INDEX

2-3

2. Parts of speech

4 10

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1. Effective Communication

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14

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5. TENSES

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4. Conjugation

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3. How to Frame the sentences 11 14

6. Model Auxiliary Verbs

15 -18
19 -23

Effective Communication
1. Grammatically Correct Sentences
Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message
SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

co
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This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you
probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to
sell their car for them because they have gone to France. We can add a few words:
Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

re

e.

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more
correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete,
grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same:

in

2. Pronunciation of Every word

ef

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.

nl

Eg: A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.

llo

3. Grammar

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Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences

4. Vocabulary

Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the
command of a particular person or group.

5. Body Language
Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body

6. Variety of Sentences
Eg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words
repeatedly.

7. Voice Modulation
Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice

8. Expressing Feelings
Eg: .

9. Expressing More Ideas

Eg: .

10. Honing Communication

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Eg: .

11. Spontaneity

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Eg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by

one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.

12. Accent

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Eg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language

Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adverb
4. Adjective
5. Proposition
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market

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Ravi - Noun (5),

and - Conjunction (2) ,
his - Pronoun (10),
best - Adjective (3)
friend - Noun
went - Verb (10)
quickly - Adverb (13)
to - Preposition (3)
Market - Noun

Noun

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It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea.

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NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN

CONCRETE NOUN

COMMON NOUN

PROPER NOUN

MATERIAL NOUN

COLLETIVE NOUN

Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can
be held. These are further divided into four.
Common Noun: A name used in common or general
E.g.: Market, Institute

Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place.

E.g.: Ravi, Vani.
Material Noun: Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called
materials Nouns.
E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel
Collective Noun: A collection taken together and spoken as a whole is called a
collective nouns.
E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army

co
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Sir introduced new words:

Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People)
Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)

e.

ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which cant see, feel and touch
E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity

Suffixes & Abstract Noun

ence
ant
ent
sion
ssion
tion
wood
logy
ism

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ance
aire
hood

ness
ist

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ity
ment
ster

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ity - suffix - end small attachment

Pronoun
You

He

She

It

They

Objective Pronouns

Me

Us

You

Him

Her

It

Them

Possessive Adjective

My

Our

Yours

His

Her

Its

Their

Mine

Ours

His

Her

Its

Their

Myself

ourselves

Himself

herself

itself

themselves

Myself

Our sleves

Yours
Yourself
yourselves
Yourself
yourselves

Himself

herself

itself

themselves

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Possessive Pronoun

We

Personal Pronouns

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Its a word used Instead of a Noun

Reflexive Pronoun

Emphatic Pronoun

I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence)

Sir asked me (After verb)
It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership)
Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun

This book is mine (At the end of the sentence)

I blamed myself ()
I myself helped them ()

Somewhere
one
every one of them
Those

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Other Pronouns
Someone
somebody
something
Somewhat
anyone
No one
One of them
none of them
each of them
This
That
These
Each and Every one of them

VERBS
Definition: It Shows Action

Verbs

Action Verbs (10000)

Regular Verbs
(9800)
Eg:

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ModelAuxiliary
Verbs

ask,Asked,Asked

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have
have
has
had

do
do
does
did

Be
am
is
are
were
be
been
being

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nl

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Primary Auxiliary
Verbs

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Auxiliary Verbs

Will - would, Shall - should, Can - could

May - Might, Used to, Ought to
Need, Dare, must

Will Future Actions

Talk about willingness
Decided something to do (determination)
Conditional Sentence.

Irregular Verbs
(200)
Eg:
Write,Wrote,Written

Adverbs
It add meaning to Verb
It adds meaning to Adjective
It adds meaning to Adverb
E.g.: Sit Straight

e.

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Run

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Fast
Briskly(fast)
Slow
Slowly
Steadily
Quickly
Carefully
Cautiously
Swiftly

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listen

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Carefully
Silently
attentively
Actively

E.g.: Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective)

Ravi is Very Clever
Very, So, too (Adverb)
E.g.: Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective)
Ravi is fast run

Adjective
It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective.
There are three types

e.

