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SCH HNG DN HC TP
MNG MY TNH
Bin son : Ts. PHM TH QU
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
M U
Ti liu ny phc v cho sinh vin h o i hc t xa hc tp v nghin cu v Mng
my tnh.
Ti liu gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v mng my tnh. Khi nim c bn v kin trc v cc
giao thc mng, cc loi mng my tnh v mc tiu ng dng ca n.
Chng II: Nghin cu cc nguyn tc c bn thit k mt m hnh giao thc mng my
tnh theo quan im chia cc tin trnh truyn thng thnh cu trc nhiu tng, c xp chng ln
nhau thc hin mt tin trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gii thiu m hnh OSI, c xem nh
l mt m hnh chun, mt chin lc pht trin cc h thng m v mt khung khi nim v giao
thc v dch v.
Chng III: Gii thiu mt s b giao thc mng mang tnh c trng v c p dng ph
bin. c bit trong chng ny tm hiu su hn b giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung
cho mng my tnh ton cu, mng Internet.
Chng IV: Chng ny gii thiu cc cng ngh mng cc b. Kin trc mng cc b
Ethrnet, Virtual LAN, Local ATM , LAN ARCnet..
Chng V: Gii thiu v cng ngh v k thut mng din rng WAN. C th xem xt
cng ngh cc mng tch hp s a dch v ISDN v bng rng B-ISDN, Frame Relay v X25,
dch v SDMS v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM.
Chng VI: Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mi nh cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL,
cc mng chuyn mch gi chuyn ti ting ni trn nn IP, ATM v Frame Raly. Cc cng ngh
chuyn mch nhn a giao thc IP/MPLS, chuyn mch mm Softswitch s dng trong mng hi
t v mng th h sau NGN.
Chng VII: cp n mt s vn bo v thng tin trn mng. Chng ny gii thiu
cch tip cn cc h mt m, cc giao thc bo mt, mng ring o VPN v cc gii php an ton
mng, xc thc in t, cc gii php ch k in t, xc minh ch k v t chi ch k gi mo..
Ti liu khng ch cp n nhng vn c s l lun m cn trnh by mt s k nng,
kinh nghim cn thit thit k v ci t cc mng my tnh. Hy vng s c ch cho cc bn hc
sinh sinh vin v nhng ngi mun xy dng cc h thng tin hc ng dng phc v cho sn
xut, qun l trong cc doanh nghip. C th cn nhiu thiu st trong trnh by v bin son do
kh nng, trnh , nhng ngi bin son mnh dn gii thiu ti liu ny v mong nhn c s
gp ca bn c.
TS Phm Th Qu
Cc node mng
Terminal
Printer
Hnh 1.1 Mng my tnh
5
Mng y
(Complete)
V tinh
T-connector
Terminator
Bus
Terminator
Repeater
Chiu truyn
d liu
http://
My khch yu cu
My ch p ng
Network
Data base
Tow er System
Database
Tow er System
Application
Server
Network
Network
Tow er System
Middleware
Server
Tow er System
Application Server
Tow er System
Database Server
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v nh ngha mng my tnh:
A. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng ng truyn vt l.
B. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau v hot ng tun theo tp giao thc.
C. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn vt l v hot ng theo
mt kin trc mng xc nh
2. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh:
A. Chia s ti nguyn mng, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
B. Chia s phn cng, phn mm, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
C. Chia s thng tin, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch.
D. Cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn, nng cao tin cy, chinh
phc khong cch v gim bt cc chi ph v u t .
3. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh:
A. Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa
B. Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng.
C. Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i.
D. C 3 cu trn.
4. Mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward).
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
5. Nhc im ca mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l:
A. Kh nng ng thng tin (Collision) thp.
B. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn
C. tr ln, tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node.
D. Tc trao i thng tin thp.
6. c trng ca mng qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting)
A. Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l.
B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh.
