EE2023 RAA 2marks - PDF.WWW - Chennaiuniversity.net - Notes PDF

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @
www.chennaiuniversity.net
EE2023
UNIT I
ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
3003
BASIC CONCEPTS
Definition and origin of robotics different types of robotics various generations of

robots degrees of freedom Asimovs laws of robotics dynamic stabilization of robots.
UNIT II
POWER SOURCES AND SENSORS
Hydraulic, pneumatic and electric drives determination of HP of motor and gearing ratio
variable speed arrangements path determination micro machines in robotics
machine vision ranging laser acoustic magnetic, fiber optic and tactile sensors.
UNIT III
MANIPULATORS, ACTUATORS AND GRIPPERS
Construction of manipulators manipulator dynamics and force control electronic and

pneumatic manipulator control circuits end effectors U various types of grippers
design considerations.
UNIT IV
KINEMATICS AND PATH PLANNING
Solution of inverse kinematics problem multiple solution jacobian work envelop hill
climbing techniques robot programming languages
UNIT V
CASE STUDIES
Mutiple robots machine interface robots in manufacturing and non- manufacturing

applications robot cell design selection of robot.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Mikell P. Weiss G.M., Nagel R.N., Odraj N.G., Industrial Robotics, McGraw-Hill
Singapore, 1996.
2. Ghosh, Control in Robotics and Automation: Sensor Based Integration, Allied
Publishers, Chennai, 1998.
REFERENCES
1. Deb.S.R., Robotics technology and flexible Automation, John Wiley, USA 1992.
2. Asfahl C.R., Robots and manufacturing Automation, John Wiley, USA 1992.
3. Klafter R.D., Chimielewski T.A., Negin M., Robotic Engineering An integrated
approach, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1994.
4. Mc Kerrow P.J. Introduction to Robotics, Addison Wesley, USA, 1991.
5. Issac Asimov I Robot, Ballantine Books, New York, 1986.
Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !
Page 1
UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS
TWO MARKS
1. Define a Robot?
RIA defines a robot as a programmable, multifunction manipulator designed to
Move materials, parts, tools or special devices through variable programmed motions
for the performance of the variety of task.
2. What is mean by automation?
Automation is a technology that is concerned with the use of electronic mechanical
and computer based system in the operation control and production.
3. What is a robot?
Robot is an
Electro-mechanical device
Perform various task
May be human controlled or automated.
It finds its uses in all aspects of our life
4. What are the rules of robot?
Do not harm being
Obey human being
Protects itself from harm.
5. Why a robot used?
a. To reduce production cost
Fast
Accurate
Difficulties in human nature
b. To avoid 3-D jobs
Dirty
Dangerous
Difficult
6. What is meant by robot anatomy?
Robot anatomy means study of structure of robot. Manipulator is constructed of a
series of joints & links. A joint provides relative motion between the input link and the
output link. Each joint provides the robot with one degree of freedom.
7. Name the commonly used robot configuration system?
The commonly used robot configuration systems are
Cartesian coordinate system
Page 2
Cylindrical coordinate system

Polar or spherical coordinate system
Revolute coordinate system
8. What are the types of automation?

