Wireless Systems and Standards: Yimin Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards
Chapter 11
Wireless Systems and Standards
Yimin Zhang, Ph.D.

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Villanova University
http://yiminzhang.com/ECE8708
Yimin Zhang, Villanova University
Evolution Overview
Wireless
Japan
US
Europe
Europe
TACS
NMT450
AMPS
1st
Cordless
US
Japan
CT03
NMT900 NETZ-C
RADIOCOM
2nd
D-AMPS/IS-54
PDC
PCS 1900
CDMA/IS-95
GSM 900
GSM 1900
DECT
GSM 1800
Paging
PACS
PHS
3G
IMT-2000
Terminology
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North American cellular

phone standard, operates in 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. About
85% of AMPS subscribers are in the U.S.
GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.
DCS 1800 (Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSM

standard, operates at 1800 MHz.
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordless

system supporting voice and data.
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,

operates in 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Used in Scandinavian
countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).
TACS (Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPS

developed in U.K. 91% of TACS subscribers come from Europe.
TACS/NTT: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in

800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands; based on TDMA/FDD.
Generations of Mobile Systems
1st Generation (1G): Analog Transmission
2nd Generation (2G): Digital Transmission
AMPS
TACS (ETACS)
NMT
GSM
CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)
DECT
CDMA
3rd Generation (3G): Unification of technologies
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)
cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
First Generation - History

AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone System
-
1978 First cellular experimental analog

systems - AT&T AMPS system
(Chicago, IL); channel spacing is 30
KHz
1983 First commercial analog system

at Chicago, IL; total 40 MHz spectrum
in 800 MHz band
1989 Additional 10 MHz (extended

spectrum) band
- 1991 Motorola developed AMPS-like

system N-AMPS (narrowband AMPS);
channel spacing is 10 KHz
First Generation - History

ETACS: European Total Access
Communication System, or
TACS
-
Developed in Mid-1980s; virtually

identical to AMPS
The channel spacing is 25 KHz
The mobile identification number

(MIN) accommodates country
codes.
N-AMPS developed by Motorola

(3*capacity, still analog) in 1991
Second Generation USDC/ CDMA/GSM
IS-54 dual mode digital cellular in 1990, also known as USDC

(United States Digital Cellular), D-AMPS (Digital AMPS), and NADC
(North American Digital Cellular)
TDMA/FDD
Support 3 full-duplex users on each AMPS channel
IS-136 in 1994 (against competition from PCS1900)

Design objectives:
Higher Capacity
Backward compatibility
Second Generation USDC/CDMA/GSM
Qualcomm CDMA proposal in 1989 and IS-95 in 1992
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

Design objectives:
- Standardized Pan-European mobile system
- Equivalent traffic capacity to pre-existing 25kHz European
analog cellular bandwidth (200kHz/8)
- Wireless counterpart for ISDN
Second Generation Share
10
11
User 1
Slot 1
Slot 4
User 2
Slot 2
Slot 5
User 3
Slot 3
Slot 6
12
FACCH:
FACCH:Fast
FastAssociated
Associated
Control
ControlChannel
Channel
--important
importantcontrol
controlof
of
specialized
specializedtraffic
trafficdata
data(e.g.,
(e.g.,
handoff)
handoff)
--within
withindata
datatraffic
trafficchannel
channel
Data: total 260 bits

Sync: 28 bits
SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel
- provides a signaling channel in parallel with the digital speech
- carries various control and supervisory messages between the
subscriber unit and the base station
- used by the mobile unit to report the results of signal strength
measurement of neighboring base station
CDVCC: 12 bits Coded Digital Verification Color Code
- 8 bit information + 4bit coding
- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC
Guard: 6 bits - guard bits to compensate for timing differences
Ramp: 6 bits - ramp bits to allow for power ramp up of RF signal
13
Data: total 260 bits

