] [

/
- :

: : . .
ISBN : 978-600-90129-2-3
.
. --. . -- . .
-- . . -- . . -- ..
. . .
TA/
/

----

ISBN 978-600-90129-2-3

:
:
:
.

.

.

.

) (
.
.
.

.



.

.


.
.


.


.

 :
- ) (

:
) ( ) ( -

 :





-


) (
- ) (

:
-


: ...................................................................................................................................................
-- ...........................................................................................................................................................
-- .........................................................................................................................................................
-- ............................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
-- .............................................................................................................................................
-- ....................................................................................................................................
: ............................................................................................................................................

-- ..........................................................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................
---- ........................................................................................................................
---- .....................................................................
---- ..........................................................................
--- ....................................................................
---- ........................................................................................................................
---- .....................................................................
---- ..........................................................................
--- ........................................................
---- ............................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................
--- ........................................................................................

: .....................................................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................

 -- ....................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
-- ......................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................................

-- .........................................................................................................................................................
-- .....................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................
-- .................................................................................................
-- ................................................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................................................................
-- ........................................................................................................
-- ............................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
---- ......................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................
--- .........................................................................................................................................
-- ...............................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................................................

 --- ....................................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................
---- ..........................................................
---- ..................................................................................
--- .........................................................................
---- .........................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................
--- .........................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................
-- ....................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................
--- .....................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................................
-- ............................................................................................................................................. P
-- ....................................................................................................................................................
: ...............................................................................................................

-- ..........................................................................................................................................
-- ......................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................................

 ---- ........................................................................
---- .............................................................................................
---- ....................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................
-- .................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................................
---- ............................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................................
: ........................................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................
--- .........................................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................................................................................
-- .....................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................
-- ...............................................................................................................

 : ............................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................
-- .................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................................................................................
---- ..........................................................................................................
---- ......................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................

---- ............................................................................................................ Ru
---- ...........................................................................................................................
---- ................................................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................................
---- ................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................
-- .......................................................................
--- ..
--- ..........
: .....................................................................................................................

-- .........................................................................................................................................................
-- ..................................................................................................................................................
-- ......................................................................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................................................
---- ............................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................................................................
---- ................................................................................................................

 ---- ...............................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
-- ...........................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................
---- R1 ............................................................. R1
---- ........................................................... R2
---- R3 ................................................... R3

---- R4 .......................................................... R4
--- .................................................................................................................
---- .................................
---- ...........................................
-- .................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................................
-- .............................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................
---- ....................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................................

 : .............................................................................................................................

-- ..........................................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................
--- ........................................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................
---- ...............................................................................
---- ..................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................................................
---- .............................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................................................
-- ............................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................
---- ...........................................................................................................
---- .................................................................
---- ......................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................
--- .........................................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................
---- ..........................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................... Vs
--- ..........................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................
-- ......................................................................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................................
---- ........................................................................................................................

 ---- ...............................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................
---- .............................................................................................................................
---- ............................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................
---- ........................................................................................................................
---- ...........................................................................................................................
---- ............................................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................
-- ..................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................
--- ........................................................................................................
-- ................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................
---- .......................................................................................................
---- .............................................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................
---- ......................................................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................................
---- ...........................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................................
---- ........................................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................................................................
-- ................................................................................................................................................................
-- ..............................................................................................................................................

 -- .......................................................................................................................................................
--- .........................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................................................................
---- ..................................................................................
---- ...........................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................
---- .......................................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................
--- - ..............................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................................................
: ..............................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
-- ...............................................................................................................................................
-- ....................................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................................................
---- ................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................................
---- ..........................................................................................................................
---- .........................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................................

 --- ...........................................................................................
: .............................................................................................................................

-- .......................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................................................
---- .......................................................................................................................
---- ...............................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................

: .........................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................
--- )( ..................................................................
--- ........................................................................................................................................
---- ....................................................................................................................

 ---- .........................................................................................................................
-- .................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................................
--- ..........................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................................
--- ..........................................
--- ................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................
--- .........................................................
--- ..............................................................................................................
-- ............................................................................
--- ............................................................................................................................
---- ...................................................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................
--- ......................................................................
---- ...................................................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................
--- ........................................................................................................................
--- .....................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................
--- ...........................................................................................................................................

 --- .............................................................................................................................
-- ...................................................................................................
--- ..................................................................................................................................
--- ..............................................................
-- .......................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................
--- ...........................................................................
--- ....................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................
--- ..............................................................................
--- ....................................................................................
-- ..............................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
--- ...................................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................... P
: .....................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................
-- ...........................................................................................................................................
-- .................................................................................................................................
--- ........................
---- ..........................................................................................
--- .....................................
--- ..................................................................
---- ..........................................................
---- .................................................................
---- ............................................................
---- .................................................
---- .....................................................................................................

 ---- .............................................................................................
---- ................................................................................................................
--- ......................................................................
--- ........................................................................
--- ...............................................
-- .............................................................................................................................
--- .....................
--- .................................
--- ..............................................................
--- ...................................................................
--- .....................................................................
--- .....................................................................................
---- .....................................................................................................................
---- ..............................................................................................................
---- .................................................................................................
---- ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................
---- .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................
---- .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................
---- .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................
-- ) .............................................................. (Pipe Rack
: ................................................................................................................
-- ......................................................................................................................................................
-- .......................................................................................................................................................
-- ..........................................................................................................................................
-- ...........................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................
--- ...............................................................................................................................

 -- ...............................................................................................................................
--- ................................................................................................................................................
--- ........................................................................................................................
--- .......................................................................................................................
-- ...............................................................................................................................
--- .................................................................................................................
--- .............................................................................................
: ...........................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

 -
--


.


.

--

.

.
.

--

) (- .
.
.

--

.
: .
.
.
.

 .
.

--


SI .

--

. .
= A
= AB
= Ac
= Af
= Ai
= Ap
= As
= Asi i
= Av
= Ax x
= a
= a p
= B ) (
= BD
= Bg
= Bm m
= BM
= b d

 = bf ) L (B
= C
= Cc
= Cd
= Ci
= Cp
= Csm m
= Cu
= Cu1
= Cu2
= Cu3
= Cvm m
= Cvx
= CW
= D
= D
= D1
= DD
= Df
= Dfr
= Di i
= DM
= Dp
= Dn
= Ds
= DTD
= DTM
= d
= df

db

= E --
= E
= Ef )(
= Eh
= Eloop
= Ep
= Es
= Ev
= e -
%
= F
= F - = F + +
= F b
= F c
= F D DD = F D+ DD
= F i i
= F i i
= F M DM = F M+ DM
= F p
= F pi i
= F px
= F w
= F x x
= F xm m x
= F y

 = f c
= G
= Gp
= g
= ge
= H
= H
= Hg .
= HL
= Hs
= h

= hav
= hc

= hcs

= hf
= hi i i i
= hi

= his

= hr
= hs
= hs
= hsp
= hsx x
= hsxA A .
= hsyB B .