Fixed automation
Programmable automation
Flexible automation
9. Write are the Benefits of industrial automation?
Improved product quality
Improved safety
Increased manufacturing flexibility
Improved operation reliability
Improved decision making
10. List the different types of robots?
Robotic Manipulator
Wheeled Mobile Robots
Legged Robots
Underwater Robots
Flying Robots
Robot Vision
Artificial Intelligence
Industrial Automation
11. Write Asimovs laws of robotics?
Three rules written by science fiction author Isaac Asimov and later expanded upon.
These rules are built in to almost all positronic robots appearing in his fiction and
cannot be bypassed. The rules are introduced in his 1942 short story Runaround
although they were foreshadowed in a few earlier stories.
The Three Laws of Robotics are as follows:
I.
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.
II.
A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with the First Law.
III.
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.
12. What is mean by workspace?
The space in which the end point of the robot arm is capable of operating is called
as a workspace in other words reachabillity of robot arm is known as workspace.
Page 3
13. What is mean by work volume?
The volume of the space swept by the robot arm is called work volume
14. What is meant by work envelop?
The work envelop is described by the surface of the workspace.
15. What is meant by a accuracy of robot?
The robots ability to reach a reference point within the robots full work volume is
known as accuracy of robot.
16. What is meant by pay load capacity of robot?
The maximum load which can be carried by the manipulator at low or normal speed
17. What is meant by precision of robot?
It is the smallest increment of motion for which the robot can be controlled
18. What is repeatability of robot?
Repeatability refers to robots ability to return to the programmed point when it is
commanded to do so.
19. What is meant by quality of robot?
A robot is said to be high quality when the precision and accuracy is more
20. Classify the motion control of Robot arm?
Limited sequence control
Point to point control
Continuous path control
Intelligent control
21. What are the Subsystems of industrial robot?
Actuators
Transmission systems
Power supplies & power storage system
Sensors
Microprocessors & controllers
Algorithms & softwares (higher level & lower level)
22. What is meant Degrees Of Freedom?
It is described as one of the variables required to define the motion of a body in
space. Each joint in a robotic system gives the robot one degree of freedom.
23. How much encoder need for measure 45 degree of freedom?
Page 4
45 encoders
24. What are the Advantages and disadvantages of robot?
Advantages
Greater flexibility, reprogrammability, adjustable kinematics dexterity
Greater response time to inputs than humans
Improved product quality
Maximize capital intensive equipment in multiple work shifts.
Disadvantages
Replacement of human labour
More unemployment
Significant retraining costs for both unemployed and users of new
technology
Advertising technology does not always disclose some of the hidden
disadvantages
25. What are the limitations of robot?
Assembly dexterity does not match that of human beings, particularly where eyehand coordination required.
Payload to robot weight ratio is poor, often less than 5%
Robot structural configurations often constrain joint limits and thus the work
volume
Work volume can be constrained even further when parts of substantial size
are picked up when tooling/sensors added to the robot
The robot repeatability and/or accuracy can constrain the range of potential
application
UNIT II POWER SOURCES AND SENSORS

TWO MARKS
1. Name the important parts of harmonic drive?
The important parts of harmonic drive are
Rigid circular spline with internal teeth
Flex spline with external teeth
Elliptical wave generation
2. State the advantages and limitation of a hydraulic drive?
Advantages:
It gives greater speed and strength
It gives highest power to weight ratio
Page 5
It is used for heavy pay loads