Sync: 28 bits
SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
- within data traffic channel
CDVCC: 12 bits Coded Digital Verification Color Code
- 8 bit information + 4bit coding
- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC
Reserved: 12 bits
14
Second Generation USDC

Channel coding:
uncoded information: 77 class-1 bits and 82 class-2 bits.
15

Interleaving
Use two speech frames x and y.
16

Modulation
48.6 kbps over 30 kHz band
1.62 bps/Hz spectral efficiency
/4-DQPSK is used.
Roll-off factor: 0.35
Equalization
symbol rate : 24.3 ksps
maximum rms delay is 4.12s without equalization
Probability that rms delay exceeds 4s is 25% of the location in 4 cities
DFE equalizer: 4 feedforward taps (1/2 symbol spacing), 1 feedback
tap
17

IS-136 Final USDC standard
provide new features and services to be competitive with IS-95 and
GSM.
- short message capability
- private, user group
- sleep mode
- control channel changes from 10 kbps FSK to 48.6 kbps DQPSK
- IS-54 and IS-136 terminals are not compatible
18
Second Generation GSM

-
Before GSM, European countries used different cellular standards

throughout Europe.
GSM is now the worlds most popular standard for 2nd generation
wireless communications in the world.
First introduced in 1991.
Several non-European countries in South America, Asia, Australia
adopted GSM.
GSM uses removable Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store
information of the subscribers identification information, network and
countries where the subscriber is entitled to service, private keys.
19
20

G S M S y s te m
m o b ile
M o b ile S ta tio n
M o b ile E q u ip m e n t
S u b s c rib e r Id e n tity M o d u l (S IM )
F ix e d
R a d io N e tw o rk
< B a s e S ta tio n S u b s y s te m > (B S S )
B a s e T ra n s c e iv e r S ta tio n (B T S )
B a s e S ta tio n C o n tro lle r (B S C )
M o b ile S w itc h in g N e tw o rk
< S w itc h in g a n d M a n a g e m e n t S u b s y s te m > (S M S S )
M o b ile S w itc h in g C e n te r (M S C )
G a te w a y M o b ile S w itc h in g C e n te r (G M S C )
In te rn a tio n a l S w itc h in g C e n te r (IS C )
H o m e L o c a tio n R e g is te r (H L R )
V is ito r L o c a tio n R e g is te r (V L R )
M a n a g e m e n t N e tw o rk
< O p e ra tio n a n d M a in te n a n c e S u b s y s te m > (O M S S )
O p e ra tio n a n d M a in te n a n c e C e n te r (O M C )
E q u ip m e n t Id e n tity R e g is te r (E IR )
A u th e n tic a tio n C e n te r (A U C )
21

BTS: Provide the radio channel for signaling and user data traffic in this cell
BSC: Control of BTSs; Frequency administration
MSC : The major tasks of an MSC are routing incoming and outgoing calls and
the assignment of user channels on the A-interface.
HLR : An HLR can be regarded as a large database that administers the data of
literally hundreds of thousands of subscribers.
VLR : A VLR contains subscriber data, but only part of the data in the HLR and
only while the particular subscriber roams in the area for which theVLR is
responsible.
ISC Connections to other mobile or international networks are mostly routed
over the International Switching Center (ISC) of the respective country.
OMCAdministration and commercial operation; Security management;
Network configuration, performance management
AUCConfidential data and keys are stored or generated in AUC
EIRStores the serial numbers of the terminals
22

-
GSM originally used two 25 MHz cellular bands.