 = hw
= hx x
= hx
= hy
= I
= If
= IL
= Ip
= Ipf
= i
= i z.
= J
= J vz z

= Ka
= KDmax
= KDmin
= Keff
= Kh
= KMmax
= KMmin
= Kp
= Ksr
= Kst
= Ksur
= Ksv
= K
= k
= k0

 = ksh
= ksv
= L
= L ) (
= Lf
= L

= La
= Lb
= Le tu .
= Lg
= Li i
= Lmax
= Lp
= Lr
= Lreq
.
= Ls
.
= LT
= Lz
= M
= Ma
= Mi
= Mrw
= Ms
= MW
= Mz hz
= m
= mc

 = mf
= mfd
= mg .
= mi
= mp
= mr

= ms
= mt
= N
= Nc
= Nch
= Ng
= Nh
= Ni
= Nqh
= Ns
= n
= n ) (
= n -
= n
= nA
= P
= P Aa
= P Au
= P f

= P fs
= P n

 = P nr
= P p
= P u
= P v
= P w
= P x x
= PGV
= pc
= pi
= QE
= qc

= qi

= R
= R
= R1
= R' 1
= R2
= R3
= R' 3
= R4
= R' 4
= RI
= Rp
= Ru
= Ruc / .
= r -
= r

 = S
= S1

= Sa
= SD1 % ) (g
= SDS / ) (g
= SM1 % ) (g
= Sn n ) (
= Sp
= Sp
= Sr
= Ss
= Ss -
= Su
= T )
(
= T )(

= T1
= T1
= T2
= Tc
= TD
= Ti
= Tm m
= Tm
= Tp
= TS
= t

 = t
= tp -
= ta
= tb
= tb
= te
= th
= ts
= tu
= V
= Vb
= Vc
= Vg
= Vi
= Vm m
= Vmin
= Vmax

= Vn
= Vnr
= Vp
= Vs
= Vs
= Vser
= Vu
= Vu
= Vw
= Vx - x x-1
= Vz hz

 = vs
= W .
= W
= W
= Wc
= Wch
= Wm m
= Wp -
= Ws
= Wz
= wa .
= wAa
= wAS
= wAu
= wc
= wdp
= wi i
= wi i
= wp
= wpi i
= wpx x
= wt .
= wx x
= Y
= Yu
= y

= ymax
= Ze

 = z
= / .
= a
= s
= t
=
=
=
= D
= eff
= M
= +
= = aA A
= aB B
= x x
=
= ave x Ax
= fax
= fax-design
= fb
= fn
= fr
= fs
= ftr
= ftr-design )(
= fvt
= fvt-design
= i i

 = max x Ax
= s

= x

= x )( x
= xA A x
= xe x
= xem x m
= yA A y
= yB B y
= l
= ldesign
= t
= tdesign
=
= a
= allowable
= b
= cr-c
= D+ L
= oper
= p
= seismic
= t
= y
= 0
= im i m
= xm x m

= d

 = w
=
=
= e
=
= eq
= f
= p
=
= x x
= ) - ( -
=
= ED
= EM
=
= bf
= c
= cs
= y
= yo
=
= f )(
= 0
=

= 0

 -
--

" " "" .
- .
--
.

. .

.
.

--

--
-- .

.

---
----

. .
:
D
)(-
D+ L
)(-
) R S D + (Lr
)(-
) R S D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr
)(-

) 0.7E D + (W

)(-
)--(
)--(
)(-
)(-

) R S

D + 0.75W + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr

D + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75S

0.6D + W
0.6D + 0.7E

:
= D
= L

= Lr
= E --
= S
= W .
= F
= H
= R
= T )
(
.
F ) (- )(-
) (- .
H
. H
/ .
.
----

T
. T
. T
/ .

 ----

.
---
----

:
1.4D
)(-
) R S 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr
)(-
) 0.8W R) + (L S 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr
)(-
) R S 1.2D + 1.3W + L + 0.5(Lr
)(-
1.2D + E + L + 0.2S
)(-
0.9D + 1.3W
)(-
0.9D + E
)(-
)
( ) (- ) (- L / .
F ) (- )-
( ) (- .
H /
. H
/ .
.
----

T
. T
. T
.

 ----

.
---

.
.
----

E h ) (- :
)(-
:
= ) -( -

E h = QE

= QE .

- QE .
QE --
.
----

E v ) (- :
)(-
:

Ev = SDS D

= S DS / ) .(g

SDS A B
.
= / .
----

E
-- -- ) (- ) (- .

E = E h + Ev

)(-

E = E h Ev
)(-

.
- :
(1.0+ 0.14SDS)D + 0.7QE
)(-
)(-
) R S (1.0+ 0.105SDS)D+ 0.75(0.7QE)+ 0.75L + 0.75(Lr
(0.6-0.14SDS)D+ 0.7QE
)(-
F ) (- )-
( .
H
. H
/ .
- :
(1.2+ 0.2SDS)D+ QE + L+ 0.2S
)(-
(0.9-0.2SDS)D+ QE
)(-
)
( ) (- L / .
F ) (- -
.
H /
. H
/ .
---

)(
- -
.
.

 )( -
.
-- -- %
.


.
- :
(1.0+ 0.14SDS)D+ 0.70QE
)(-
)(-
) R S (1.0+ 0.105SDS)D+ 0.75(0.7 0QE)+ 0.75L + 0.75(Lr
(0.6-0.14SDS)D + 0.70QE
)(-
F ) (- )-
( .
H
. H
/ .

% .
- :
(1.2+ 0.2SDS)D+ 0QE + L+ 0.2S
)(-
(0.9-0.2SDS)D+ 0QE
)(-
)
( ) (- L / .
F ) (- -
.
H /
. H
/ .
:
= 0 -

 0 QE

.
--- :

%
.

 -
--

. - .
.
-
-
.
.

--

-- -- -- .
) ( ) ( .
.

---

) (

.
. -
.
) (
.
) (
.
) (
.

 ---

) (
) ( .
) (-- .
.
.
) (-
.
)
( .

---
) (
) .
( . .
.
) (-- .
.
) (
) ( .
-- .

--


.
.

.

 .
) (

.

III ) IV (-
II ) ( ) IV
( .
:
:
: ) (Directivity ) (Fling step
) (
:
: )(Tsunami
-- --
.
---

.


.
.
.
" " )
- (
.

 ---

.

.
% .
.
.

.

 -
--
) (-
) (- ) ( ) (-
.
.


.

.

--
) ( .
- - . -
.
.

D3 ) D2 ( - .

 :-

( :
%
% .
( :
%
% .
( :
%
. .
( :
%
.
( :


.
( - :
%
.
.
( - :
%
.

 :-

( :
.
) ( /
) (
.
( :
.
) ( /
) (
.
( :

%.
( :

%
)( %.
( :

) ( .
( :

.
( :

.

 :-

 --
.
. I
- .
:-

:
.


.




) (
.

IV

 :- )(

:


IV
:
IV


.
III I IV

:
-

III

II

 --
- - -
.

Ru 0 C d
.
- - - .

.

.

--

:
) :(D3 IV )
(g /
AB I
) (
) :(D2 )
(g /
AB I
) (
) :(D1 D3 D2
- .
D1 / ) (
.

 :-

0 Ru

Cd

)(
D3

D2

D1

/ /

 :- )(

0 Ru

Cd

)(
D3

D2

D1

% .

 :- )(

D3

D2

D1

% .

0 Ru

Cd

)(

/ / /

/ / /

--

-- .
:
P ) (-
. / :
) (. % - .
% .

--

:
"" - .
. :
- ) (- ) (-
) % (---
% .
- ) (---
) (--
.
:-
% ) ( = 1

%
-.

% -.

% -
.

%
-.

 --
---

.
:
I II I II ) T < 3.5TS ( ) (

"" "" ) (- "" "" ) (- ) T < 3.5TS

( )
(.
) - (- .
.
TS TS = S D1T1 / S DS -- .

---
Vu ) (- .
S a IW
Ru

)(-
:

= Vu

= S a ) g (
.

) ( Sa = AB .

S DS S D1 :

 = SDS / ) (g
.
A B / .
= SD1 ) T1 = 1 s .(g
.
= I -
= W
.
% . 50 kg/m2 . 150 kg/m2 %
.

= Ru .- Ru
. ) (E
-- / .
----

Vu ) (-
:
)(-
Vmin = 0.044SDS IW / Ru 0.01W
S1 0.6 ) (-
:
)(-
Vmin = 0.5S1 IW / Ru
S1 ) (%
) (g .
S1 / A
I B .
.

 ---

.
.
.
/
.
: ) (EBF
)(-
.
3

T = 0.073H

)(-
:
= H )( .
.
: ) (-
.
0.0062
= T
H
)(-
Cw
4

C w ) (- .
2

)(-

Asi

h
1 + 0.83 i

Di

= AB
= m

= hi i

= Asi i
= Di i

100 m H

AB i =1 hi

= Cw

 ---
F x ) (- ) (- .
)(-
k

)(-

Fx = CvxVu

wx hx

= C vx

n
k

wh

i i

i =1

) (- ):(-

= C vx

= wi wx x i

= hi hx x i
= n
= k ) (- .

