Cooper Example

line voltage

12470

7200
Length
n/a

X
2.291

8448

0.465

0.491

0.1188

/1000'

4224

0.486

0.585

0.2328

/1000'

21278

2.447

2.949

0.2328

3.652

6.316

0.255

2.291

3-750MCM AL

0.055

0.0581

/1000'

3-1/0Cu

0.115

0.1386

0.115

0.1386

3-1/0Cu

Z1

R
0.255

Source

impedance to node 5
3 ph fault at node 5

Mag

Ang

1.089

1.089

8448

1.004

0.258

0.4034 /1000'

4224

0.983

1.704

0.4034 /1000'

21278

4.954

8.584

6.940

0.0305 /1000'

Z0

986.73 Amperes

2x Z1
sum of 2 x Z1 + Zo

7.30474
14.245

11.634
12.63281
24.267

28.13917

59.586

767.5661 Amperes

impedance of single phase line

#2Cu Phase wire
#4 Cu neutral wire
earth
neutral||earth

0.181
0.2847
0.054
0.045

impedance of ph+neut||earth

0.226

+
+
+

j
j
j

0.1434
0.1506
0.547
0.118

/1000'

14098
14098
14098

R
2.552
4.014
0.763
0.640913

+
+
+

j
j
j

X
Mag
Ang
2.022
3.255526 38.38856
2.123
4.54066 27.87785
7.712
7.749231 84.35164
1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

0.261

3.193

multiply x 3

9.578

11.05937

14.245

24.267

23.823

35.326

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5

3.686

l-g fault at node 8

42.60863
507

56.0
amperes

l-g fault at node 5

impedance of single phase line
#2Cu Phase wire
#4 Cu neutral wire
earth
neutral||earth

0.105
0.2847
0.054
0.045

impedance of ph+neut||earth

0.150

+
+
+

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5

l-g fault at node 8

Z0
0.000

7.296355 59.96198

l-g fault at node 5

Length
n/a

j
j
j

0.15
0.1506
0.547
0.118

/1000'

14098
14098
14098

R
1.480
4.014
0.763
0.640913

+
+
+

j
j
j

X
Mag
Ang
2.115
2.58132 55.00798
2.123
4.54066 27.87785
7.712
7.749231 84.35164
1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

0.268

2.121

multiply x 3

6.364

11.33851

3.780

14.245

24.267

20.609

35.605

41.13971
525

59.9
amperes

AEP Example

line voltage

12470

7200
Length
n/a

X
2.291

8448

0.465

0.491

0.1188

/1000'

4224

0.486

0.585

0.2328

/1000'

21278

2.447

2.949

0.2328

3.652

6.316

0.255

2.291

3-750MCM AL

0.055

0.0581

/1000'

3-1/0Cu

0.115

0.1386

0.115

0.1386

3-1/0Cu

Z1

R
0.255

j 1/2000 MVA Source

impedance to node 5
3 ph fault at node 5

Mag

Ang

1.089

Z0
+

1.089

8448

1.004

0.258

0.4034 /1000'

4224

0.983

1.704

0.4034 /1000'

21278

4.954

8.584

6.940

0.0305 /1000'

Z0

986.73 Amperes
correct data entry needed

Length
n/a

0.000

7.296355 59.96198

2x Z1
sum of 2 x Z1 + Zo

l-g fault at node 5

7.30474
14.245

11.634
12.63281
24.267

28.13917

59.586

767.5661 Amperes

impedance of single phase line

#2Cu Phase wire
#4 Cu neutral wire
earth
neutral||earth

0.181
0.2847
0.054
0.045

impedance of ph+neut||earth

0.226

+
+
+

j
j
j

0.1434
0.1506
0.547
0.118

/1000'

14098
14098
14098

R
2.552
4.014
0.763
0.640913

+
+
+

j
j
j

X
Mag
Ang
2.022
3.255526 38.38856
2.123
4.54066 27.87785
7.712
7.749231 84.35164
1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

