bottom_character).Dng duyt.
+Nu cha tm thy bottom_character, tip tc duyt n dng tip theo (tng y, reset
x=0).
4.Xc nh gii hn tri ca k t (xc nh gi tr ca x )
-Bt u t gii hn trn (nh ca k t - top_character), gi tr x u tin (x=0) .
-Qut n gii hn di ca dng (bottom_character), gi nguyn x (qut theo chiu
thng ng )
+Nu gp pixel en u tin, ghi nhn x l gii hn tri ca k t (left-character).Dng
qut.
+Nu qut n cui gii hn di, vn khng tm thy pixel en no, th reset li y =
gii hn trn va tm thy, tng x ln.(x++),v tip tc thc hin li bc 4.
5.Xc nh gii hn phi ca k t (xc nh gi tr x )
-Bt u t gii hn trn -nh ca k t (top_character), gii hn tri ca k t
(left_character,top_character) .Qut theo chiu thng ng n gii hn di ca
dng.
+Nu khi qut ht chiu ng ,m vn khng gp c pixel en no th ghi nhn x-1
l gii hn phi ca k t (right_character).Dng qut.
+Nu gp pixel en th tng x (x++) v reset li y =top_character ca k t ang
xt , xt ng thng ng tip theo.
6. Lp li bc 1 n 5 xc nh gii hn ca k t tip theo trn cng dng.Vi
y=top_line ca dng ang xt v gi tr x u tin = right_character ca k t va tm
thy.

Sau khi tch k t

1.3.Xc nh Gii Hn Chnh Xc Cho Tng K T

Trong mt s trng hp, vic tch k t cha thc s chnh xc (ging nh v d
trn ).Ta cn xc nh li mt ln na gii hn chnh xc cho tng k t.
Thut ton :
Xt tng k t :
1.Xc nh nh k t

-Bt u t nh ca k t tm thi,v gii hn tri ca k t va xc nh

trn( left_character,top_character).Qut n gii hn phi ca k t, gi nguyn y.
+Nu tm thy pixel en th chn li y l gii hn nh ca k t
(top_character=y).Dng qut.
+Nu khng , xt im tip theo.
+Nu khng tm thy pixel en no th tng y (y++) , reset li x .(x=
left_character).Thc hin li bc 1.
2.Xc nh gii hn di ca k t.
- Bt u t gii hn di hin thi ca k t (c xc nh trn phn 1.2 ), v
gii hn tri ca k t (left_character, bottom_character).Qut x n gii hn phi ca
k t, trn cng gi tr y .
+ Nu tm thy pixel en ,nh du y l gii hn di ca k t ( bottom_character=
y).Ngng qut.
+Nu khng tm thy pixel en no, th reset li x (= left character ), gim y
(y--).Thc hin li bc 2.
Gii hn trn

Xc nh gii hn

Gii hn di

1.4.nh X K T nh Vo Ma Trn Gi Tr
Sau khi tch, k t nh s c nh x vo ma trn 2 chiu, c kch thc 15 x 10.
V cc k t nh d chun ha, chn lc nhng sau khi tch u c kch thc kh ln
so vi ma trn ( khong 58x 74), nn cc k t nh ny u phi qua 1 bc chuyn i t
l trc khi chuyn gi tr vo ma trn nh phn 15 x10.

 Lu : Vic chuyn i t l ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s

dn n nhn dng k t b sai.
Thut ton : nh x k t nh vo ma trn pixel nh.
a.Xt chiu rng
-nh x im u v im cui ca k t nh tng ng vi gi tr u v cui
ca ma trn .
-Khi to vi 10 phn t tng ng.
-nh x ta im u (0,y) v im cui (width,y) ca nh k t tng ng vi
gi tr u (0,y) v gi tr cui (10,y) ca ma trn.
-Chia nh chiu rng thnh 10 mc gi tr, nh x vo chiu rng ca ma trn
pixel.
V d :
xMT[ 0]=0;
xMT[5]=width/2.
xMT[10]=width.
xMT[2]=xMT[5]/2.
.....
b.i vi chiu cao:
Khi to vi 15 phn t tng ng.
nh x im u (x,0) v im cui (x,height) ca nh k t tng ng vi gi tr u
(x,0) v gi tr cui (x,15) ca ma trn.
Chia nh chiu cao thnh 15 mc gi tr, nh x tng ng vo chiu cao ca ma trn
pixel.
Vd:

yMT[ 0]=0;
yMT[5]=height /3.
xMT[10]=height x 2/3.

xMT[15]=height.
...
-Ly cc gi tr pixel trong file nh tuyn tnh ha vo trong ma trn pixel bng cch kt
hp ta chiu cao v chiu rng.
Vd:MT[i,j]=img[xMT[i],yMT[j] ]
(0,0)
0

15
(10,15)

Hnh :

10

nh x li k t.

c.Chuyn ma trn li pixel thnh ma trn gi tr

-Bt u t ta (0,0) ca ma trn pixel.Gi y , duyt qua x:
Nu pixel en th ghi nhn gi tr 1 vo ma trn gi tr c ta tng ng.
Nu pixel trng th ghi nhn gi tr 0 vo ma trn gi tr c ta tng ng.
Nu x= chiu rng th reset li x=0 , tng y (y++).
T ma trn nh ny ta nh x thnh mng 1 chiu 150 ct 1 dng, v chuyn
thnh 150 noron u vo.