T 0.5Sec
1
k=
)(-
T 2.5Sec
2
0.5 < T < 2.5 Sec k .
.
---
x V x x 1 ) (- .
n

)(-

F
i= x

= Vx

= Fi i )(-

--
---

 ) (
.
---

) (
.

.

---
Vm m ) (- .

Vm = C smWm
2

)(-

wiim
i =1

Wm = n
wiim2
i =1

ABm I
R

= C sm

= Csm m

= Wm m

= n

= im i m

= Bm m

W :
- % .
-
-
% -

 ---
m Fxm x ) (- ) (- .

F xm = C vxmVm
w
C vxm = n x xm
wiim

)( -
)(-

i =1

= Cvxm m
= xm x m

= im i m

---

x xm m ) (- ) (- .

C d xem
I
2
g Tm F xm
= 2
4 wx

)(-

= xm

)(-

xem

= C d -

= xem x m
= Tm m

---

.
.
CQC . SRSS .
SRSS CQC .
.

 ---

--- .

--
---

.


.
.

---
.
) (-
) (--- .
-
.
----

.
% 0.2T 1.5T
T . .
----

.
.
:

 - % .
- ) (SRSS 0.2T 1.5T .
- .
-
0.2T 1.5T % /
.
.
) (--
) (
/ .

.

0.2T 1.5T .
----

i :
- I Ru .
- Cd Ru .
"" Vi %
--- QEi
Vmin Vi .
"" Vi %
) (-
"" 0.85Vmin Vi Vmin ) (- .

QE
) (- .



.
0 -

0 QE QEi
.

---

.

.

----

.

.
.


. / - .
----

.
:
. .
.

 - .

--

.

.

) (- .

.

:-
---

) F px (- .

)(-

wpx

i= x
n

= F px

i= x

:
= w px x
) (- 0.4 S DS Iw px
0.2 S DS Iw px . .


) (- .
Fi ) (-
.
"" ) (- "" ""
) (-
% .
---

) .(-
) (-- .

:-

 --

M t .
---
M t M ta
. %
.

.
---

-
M ta Ax ) (- :
2

Ax = max 3.0
1.2 ave

)(-
:

= max x Ax

= ave x ) Ax .(-

Ax .
A

A +B
2
:-
= ave

 --
---
0.4 S DS I
. % .

.

--


. :
-

-
---

)( x x ) (- .

Cd xe
I

)(-

= x

= xe x --
.

)( x x
) (- :

x = x x1

)(-

xe
) (
.
-- .

 :
.
:
:
0.35 EI g :
0.7 EI g :
0.7 EI g :
0.35 EI g :

I g .
- x xe x .
2
2e

1e
1

:-
---

- .

a -
) (- .

. -

hsx x.
:- a

I II

III

IV

0.025 hsx

0.015hsx 0.020hsx

0.010hsx

0.010hsx 0.010hsx

0.007hsx

0.007hsx 0.007hsx

0.020hsx

0.010hsx 0.015hsx

---

x x
.
.

-- P

P
. P
P . P /

.

 /
.
P
) ( P x x
) (- :
PI
)(-
x = x x
VxhsxCd
:
= Px x / )
(.
= x x )) (- ( P
= Vx x x 1

= hsx x

x /
P 0.05 < x 0.33 P
) 1 /(1 x ) ( P .
x > 0.33
.
P ) P
( . -
P
.

--

.
. %
:
- ) (- .
- .

 ) (-
.
)
(-- .

 -
--

. ) D3 (-
.

. .
)
( .

.


) (- ) (- .
.

.
.
.

--
---

. .
--- ---
) ( .
-- --
.

 ---

--- ---
--- .

----

) (- :
)--(

< 0.03

m 2 n
sin 2
sin
2
2
2

m2 n 2
4 D fr 2 + 2 + ksv
B
L
1.3G
) b f (1

)--(

= , ksv

4ksv
m=1 n =1

Ef t3
2

) 12(1 f

= D fr

:
= L ) ( = B ) (
= b f ) L ( B

= f , E f )(
= t
= G ,
2 B
G - ) G ( .
- 0.4SDS SDS
/ ) (-- . G / G0
. G / G0 /
.
B L
) ( .

.


. )(

.
G / G0 :-

)(g

II

III

IV

----

.
) (- :

2
> ksv B
3

)(-

Ef I f
4

Lf

= L f , I f

. )(

.
----

- :

--
.

 . ) (- -
. - x . ) (-
.

B
)(

t D
f

)( L B
:- ) (- )(-

)(

0.65

GB L
=
3.4 + 1.2
2 B

Kx,sur

0.65

GB L
L
=
3.4 + 0.4 + 0.8
2 B
B

K y,sur

GB
=
1

Kz,sur

0.75

L
1.55 + 0.8
B

GB3 L

=
0.4 + 0.1

1 B

)(-

Kxx,sur

2.4

L
K yy,sur
0.47 + 0.034
B

2.45

L
3
Kzz,sur = GB 0.53 + 0.51
B

) (- .
) (- ) (- .

.

.

GB3
=
1

 .
) (- ) (- ) ( B L
. -
. B L --- ----
.
.
0.4

Df
h f d f ( B + L)

x = 1 + 0.21
1 + 1.6
B
BL2

y = x
23
d f ( B + L)
B

2 + 2.6 1 + 0.32
L
BL

B
L

)(-

0.6

df

D
f

0.2

1.9

df

D
f

0.9

:
= D f

d f 2d f
xx = 1 + 2.5 1 +
B
B

d
1.5 + 3.7 f
L

1 Df
z = 1 +
21 B

0.6

df
yy = 1 + 1.4
L

B d f
zz = 1 + 2.61 +
L B

= h f
= d f .
.
- )(:
) (
.
. ) k sv

--( . I ) III (
.

6.83G
:
1

= kend

0.73G
:
1

= kmid

Ki = li k

:-
---
)(
) ( .
.

.
Ksv ) (- .

.

 Ap E p
K sv =

n =1
Lp n
Ng

)(-

E p Ap Lp n N g
. Ksr )(-
:
Ng
Ap E p 2
K sr =
Sn
n =1
Lp n

)(-
:

= Sn n ) (

Kst ) (- :

1
3
3
) K st = ksh H g ( Bg + Lg
6

)(-
:

= ksh
= H g .
= Lg , Bg

--
---

.
) (-- .
---

--- ---
.

 ----

T ) (- :
K
Kh h 2
T = T 1+
(1 +
)
Kh
K

)(-
:
= T

= K ) (- .
W 4 2

g T 2

)(-

=K

:
= W W
0.7W
= W --
= h h h
0.7h
= h

= K , Kh ) (- ) (-


.

Kh K .
-
.
----

) (- .

0.05
0.2
)(-
(T / T )3
: - .

0.05 = +

 r - ) (- .
h 0 .
r

h
0.5
a

)--(

h
1.0
a

)--(

:
:

Af

4 I pf

=r
r =4

= Af ) (---

= I pf

= a

T /T
:-

) (- . )(-
.
4h
4hs
= ( s ) 2 :
<1
)--(
vsT
vsT

4hs
1
vsT

)--(

0 = 0

= hs

= vs
----

Vu ) (-
Sa T . Sa T

/ / / / Sa
. Sa 0.7 Sa .
) (- Vu Vu .
----

x x ) (- .
Vu
M
( x + hx
)
Vu
K

)(-

= x

:
= Vu )(-
= x x
= hx
= M

x M ) (- .
P - .

 -
--
---

) IV (-
. ) ( )
( .
.
.

---

.
.



.
.
D1 ) D3 (- .
---

) ( .
-- .

---

--.

 ---

. IV

.
.

---

I / .

---

. D3
.

---
- - .
.
) (-
- ) (- -
) (- .
---

- .

---

.

. -
.

 --
---

) (-
) (- ) (- .
--
.
.

-- .