0.261

3.193

multiply x 3

9.578

11.05937

14.245

24.267

23.823

35.326

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5

3.686

l-g fault at node 8

42.60863
507

56.0
amperes

l-g fault at node 5

impedance of single phase line
#2Cu Phase wire
#4 Cu neutral wire
earth
neutral||earth

0.105
0.2847
0.054
0.045

impedance of ph+neut||earth

0.150

+
+
+

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5

l-g fault at node 8

j
j
j

0.15
0.1506
0.547
0.118

/1000'

14098
14098
14098

R
1.480
4.014
0.763
0.640913

+
+
+

j
j
j

X
Mag
Ang
2.115
2.58132 55.00798
2.123
4.54066 27.87785
7.712
7.749231 84.35164
1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

0.268

2.121

multiply x 3

6.364

11.33851

3.780

14.245

24.267

20.609

35.605

41.13971
525

59.9
amperes

Conductor Constants from indicated references

small I

75% cap

Clarke

Gonen

Kerstig

Handbook

Handbook

Clarke

Handbook

Handbook

Clarke

Kerstig

Handbook

Diameter

R, ac 60hz

R, 20 deg C

R, 50 deg C

X, int, 60hz

Xa, 1ft

Xa, 1ft

GMR

GMR

GMR

Inches

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

Ohms/mile

feet

feet

feet

0.0244

0.0244

Conductor
Code

Type

Size

Type

ACSR

336.4

26/7

0.721

0.2780

0.3060

0.3060

0.2780

0.3060

0.0250

0.4510

0.4510

0.02450

ACSR

266.8

26/7

0.642

0.3500

0.3850

0.3850

0.3500

0.3850

0.0250

0.4650

0.4650

0.02180

0.0217

0.0217

ACSR

4/0

6/1

0.563

0.4640

na

0.5920

0.4450

0.5920

0.0890

0.5240

0.5810

0.01130

0.00814

0.00814

ACSR

3/0

6/1

0.502

0.5790

0.7270

0.7230

0.5600

0.7230

0.0850

0.5400

0.6210

0.01040

0.006

0.006

ACSR

2/0

6/1

0.447

0.7180

na

0.8950

0.7060

0.8950

0.0810

0.5620

0.6410

0.00957

0.0051

0.0051

ACSR

1/0

6/1

0.398

0.8930

1.1200

1.1200

0.8880

1.1200

0.0770

0.5680

0.6560

0.00875

0.00446

0.00446

ACSR

6/1

0.316

1.4100

1.6900

1.6900

1.4100

1.6900

0.0720

0.5920

0.6650

0.00731

0.00418

0.00418

ACSR

6/1

0.250

2.2400

2.5700

2.5700

2.2400

2.5700

0.0650

0.6110

0.6590

0.00612

0.00437

0.00437

ACSR

6/1

0.198

3.5600

na

3.9800

3.5600

3.9800

0.0630

0.6430

0.6730

0.00490

0.0039

0.00394

Copper

250

19Str

0.574

0.2350

na

0.2570

0.2350

0.2570

0.0340

0.4870

0.4870

0.01820

0.01813

0.01813

Copper

4/0

7Str

0.522

0.2760

0.3031

0.3030

0.2780

0.3030

0.0390

0.5030

0.5030

0.01580

Copper

3/0

7Str

0.464

0.3490

0.3817

0.3820

0.3500

0.3820

0.0390

0.5180

0.5180

0.01410

0.01404

0.01404

Copper

2/0

7Str

0.414

0.4400

0.4810

0.4810

0.4400

0.4810

0.0390

0.5320

0.5320

0.01250

0.01252

0.01252

Copper

1/0

7Str

0.368

0.5540

0.6070

0.6070

0.5550

0.6070

0.0390

0.5460

0.5460

0.01120

Copper

7Str

0.292

0.8810

0.9450

0.9640

0.8820

0.9640

0.0390

0.5740

0.5740

0.00880

Copper

7Str

0.232

1.4000

1.5030

na

na

na

0.0390

na

na

0.00700

na

Copper

7Str

0.184

2.2300

na

na

na

na

0.0390

na

na

0.00560

na

Copper

Sol

0.162

2.1850

2.3900

2.3900

2.1800

2.3900

0.0300

0.6370

all HD 97% conductivity

AAC

0.00530

all 600A/sq. inch

4/0
1/0
2
4

0.292

1.541

0.00883

0.01579

0.01113
0.00883

0.00526

0.01579

0.01113
0.00883
na
na
0.00526

Line Constants

MKF
rev 4

Calculation of Z1 and Z0 for 3 phase line with neutral

Notes:

1) Before using this spreadsheet review the R & GMR data to confirm that it corresponds to data you normally use.
Conductor tables represent a sample of conductors available. The user is encouraged to modify this spreadsheet to suit.

2) This spreadsheet is primarily based on the method given in the Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Fink & Beaty, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1978,
using equations rather than tablulated results and the GMR equivalents instead of reactance at 1 ft. as given in tables.
3) This spreadsheet calculates a mean value for the impedances. Unbalance is removed by calculating GMD.
4) Phase conductor temperature is assumed to be operating at approximately 50 degrees C and neutral conductor at approximately 25 degrees C
5) Use "ACSR", "Cu", or "Alum" for conductor types. "Alum" is type AAC.
6) Data needed are wire size and type for phase and neutral, wire spacings, earth resistivity, and system frequency.
Default value for earth resistivity is 100 ohm-meters. Enter value for your area if known to be different.
7) Enter kcmil and small AWG conductor sizes as numbers, and 1/0 trrough 4/0 as text, ie, with an apostrophe as the first character.
8) Check the results obtained using this spreadsheet against another method or program, results are not guaranteed.
Remember when comparing, R & GMR for ACSR are highly dependent on assumed current/temperature.
Some references may state different values from those utilized herein.
R & GMR for copper and aluminum conductors also depend on stranding and other factors.
Input Data
PHASE

Size
4/0

Type
alum

Neutral

1/0

alum

Phase A

100

ohms per meter cube

earth resistivity

60

Hertz
system frequency

Results:

Enter spacing

Phase B

Phase C
Neut

Ph A-B

3.96

feet

Ph B-C

3.96

feet

Ph A-C

7.92

feet

Ph A-N

5.4

feet

Ph B-N

5.5

feet

Ph C-N

5.4

feet

Z1=

0.483

0.699

ohms/mile

or

0.091 +

0.132 ohms/kft

Z0=

1.074

2.074

ohms/mile

or

0.203 +

0.393 ohms/kft

note: Z2 = Z1
Calculations
De =

2788.5

feet

(equivalent earth return path depth)

Phase conductors

phase GMD

4.99

feet

Ph GMR

Z1 Phase conductor self impedance

Rph cond
Xph cond
0.483
0.699

0.01577

feet

Z11
R
X
0.578
1.466

Z1 does not consider any mutuals

Z12
R
X
0.0954 0.76766183

Z11 = self impedance of one phase conductor with earth return

Z12 = mutual impedance between two phase conductors
Neutral conductor

Neut GMD

5.43

feet

Neut GMR

Neutral conductor self-impedance

Rn cond
Xn cond
0.868
0.752

0.0111

feet

Z17
R
X
0.0954
0.757

R
0.963

Z77

X
1.509

Z17 = mutual impedance between one conductor and neutral

Z77 = self impedance of neutral with earth return
Z17^2 =

Mag
0.5826

Ang
165.6

Z77 =

1.790

57.4

Z17^2/Z77 =

0.325

108.2
+

R
-0.56443533

Z1 =

Rph cond

j Xph cond

Z0 =

Z11 + 2*Z12 - 3*Z172/Z77

R
-0.1016

X
0.1445

X
0.309

Resistance & GMR Tables

note: enter conductor sizes 4/0, 3/0, 2/0 & 1/0 as text, ie, with an apostrophe
Geometric Mean Radius at 60 Hz, for other frequencies use ratio
ACSR values are for 26/7 or 6/1 configurations as appropriate
Copper & Aluminum values are for 7 strand or solid as appropriate
Table entries can be modified for different stranding, temperature, current, etc. to suit user.
Tables can be expanded by inserting rows, adding data, and copying lookup equations as needed.
Separate tables are used for phase and neutral, since conductors are assumed to be at different temperatures.
Alternately, temperature correction factors could be used with one table.
Note, for ACSR, GMR also depends on current.
Phase Conductor Lookup Table
alum

