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s vt ti v ti trng. Thng thng, ti trng tnh ton dng tnh ton theo nhm trng thi gii hn th
nht (trng thi gii hn cc hn). Cn ti trng tiu chun c s dng kim tra theo nhm trng thi gii
hn th hai v khi tnh ton bn mi nu khng c cc quy nh no khc trong cc tiu chun thit k lin
quan. Khi thit k theo phng php ng sut cho php i vi kt cu v nn - mng phi s dng ti trng
tiu chun.
Ti trng c th c phn loi nh sau:
- Tnh ti (phn kt cu), tnh ti (b sung - phi kt cu), ti trng do ng lc trc;
- Hot ti (trong qu trnh s dng), hot ti (b sung - trong qu trnh thi cng...);
- Cc ti trng thay i khc: bin dng nn (ln khng u), co ngt hay t bin ca vt liu, tc ng nhit
thy ha, co ngt do b tng khi ln,...;
- Tc ng mi trng: ti trng gi (bo), tc ng do lt (quy nh trong tiu chun M ASCE 7-2005), tc
ng do thay i nhit ...;
- Ti trng c bit: tc ng ng t, tc ng do n (khng b), tc ng do chy, ti trng do lc xoy
( y khng xt n trong trng hp ny tr khi c yu cu ring); ti trng do vi phm nghim trng qu
trnh cng ngh (v d: n ng ng dn kh gas...), tc ng ca bin dng nn do thay i cu trc t (khi
thi cng tu in ngm hay s h mc nc ngm ln trong tng lai do khai thc nc ngm).
Cc gi tr ca ti trng tiu chun v h s tin cy ca cc loi ti trng ly theo quy nh ca tiu chun
p dng trong thit k hay cc quy nh ring cho d n.
T hp ti trng bao gm t hp ti trng c bn v t hp ti trng c bit. T hp ti trng c bn gm
cc ti trng thng xuyn, ti trng tm thi di hn v ngn hn. T hp ti trng c bit bao gm tnh ti,
tc ng do ng lc trc, ti trng c bit, hot ti hay tc ng mi trng d kin c th xy ra ng thi
vi ti trng c bit. H s vt ti hay t hp ti trng ly theo cc quy nh ca tiu chun p dng cho d
n.
3. Hot ti, hot ti gara, sn trc thng
Khi thit k theo tiu chun Vit Nam, hot ti phi ly theo TCVN 2737 : 1995. Nu thit k theo tiu chun
nc ngoi, hot ti s ly theo tiu chun s p dng. Cc gi tr ti trng ny c th khng ly nh hn cc
gi tr quy nh trong TCVN 2737 : 1995.
Ring i vi gara t, TCVN 2737 : 1995 quy nh gi tr hot ti i vi cc loi xe c tng trng lng
2
2.5 T (tn lc) ly bng 500 daN/m , khng phn bit hot ti khu vc xe hay ng xe chy. Quy nh nh
vy c th qu thin v an ton do TCVN 2737 : 1995 cn c vo tiu chun SNiP 2.01.07-85* c. Trong khi
tiu chun Nga SNiP 2.01.07-85* phin bn 2011 quy nh i vi xe hi c tng trng lng nh hn 3 T th hot
ti phn b khu vc xe l 350 daN/m2, khu vc ng dc v ng vo l 500 daN/m2. Khi thit k theo
tiu chun Vit Nam c th kin ngh chp nhn cc gi tr ny. L do, i vi gara xe hi tiu chun M ASCE 72
2
05 quy nh hot ti ly bng 192 daN/m < 350 daN/m . Theo tiu chun Anh BS 6399: Part 1:1996, i vi xe
2
2
hi c tng trng lng 2.5 T, hot ti ly bng 250 daN/m < 350 daN/m . Tiu chun chu u EN 1991-11:2002 quy nh, i vi xe hi c tng trng lng nh hn hoc bng 3 T, hot ti c th ly trong khong t
2
2
150 n 250 daN/m . Nh vy, gi tr 350 daN/m khuyn co cho gara l c th chp nhn c. Cc t hp cao
tng thng c nhiu sn lm gara nn ly ng ti trng s m bo an ton v tit kim. Do TCVN 2737 : 1995
c gi tr php l, nn xut nu ch l kin ngh ch u t v t vn thit k xem xt.