--
---

) (--

.
.
. P
- .
Vser )(-
:
Vser = Saser IW

)(-
:

= Saser ) (-- .
--
Saser = AB / 6 . A B .
= W

 ---

) (--
.

--
.

 -
--
.
:

.
.

- - .

.

--
.

.

:
- .
F p .
- .
-- .
-- --
.


--
.

 ---

.

.

----

.
.
.
.
) ( .
) - - (
. /
.
----

.
.

) - - ( /
III ) IV ( .
.
.

.
) (-
.
Vu = CuW

)(-
:

= C u )(-

 = W

... .
W 0.25W .
Sa
)(-
= Cu
Ru / I
:

= Sa .

) ( Sa = AB .
= Ru ---
= I ---

Cu ) (- Ru
- - )--(
S1 0.6 g )--( .

Cu1 = 0.044SDS I / Ru 0.01

)--(
0.5S1
= Cu 2
)--(
Ru / I
Ru - )--(
S1 0.6 g )--( ) .
)--( )--(
(.
Cu1 = 0.044SDS I / Ru 0.03

)--(

0.8S1
)--(
Ru / I
)--( )--( S1

.
A
B 0.6 g )--(
)--( )--( )--( .
= Cu 2

Cu 3 = 1.0 AI / Ru

)--(

C u 3 = 1.6 AI / Ru
)--(

T /
) (- .
Vu = 0.3SDS IW

)(-
:

= SDS / ) (g
.
----

.

-- .
---
.
---- Ru


- - .


) Tp (--- :
-

/
Ru
-
- - .

/ Ru
- - .

 - -
.
:-

-

Ru

)(

Cd
/

D3

D2

D1

b,c

b,c

b,c

b,c

b,c

b,c

b,c

a .
b
.
c b
.

 :-

Ru

Cd

)(
D3

D2

D1

- :
) (

) (

-
- :
:

-
-

-

- /

 :- )(

Ru

Cd

)(
D3

D2

D1

- :

- :

-
-
.

----

I - .
/
.
----
-

TP ) (-
.
Wp

)(-

Kp g

Tp = 2

= Wp

= K p
.
= g
.
.
-

) (
.

. ) (-
.
n

2
i

)(-

w
i

i =1
n

g Fi i

T = 2

i =1

= Fi i

= i i fi

= wi i
= n

.
----

-


.
F x ) (- .

Fx = CvxVu

)(-
:
k

)(-

wx hx
n

wh

k
i i

= Cvx

i =1

= C vx

= Vu ) (- )(-

= wx x

= hx x

= hi i
= k .
/ k = 1 :
/ k = 2 :
/ / k .
----

--
.
P -
.

--- .
) (-
-- .
---

F p .

 F p Rp Rp Ru
- . a p = 1
a p = 2.5 .

.
/
.
. ---
Ru - -
- .
/
F p Ru -
Rp a p = 1 .

--

.
.
- / .
- / .
--- .
-- --
.
---
/ --
.
Ru -
.

 ---

Vu ) (- .

Vu = 0.3SDSWp I

)(-
.

 -
--

.
.


.
:
.

W
.
.
.
.

--
: .

.
.

.
.

.

.


.
.

--

) (-
.
.
: ) (--
.
---
----

--- .
--- .
----

F p ) (- :
0.4a p S DSWp I p
z
= FP
) (1 + 2
)(-
Rp
h
F p ) (- :
)(-
F p ) (- :

F P = 1.6 S DS I P WP

)(-

FP = 0.3SDS I PWP

TP ) (- T f = (1 + 0.25 z h)Ts
F p ) (- ) (- Tf Tp .
:
= S DS / ) (g --

 = a p /
- -
= I p / ---
= Wp
= Rp - -
= z .
z . z h .
= h
= Ts TS = S D1T1 / S DS .

= SD1 ) T1 = 1 s (g

.
.
.
0.2 SDSWp .
) (- a p
a p .

.
2 F p
F p .

 :-

ap

Rp

) (

 :-

ap

Rp

 :- )(

ap

Rp

ASME-B31

ASME-B31

ASME-B31

ASME-B31

) (

----

.
) ( A
x y ) (- :
DP = xA yA

)(-

D p ) (- :
aA
hsxA

)(-

) D p = ( hx h y

 ) A ( B
) (- :
D p = xA + yB

)(-

D p ) (- :
hx aA hy aB
+
hsxA
hsyB

)(-

= Dp

) (- ):(-

= D p

xA = yA A x y
= yB B y
hx = hy ) ( hx hy
aA = aB A B -

) hsxA = ( hsyB ) A ( B
.
----

I P / .
:

I = 1.5 .
. I p = 1 :

 ---
----

.
--- .
----

) (- :
)(-

wpi li

Vp

pi i

= F pi

i =1

= F pi i

= wpi i
= l i i
) --( i
) --( .

li i li
i ) --(.
= n - .
= Vp )(-

.
Sa
I p C pWp

)(-
:

= Sa ) (--

= I P ---

= C P ) (- ---

= WP

= Vp

 ) (- :
T 0.5

)(-

0.5 > T 0.125

0.125 > T 0.03
T < 0.03

:
= T )(

eq

2 eq 1

= 33T 1
)( 2 eq 1 1
1 +
25T

= eq ) (- .
1

)(-
:
= )(-

1
N n
=
( +
)
N + n p

eq

= p ) (-

R p - - T p
) (- .
= N
= n .-
Ru
T 0.5

)(-
=

R
2
])0.5 ( u ) + 1
T < 0.5
0

Ru 0 .
) (- :

)(-

12.50
0.0025
02

:
= W

= 0 ) (- :

Wp
W

= Cp
2

Whav

)(-

wh

i i

= 0

i =1

= hi i

= hav

= wi i

.

)(
)(
:-
----

TP C P
) (-
C m - . - b )(-
.
1
b = 0 Wp / W
2

)(-

 :-
----

TP ) (-
.
WP
KP g

)(-

TP = 2

= K p

.
= g
.
---

.
- . F p )(-
:
)(-

Ax

a i a pWp I p
Rp

= Fp

= a i i .

 = Ax ) (-
) (- a p
a p .
) (- ) (- .

.

--

RP ) (-
) (- / .
/
.
.
.
---
Pnr
Pn ) (- .
)(-
:

Pnr = R1 R2 R3 R4 Pn

R1 = R4
.
Vnr Vn
) (- .
Vnr = R1R3 R4 Vn
)(-
:
R3 R1 = R4
.

 Pn Vn
.
---- R1 R1
:fc 28

)(-

28 > fC 14
fC < 14

1.0
f

R1 = c
28
0.0

fc 25
1.0
f

R1 = c + 0.65 25 > fC 14
70
fC < 14
0.0

)(-

:fc 25
1.0

f
)(-
25 > fC 17.5
R1 = R1 = c
25

0.0
fC < 17.5

---- R2
:0.25 > wc
0.25 wc < 0.5

)(-

0.50 wc
- :

1.0

R2 = 0.75
0.0

0.25 > wc
1.0

R2 = 1.08 0.32 wc 0.25 wc < 1.50

)(-
0.0
1.50 wc

wc > 0.5
R2 = 0.0 .
:

fc
wc

= )(MPa

= )(mm

---- R3 R3
R3 R3
/ .
---.
---- R4 R4
R4 R4 /
.
---
----

) (- :
)(-

P
1.0
Pnr
P
V
0.7
+
1.0
Pnr Vnr

= P
= V

V 0.3
nr

0.3 < V 1.0

Vnr

----

) (- :
Pw 2 Vw 2
) + ( ) 1
Fw
Fw

)(-
:

= Pw
= Vw

= Fw

 --
---
. a p Rp
- .
-
:
- /
/
.
- .
- .
---
-

.
.
---

- .
:
- -
.
-
.
-
.

 - F p
- .
-


.
---
-
.
---
Wp
.
200 N / m2 . F p
.
.
.
---
Wp %
% . F p
.
.
.
---
/ .
.
.

 ---

fallout

1.25ID p . D p )-
( I - .

--
---

.
- . a p Rp

- .

- :
- /
/
.
- .
- .