C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin
7. Chc nng giao thc:
A. ng gi, phn on v hp li
B. iu khin lin kt v gim st.
C. iu khin lu lng v iu khin li.
D. ng b ho v a ch ho.
19
Cu hi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
V sao ni k thut chuyn mch gi c hiu sut knh truyn cao, v sao ?.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Phng thc knh o v chuyn mch knh khc nhau, ging nhau ?.
36.
V sao mng chuyn mch gi c tc trao i thng tin nhanh hn tc trao i thng
tin trong mch chuyn mch tin bo.
37.
22
H thng B
Giao thc tng N
Giao din
tng N/N-1
Tng N
Tng N-1
Giao din
tng 2/1
Tng 2
Tng 1
Tng N
Giao thc tng N -1
Tng N-1
Tng 2
Tng 1
ng truyn vt l
Hinh 2.1 M hnh kin trc phn tng
25
H thng B
Giao thc tng 5
(5)
(4)
H4 M
M
Giao thc tng 4
H4 M
Giao thc tng 3
(3
H3 H4 M1
H3 H4 M2
H3 H4 M1
H3 H4 M2
H2 H3 H4 M1 T2
H2 H3 H4 M2 T2
H2 H3 H4 M1 T2
H2 H3 H4 M2 T2
(1)
ng truyn vt l
Hinh 2.2 V d v lu chuyn thng tin
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng
truyn thng ng tng, gi tin khi chuyn xung qua cc tng s c b sung thm
vo phn u bng thng tin iu khin ca tng. Vic thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua
mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l qu trnh Encapsulation. Qu trnh bn nhn
s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi i qua cc tng, gi tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n
trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn.
n v d liu c s dng trong cc tng bao gm
- Thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information): Thng tin c thm
vo u cc gi tin trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng ca cc thc th. K hiu N_PCI l
thng tin iu khin tng N.
- n v d liu dch v SDU (Service Data Unit): L n v d liu truyn thng gia cc
tng k nhau. K hiu N_SDU l n v d liu truyn t tng (N+1) xung tng N cha thm
thng tin iu khin.
- n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) : n v d liu giao thc tng. K
hiu PDU = PCI + SDU, ngha l n v d liu giao thc bao gm thng tin iu khin PCI c
thm vo u n v d liu dch v SDU.
2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v
Chc nng ca cc tng l cung cp dch v cho tng trn k n. Trong mi tng c mt hay
nhiu thc th. Thc th tng N thc hin cc dch v m tng N+1 yu cu s dng, Cc thc
th trao i dch v vi nhau qua cc im truy cp dch v SAP (Service Access Points). Cc
thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho tng N+1 qua cc SAP trn giao din N+1/N. Mi mt SAP
c mt nhn dng duy nht.
26
SAP
Tng N
N - PCI
Tng N-1
(N-1) PCI
N - SDU
SAP
N - PCI
N- SDU
N - PDU
N - PDU
SAP
SAP
(N-1) SDU
(N-1)PCI
(N-1) PDU
(N-1) SDU
(N - 1) PDU
Giao thc tng (N-1)
Hnh 2.3 Khi nim giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m
Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tho thun v thit lp cc quy tc giao
din. Thc th ca tng N+1 chuyn mt PDU ti thc th tng N qua SAP. PDU bao gm mt
n v d liu dch v SDU v thng tin iu khin PCI. SDU l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc
th ng tng v sau a ln tng N+1. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy nh, cc thc
th tng N chia SDU ra nhiu gi nh c di quy nh v thm Header PCI vo mi gi tin.
Header ca PDU c cc thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d liu v PDU no cha
thng tin iu khin.....
Hnh 2.3 minh ho giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau. Nh bit, thc th tng
N t h thng A khng th truyn d liu trc tip sang tng N ca h thng B m phi chuyn
tun t xung cc tng di n, cho ti tng thp nht, tng vt l. Bng phng tin truyn vt
l, d liu l nhng chui bit 0 v 1 c truyn sang tng vt l ca h thng B. T y d liu
c chuyn ln cc tng trn.