Nh cao tng hin nay c th phi lm bi p trc thng. Do cha c quy nh c th v sn my bay
trc thng, khi tnh ton phi ly theo nhim v thit k. Song, hot ti i vi sn my bay trc thng c th
tham kho theo tiu chun M UBC:1997. C th l: Ti trng i vi bn , bi p hay sn my bay trc
thng s c xc nh nh sau: (i) tnh ti ca kt cu cng vi tng trng lng thc t ca my bay trc
2
thng, (ii) lc tp trung do va p trn 1 pht vung (0.093 m ) ly bng 0.75 ln tng trng lng ca trc
thng nu h cnh bng thit b gim chn thy lc, hoc 1.5 ln tng trng lng trc thng nu h cnh bng
2
cng c s cng, (iii) hot ti phn b ly bng 4.8 kN/m . Ngoi ra, cng c th tham kho tiu chun EN
1991-1-1:2002: i vi trc thng loi HC1 vi ti trng ct cnh Q 20 kN th ti trng tp trung Qk = 20 kN
trn din tch 0.2 (m) 0.2 (m), i vi trc thng loi HC2 vi ti trng ct cnh 20 kN < Q 60 kN th ti trng
tp trung Qk = 60 kN trn din tch 0.3 (m) 0.3 (m).
4. Ti trng gi
Khi tnh ton ti trng gi i vi nh cao tng cn hiu v xc nh ng cc gi tr u vo thit k v
nh cao tng khc vi nh thp tng l s ng x ca ti trng ngang l ni tri so vi ti trng thng ng.
Cc nh cao tng nc ta c th cn cho php thit k theo tiu chun nc ngoi. V vy, vic xc nh
ng s liu u vo dng trong thit k l cn thit.
4.1 H s tin cy v h s tm quan trng theo TCVN 2737 : 1995
Nh cao tng (c chiu cao 100m) thng c tui th 100 nm, nn khi tnh ton ti trng gi theo TCVN
2737:1995, h s tin cy nn nhn thm vi h s tm quan trng (hay cn gi l h s chuyn i chu k
lp) ly bng 1.15 (hoc h s tin cy ly thng bng 1.37 cho tui th 100 nm thay v 1.2 ng vi cng
trnh c tui th 50 nm). nc ta, h s tm quan trng ca cng trnh cng c xt n trong tiu chun
thit k kt cu chu ng t TCXDVN 375:2006.
4.2 Chuyn i vn tc gi v s liu u vo ca ti trng gi
Khi s dng cc tiu chun nc ngoi thit k, cn chuyn i s liu u vo cho ph hp vi c
trng tnh ton ca cc tiu chun (vn tc gi trung bnh, thi gian o vn tc gi trung bnh, chu k lp,...).
Cc tiu chun nc ngoi thng s dng vn tc hay p lc gi c s, ly trung bnh trong khong thi
gian: 3s (M, Australia), 10 pht (EN, Nga) hay 1h (Anh, Canada), ti cao 10 m, a hnh chun ph bin
tng ng dng B ca TCVN 2737:1995, chu k lp thng thng l 50 nm.
a) Dng a hnh: So snh dng a hnh gia TCVN 2737:1995, SNiP 2.01.07-85* (2001) v ASCE 57-05 cho
trong bng 1. Nh vy dng a hnh gn nh tng ng dng B ca ta.