It can be used for large working envelope
It is safe and reliable to work in wet and dirty conditions
It can be used in hazardous environment.
Disadvantages
It occupies more space
Maintenance should be done regularly
3. What are the types of hydraulic actuator?
The types of hydraulic actuators are
Linear hydraulic actuator
I.
Single acting cylinder
II.
Double acting cylinder
III.
Double acting double rod cylinder
Hydraulic rotary actuator
I.
Gear motor
II.
Vane motor
III.
Piston motor
4. What are the types of encoder?
I.
Linear encoder
II.
Rotary encoder
Absolute encoder
Incremental encoder
5. What is frame grabber?
It is hardware device used to capture and store the digital image.
6. What is the common imaging device used for robot vision system?
Block and White vidicon camera, charge coupled devices, solid state camera, charge
injection device.
7. What is pixel?
Picture elements are also known as pixels.
8. What is the frame of the vision data?
The digital image of the camera is called frame of the vision data
9. What is segmentation?
Segmentation is the method to group area of an image having similar characteristics
or features into distinct entities representing part of the image.
10. What is thresholding?
Page 6
Thresholding is a binary conversion technique in which each pixel is converted into
a binary value either black or white.
11. What is region growing?
Region growing is collection of segmentation techniques in which pixels are
grouped in regions called grid elements based on attribute similarities
12. What are the functions of machine vision system?
Sensing and digitizing image data
Image processing and analysis
Application
13. What is application of machine vision system?
Inspection
Identification
Visual servoing and navigation
14. What is sensor?
A sensor is an electrical device that transfers a physical phenomenon into an
electrical signal. Sensors in robotics are used for both the internal feedback control and
external interaction with the outside environment
15. What is transducer?
Transducer is a device which converts the one form of the energy into another form
without changing the information content.
16. What are the basic classifications of sensors?
Tactile sensors
Proximity sensors
Range sensors
Voice sensors etc
17. What are the desirable features of sensors?
1. Good Accuracy, 2. High Precision, 3. Wide operating range, 4. Instant speed of
response, 5. Good Repealibility, 6. Low cost,
and easy in operation
18. What is the tactile sensor?
Tactile sensor is a device which indicates the contact between themselves and
some other solid objects.
19. List the different type of tactile sensor?
Digital(Touch) sensor
Analogue (force) sensor
Page 7
20. What is touch sensor?
Sensor which senses the presence or absence of the object by having physical
contact between the object
21. List the component of the force wrist?
Metallic frame
Bracket for tool mounting
Strain gauges
22. What is a tactile array sensor?
Tactile array sensor is a special type of force sensor composed of a matrix of force
sensing elements.
23. What is the proximity sensor?
Sensor which senses the presence or absence of the object without having physical
contact between the object
24. What are the classifications of a proximity sensor?
Inductive sensor
Capacitive sensor
Ultrasonic sensor
Magnetic sensor
25. What is a range sensor?
Sensor which sense the range of the object
26. What is a voice sensor?
It is advanced sensor system used to communicate commands or information orally
to robot.
27. What is a vision sensor?
It is a advanced sensor system used in conjunction with pattern reorganization and
other technique to view and interpret event occurring in the robot work space.
28. What is potentiometer?
Potentiometer is an electrical meter to measure the unknown voltage.
29. What is inspection?
It is quality control operation in which the checking of part assembly or products for
conformance to certain criteria is specifying by the design engineering department.
30. What is meant by quantisation?
Page 8
Each sampled discrete time voltage level is assigned to a finite no of amplitude
levels. These amplitude levels correspond to gray scale used in the system. The
predefined amplitude levels are characteristic to a particular A to D converter and
consist of discrete values of voltage levels is defined by
Number of quantisation levels = 2 power n
Where n is the no of bits of the A/D converter
31. What is meant by encoding?
Encoding is defined as the representation of an amplitude level by a binary digit
sequence.
32. What is meant by sampling?
The given analog signal is sampled periodically to obtained a series of discrete
signals.
33. What are the basic lighting devices?
Diffuse surface device
Condenser projectors
Flood or spot projectors
Collimator
Imagers
34. What are the phases of A/D conversion?
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
35. What are the various techniques in image processing & analysis?
Image data reduction
Segmentation
Feature extraction
Object recognition
36. What is meant by image data reduction?
The objective of image data reduction is to reduce the volume of the data
37. What are the schemes involved in image data reduction?
Digital conversion
Windowing
38. What is meant by windowing?
Windowing involves using only a portion of the total image stored in the frame
buffer for image processing and analysis this portion is called window.
Page 9
39. What is by digital conversion?
Digital conversion reduces the no of gray levels used by the machine vision system.
40. What is meant by segmentation?
The object of segmentation is to group areas of an image having similar
characteristics or features into distinct entities representing parts of the image
41. What are the techniques involved in segmentation?
Thresholding
Region growing
Edge detecting
42. What is meant by thersholding?
Thresholding is the binary conversion technique in which each pixel is converted
into a binary value.
43. What is meant by region growing?
Region growing is a collection of segmentation techniques in which each pixels are
grouped in regions called grid elements.
44. What is meant by edge detection?
Edge detection considering the intensity charge that occurs in the pixels at the
boundary or edge of the part
45. What is meant by feature extraction?
Feature extraction is usually accomplished by means of features that uniquely
characterize the object
46. What are the techniques used in object recognition?
Template matching technique
Structural technique
47. What is meant by template matching technique?
Template matching techniques are subsets of the motor general statistical pattern
recognition technique
48. What is meant by structural technique?
Structural techniques of pattern recognition consider relationship between the
features or edges of an object.
49. What are the electrical Drives in Manipulators
The term servo derived from phrase to serve, has meaning that the system that
can be controlled. The electrical actuators that can be controlled are DC servomotors,
AC servo motors and stepper motors
Page 10
50. Classified different types of stepper motor?
Variable reluctance motors ( soft steel rotor)
Permanent Magnet (PM) stepper motor
Hybrid Stepper Motor
UNIT III MANIPULATORS, ACTUATORS AND GRIPPERS