.
.
---
I p - .
I p - .
:
-
.
- .
- .-

 ---
I p - .
I p - .
--- .
:
- .
-
.
- .
.
- .
- 450 N
.
- -
.
---

- .

.
--- .
----

-.
----

-
. I P = 1.5
.

 ----

:
-
.
-
.
.
.
--- .
-
- :
I P = 1.5 - .

- I P = 1.5 150 N / m.
- .
- .
- .
-
.
-
.

---

-.
.
) IV
( .

 -
--

) ( .
.


.

.
---

I = 1 .

---
-
- .
---

--- --- --- .

----

:
- S1 0.6 g S1
) %
( .
- II I III .
- .
- TM ---
.

 - TD ---
.
- -- .
- :
- ---
% .
- ---.
-
) (-- .
----

--- .
----

.
---

----

-- ) (
-- ) (
.
.
----

-
0.5TD 1.25TM 0.2T 1.5T TD . TM
--- --- .

 --
.
---
- .
.
---
----

)(-
.
gSD 1T1 TD
)(-
DD = 2
4 BD
= g

= SD1 ) T1 = 1 s (g
= TD
---
= BD -
: - BD BM

BM BD

 ----

TD
) (- .
W

)(-

K D min g

TD = 2

:
= KD min
---
= W
----

DM ) (-
.
g SM 1T1TM
= DM
)(-
4 2 BM
:

= SM 1 T1 = 1 s % ) ( g
= TM
---
= BM -

----

TM
) (- .
W

)(-

KM min g

TM = 2

:
= KM min ---
= W

 ---
DTD DTM
.
) .(-
DTD DTM
) (- ) (-.

12e

DTD = DD 1 + y( 2
)
b + d 2

12e

)
DTM = DM 1 + y( 2
b + d 2

)(-
)(-

:
= b d
= d
= e
%
= y

DTM , DTD ) (- ) (- 1.1DD 1.1DM
.

:-

 ---

----

) (- Vb
) (-
.

Vb = KD max DD

)(-
:

= KD max
---
= DD ---

:-
----

) (- VS )-
( .

KD max DD
RI

)(-
:

= VS

 = RI . RI = 0.375 Ru
RU .
RI .
---- Vs

VS :
- W TD
-
/ - ) (-
---

) (- .
wx hx

)(-

wh

i i

Fx = Vs

i =1

:
= VS ---
= wi , wx x i
= hi , hx x i
= Fx x
= n
---

x ) (- .

x = RI xe

)(-
:
= xe x
) (- . 0.015hsx
hsx x.

 --
.
---
0.9 DTD
-- .
0.8DTM -- .
0.9Vb --- .
DTD DTM DD DM
DD DM ) (- ) (- :
DD

)(-

)(-

T
1 +
TD
DM

T
1 +
TM

= DD

= DM

:
= T
= TD
= TM
= DD
= DM

---
)
( 0.8VS VS .
)
( 0.6VS 0.8VS .

 --

.
---

----

-
:
- .
-
.
- .
- -
.

-
.
----

:
-
.
- .
---

.
. .

 ----

- .
% .
.
%
% .
.

) (- . VS -
.
----

- .
) (--- .
---
----

RI .
----

.
----

--
-- .
----

 -
hsx ) 0.015hsx x( . Cd
RI ) (- . 0.01 / RI
P .
- )
- ( 0.02hsx .
-
.
: -

D D

DTD
DM
DTM
Vb
Vs
Vs
)

) D D = ( g 4 2 )( S D1T1TD BD
DTD 1.1D D
) D M = ( g 4 2 )( S M 1T1TM BM
DTM 1.1DM
Vb = K D max D D
Vs = K D max D D RI
Vs = K D max D D RI
0.015 hsx

0.9 DTD

0.9 DTD

0.8 DTM
0.9Vb
0.8Vs
1.0Vs
0.015 hsx

0.8 DTM
0.9Vb
0.6Vs
0.8Vs
0.020 hsx

--
.
---

.

.

---
DTM .

 ---

--
.
---
----

.
----

.

-- .
----

.
----

0.025W %
.
----

) ( DTM
:
-
.
-
.

 - .
- /
.
----

)(-
) (-
.
----

) ( .

.
----

.
----

.
---
----

) (
.
.
----

--.

 ----

- -
.

--
- - .

--

. .
:
-
.
-
.
- ) .(-
- .
- ) .(---

--

.
.
---

----

- .

 ----

.

.
- .
- 0.25DD
DD 0.5 DD . DM
- . DTM

- ) n = 30SD1 /(SDS B D

DTD .


- - .
E
.
.
----

) (
/ ) (
%
-
.
- -
-- .

.
----

%
- .

 / : / : / :
: .
----

(1.2 + 0.2SMS ) D + QE + L + 0.2S (0.9 0.2SMS ) D + QE + 1.6 H

.
QE . .
----

.
----

:
-
-
--- -

- -- .
Keff ) (- :

F+ + F

)(-

+ +

= Keff

:
+

F + = F

+ =

eff ) (- :

Eloop
2
keff ( + + ) 2

)(-

= eff

= Eloop .

---

:
- - -- .
- ---
:
- %
.
- )
(-- % .
- ---
%.
- ---
%.
- ---
.

---
----

KD max KD min
) --- (- ) (- )(-
:

)(-

max

+ FD

+
max

2 DD

)(-

min

+ FD

+
min

2 DD

= K D max

F
=

K D min

 :
max

= FD + DD

max

= FD DD

= FD DD

= FD DD

min
min

KM max KM min
--- ) (- ) (- :

)(-

max

+ FM

+
M

max

2 DM

)(-

min

+ FM

+
min

2 DM

=K M max

F
=

K M min

:
max

= FM + DM

= FM DM

= FM DM

= FM DM

max
min
min

----

D -
-- ) (- :
ED

2
KD max DD

)(-
:

1
2

= D

= E D . DD
.
.

 M
--- ) (- :
EM

2
KM max DM

)(-

1
2

= M

:
= E M . DM
.
.

:-

 -
--
.
:
-
.
-
.
.
.

.
.
-- .

--

.
.
:
- ) (
-
.

.

.

.

 --

.

.

.
.
---
----

Vu ) (- :
)(-
:
= Cu )(-
= Wch

Vu = CuWch

Sa I
Ru

)(-

= Cu

:
= Sa
. ) (-
) ( Sa = AB .
= I --- -
= Ru - --
Cu ) (- .
T ) (- .
0.3

)(-
:
= h )(m

th

E tb

5h 2
=T
db

 = d b )(m
= )(kg/m3
= E )(Pa

= t h )(m
= t b )(m
----

) (- .
2

)(-

wi hi
n

wh

i i

Fi = Vu

i =1

:
= Fi i
= wi i
= hi i
= n ) (
hz ) (- .
n

Vz = J vz F j

)(-

j =i

:
= n ) (
= i z.
= J vz z ) (- .
hz
)--( 1
h

)--(

hz 1 3
) + J v0.5 h
h 2
h
) J vz = 1 2(1 J v0.5 h )( z
h

0.5

hz
0.5
h

() J vz = 8( J vtop J v0.5h

:
)(-

= 0.96 + 0.23T

)(-

1
2T 1.5

top
v

J v0.5h = 0.43 +

 ----

hz ) (- :
n

]) M z = J mz [ F j (h j hz

)(-

j =i

:
) -( 0 hz 0.3
h

hz
) -( 1.0
h

0.3

hz 2
) + J m0.3h
h

J mz = 11.1( J mbase J m0.3h )(0.3

h
J m0.3 h )( z 0.3) 2 + J m0.3h
h

)(-

= 1.15 + 0.025T

0.9 h
m

) = 0.3 + 0.004(6 T

0.3 h
M

)(-

)(-

J mz = 2.78( J m0.9 h

) (6 T
300

J mbase = 0.4 +

---

. %
%/ .
% % Ds .

Ln

100

= Ds
)Ln(20

)(-

SRSS .
----

.

% SRSS CQC .
----

- .

 --
---

/ .