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Superlative
Degree
Least
Most
Best
Best
Worst
Worst
Worst
Richest
Most Beautiful

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E.g. - 2
E.g. -3

Comparative
Degree
Less
More
Better
Better
Worse
Worse
Worse
Richer
More Beautiful

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E.g. -1

Positive
Degree
Little
Much
Good
Well
Bad
Evil
Ill
Rich
Beautiful

Prepositions

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Note: Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative

Degree, and most in superlative Degree
Suffixes: ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like

It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & Pronoun

Single Preposition: for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above,
below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except,
including, excluding, save.
Compound Preposition: across, about, along with, not with standing,
beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon,
Prepositional Phrase: in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because
of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on, due
to, on par with (equal to)

Conjunction
A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentences
Ex: and

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Complex sentences: If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though,

Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why,
who, whose, whom, which, How.

e.

Compound Sentences: and, but, still, yet, or, nor, eitheror, neither
nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not
only but also, both and.

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Simple Sentence: too to

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Interjection

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nl

Words are sentences which express sudden feelings

E.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas!

.a

What a nice painting!

How costly the watch is!

How to Frame the sentences

Base form = dont + Base form (Write - Dont + write)
s form = doesnt + Base form (Writes = doesnt + write)
Simple Past - did nt + Base form (didnt + write)
There are 5 verb forms

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Ing form
- Writing

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Dont do
Doesnt do
Didnt do
Dont have
Doesnt have
Didnt have
Dont have to
Doesnt have to
Didnt have to
Havent + PP
Hasnt + PP
Handt + PP
Didnt use to

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Do
Does
Did
Have
Has
Had
Have to
Has to
Had to
Have + PP
Has + PP
Had + PP
Used to

- Write
- Writes
- Wrote
- Written

re

Baseform
s form
Simple past
Past Participle (V3)

8 Communicative forms

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1. Positive Sentences
2. Negative Sentences
3. Yes or no questions (Positive)
4. Yes or no questions (negative)
5. wh questions (Positive)
6. wh questions (negative)
7. Question tags (negative)
8. Question tags (Positive)

Examples on do, did, does

Do

Does

He did two mistakes

He didnt do two mistakes
Did he do to mistakes
Didnt he do to mistakes
How many mistakes did he do?
How many mistakes didnt he do?
He did two mistakes, didnt he?
He didnt two mistakes? Did he?

in

ef

re

e.

She does Engineering

She does nt do Engineering
Does she do Engineering
Does nt she do Engineering
What does she do?
What does nt she do?
She does Engineering? Doesnt she?
She does nt do Engineering? Does she?

llo

nl

We do home work
We dont do home work
Do we do home work
Dont we do home work
What do we do?
What dont we do?
We do Home work? Dont we?
We dont home work? do we?

Did

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Examples on have, has, had

Have

We have many doubts

We dont have many doubts
How many doubts do we have?
How many doubts dont we
have?
Do we have many doubts?
Dont we have many doubts?
We have many doubts. Have nt
we?
We dont have many doubts. Do
we?

Has

Had

She has three siblings

She does nt have three siblings
Does she have three siblings
Does nt she have three siblings

He had urgent work

He didnt have urgent work
Did he have urgent work?
Did nt he have urgent work?

How many siblings does she have?

How many siblings doesnt she have?
She has three siblings? Has nt she?

What type of work he had?

What type of work he didnt have?
He h ad urgent work? Had nt he

She doesnt have three siblings? Does

she?

He didnt have urgent work? Did he?

Examples on Used to, has, had

Used to

Has
She has three siblings
She does nt have three siblings
Does she have three siblings
Does nt she have three siblings
How many siblings does she have?
How many siblings doesnt she have?
She has three siblings? Has nt she?
She doesnt have three siblings? Does
she?

He had urgent work

He didnt have urgent work
Did he have urgent work?
Did nt he have urgent work?
What type of work he had?
What type of work he didnt have?
He h ad urgent work? Had nt he
He didnt have urgent work? Did he?

co
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We used to feel shy

We didnt use to feel shy
Did we use to feel shy
Didnt we use to fell shy
How did we use to feel?
How didnt we use to fell?
We use to feel shy? Didnt we?
We didnt use to feel shy? Did
we?

Had

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S form

Base form

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She stays on the third floor

She does nt stay on the third floor
Does she stay on the third floor
Does nt she stay on the third floor
On which floor does she stay?
On which floor doesnt she stay
She stays on the third floor? Doesnt she?
She doesnt stay on the third floor? Does
she?

Simple Past
He wrote two letters
He didnt writer two letters
Did he write two letters
Did nt write two letters
Howmany letters did he write?
Howmany letters didnt he write?
He wrote two letters? Didnt he?
He didnt write two letters? Did he?