TWO MARKS
1. Define End effector:
End effector is a device that is attached to the end of the wrist arm to perform
specific task.
2. What is meant by manipulator?
Manipulator is a machine has a function similar to those of the human upper limbs
and moves an object spatially from one location to another.
3. Give some example of robot End effector:
Gripper
Tools
Welding equipments
End of arm tooling(EOAT)
4. What is meant by gripper?
Gripper is a End effector which can hold or grasp the object
5. What are the types of gripper?
Magnetic gripper
Mechanical gripper
Hooking gripper
Vacuum gripper
6. What is a stripping device?
A device used to remove workspace from the magnetic gripper
7. What are the types of mechanism gripper?
Linkage actuation gripper
Gear and rack actuation gripper
Cam actuation gripper
Screw actuation gripper
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of magnetic gripper?
Page 11
Advantages
Pickup time very fast
Variation in part size can be tolerated. The gripper do not have to be
designed for one particular work part
They have ability to handle metal parts with holes
They require only one surface for gripping
Disadvantages
Residual magnetism
Side slippage
More than one sheet will be lifted by magnet from a stack
9. Write different types of magnetic gripper?
There are two of magnetic gripper
Electromagnetic gripper
Permanent magnet gripper
10. What is Adhesive gripper?
Adhesive gripper in which an adhesive substance performs the grasping action for
handling fabrics and other lightweight material are called adhesive gripper
11. Limitation of Adhesive gripper?
Adhesive substance losses his tackiness on repeated usage
Reliability is diminished with successive operations
12. List the advantages and features of suction cup gripper?
Require only one surface of the part for grasping
Applies uniform pressure distribution on the surface of the part
Relatively a lightweight gripper
Applicable to a variety of different material.
13. Give some examples of tool as robot End effector
Shop welding tools
Arc welding tools
Spray painting nozzle
Water jet cutting tool
14. What is transfer function?
The transfer function relates the Laplace transformation of the system output to the
Laplace transformation of the system input.
15. What is controller?
Controller is information processing device whose input are both desired and
measurement position, velocity (or) other pertinent variables in a process and whose
outputs are drive signals to a motor (or) actuators.
Page 12
16. Write control techniques of robot?
All industrial robots are either servo or non-servo controlled
Non servo (open loop) control
Servo (closed loop) control
17. What is actuator?
They convert the electrical energy into meaningful mechanical work
Mechanical output can be rotational or linear
Motor provide motion
Electromagnets provide linear motion
18. What is summing junction
Summing junctions may have any number of arrows entering but only one leaving
19. What is a take point?
Take of point permit signals and variables to be shared among more than a single
component
20. What is a functional block?
Function block represents one of the components of the system and contains the
transfer function for the component.
21. What is a single arrow?
Single arrow indicates the direction of variables and signals in the diagram.
22. Name some feedback device used in Robotics?
Potentiometer
Resolver
Encoder
23. List the various actuating mechanism used in mechanical gripper?
Linkage actuation gripper
Gear and rack actuation gripper
Cam actuation gripper
Screw actuation gripper
24. Which type of robot is commonly used for pick and place operation?
Cylindrical coordinate robot is commonly used for pick and place operation
25. What do you meant by material transfer application?
Material transfer application are defined as operation in which the primary objective
is move a part from one location to another location
Page 13
26. What is pick and place operation?
Pick and place operation involved tasks in which the robot picks the part at one
location and move it another location
27. What is meant by PID control?
The PID controller produces an output signal consisting of three terms-one
proportional to error signal, another one proportional to integral of error signal and the
third one proportional to derivative of error signal.
UNIT IV KINEMATICS AND PATH PLANNING
TWO MARKS
1. What is kinematics?
Kinematics will enable us to calculate what each joint variable must be if we desire
the hand to be located at a particular point and have a particular orientation.
2. Define statics.
Statics deals with force which acts on the various parts which are assumed to be
rest.
3. What is link?
A link may be defined as a member (or) a combination of member of mechanism
connecting other members and having motion to them.
Link of machine may transfer both power and motion
4. What is forward kinematics?
It is a scheme to determine joint angle by robot knowing its position in the world
coordinate system
5. What is reverse kinematics?
It is a scheme to determine the position of the robot in the world coordinate system
by knowing the joint angles and the link parameter of the robot.
6. Define manipulator kinematics.
Manipulator kinematics is connected with the position and orindation of the robots
end of arm or end effector attached to it as a function of time but without regard for the
effects of force (or) mass.
7. Write about transformation.
Transformation of frames introduced to make modelling the relocation of
object easier.
An object is described with respect to a frame located in the object, and this
frame is reloaded with transformation.
Page 14
8. Explain kinematic model.
Before a robot can move its hand to an object must be located relative to it.
There is currently no simple method for measuring the location of the robot
hand.
Most robot calculated the position of their hand using kinematic model of
their arm.
9. Write steps to drive kinematics model?
1) Assign D-H coordination frame
2) Find link parameter
3) Transformation matrices of adjacent joints
4) Calculate kinematic matrix
5) When necessary, Euler angle representation
10. Give a method to salve forward kinematic problems?
Denavid-Hartenberg conversion
11. Give a method to salve inverse kinematic problems?
Closed form (or) Analytical solutions
numerical solutions
12. What is the principle of vacuum cup?
The principle used in vacuum pump and venture
13. What are the methods of robot programming?
Lead through methods
Texual robot languages
Mechanical programming
14. What are ways of accomplishing lead through programming?