---

) (- .
)(-
ymax = 0.0033 h
:
= ymax )(m

.

---

)(-
:
)--(
1.2 D + 1.2T + E
)--(
0.9 D + 1.2T + E
)(-
:
)--(
) D + 0.9T + 0.75 (0.7 E
)--(
D + 0.7 E
)--(
0.6 D + 0.9T + 0.7 E
:
= T
.

 ---

ACI 307
-- .
.
%
. %

/ .

.
.
7-10-5
ACI 318 .

.

.
10-9 ACI 318
.

 -
--

.
.
.
.
.

--
---

.
.

.
.
.
.

---
----

--
. .
.

. :
) / %(/
- / /:


- :
-
- :

.

.
----

)( .

.

.
---
-
.
---

.

.
- .
- .
-- -
. - .
- .
.
SRSS Tm / Tn 0.9 Tm . Tn
. CQC .
% .

 .
.
---
)
--- (
.

--
---

---
.
:
- / .
- .
- mm .
---

.
:
-
.
-
.

 ---

Cd I Cd - .

.
P -
.

 -
--

. -- .
-- .
---

.
-- .
.
.

---

.
.
.
.
.
.

-
.

---
III IV II
) ( ) (--
. ) IV
( .
.

 ---

.
.
:
-
.
-
-
-
-

-

-
:
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

--
. -
.
- -

 .
- .
- .
.

.
- .
---

) (--
.

.
.
.
.

.

---

.
. .
.
.
- .

---



--- )(

.
- .
I : .
- II :
.

.
- III :
.

.
.
.
- IV :
.
.
.
.
.

 : -

)(I

II

III

IV

---
----

-- .
F H .
----

-- .
F H .

--
---

.
/
. / /
.
)
( )
-- (
.

 ---

) ( )(-
:

D
2t e E

)(-

Ti = Ci H L

= H L
= D )
(
= t e
=
= E

= Ci -
.
.
) (- / Ti .
:
) --(

D
3.67 H L
(3.67 tanh
)
D

= D1

D1
,
g

Tc = 2

:
= g
/ )--( / .
D
2

) --(

Tc = Cc

)--( D Cc ) ( s / m -
.

 :-
/

HL / D

Ci
Cc

---
mi mc m p ) (-
) (- :
) --(

D 4

HL 3

) --(

D 4
<
HL 3

D
)
HL
mp
D
0.866
HL

tanh(0.866
= mi

D
mi = 1.0 0.218
mp
HL

3.67 H L
D
mc = 0.230
(tanh
)mp
HL
D

)(-

/ / ) (- / /
.
---

Ai -- .
Ac -- .
.
Vu ) (- :
)(-

Vu = Vi + Vc

= Vi )(-

= Vc )(-

) Vi = Ai g (mi + mr + m f + ms

)(-

Vc = Ac g mc

)(-
:

= mr

= m f
= ms
---
M rw
.
.
) ( M rw .
.
) (- :

[Ai g (mi hi + ms hs + mr hr )]2 + [Ac gmc hc ]2

)(-

= M rw

= hi
) (-
= hs
= hr

= hc
) (-
) --(

D 4

HL 3

hi = 0.375H L

) --(

D 4
<
HL 3

D
H L
hi = 0.500 0.094
H L

3.67 H L
cosh
1

D
H L
hc = 1
3.67 H L sinh 3.67 H L

D
D

)(-

/ ) (- / .
) (
-- .
---
M s
) (- .
.
)(-

] + ms hs + mr hr )] + [Ac gmc hcs

2

[A g (m h

i is

= Ms

= his
) (-

= hcs
) (-
) --(

D 4

HL 3

) --(

D 4
<
HL 3

D
0.866

HL
1
his =
H L

D 8

2 tanh 0.866

H L

D
H L
his = 0.500 0.060
H L

3.67 H L
cosh D 1.937

H L
hcs = 1
3
.
67
H
3
.67 H L

L
sinh

D
D

)(-

/ ) (- / / /
.

 -
- .
---
Ai ) (- :
Sa I
Ru

)(-

= Ai

= Sa --

= Ru -
= I -
---

Ac ) (- :
1.5 Sa I

)(-

Ruc

= Ac

= Sa % --

= Ruc / .
/ %/ .
) (-
%/ / .
---
Ru 0 C d
- . Ruc /
. C d
. --
.

 :-

Ru

Cd

Ru = 2.8 .

. Ru
.
---
Av ) (- :
)(-

Av = 0.2 S DS I

= SDS / ) (---
.
.
:
- --
- --
- ---
- --
- --
- --

 ---

Ai g mi hi .

Ac g mc hc .

qi qc ) (- ) (- :
2 p cos
qi = i
)(-
D
2 p cos
qc = c
)(-
D
:
= pi

= pc
=
) (- ) (- 2 2
.
pi pc
.
. -
.

.

q=0

q=2p.cos/D

q=2p/D

q=p/L

q=2p/D

q=0

:-

---

.
S H ) (- :

Ruc Ac D
)(-
2
)( 0.7 S
:
. .= S

---

Ni Nc ) (- ) (- :
D
)--( 4

HL 3

2
Y
Y

D
tanh 0.866

Ni = 0.864 Ai gDH L
0.5
H L
H L
H L

)--( D < 4 Y < 0.75 D

HL

2
Y
Y
Ni = 0.532 Ai gD
0.5

0.75D
0.75D
2

)--( D < 4 Y 0.75 D

3

N i = 0.264 Ai gD 2

HL

)(- D
HL

3.67( H L Y)
0.189 Ac gD 2 cosh

= Nc
3.67 H L
cosh

D kg / m3 H L g
m / s 2 Ni Nc N / m.
) (- ) (- .
-- .
) (- :
)(-

Ns = Ni + Nc + ( Av Nh ) 2
2

s = Ns / t -
h = Nh / t .
:
= Y m
= Nh N / m
= t m

---
.

)( .
%
. - % .

 --
---

:
. . J J < 1
. J ) (- .
M rw
)(-
= J
2
] D [wt (1 0.4 Av ) + wa
2
M rw N.m :

= wt )
( ).(N/m
J > 0 .5
-- -- .
.
----

M rw ) (-
.
) (- :
)(-

wa = t a F y g e H 0.02 g e H L D

)(-
:

) g e = g (1 0.4 Av

= wa ).(N/m

= t a ).(mm

) Lreq (-
) (- t a tb ) .(-
= tb ). (mm

 = F y )(MPa
= )(m/s2

g
= g e ) (m/s
= Lreq ) (m
) (- .
= L ) (m

t a tb .
2

Fy
) (2 + 2
ta
0.035D
2
g e H L

)(-

)(-
ta tb

= Lreq

L < Lreq

ta

tb

:-

t a ) (-
) ( .
----

M rw ) (-
.
. wAS
) (- :

4M rw
+ 0.4 Av wt
)(-
D 2
wt ) (-
:
wAa = 0.75 (0.7 wAS ) wt + 0.75 (0.4) wdp
)(-
wAa = 0.7 wAS 0.6 wt

N/m ) (- :
wAu = wAS 1.2 wt + 0.4 wdp
)(-
wAu = wAS 0.9 wt
) (- ) wdp (-
= wAS

. /
.
.
) ( n A
:
D
)--(
) ( PAa = wAa
nA
D
)--(
) ( PAu = wAu
nA
%
. 170 MPa
.
)
( ) 0 PAu

( ) 1.5 0 PAa ( .

.

 ---
----

:
4Mrw 1

cs = 0.4 Av wt +
)--( J 0.5
D 2 1000t s

w (1 + 0.4 Av ) + wa
1
cs = t
wt wa
)--( J > 0.5
2 .3
0.607 0.527 J
1000 t s
J 0.5 . 0.5 < J 1

)--( c MPa
) (- :
wt
)(-
c = 0.75 (0.7 cs ) +
1000 t s
:
= t s ).(mm

----

)-
-( ) (- .
---
) (- FC
MPa :

62t s
gH L D 2
= FC
)--( 440000
D
t2
62t s
gH L D 2
= FC
+ 0.056 gH L
)--( < 440000
2.5D
t2
Fc )--( 0.375 Fty .