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v
Tng N s phi bit s dng dch v no ca tng N-1 v cung cp nhng dch v g cho
tng N+1. Qu trnh cung cp dch v thng qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn cc giao din tng
N/N+1. C hai loi dch v khc nhau: dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented) v dch v
khng lin kt (Connectionless).
a. Dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented): Cc dch v v giao thc trong cc m
hnh h thng m thc hin truyn thng 3 giai on theo th t thi gian nh sau:
27
Giai on
Thit lp
lin kt
Giai on
Truyn d liu
Giai on
Gii phng
lin kt
Khng
lin
kt
V d
Gi cc trang sch theo ng th t.
Truy nhp v khai thc t xa.
Cc dch v thoi s
Th in t, nhn tin
Datagram c xc nhn
Th c ng k, th khn
Hi-p
Hnh 2.5 Cc loi dch v khc nhau hng lin kt v khng lin kt
2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)
Vic cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua vic
gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy. Mt dch v c c t hnh thc bng nhiu hm dch v
nguyn thy. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy s dng nh ngha s tng tc gia cc tng k
nhau, ch r chc nng cn thc hin v s dng chuyn d liu v thng tin iu khin. C th
hn, cc hm dch v nguyn thy l c t cc thao tc cn thc hin mt yu cu hay tr li mt
yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng.
C bn kiu hm dch v nguyn thy c bn:
1. Request (Yu cu): c mt thc th s dng gi mt chc nng, yu cu cc
phng tin cung cp dch v mng.
2. Indication (Ch bo): c mt thc th ch bo yu cu cung cp dch v. Ch bo
yu cu bng cch:
- Gi mt chc nng no .
- Ch bo mt chc nng c gi ti mt im SAP.
3. Response (Tr li): c thc th yu cu s dng hon tt mt chc nng c
gi bi hm Indication ti im truy nhp dch v.
4. Confirm (Xc nhn): c thc th cung cp dch v s dng xc nhn hon tt
cc th tc c yu cu t trc bi hm dch v nguyn thy Request.
Hnh 2.6 minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm dch v nguyn thu.
Trong h thng A:
- Tng (N+1) gi hm Request xung tng N qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N.
- Ti tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca h thng B qua giao
thc tng N.
29
System B
(N+1) - Layer
(N+1) - Layer
N - Layer
S
A
P
Indication
Response
Confirm
Request
N - Layer
30
N+1
Thi gian
Request
Cornfirmed
(c xc nhn)
N+1
Indication
Respone
Thi gian
Cornfirm
Uncornfirmed
(khng xc nhn)
Request
Indication
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Application Protocol
Presentation Protocol
Session Protocol
Transport Protocol
Network Protocol
Data Link Protocol
Physiccal Protocol
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Tng Phin
Tng Vn chuyn
Tng Mng
Tng Lin kt
Tng Vt l
ng truyn vt l
Application
Application
Data
HA Data
Presentation
Presentation
HA Data
HP HAData
HS HP HAData
Session
Session
HP HAData
Transport
Transport
HS HP HAData
HT HS HP HAData
Network
Network
HT HS HP HAData
HNHT HS HP HAData
Data link
Data link
HNHT HS HP HAData
110011101010101
Physical
Physical
110011101010101
100111010101011110100110
Tng
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network Header
Data Link
Physical
Header
HA
HP
HS
HT
HN
HD
Application Header
Presentation Header
Session Header
Transport Header
Network Header
Data Link Header
Physical
Tn d liu
Message & Packet
Packet
Packet
Datagram,Segment & Packet
Datagram & Packet
Frame & Packet
Bit
4-Transport
3-Network
2-Data Link
1-Physical
34
Chc nng ch yu
Giao tip ngi v mi trng mng
Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn
thng ca cc ng dng.
Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th bng cch thit
lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng
gia cc ng dng
Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to End).
Kim sot li v lung d liu.
Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i thng tin trong
lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp.
To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim sot lung v
kim sot li.
m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua cc
phng tin vt l.
Giao thc
ng dng
Giao thc
Bin i m
Giao thc
phin
Giao thc
Vn chuyn
Giao thc
Mng
Th tc
kim sot
Giao din
DTE - DCE
L kin trc mng do hng Apple Computer pht trin cho h cc my tnh c nhn
Macintosh. Giao thc AppleTalk cng c pht trin trn tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
- Cc vng ti a trn mt phn mng: Phase 1 l 1; Phase 2 l 255 .
- Cc node ti a trn mi mng: Phase 1: 254; Phase 2: khong 16 triu.
- a ch ng da trn cc giao thc truy nhp : Phase 1: Node ID; Phase 2: Network
Node ID; Phase 1&2: LocalTalk , Phase 1: Ethernet; Phase 2: IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.5.
Cu hi trc nghim
1.
2.
3.
4.
36
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy cho bit ngha ca khuyn ngh loi V, khuyn ngh loi X v loi I.
2. Tng qut v khi nim kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng
40
41
M hnh OSI
ng dng
Process
Application
Layer
ng dng
Host -To-Host
Vn chuyn
Trnh by
Presentation
Phin
Session
Vn chuyn
Transport
Internet Layer
Mng
Mng
Network
Network
Access Layer
Truy nhp
mng
Lin kt d
Data Link
Vt l
Physical
Application
OSI Model
Application
FTP
SMTP
DNS
SNMP
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transmision Control
Protocol (TCP)
Network
ARP
Data link
Ethernet
Physical
IEEE802.3
RIP
UserDatagram
Protocol (UDP)
ICMP
Token Ring
FDDI
EEE802.5
ANSI X3 T95
User Data
Header
User Data
Applicatio
Header
TCP/UDP
Application Dataa
TCP
Segment/Datagram
IP
Header
Header
TCP/UDP
Application Dataa
IP
Packet IP
Ethernet
Header
IP
Header
Header
TCP/UDP
14
20
20
Application Dataa
Ethernet
Trailer
iu khin
Ethernet
Ethernet Frame
46 -- 1500 byte
Ethernet
15 16
Source port
31
Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
Offset
Reserved U A P R S F
Checksum
Options
TCP data
Window
Urgent pointer
Padding
Thit lp lin kt TCP: c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree Way Handsake):
Bc 1: Nh hnh 3.7 yu cu lin kt lun c trm ngun khi to tin trnh bng
cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca Client. Gi
tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi lin kt c yu cu (gi tr ny
quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca
phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun lin kt.
47
TCP_B
Syn, Seq=x
Syn, Seq=y
Ack (x+1)
Ack (y+1)
TCP_B
TCP_A
Fin,Seq=x
Ack (x+1)
Fin, Seq=y
Ack (x+1)
Ack (y+1)
a) Thit lp lin kt
b) Kt thc lin kt
78
15 16
Netid
31
Subnetid
Hostid
- Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng con, vi ti a 65535 Host trn mi mng.
Dng a ch ca lp B: (Network number. Network number.Host.Host).
0
78
15 16
Netid
31
Subnetid
Hostid
23 24
Netid
26 27
Subnetid
31
Hostid
Bit c
trng
S lng
Mng
S lng
Host
127
16.777.214
0.1.0.0 126.255.255.255
10
16.383
65.534
128.1.0.0 191.255.255.255
110
2.097.151
234
192.1.0.0 223.255.255.255
1110
223.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
11110
240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
Hnh 3.6: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP
50
IHL
Service
type
Identification
Time to live
Toltal length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment offset
Header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options(may be none)
Padding
Nhm
Thng ip truy vn
(ICMP Queries)
Thng ip thng bo li
(ICMP Error Reports)
Loi bn tin
Type
8/0
13/14
17/18
10/9
nh hng li (Redirection)
11
ARP Reply
Node B
IP Address: 128.0.10.4
MAC Address: 08:00:20:02:15:45
RARP Reply
RARP Server
Your IP Address is 128.213.1.17
Hnh 3.10 Minh ha qu trnh tm a ch IP bng giao thc RARP.
