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Chương II-he PTTT
Chương II-he PTTT
Bi 3:H CRAMER
21/07/2016
a11x1 a12 x 2
a x a x
21 1
22 2
...
...
a m1x1 a m2 x 2
3
... a1n x n
... a 2n x n
...
...
... a mn x n
b1
b2
...
Ma trn h s
a11 a12
a
a 22
A 21
a m1 a m2
bm
a ij , bi R (i 1, 2,..., m; j 1, 2,..., n)
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a1n
a 2n
M mn (R)
... a mn
...
...
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Ma trn ct ca h s t do
Ma trn ct ca n
b1
b
B 2 M m1 (R)
bm
x1
x
X 2 M n1 (R)
xn
Khi h (I) c vit di dng:
AX B
5
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7/21/2016
Ma trn b sung
a11 a12
a
a
A B 21 22
a m1 a m 2
a1n b1
... a 2n b 2
M m(n 1) (R)
... a mn b m
x1 x 2
2x 4x
2
1
x
3x
1
2
3x 7x
2
1
2x1 8x 2
...
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5
1
3x 3
4x 3
5x 4
9x 4
2x 4
3
14
22
21/07/2016
V d: Xt h phng trnh
x1 x 2
2x1 x 2
2x 2
21/07/2016
2x 3
4x 3
4x 4
7x 3
4
3
5
Ta c 1; 1; 1; 1 l mt nghim
ca h.
1 ; 2 ; ... ; n
2x 4
5x 4
x 3
10
21/07/2016
x1 2x 2
x2
3x1
2x
x 2
1
x3
2
6
1
H c 3 phng trnh, 3 n s.
det A 5 0.
Do h trn l h Cramer.
11
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12
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7/21/2016
a11x1 a12 x 2
a x a x
21 1
22 2
...
...
a m1x1 a m2 x 2
13
... a1n x n
... a 2n x n
0
0
...
...
... a mn x n
...
0
a ij R (i 1, 2,..., m; j 1, 2,..., n)
x1 2x 2
3x 5x
1
2
4x
5x
2
1
3x1 8x 2
21/07/2016
4x 3
3x 4
6x 3
2x 3
24x 3
4x 4
3x 4
19x 4
0
0
0
14
21/07/2016
Bi 2: H PHNG TRNH
TUYN TNH TNG QUT
i).Nu A ~ R th
ii).Nu
AX 0 RX 0
A B ~ R B
th AX B RX B
15
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16
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2x1 x 2 x 3 1
x 2 3x 3 3
2x x x 1
2
3
1
18
21/07/2016
7/21/2016
Ch :
Trong qu trnh thc hin bc 3, nu:
a)C 2 dng t l th ta xa di 1 dng.
b)C dng no bng 0 th ta xa i dng
c) C t nht mt dng dng 0,...,0 b ;b 0
th ta kt lun h (I) v nghim.
19
21/07/2016
2x1 x 2 3x 3 1
x1 2x 2 x 3 3
x
1 x 2 2x 3 4
20
II.NH L KRONECKER-CAPELLI
II.NH L KRONECKER-CAPELLI
t r r (A) ; r1 r (A B)
Ch :
C th chn cc n t do l cc n khng
ng u trong cc phng trnh ca h
tng ng vi RX B
Trng hp h c v s nghim, ta gi
nghim cha tham s l nghim tng qut.
Khi cho cc tham s gi tr c th ta c
nghim ring
21/07/2016
22
x1
x
2
3x1
4x1
23
2x 2 3x 3 4x 4
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21/07/2016
2x1 2x 3 3x 4 6
2x 2 2x 4 x 3 7
3x 2 2x 3 x 4 18
5x1 2x 2 5x 3 3x 4 3
4x1 x 2 3x 3 2x 4 1
2x 7x x
1
2
3
1
21/07/2016
24
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7/21/2016
5x1 2x 2 5x 3 3x 4 3
4x1 x 2 3x 3 2x 4 1
2x 7x x
1
2
3
1
x1 2x 2 3x 3 5x 4 1
x1 3x 2 x 3 x 4 2
2x 5x 4x 6x 1
2
3
4
1
25
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26
x1 6x 2 2x 3 5x 4 2x 5 4
27
x1 2x 2 x 3 1
2x1 5x 2 3x 3 5
3x 7x m2 x 6
2
3
1
21/07/2016
28
21/07/2016
x3
1
x1 3x 2
2x1 6x 2 (m 1)x 3 4
4x 12x (3 m 2 )x m 3
2
3
1
x1 2x 2 x 3 1
2x1 5x 2 3x 3 5
3x 7x m2 x 6
2
3
1
29
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30
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7/21/2016
Ch :
1.Khi tm iu kin ca tham s h phng
trnh v nghim, ta c th tm iu kin h c
nghim. Sau ta kt lun ngc li.