 ):(-
= FC

)(MPa

= ts
= t )(mm
= Fty )(MPa

)(mm

) H L (- D kg/m3 g m/s2 .
FC .


)
( .
) (
.

.
---

--
) (- )
( 0.67 F y F y .

.
/ / .
---

.
. /
.
.
/

 .
.
.

.
.
.
---

Vmax )(-
:
2V
Vmax = u
)(-
D
. Vmax /
Vu . ) (-
.
---

.
.
.
.

- )
( .
)--( .
.
- .
-

 . .
Yu mm
) (- ) :(--

12.1 F y L2

= Yu

)(-
tb
) C d -
(-
.
:-
)(mm

) (

) (
---

---.

 ---

) (
0 .

.
) Lreq (---
.

---

.
) (- .
-- .

. ) (- = 0 .

--
---
.
- .
.
- .

.
) .(-
--
-- .


.
Ai Ai . ) ( - .

) (

:-

:-
---

) (- .
Ti / .

) 2(mS + mr + mi
D ka

)(-
:

Ti = 2

 = ka ) (- .
A E cos 2 a 2G p wp Lp
)(-
ka = s s
+
Ls S s
t p Sp
:

= As
= E s

= Ls
.
= Ss
= G p
= wp
= L p
= S p
= t p
= a

--
---
-- -- .
) (-
) (- .
---

.

. .

) (1 0.4 Av .

) (1 + 0.4 Av

.
) (-
.
) 0.5D g (mp + mt + m fd + mg
)(-
1.5
Ms
:
= mt
= m fd
= mg .
= m p
M s ) (- .
P fs )(-

wt
.
4M rw
= P fs
+ 0.4 Av wt
)(-
D 2
)--( .
P f )-
( .
)(-

P f = P fs + 1.2 wt

---

. f
/ . ) Vu
(- Vs ) (- .
)(-
) Vs = f g (ms + mr + m f + m p ) (1 0.4 Av

f .
.

---
.
:
-
-
-
.
-
.

.
.
---

.
.
.

---

.
.
.
.
. .

 .
.
.
) (-
.

.
.
---
.
.
.
) (-
.

--
---

.
.
-- .
- - .

.
0
.

---

. .

 --- P
P - /
/ . )-
( Vu
h .
) (
.
I g
.

 -
--
...
.
.
.

.
-
- .
-- --
-- -- .

--

:
: I
.
: II III I IV
.
: III .


.
: IV


.

 --

:
-
-
-
- :
-
-

. III II IV
.
) (--
I L - . I
.
: - I L

IV

III

II

.
- -
:
r

n

1 +
1 + r y

)(-

=
Ep

 =
=
= E p
= y
= n, r - .-
API 5L .
- .
:- -
X-70

X-60

X-52

X-42

Grade-B

n
r

) ( ) (
) (- ) ( - .
S p :

Pp D

)(-

2t p

= SP

= Pp
= D
= ) / (
= t p
Sr ) (- :

) Sr = E p t (T2 T1

)(-
:

= t

= T1

= T2
- .
- API .


.
:-

:PGD

) ( cr c

) (-
% : %

.
.
cr c :

tp

)(-
:
= R
:
)(-
:

= allowable -

= seismic

= oper p + t + D + L

= p
= t

= D+ L

cr c = 0.175

seismic + oper allowable

 ---

.
.
.
Vg ) (- :
Vg = PGV I L

)(-
:
= PGV
= I L -
----

.
) (S
.
) (R .

a
) (- :
Vg
t
)(-
= a
u e
C 4 Ap E p
:

= ) S (R
= C ) /
S R (.
= t u )(-

= e )
(.
= Ap

tu = sDSu
D
= tu
H s (1 + k0 ) tan
2

) --(
) --(

= Su
= s
=
= H s

= k0
= f
f . f
- .
:-

---

.
.


.

---

.

) (- ) (-
:
)--(

log fs = 6.32 + 0.90MW

)--(

log fn = 4.45 + 0.63MW

)--(

log fr = 0.74 + 0.08MW

)--(

log fb = 4.80 + 0.69MW

= fs

= fn
= fr
= fb
= MW
----

fax ftr
) (- :

fax = fs cos

)--(

ftr = fs sin

)--(

= ) (-
----

fax ftr fvt

) (- :
)--(

fax = fn cos .sin

)--(

ftr = fn cos .cos

)--(

fvt = fn sin

:
= ) (-
= ) (-

 :-

:-
----

 ----

) (
)( .
----

) (-
) (- :
)--(

faxdesign = fax I L

)--( )(

ftr design = ftr I L

)--(

fvt design = fvt I L

----

) (- :

faxdesign 1 ftr design 2

= 2
+
2 2 La
2 La

)(-
:

= La
.
-
) (- :
D t p E p y
= La
)(-
tu
:
= y

- ) (...
.
.

seismic
) (- .

 ----

) ( .
-
.
.
.
)
- (- .

(
:- ( (






:-
---

.
- .

.

.
.

.
.
.

) (- .
I L - .

---
.

. .
.

 .
/ .

) (- -
.

(
:- ( (

. Fb
) (- :

)(-

Fb = Ws Wp + Wc + (Pv whw )D

 :
= Ws
= Wp

= Wc

= Pv )(-

= w

= hw
.

Pv = whw + d hsp 0.33 d hw

)(-
:

= d

= hsp

bf
) (- :

Fb L2b
10 Ze

)(-

= bf

= Lb

= Z e
- - )

(- . seismic
) (- - .

.

-- .

 ---

.
.
Lz Wz

l .
l Lz Wz
.
l
design ) (- :

l
design
= lIL

)(-

)
( :
l
design
:

Lz .
) (- :
)(-

tu Lz

2Dt
p y

tu Lz
1 + n
= a
2Dt p E p 1 + r

:
n = r ) (-

= t u )(-

: Lz
l
design . )-

( :
)(-

tu Le

Dt
p y

tu Le
n
= a
1+
Dt p E p 1 + r

 = Le t u ) (-
:
r

t
L
2
n

l
1 +
)(-
design

u e
2 + r 1 + r Dt p y

seismic

t L2
= u e
Dt p E p

) (- ) (- .
:
.
.
.
l
Lz Wz .
t
design ) (- :

t
design
= tIL

)(-
:
= t

b
) (- :
t
D design

)--(

Wz2

PuWz2
3E p t p D 2

)--(

b =

b =

= Pu )(-

seismic .

Pu = Su Nch D

)--(

Pu = H s Nqh D

)--(
:

= Nch

 = Nqh

.
.

--
-
.
.
.
.

.
---


.

.

.
. -- .
---

.
:
- .
- .
-- . -- .

 ---

.
.
) (
.

.
-- . --
.

---
--

. --
.
---
-- .
-- . -- .
---
- .
) (
. Dn - SDS
/ g .
A B
/ .
--- --- .

 :-

) (II

) III (IV

D n 150

D n 150
---
---
---
---
---

Dn 50
---
--- ---
--- ---
--- ---
---

---
)(---
---
---
---
---

---
---
---
---
---

---
---
---
---
---

50 < D n < 150

---

---
---
---
---
---

Dn 50

---

---

SDS
)(g

0.3

> 0.3

----

-
Lmax ) (- :

1.94 LT / SDS 0.25

= min
0. 5
) 0.211LT ( yo / SDS

)(-

Lmax

:
= Lmax

= LT ) ( -
= yo )(MPa

-
.
) ( .
) (-
0.5 yo .

 :- LT

)(in

)(mm

Dn

LT

)(cm

----

)
( ) (- .

< Ss

)(-

) i ( M i2 + M a2
Ze

:
= i ) (ASME B31
= M i

= M a

= Ss - 110 MPa
130 MPa
Mi M a
) ( .
----

---

.
----

 ----

-
.

.
) ( .

.
----

----

.
.

-- )(Pipe Rack
.
-.

 -
--

.

.
) - ( .

--

. -
) (-
. -
) (- .