Power lead through
Manual lead through
15. What is teach pendent?
The teach pendant is usually a small handheld control box with combinations of
toggle switches, dials and buttons to regulate the robots physical movements and
program capabilities.
16. What are the methods of teaching?
Joint movement
X-Y-Z coordinate motions
Tool coordinate motion
Page 15
17. What are the basic mechanisms of legged robot?
Slider
Liver
18. What are the benefits that can be obtained with a legged robot?
Better mobility
Better stability on the platform
Better energy efficiency
Smaller impact on the ground
19. What is APAS?
Adaptable programmable system was developed by national science foundation &
westing house Electric Corporation. The purpose was to advance the state of the art in
automated batch assembly.
20. Write the different type of kinematics analysis of mechanism?
Graphical Position Analysis Method
Algebraic Position Analysis of Linkages
Complex Algebra Method for Position Analysis
21. When a robot singularity will occurs?
A robot singularity occurs when robot axes are redundant (more axes then necessary
to cause the same motion) or when the robot is in certain configurations that require
extremely high joint rates to move at some nominal speed in Cartesian space
22. Write the two modes of lead through programming?
Teach mode
Run mode
23. Write end effector command
OPEN
CLOSE
OPEN I
CLOSED I
24. List out basic modes of operation in robot language structure.
The three basic modes of operations are
Monitor mode
Run mode
Edit mode
25. State that robot language element.
Constant, variables
Motion command
End effector and sensor command
Computation and operations.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
Page 16
TWO MARKS
1. What is meant by SCARA?
SCARA is a robot This also has a cylindrical work space. RRP main body. Such
robots were used to assemble the SONY Walkman.
2. Write some industrial application of robot?
a). Material handling application
Material transfer application
Machine loading/unloading application
b). Processing application
Welding
Painting
Assembly
Inspection
3. What are the benefits of industrial robot?
Industrial robot offers the following benefits
Increase productivity
Improve product quality
More consistent product quality
Reduce scrap and waste
Reduce reworking costs
Reduce raw goods inventory
Direct labour cost saving
Saving in overhead cost such as lighting, heating and cooling
4. What is palletizing?
Palletizing is the operation in which the robot picks cartons from conveyor and
places them on to a pallet
5. What is depalletizing?
Depalletizing operation is the reverse of palletizing operation in which the robot
removes cartons from the pallet and places them on to conveyor or other location
6. What are the different types of material handling operation?
Picking and placing
Palletizing and depalletizing
Machine loading and unloading
Parts feeding , storage and retrival
Sorting of the parts from conveyors
Page 17
7. What are the gantry robots?
If the robots are mounted over head they are called gentry robots
8. How the workpieces are fed to the robot by some mechanical feeding device?
The workpieces are fed to the robot by some mechanical feeding device or conveyor
in a known location and orientation
9. What is the interpretation of manufacturing system?
Manufacturing system is defined as the system which converts the input into a `
suitable output
10. What are the technologies used in manufacturing system?
Computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing
FMS
CIM
AGILE
LEAN
11. Define the term CIM
The term CIM denotes the use of computer pervasive use of computer system to
design the product, plan the product, control the operations and perform the various
business related function
12. Write down some elements of CIM?
LAN, Database, FEM, QC, CNC, TOOL DESIGN, MARKETING, COMPUTER
AIDED DESIGN, ANALYSIS, ROBOT SCHEDULING
13. What are parts feeding, storage and retrieval process?
Parts feeding means feeding the part to the machine
Storage means storing different types of object in the pallet
Retrieval is the process of taking the object from the pallet
14. What is pallet?
Pallet is a storage area which consists of a number of cells to store workpiece of
different size
15. Differentiate palletizing and depalletizing
Palletizing
Depallatizing
a. The pickup point is constant
a. The pickup point is