GSM uses FDD and a combination of TDMA and FHMA schemes to
provide multiple access to mobile users.
Forward and reverse frequency bands are divided into 200 kHz wide
channels, called ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Numbers).
Each channel is time shared between as many as 8 subscribers using

TDMA.
Guard band of 100 kHz at each end; total 125 channels (about 1000
users).
ARFCN+TS constitutes physical channel.
Data rate: 270.833 kbps per channel, 33.854 kbps per user
Modulation: GMSK modulation with BT=0.3
23
24
25
26
27

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Broadcast Channel
(BCH)
<Downlink>
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Signaling
Frequency Correction Channel (FCH)
Common Control
Channel
(CCCH)
<Down- or Uplink>
Random Access Channel (RACH) <Uplink>

Access Grant Channel (AGCH) <Downlink>
Paging Channel (PCH) <Downlink>
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Dedicated Control
Channel
(DCCH)
<Bidirectional>
Traffic
Traffic Channel
(TCH)
<Bidirectional>
Associated Control
Channel
(ACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Full-rate Channel (Bm)

Half-rate Channel (Lm)
28
29
30
31
Second Generation CDMA

-
Qualcomm developed CDMA/AMPS dual mode phone in 1994.

As of 2001, there are over 80 million CDMA subscribers worldwide.
Each IS-95 channel occupies 1.25 MHz on each one way link.
32
CDMA
24x16 array
33
CDMA
34
35
Migration Path 2G, 2.5G, 3G

2000
Japan
PDC
Europe
GSM
2001
2002
2003
W-CDMA
GPRS
EDGE
HSCSD
America
AMPS/D-AMPS
IS-95A
2G System
3G System
D-AMPS+
IS-95B
CDMA2000
Easy upgrade
Upgrade requiring new modulation
Upgrade requiring entire new radio system
36
Evolution
2G Handsets
This is the current digital mobile phone
technology most of us are using.
Features includes:
Phone calls
Voice mail
Receive and send SMS
Speed: 9.6 kilobits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 50 min
37
Evolution Cont.
2.5G Handsets
The best technology now widely available
Features includes:
Phone calls/fax - always on
Voice mail
Send/receive large email messages
Internet browsing
GPS
Instant news update
Speed: >10 - 144kilobits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 7 - 12min
38
Evolution Cont.
3G Handsets
Combines a mobile phone, laptop PC and television.
Features includes:
Phone calls/fax - always on
Global roaming
Send/receive large email
High speed internet
GPS
Videoconferencing
Live streaming
Speed: >144 - 2 megabits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 15sec - 1.6min
39
Generations of Mobile Systems
1st Generation (1G): Analog Transmission
2nd Generation (2G): Digital Transmission
AMPS
TACS (ETACS)
NMT
GSM
CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)
DECT
CDMA
3rd Generation (3G): Unification of technologies
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)
cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
40
Homework Assignment 6
9.12
11.1 (find by yourself for DECT)
11.13
11.6 (optional + 20)
Deadline 4/20/05
Before next class begins
41

Wireless Systems and Standards: Yimin Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Villanova University

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wireless Systems and Standards: Yimin Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Villanova University

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Yimin Zhang, Ph.D.

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North American cellular

GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.

DCS 1800 (Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSM

DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordless

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,

TACS (Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPS

TACS/NTT: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Generations of Mobile Systems

1st Generation (1G): Analog Transmission

2nd Generation (2G): Digital Transmission

3rd Generation (3G): Unification of technologies

FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

First Generation - History

1978 First cellular experimental analog

1983 First commercial analog system

1989 Additional 10 MHz (extended

- 1991 Motorola developed AMPS-like

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

First Generation - History

Developed in Mid-1980s; virtually

The channel spacing is 25 KHz

The mobile identification number

N-AMPS developed by Motorola

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Second Generation USDC/ CDMA/GSM

IS-54 dual mode digital cellular in 1990, also known as USDC

IS-136 in 1994 (against competition from PCS1900)

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Second Generation USDC/CDMA/GSM

Qualcomm CDMA proposal in 1989 and IS-95 in 1992

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Second Generation Share

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Data: total 260 bits

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Data: total 260 bits

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Second Generation USDC

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards

Second Generation USDC

Yimin Zhang, Villanova University

ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Wireless Systems and Standards