.

--

:
- : --
.
- : --
.

.

 --
---

) (-
.
% .
-- .

.
.

-- .

---
)
(
.
) (
.
.

.
% .
. %
% % ) Ds (- .

Ln

100

= Ds
)(-
)Ln(20
Ds % % .

 ---

.
.
) (CQC
) (SRSS .

.
.
) (
--
.

- .

---

.
- .
--
.

--
---

.
-- .
-- --.
-
.

 ---

--
:
.
. .
.
k .
.

.

.
= Fy) 13100/Fy (MPa .
- ---
.

---


.
) (P-
.

--
---

.
.
.


.
---

.

. .


.
) ( .

.

-
.

 - ) (
. :
W

WH 3
3EIg

T = 2

= W
= H
= E
= I

. :
WH3
E Ic g

T = 1.814

2K + 1
K

W
IG

=
H

IC

3K + 2
6K + 1
I G H
K =
I C B

IC

IC IG .

 . :
2
WA C aa + WB C bb + ( WA C aa WB C bb ) 2 + 4 WA WB C ab

2g
= C aa A A

T = 2

= C bb B B

WA

= C ab B A

, WA

= WB A B

B
WB

. :
H 4
EIg

T = 1.79

=
H

 . :
WD
t

2.04 H

10 5 D

=T

= W )(N/m

= H )(
= D )(
= t )(

D
H

. :
1
W
H
ED 3t

w +

0.4

D1

t1

H
T =

100

= H )(
= w )(N/m
= W )(N
= D )(
= t )(
= E ) (

t2

D2
D3

t3
W1

D4
t4

= , , hx H .
.
. .

hx/H

hx/H

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

2.103
2.021
1.941
1.863
1.787
1.714
1.642
1.573
1.506
1.440
1.377
1.316
1.256
1.199
1.143
1.090
1.038
0.938
0.939
0.892
0.847
0.804
0.762
0.722
0.683
0.646
0.610
0.576
0.543
0.512
0.481
0.453
0.425
0.399
0.374
0.3497
0.3269
0.3052
0.2846
0.2650
0.2464
0.2288
0.2122
0.1965
0.1816

8.347
8.121
7.898
7.678
7.461
7.248
7.037
6.830
6.626
6.425
6.227
6.032
5.840
5.652
5.467
5.285
5.106
4.930
4.758
4.589
4.424
4.261
4.102
3.946
3.794
3.645
3.499
3.356
3.217
3.081
2.949
2.820
2.694
2.571
2.452
2.3365
2.2240
2.1148
2.0089
1.9062
1.8068
1.7107
1.6177
1.5279
1.4413

1.000000
1.000000
1.000000
1.000000
1.000000
0.999999
0.999998
0.999997
0.999994
0.999989
0.999982
0.999971
0.999956
0.999934
0.999905
0.999867
0.999317
0.999754
0.999674
0.999576
0.999455
0.999309
0.999133
0.998923
0.998676
0.998385
0.998047
0.997656
0.997205
0.996689
0.996101
0.995434
0.904681
0.993834
0.992885
0.99183
0.99065
0.98934
0.98739
0.98630
0.98455
0.98262
0.98052
0.97823
0.97573

0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.1094
0.0998
0.0909
0.0826
0.0749
0.0578
0.0612
0.0551
0.0494
0.0442
0.0395
0.0351
0.0311
0.0275
0.0242
0.0212
0.0185
0.0161
0.0140
0.0120
0.010293
0.008769
0.007426
0.006249
0.005222
0.004332
0.003564
0.002907
0.002349
0.001878
0.001485
0.001159
0.000893
0.000677
0.000504
0.000368
0.000263
0.000183
0.000124
0.000081
0.000051
0.000030
0.000017
0.000009
0.000004

0.9863
0.9210
0.8584
0.7987
0.7418
0.6876
0.6361
0.5372
0.5409
0.4971
0.4557
0.4167
0.3801
0.3456
0.3134
0.2833
0.2552
0.2291
0.2050
0.1826
0.16200
0.14308
0.12576
0.10997
0.09564
0.08267
0.07101
0.06056
0.05126
0.04303
0.03579
0.02948
0.02400
0.01931
0.01531
0.01196
0.00917
0.00689
0.00506
0.00361
0.00249
0.00165
0.00104
0.00062
0.00034

0.95573
0.95143
0.94683
0.94189
0.93661
0.93097
0.92495
0.91854
0.91173
0.90443
0.89679
0.88864
0.88001
0.87033
0.86123
0.85105
0.84032
0.82901
0.81710
0.80459
0.7914
0.7776
0.7632
0.7480
0.7321
0.7155
0.6981
0.6800
0.6610
0.6413
0.6207
0.5602
0.5769
0.5536
0.5295
0.5044
0.4783
0.4512
0.4231
0.3940
0.3639
0.3327
0.3003
0.2669
0.2323


1- ACI Committee 307, "Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 30708) and Commentary", 2008.
2- ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary", 2008.
3- ACI Committee 371, "Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of ConcretePedestal Water Towers (ACI 371)", 1998.
4- ACI Committee 350, "Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures (ACI
350.3-06) and Commentary (350.3R-06)", 2006.
5- American Lifelines Alliance, "Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems", 2002.
6- American Lifelines Alliance, "Seismic Guidelines for Water Pipelines", 2005.
7- ANSI/AISC, Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-05), 2005
8- API Recommended Practice 2A WSD (RP 2A-Wsd) Twenty-First Edition, "Recommended
Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working
Stress Design", 2000.
9- API Standard 650, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage", 10th Edition 2007, Addendum 4,
2005
10- API Standard 650, "Welded Tanks for Oil Storage", 11th Edition 2007, Addendum 1, 2008
and Addendum 2, 2009
11- ASCE, "Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings",
American Society of Civil Engineers , 2000.
12- ASCE Standard ASCE/SEL 7-10, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures", American Society of Civil Engineering, 2010.
13- ASCE-97, "Guideline for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities",
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1997.
14- Bozorgnia ,Y., and Bertero V.V., "Earthquake Engineering, from Engineering Seismology
to Performance-Based Engineering", CRC Press, 2004.
15- DOE-STD-1020-2002, "Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for
Department of Energy Facilities", U.S. Department of Energy, 2002.
16- Eurocode 8, "Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures-Part 4: Silos,
Tanks and pipelines", BSI, 1999.

17- FEMA 450, "NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings and other Structures", 2003.
18- Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Pre standard and Commentary for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings, FEMA 356", 2000.
19- Indian Institute of Technology, Guidelines for Seismic Design of Buried Pipelines, 2007
20- ICC , "International Building Code", International Code Council, IBC 2009.
21- ISO 19901-2:2004, "Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Specific Requirements for
Offshore Structures Part 2: Seismic Design Procedures and Criteria", 2004.
22- Japan Gas Association, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, "Recommended Practices for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Gas Pipelines", 2000.
23- Malhotra, P.K., Wenk, T., and Wieland, M., "Simple Procedure for Seismic Analysis of
Liquid-Storage Tanks", Structural Engineering International, Reports, Vol.3, pp.197-201,
2000.
24- McDonough, P.W., "Seismic Design Guide for Natural Gas Distributors", American
Society of Civil Engineers, 1995.
25- O'Rourke, M.J., and Liu, X., "Response of Buried Pipelines Subjected to Earthquake
Effects", Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, 1999.
26- Structural Engineers Association of
Requirements and Commentary", 1999.

California,

"Recommended

Lateral

Force

27- U.S. Department of Energy, "Seismic Evaluation Procedure for Equipment in U.S.
Department of Energy Facilities", 1997.
28- Veletsos , "Dynamics of structure foundation systems, Foundation and Geotechnical
Engineering Division", American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1977.
29- Wozniak, R.S., and Mitchell, W.W., "Basis of Seismic Design Provisions for Welded
Steel Oil Storage Tanks", Sessions on Advances in Storage Tank Design, American
Petroleum Institute, 1978.

" " -30

.
" " -31
.
" " -32
.

 -33 : " " .