different
b. The delivery point is

different
b. The delivery point is
Page 18
constant
16. Application of robot in loading and unloading?

Die casting
Injection moulding
Forming, stamping
Trimming process
17. What is assembly?
The term assembly is defined to mean the fitting of two or more discrete
parts to form a new subassembly
18. Defined part presentation.
In order to perform an assembly task the part that is to be assembled must be
presented to robot this is part presentation
19. Explain bowl feeders?
Bowl feeders are devices used for feeding and orienting small parts in automated
assembly operations. They are made two main components
The bowl
The vibrating base
20. What are the types of assembly operation?
Parts mating
Parts joining
21. Basic configuration of assembly systems?
A single workstation assembly
A series of work station assembly
Combination of both
22. Explain designing for robot assembly.
Certain assembly tasks are very difficult for the robot to perform than others.
If possible this difficulty factor should be consider in the design of product
Another consideration in the design of an assembly is the direction in which
the parts are to be added in the assembly operation
Page 19

EE2023 RAA 2marks - PDF.WWW - Chennaiuniversity.net - Notes PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE2023 RAA 2marks - PDF.WWW - Chennaiuniversity.net - Notes PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION

Definition and origin of robotics different types of robotics various generations of

POWER SOURCES AND SENSORS

MANIPULATORS, ACTUATORS AND GRIPPERS

Construction of manipulators manipulator dynamics and force control electronic and

KINEMATICS AND PATH PLANNING

Mutiple robots machine interface robots in manufacturing and non- manufacturing

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Cylindrical coordinate system

8. What are the types of automation?

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

UNIT II POWER SOURCES AND SENSORS

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

It is used for heavy pay loads

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

30. What is meant by quantisation?

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

UNIT III MANIPULATORS, ACTUATORS AND GRIPPERS

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

14. What are ways of accomplishing lead through programming?

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

a. The pickup point is constant

a. The pickup point is

b. The delivery point is

b. The delivery point is

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online @

16. Application of robot in loading and unloading?

Find study materials,Notes,Ebooks online !

You might also like