2.Nu ma trn (A B) c cc ct u cha tham
s th ta c th i ct trong ma trn A(khng
c i vi ct h s t do)
31
21/07/2016
x 2 x3
x4
m
mx1
3x 2 2x 3 (5m 3)x 4 m 1
2x1
(m 1)x 3x 2x (m 2 m)x
4
1
2
3
4
32
21/07/2016
I.QUY TC CRAMER
Cho h Cramer AX B ;A Mn (R); det A 0.
H Cramer AX=B c nghim duy nht
Bi 3: H CRAMER
xj
I. Quy tc Cramer
II.Bin lun s nghim ca h Cramer
21/07/2016
34
( j 1, 2,..., n)
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I.QUY TC CRAMER
V d: Gii h Cramer
2x1 x 2 x 3 1
x 2 3x 3 3
2x x x 1
2
3
1
35
det A
33
det A j
21/07/2016
36
21/07/2016
7/21/2016
1
mx1 x 2 x 3
x1 mx 2 x 3 m
2
x
1 x 2 mx 3 m
b) (m 7)x
37
10x1
12x
1
12x 2
(m 19)x 2
6x 3
10x 3
24x 2
(m 13)x 3
x1 3x 2 7x 3 1
2x1 x 2 2x 3 0
7x x 4x 1
2
3
1
m
2m
0
21/07/2016
38
Ch :
Ta lun gii c h Cramer bng phng php
Gauss-Jordan
21/07/2016
a11x1 a12 x 2
a x a x
22 2
(II) 21 1
...
...
a m1x1 a m2 x 2
Bi 3: H PHNG TRNH
TUYN TNH THUN NHT
... a1n x n
... a 2n x n
0
0
...
...
... a mn x n
...
0
AX 0
39
21/07/2016
40
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21/07/2016
Cch gii
gii h (II), ta dng phng php Gauss,
nhng ta ch cn thc hin php bin i trn
ma trn A thay v (A B)
Ch
Khi m n bin lun s nghim ca h
(II) ta dng nh l Kronecker_Capelli.
42
21/07/2016
7/21/2016
3x1 2x 2 5x 3 x 4
2x 3x x 5x
1
2
3
4
2x
4x
1
2
4
x1 x 2 4x 3 9x 4
x1
3x
1
4x1
3x1
0
0
0
43
21/07/2016
4x 3
3x 4
5x 2 6x 3 4x 4 0
5x 2 2x 3 3x 4 0
8x 2 24x 3 19x 4 0
44
21/07/2016
V d: Tm m h sau c v s nghim
3x1 m2 x 2 (m 5)x 3 0
(m 2)x 2
x3
0
4x 2
(m 2)x 3 0
45
2x 2
x 2 (1 m)x 3 0
x1
(m
1)x
x 2
2x 3
0
1
2x
mx 2
3x 3
0
1
21/07/2016
46
21/07/2016
V d:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
d2 d2 2d1
A 2 3 4 1
0 1 0 3
d3 d3 3d1
3 4 6 3
0 1 0 3
x1 x 2 2x 3 2x 4 0
2x1 3x 2 4x 3 x 4 0
3x 4x 6x 3x 0
2
3
4
1
1 1 2 2
d3 d3 d 2
0 1 0 3
0 0 0 0
47
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48
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7/21/2016
H ban u tng ng vi
x1 x 2 2x 3 2x 4 0
x2
3x 4 0
x1 2a 5b
x 3b
2
(a, b R)
x3 a
x 4 b
49
50
Tng qut:
Khi r(A) = r(A|B) < n( s n) th h (II) c v s
nghim ph thuc vo (n-r) tham s 1; 2 ;...; n r ;
ng vi 1; 2 ;...; n r ; ta c (n-r) nghim c bn
x 2 (1 m)x 3 0
x1
2x 3
0
(m 1)x1 x 2
2x
mx
3x
0
1
2
3
X1;X2 ;...;Xn r ;
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52
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