a hnh B chun
Bng 1. Cc dng a hnh ti gi
Dng a hnh theo
TCVN 2737:1995
Dng a hnh theo SNiP
2.01.07-85* (2011)
Dng a hnh theo
(b)
ASCE 7-05
A
Thong H<1.5m
B
1.5m<H<10m
A
Thong, H<10m
D
thong, m, b
bin
C
10m<H
B
10m<H<25m
C
nng thn
thong H<9.1m
C
25m<H
B
thnh th
3s
2 pht
10 pht
Hnh 1: Chuyn i t vn tc gi trung bnh t-giy sang gi 1-gi (ngun ASCE 7-05)
1h
W2pht = 0.59*W50
(1)
v10pht = 0.70*v3s
W10pht = 0.49*W50
(2)
v1h = 0.66*v3s
W1h = 0.44*W50
(3)
Cp = (vT/v50)
(4)
(5)
ASCE 7-05, gi 3s
T (year)
5
Cp =
0.6
TCVN 2737:1995, QCVN 02-2009/BXD
Cp =
0.6
20
0.8
50
1.0
100
1.1
500
1.5
II
III-IV
720 1754 10,000
1.6
1.8
2.3
0.8
1.0
1.1
category:
C prob
1 K . ln ln 1 p
1 K . ln ln 0.98
Cp = (Cprob)
(6)
(7)
normal building
500
1.3
720
1.3
1754 10,000
1.4
1.6
e) Cc vn khc: Nh cao tng thng c mt bng phc tp, mt ng cng thay i theo chiu cao, h s
kh ng cn c xc nh chnh xc. Ngoi ra, cc vn dao ng vung gc vi lung gi thi, gi xon,
mt n nh kh ng, tin nghi vi ngi s dng, nh hng ca cc cng trnh ln cn, gi ln cc kt cu
bao che,... cng cn c quan tm. C th cn c th nghim m hnh trong ng thi kh ng xc nh cc
h s p lc gi i vi kt cu chu lc v bao che, mt n nh kh ng, hin tng gi qun v dao ng
vung gc vi lung gi, cng nh cc vn v mi trng v tin nghi s dng di tc dng ca ti trng
gi.
5. Tc ng ng t
Theo tiu chun TCXDVN 375:2006, c trng c bn ca tc ng ng t l gi tr nh gia tc nn
tham chiu ly trn nn gc loi A, chu k lp 500 nm (xc sut xy ra ng t l 10% trong 50 nm). Tuy
nhin, cc nh cao tng thng c h s tm quan trng khi tnh ton ng t I= 1.25, tng ng vi chu k
lp 1000 nm (xc sut xy ra ng t l 10% trong 100 nm). Theo Ph lc F ca tiu chun TCXDVN 375 :
2006 i vi cng trnh cao hn 60 tng phi thit k vi gia tc nn ln nht c th xy ra. Song, khng r chu
k lp ly nh th no: 1000, 2500, 10000 nm hay nhiu hn? Hip hi nh cao tng th gii CTBUH (2008)
kin ngh s dng chu k lp xp x 2500 nm khi thit k khng chn. Tiu chun ASCE 7-05 quy nh gia tc
cc i xem xt ng vi chu k lp 2500 nm. Gi tr gia tc nn ng vi chu k lp 2500 nm s phi tham
kho kt qu nghin cu ca Vin Vt l a cu. Song, theo tiu chun TCXDVN 375 : 2006 (hay Eurocode 8),
iu 2.1 (4), gi tr ny c th xc nh nh sau da vo gi tr gia tc nn ng vi chu k lp 500 nm. Thc
cht, y l h s tm quan trng I ca cng trnh:
-1/k
I (TLR/TL)
= (500/2500)
(-1/3)
= 1.71
(8)
(9)
V d: cng trnh siu cao tng xy dng T Lim, H Ni vi agR = 0.1081g (trong g l gia tc trng
2
trng ly bng 9.87 m/s ) th ag (2500 year) = 1.71 * 0.1081g = 0.185g. Gi tr ag= 0.185g nm gia cp VII (0.1g)
v cp VIII (0.2g) theo thang MSK-64.
Trong khi cha c s liu ng t cung cp bi Vin Vt l a cu, c th ly h s tm quan trng I =
1.71 khi thit k theo TCXDVN 375:2006 i vi nh cao t 60 tng tr ln.
Khi tnh ton theo TCXDVN 375 : 2006, lu chuyn sang ph chuyn v tnh ton v chu k dao ng
ring c bn ca cc nh siu cao tng thng ln hn 4s. Ngoi ra, cn phi c nghin cu k v h s ng
x q i vi cc nh siu cao tng khi tnh vi chu k lp 2500 nm hay nh c cc tng cng out-riggers.
Kin ngh nn s dng tiu chun UBC:1997 hay ASCE 7-05 tnh ton ng t i vi nh siu cao tng
v cc tiu chun ny c ph phn ng gia tc tng ng vi chu k c bn T1 = 10s (tng ng vi chu k
dao ng ring c bn ca nh 100 tng b tng ct thp). Hn na, M c rt nhiu kinh nghim xy dng nh
siu cao tng hn l chu u c bit cc khu vc b nh hng bi ng t. Khi thit k theo UBC:1997, h
s vng Z c th ly bng agR/g. Cn khi thit k theo ASCE 7-05, cn c s chuyn i cng phu hn (cc tc
gi hy vng s c trnh by ring mt bi bo hay bo co khc).