.a

We Learn Carefully
We dont Learn Carefully
Do we learn Carefully
Dont we learn Carefully
How do we learn
How dont we learn
We learn carefully? Dont we?
We dont learn carefully? Do
we?

e.

Examples on Base form, Sform, Simple Past

Examples on have to, has to, had to

Have to

We have to practice carefully

We dont have to practice
carefully
Do we have to practice carefully?
Dont we have to practice
Carefully?
How do we have to practice?
How dont we have to practice
We have to practice carefully?
Dont we?

Has to

Had to

She has to come on time

She does nt have to come on time

I had to help him

I didnt have to help him

Does she have to come on time

Does nt she have to come on time

Did I have to help him

Did nt I have to help him

When does she have to come?

When doesnt she have to come?
She has to come on time? Does nt she?

Whom did I have to help him?

Whom didnt I have to help him?
I had to help him Didnt I?

We dont have to practice

carefully? Do we?

She doesnt have to come on time?

Does she?

I didnt have to help him? Did I?

Examples on have + pp, has + pp, had + pp

Have + PP

Has + PP

Had + PP

She has answered all questions

We havent answered correctly

She has nt answered all questions

Have we answered correctly

Has she answered all questions

Havent we answered correctly

Hasnt she answered all questions

How have we answered?

How havent we answered?

Howmany questions has she answered?

Howmany questions hasnt she
answered?
She has answered all questions? Has nt
she?
She has nt answered all questions? Has
she?

re

e.

We had offered prayer before we

came here? Hadnt we?
We had nt offered prayer before we
came here? Had we?

in

ef

We have answered correctly?

Have nt we?
We havent answered correctly?
Have we?

We had offered prayer before we

came here
We had nt offered prayer before we
came here
Had we offered prayer before we
came here
Had nt we offered prayer before we
came here
When had we offered prayer?
When hadnt we offered prayer?

co
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We have answered correctly

nl

CONJUGATION

llo

Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation

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Conjugation of the Verb Write

Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense:
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Continuous Tense

We wrote Letters
We are writing Letters
We have written Letters
We have been writing Letters Since last year
We wrote Letters
We were writing letters at 7o clock
We had written Letters before we came here
We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here
We will write Letters
We will be writing Letters at 7o Clock
We will have written Letters by 9o Clock
We have been writing Letters for one hour by 8o clock

TENSES
It shows time of the Action

Simple Present Tense

Base form/s form
Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it)

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Uses:
1. Universal Truth
E.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal
2. Daily Activities
3. Habitual Actions
4. Future Fixed Action
5. With see, look, how
E.g: See how the children fight
Look, how this washing Machine works
6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less
number), Scarcely (very less quantity)
7. News Paper Headlines
8. Magazines
9. Running Commentary
10. Stories
11. Historical incidents
12. Proverbs Quotations
Proverb E.g: All that Glitters is not Gold
A sentence with two meaning
i) Literal Meaning
ii) Inner or implied meaning
Literal Meaning: Any metal which looks like Gold is not Gold
Implied Meaning: Appearances are Desective

Present Continuous
am/is/are + verb + ing

Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),

Uses:
1. Action which is happening now
2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later
3. Immediate future action (going)
E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses
Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time
I am going to have a cup of tea after the class
4. Arrangement of future fixed action
E.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow

5. Appointment (seeing)
E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to night

Present Perfect
Have/has+ Past Participle
Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never

e.

co
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Usage: Action is completed, but its effect is seen in the presence

Examples:
1. She has waited for the bus since 8o clock
2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes
3. Swamiji has already left
4. We have joined junior course recently
5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense
6. I have nt started the work book yet
7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple
8. No, I have never visited

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ef

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Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past?

I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect
I took Break fast - Simple past

nl

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We have been sitting in the class since 100 Clock

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Examples:

llo

Have/has + been + verb + ing

Note: Since, For (Preposition)
Usage: Action started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the future

We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours

For - Period of time - duration

Since - Point of time

Simple Past Tense

Usage: For any Completed action in the Past.
Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the
beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened,
when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this
level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon
I met my friend before coming here
I met my friend when I was coming here

Past Continuous Tense

e.

Was/were + verb + ing

co
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Examples:

ef

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Usage: For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time.
Note: at, when I was coming, while I was coming
E.g.: we were offering prayer at 10o clock

in

A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall

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nl

The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.