4/0

0.483

ohms per mile

0.483
Size
795
636
477
336.4
4/0
2/0
1/0
2
4
6

0.483

ACSR
Select
R
0.563
0.563
0.128
0.563
0.159
0.563
0.211
0.563
0.300
0.563
0.563
no match
0.853
no match
1.040
no match
1.626
no match
2.530
no match
3.960

Cu
Select
R data
0.3031
N/A
0.3031
N/A
0.3031
N/A
0.3031
N/A
0.3031
N/A
0.3031
0.303
no match
0.481
no match
0.607
no match
0.955
no match
1.503
no match
2.390

50 degrees C
0.483

GMR =

0.01577

feet

0.01577

0.01577

Alum (AAC)
Select
R data
0.483
0.483
0.100
0.483
0.149
0.483
0.198
0.483
0.279
0.483
0.483
no match
0.702
no match
0.870
no match
1.410
no match
2.240
no match
3.560

ACSR
Select
GMR
0.0105
0.0105
0.0375
0.0105
0.0335
0.0105
0.0290
0.0105
0.0244
0.0105
0.0105
no match
0.0078
no match
0.0070
no match
0.0046
no match
0.0033
no match
0.0024

Select
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
no match
no match
no match
no match
no match

25 degrees C

GMR =

feet

0.01577
Cu

GMR
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0158
0.0125
0.0111
0.0088
0.0066
0.0053

Alum (AAC)
Select
GMR
0.01577
0.01577
0.0360
0.01577
0.0294
0.01577
0.0250
0.01577
0.0210
0.01577
0.0158
no match
0.0125
no match
0.0110
no match
0.0088
no match
0.0070
no match
0.0056

Neutral Conductor Lookup Table

alum

1/0

0.868

0.868
Size
4/0
2/0
1/0
2
4
6

ohms per mile

0.868

ACSR
Selected
R data
0.8622
0.434
0.8622
0.687
0.8622
0.862
no match
1.368
no match
2.170
no match
3.460

Cu
Selected
R data
0.44
N/A
0.44
0.35
0.44
0.44
no match
0.555
no match
1.374
no match
2.18

0.868
Alum (AAC)
Selected
R data
0.868
0.440
0.868
0.558
0.868
0.868
no match
1.400
no match
2.230
no match
3.540

0.0111

0.0111

0.0111

ACSR
Cu
Selected GMR Data Selected GMR Data
0.0108
0.0151
0.0113
0.0158
0.0108
0.0120
0.0113
0.0125
0.0108
0.0108
0.0113
0.0113
no match
0.0083
no match
0.0883
no match
0.0066
no match
0.0066
no match
0.0054
no match
0.0053

ACSR GMR, and therefore reactance, is variable depending on current.

ACSR data is from Alcan Inc.and is available at:
www.cable.alcan.com/NR/rdonlyres/916275F4-9976-4AAE-9923-970410F3C73E/0/ConductorDatabase.xls
or can be found in various texts and handbooks.
Copper & aluminum resistance & reactance (with correction factors applied) from:
Transmission Line Formulas for Electrical Engineers and Engineering Students, H. B. Dwight, D, Van Nostrand Co., 1913
GMR can be found by applying these factors to account for stranding (from H.B. Dwight):
Copper & Aluminum

Solid

GMR=.779r

19 strand GMR =.758r

7 strand

GMR=.728r

or GMR = .779 * conductor overall diameter in inches /(2*12)

0.0111
Alum (AAC)
Selected GMR Data
0.0111
0.0158
0.0111
0.0125
0.0111
0.0111
no match
0.0883
no match
0.0070
no match
0.0056