Trong cc nh cao tng a chc nng hin nay, do yu cu kin trc cc tng thp cn c cc khng gian
rng. Mt s trng hp phi b tr sn chuyn hay dm chuyn. Cc kt cu ny thng vt khu ln,
chu mt trng lng rt ln truyn t cc tng pha trn qua cc ct hay vch chu lc. V vy, tc ng ng
t theo phng thng ng phi c xt n. Khi y cn phi xc nh tr s nh gia tc nn theo phng
thng ng agv, theo TCXDVN 375:2006 th agv = 0.9ag. Tuy nhin, do thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni l cc
th c th khng gn vi chn tm ng t, cn c thm tr s cng chn ng sng b mt Ms, v
tham kho thm cc tiu chun khc nh EN 1998-1:2004 (Eurocode 8 khuyn ngh 2 gi tr: agv = 0.9ag vi Ms
> 5.5 Richter v agv = 0.45ag vi Ms 5.5), UBC 1997... hay tham vn cc c quan chuyn mn nh Vin
Vt l a cu c c cc gi tr hp l p dng trong tnh ton.
6. Kt lun
Bi bo ny tng kt cc ni dung lin quan n ti trng v tc ng khi thit k nh cao tng nc
ta. Cc yu cu chung v ti trng v tc ng c cp. Trong c hot ti gara nn ly gim xung
2
350 daN/m nh tiu chun SNiP (2011), ti trng i vi bi p trc thng ly theo nhim v thit k hoc
theo UBC:1997 hay Eurocode 1. Khi tnh ton ti trng gi theo TCVN 2737:1995, i vi nh cao hn 20 tng,
h s tin cy 1.2 phi nhn thm vi h s tm quan trng 1.15 (hay h s tin cy = 1.37) do cc nh
ny thng c tui th 100 nm khng phi l 50 nm. Vn h s chuyn i chu k lp i vi ti trng gi
ng vi gi 3s v gi 10 pht cng c cp. y l cc im cn ch khi xot xt tiu chun 2737:1995
mi. Mt s kin ngh khi tnh ton ng t i vi nh cao hn 60 tng hoc c chu k dao ng ring c bn
ln hn 4s cng c xem xt, trong c h s tm quan trng, chu k lp tnh ton ng t, ph phn ng
chuyn v hay tiu chun UBC:1997 vi ng cong ph phn ng gia tc ng vi chu k dao ng ring ln
hn 4s (ti 10s). Tt c cc tng kt v kin ngh ny u c phn tch, nh gi c tham chiu mt s
tiu chun nc ngoi sao cho vic thit k kt cu cao tng, an ton v kinh t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1.
ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, published by American Society of Civil
Engineers, Virginia, USA, 338 p, 2006.
2.
BS 6399 : 1996 Loading for buildings: Part 1. Code of practice for dead and imposed loads, British Standard institution,
September, UK, 11 p.
3.
BS 6399 : 1997 Loading for buildings: Part 2. Code of practice for wind loads, British Standard institution, July, UK, 92 p.
4.
BS EN 1991-1: 2002 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures, British Standard institution, July, UK.
5.
BS EN 1998-1: 2004 Design of structures for earthquake resistance, British Standard institution, April, UK, 2005, 229 p.
6.
CTBUH Recommendations for the seismic design of high-rise buildings, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
(CTBUH) Publication, New York, USA, 2008.
7.
QCVN 02 : 2009/BXD Quy chun k thut Quc gia S liu iu kin t nhin dng trong xy dng, Nh xut bn Xy
dng, H Ni.
8.
SNiP 2.01.07-85* Nagruzki i vyzdeistvies (Ti trng v tc ng), Ministerstvo regionalnogo razvitija Rossijskoi
Federasii (B pht trin vng Lin bang Nga), Izdanie oficialnoe (xut bn chnh thc), Moscow, Lin bang Nga. 96 p,
2011.
9.
TARANATH, B. S. Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, New Your, USA,
923 p, 2010.
10. TCXDVN 375:2006 Thit k kt cu chu ng t, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 296 trang.
11. TCVN 2737:1990 Ti trng v tc ng - Tiu chun thit k, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni.
12. TCVN 2737:1995 Ti trng v tc ng - Tiu chun thit k, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni.
13. UBC:1997 Uniform Building Code, Vol. 2. International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, USA.