2.Hun Luyn Mng

Thut ton :
1.Xy dng cu trc mng vi m hnh 3 lp .
2.Khi to cc gi tr ngu nhin cho trng s trong khong [- lch, lch ]
3.Np file nh u vo v file hun luyn (file text u ra mong mun ).
4.Phn tch nh v nh x thnh 150 noron u vo.
5.c cc k t u ra mong mun, chuyn thnh gi tr nh phn Unicode v lu tr
li.
6.Vi mi k t nh :
+Tnh gi tr u ra trong mng FeedForward.
+So snh vi k t tng ng u ra mong mun v tnh ton li.
+Lan truyn ngc li v iu chnh li gi tr ca trng s .
7.Chuyn n xt k t nh tip theo thc hin li bc 6 , cho n khi duyt ht cc
k t nh.
8.Tnh gi tr li trung bnh cho tt c cc k t nh.
9. Lp li bc 6 n bc 8 cho n khi chy s vng dy
+Nu li trung bnh t thp hn gi tr ngng ca li th dng .
+Nu khng th tip tc.

BT U

Xy dng mng

Tnh u ra ca mng

Vector u vo tip theo

Khi to trng s

Tnh li

Np file hun luyn

Phn tch nh

Pht hin k t tip theoCc k t sn sng ?

Tnh trung bnh li

Cc k t sn sng
S ?

c u ra mong mun
Li <Ngng
S ln
? lp =max epochs ?

Cc k t sn sng ?

KT THC

3.Nhn Dng K T Quang Hc

Thut ton :
-Np file nh u vo
-Phn tch nh thnh tng k t nh.
-a ma trn gi tr cho u vo mng feed-forward , tnh ton gi tr u ra da trn
cc trng s c lu sn khi tin hnh hun luyn mng.
-Chuyn m nh phn Unicode thnh k t tng ng.
BT U

Phn tch dng nh

Dng u tin

nh x k t ti vector

Tnh ton u ra

Chuyn t Unicode sang k t

Ht k t trn dng ?
K t tip theo
S

Ht Cc dng ?
Dng tip theo
S

KT THC

Chng 3 :Giao Din Chnh Chng Trnh

Ch Thch
1.Load Networks : load cc trng s c hun luyn ln phc v cho vic nhn
dng k t.
2.Save Networks : save network c hun luyn li s dng cho nhng ln c
d liu sau.
3.Load Training Set : load tp d liu mu mun hun luyn ln.Tp d liu mu ny
gm 2 file cng tn khc nh dng (*.ts) v (*.nn).
4.Close : ng chng trnh.
5.Load Image : a nh u vo vo phn tch.

6.Detect Character : Duyt tng k t mt.

7.Duyt qua tt c cc k t.
8.Trainning : trainning mng,dng khi mun load trainning set vo dy cho mng.
9.S vng dy : ty vo phc tp ca font ch, v sai s c th iu chnh s vng
dy ph hp.
10.Khung hin nh a vo.
11. Ma trn 20 x30 th hin nh pixel cc k t sau khi nh x.
12.Khung hin ni dung ch sau khi nhn dng.
Hng dn :
nhn dng k t bn c th load mng c hun luyn sn ln (load
network) , ri chn nh mun nhn dng (load image ) v tin hnh nhn dng
nh (detect character hoc detect all).
Hoc load tp d liu mu vo , tin hnh trainning , ri mi tin hnh load
nh mun nhn dng k t.

Tng Kt
Sai S Trong Nhn Dng K T
Vic nhn dng k t i khi b sai hoc thiu chnh xc , l do nhiu vn lin
quan nh : s phc tp ca d liu u vo, cc gi tr chn la nh lch, li ngng,
s neuron mi lp,. cha c chn la chnh xc.
Sai s trong nhn dng k t ln hay nh l ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : chun
ca nh a vo, size font ch , phc tp ca font ch.
Vic chn m hnh mng ph hp, gi tr ngng li, lch , tc hc.. u
nh hng n tnh chnh xc trong nhn dng k t
Nhng hn ch
+ Chng trnh ch mc nhn dng ch khng du , tnh chnh xc vn cha hon ton
tuyt i.
+Vi nhng kiu ch st nhau, vic phn tch gii hn k t cha chnh xc, dn n c
k t sai.
Vd :

Do kin thc cn hn hp, thi gian lm bo co cng khng nhiu, nn phn bo

co ca chng em chc chn cn rt nhiu sai st .Mong thy thng cm v b qua
cho chng em.Chng em xin cm n
Nhm thc hin : nhm 12.Gm cc thnh vin :
- Lm T Bnh -07520427
- Lng V Trc -07520376
- Hunh Th Phng Oanh -07520263
- Nguyn Ch Thanh -07520312

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1.] Cc bi ging v neural networks trn web.
[2.] http://vi.wikipedia.org
[3.] Tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh,i hc Nng S 4(27).2008
[4.] An Introduction to Neural Networks.pdf
[5.] http:/ /codeproject.com
[6.]V mt s ngun trn http://google.com.