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Past Perfect Tense

had + Past Participle (V3)

Usage: When there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and the
second completed action is in simple Past.
E.g.: we had offered prayer before we came here
We had stood in line before prayer bell was given

Past Perfect ContinuousTense

had + been + verb + ing
Usage: For any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more past
action
E.g.: I had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came here
I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math

Simple Future Tense

Will/shall + Baseform

Usage: Conditional sentence

E.g.: If u help me now, I will help you later on
If u save money, money will save you in emergency

co
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Usage: For any future action with or without time adverb:

Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after
sometime, as and you need.
E.g.: I will come tomorrow
He will deposit the money day after tomorrow

Future Continuous Tense

ef

re

e.

Will/shall + be + verb + ing

Usage: For any continuous action in the future at a particular given time
Note: at
E.g.: we will be offering prayer at 10o clock on Tuesday.

in

We will be waiting for bus at 12o clock

nl

Future Perfect Tense

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Will/shall + have + PP(V3)

Usage: For any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future given
time.
Note: by
E.g.: we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action)
We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Will/shall + have + been + verb + ing

Usage: For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time.
Note: by
E.g.: we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30
We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday

Model Auxiliary Verbs

1. Can - Uses
1. Present Ability (Physical Strength is called)
E.g.: I can catch running Bus

co
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I can Speak Good English in three months

2. Capacity (Area or Space)
E.g.: This room can accommodate 60 students

re

e.

Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

3. To give and take Permission informal situation

ef

E.g.: Informal Family, relative, friends

in

We dont have any type of restrictions

Can I use your cell Phone?

nl

Yes, You can.

.a

Yes, You can

llo

Can I Use your vehicle in emergency

4. Direct and indirect speech sentences

E.g.: Ravi says, I can solve your problems

Ravi says that he solve my problems

5. Conditional Sentence
E.g.: If you try again, you can understand better

2. Could - Uses
1. Past ability
2. Polite English

Past ability: I went to bank I couldnt withdraw the money

E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldnt clear first round itself.

Polite English: How to give respect others

E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please?
Could I know my feed back?
Could I know the reason for delay?

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3. Will - Uses
1. Future Action
E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353

e.

He will deposit the money after sometime

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2. Willingness
E.g.: Sir will clear doubts

nl

3. Determination (Firm Decision)

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ef

I will drop you at liberty

llo

E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course

.a

4. Sure

E.g.: She will get a rank this time

My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani

The Baby will fall down

5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences

E.g.: Ravi says will you deposit the money tomorrow?
Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.

6. Conditional Sentences
E.g.: If you work hard, you will get success
If you read it again, you will understand better

4. Would - Uses
1. Polite English
E.g.: Sir would Guide us
My Father would visit this institute.

co
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Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award

2. Past habitual Action

E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.

e.

Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six

re

I would work on system ours together when I was a student

ef

5. May - Uses

in

1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening

llo

Swamiji may visit our class

nl

E.g.: The doctors may save the patient

Sir may give us a chance for GD

.a

It may rain

2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation

E.g.: May I come in?

Yes, You may come

Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please

May I know, whether my sentence is correct

6. Might - Uses
1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening
E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class

He might Go abroad
They might allow me for fourth late coming

2. Polite English (might + like)

E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation
Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation
Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment

E.g.: The doctors might have saved the Patient

You might have avoided using cell Phone
He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle

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e.

You might have stopped the children from entering water

co
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3. We hold someone responsible if some big mistake happens

7. Shall - Uses
E.g.: I shall come tomorrow

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E.g.: Shall I help you

llo

2. Voluntary Help (I, we)

nl

We Shall talk to sir after the class

in

ef

1. Future Action (I, we)

Shall we assist them

Shall we arrange the chairs Properly

3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance
She shall get Promotion this time

4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes
Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class

5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24
hours
(*Screem Shouting Loudly)

8. Should or Ought to
1. Duty
E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country

2. Obligation

We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall

3. Reference or Recommendation

e.

E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford

co
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E.g.: We should respect others

re

She should see a dermatologist

in

E.g.: You should arrange the class

ef

4. Suggestion (Related to work)

nl

The builder should increase the size of the rooms

llo

5. Advice (related to a person or Person health

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E.g.: You should take care of your health

He should mind his language

aaaa

vani aaaa