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mod1$residuals

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mod1$fitted.values

2
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Sample Quantiles

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mod1$residuals

Residuals vs. Time Order

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  & .  9  '&56&   !  & 83% 68& 76 % $8(   '  & 87  83&
,-$*. 9

30

; 40 "(

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