IPv6 c chn thay th cho giao thc IPv4 khng ch do IPv4 khng cn ph hp vi
yu cu pht trin hin ti ca mng Internet m cn v nhng u im ca giao thc IPv6:
- n gin ho Header: Mt s trng trong Header ca IPv4 b b hoc chuyn thnh cc
trng tu chn. Gim thi gian x l v tng thi gian truyn.
- Khng gian a ch ln: di a ch IPv6 l 128 bit, gp 4 ln di a ch IPv4. gian
a ch IPv6 khng b thiu ht trong tng lai.
- Kh nng a ch ho v chn ng linh hot: IPv6 cho php nhiu lp a ch vi s
lng cc node. Cho php cc mng a mc v phn chia a ch thnh cc mng con ring l. C
kh nng t ng trong vic nh a ch. M rng kh nng chn ng bng cch thm trng
Scop vo a ch qung b (Multicast).
- T ng cu hnh a ch: Kh nng t cu hnh ca IPv6 c gi l kh nng cm v
chy (Plug and Play). Tnh nng ny cho php t cu hnh a ch cho giao din m khng cn s
dng cc giao thc DHCP.
- Kh nng bo mt: IPsec bo v v xc nhn cc gi tin IP:
+ M ha d liu: Pha gi s tin hnh m ha gi tin trc khi gi.
+ Ton vn d liu: Pha nhn c th xc nhn gi tin nhn c m bo rng d
liu khng b thay i trong qu trnh truyn.
+ Xc nhn ngun gc d liu: Pha nhn c th bit c pha gi gi tin. Dch v
ny ph thuc vo dch v ton vn d liu.
+ Antireplay: Pha nhn c th pht hin v t chi gi tin gi li.
- Cht lng dch v QoS (Quanlity Of Service): Cht lng dch v QoS trong IPv4 khng
cao.Trong Header IPv4 cha a ch ngun v a ch ch, truyn c tin cy khng cao. IPv6
Header c thm mt s trng mi x l v xc nh lu lng trn mng. Do c ch xc nhn
gi tin ngay trong Header nn vic h tr QoS c th thc hin c ngay c khi gi tin c m
ha qua IPsec.
- Giao thc pht hin ln cn NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) ca IPv6 l mt dy cc
thng bo ICMPv6 cho php qun l tng tc gia cc node ln cn, thay th ARP trong IPv4.
Cc thng bo ICMPv4 Router Discovery v ICMPv4 Redirect c thay bi cc thng bo
Multicast, Unicast Neighbor Discovery.
- Kh nng m rng: Thm vo trng Header m rng tip ngay sau Header, IPv6 c th
c m rng thm cc tnh nng mi mt cch d dng.
- Tnh di ng: IPv4 khng h tr cho tnh di ng, IPv6 cho php nhiu thit b di ng kt
ni vo Internet theo chun ca PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) qua mng cng cng nh sng v tuyn.
55
IPv6
di a ch l 32 bit (4 byte)
IPsec ch l ty chn
Header ca a ch IPv4 khng c trng Trng Flow Label cho php xc nh lung gi
xc nh lung d liu ca gi tin cho cc tin cc Router c th m bo cht lng dch
Router x l QoS.
v QoS
Vic phn on c thc hin bi c Vic phn on ch c thc hin bi my ch
Router v my ch gi gi tin
pha gi m khng c s tham gia ca Router
Header c cha trng Checksum
Giao thc ARP s dng ARP Request Khung ARP Request c thay th bi cc thng
qung b xc nh a ch vt l.
bo Multicast Neighbor Solicitation.
S dng giao thc IGMP qun l thnh Giao thc IGMP c thay th bi cc thng bo
vin cc nhm mng con cc b
MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery)
S dng ICMP Router Discovery xc S dng thng bo qung co Router (Router
nh a ch cng Gateway mc nh ph Advertisement) v ICMP Router Solicitation thay
hp nht, l ty chn.
cho ICMP Router Discovery, l bt buc.
a ch qung b truyn thng tin n tt Trong IPv6 khng tn ti a ch qung b, thay
c cc node trong mt mng con
vo l a ch Multicast
Thit lp cu hnh bng th cng hoc s Cho php cu hnh t ng, khng s dng nhn
dng DHCP
cng hay cu hnh qua DHCP
a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi mc
mc ch nh x sang a ch IPv4
ch nh x sang a ch IPv6
Con tr a ch c lu trong IN Con tr a ch c lu trong Ipv6 INT DNS
ADDR ARPA DNS nh x a ch nh x a ch t IPv4 sang tn my ch
IPv4 sang tn my ch
H tr gi tin kch thc 576 bytes (c H tr gi tin kch thc 1280 bytes (khng cn
th phn on)
phn on)
Hnh 3.11 So snh IPv4 v IPv6
56
3.4. Cc lp a ch IPv6
3.4.1. Phng php biu din a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 c biu din bng chui s Hexa c chia thnh cc nhm 16 bit tng
ng vi bn ch s Hexa, ngn cch nhau bi du :. V d mt a ch IPv6 : 4021 : 0000 :
240E : 0000 : 0000 : 0AC0 : 3428 : 121C.Cc th thu gn bng cch thay cc nhm 0 lin tip
bng k hiu ::. V d 12AB : 0000 : 0000 : CD30 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 /60 c th vit l
12AB : 0 : 0 : CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB :: CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB : 0 : 0 :
CD30 :: /60 . Khng c vit 12AB :: CD30 /60 hay 12AB :: CD30 :: /60
3.4.2. Phn loi a ch IPv6
- a ch Unicast: L a ch ca mt giao din. Mt gi tin c chuyn n a ch
Unicast s ch c nh tuyn n giao din gn vi a ch
- a ch Anycast: L a ch ca mt tp giao din thuc ca nhiu node khc nhau. Mi
gi tin ti a ch Anycast c chuyn ti ch mt trong tp giao din gn vi a ch (l giao
din gn node gi nht v c Metrics nh nht).
- a ch Multicast: a ch ca tp cc giao din thuc v nhiu node khc nhau. Mt gi
tin gi ti a ch Multicast s c gi tt c cc giao din trong nhm.
3.4.3. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
a ch IPv6 v IPv4 c mt s im chung nh cng s dng mt s loi a ch vi mt
s chc nng tng t, nhng trong IPv6 c mt s thay i th hin trong bng sau:
Bng So snh a ch IPv4 v IPv6
IPv4 Address
IPv6 Address
Phn lp a ch (Lp A, B, C v D)
Lp D l Multicast (224.0.0.0/4)
S dng a ch Broadcast
a ch unspecified l 0.0.0.0
a ch Unspecified l ::
a ch Loopback 127.0.0.1
a ch Loopback l ::1
S dng a ch Public
a ch Link-Local (FE80::/64)
Dng biu din: chui s thp phn Dng biu din: chui s Hexa cch nhau bi du hai
cch nhau bi du chm
chm; c th nhm chui s 0 lin nhau vo mt k t
S dng mt n mng con
Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti nguyn a ch
nguyn a ch my ch IPv4 (A)
my ch IPv6 (AAAA)
Tn min ngc: IN-ADDR.ARPA
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy trnh by tng qut m hnh kin trc TCP/IP
2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP
3. Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer) v cc giao thc ng dng.
4. Tng vn chuyn Host to Host v cc giao thc.
5. Tng mng (Internet Layer) v cc giao thc tng mng.
6. Trnh by khI qut cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP.
7. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation
8. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu Fragment
9. Khi nim n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit).
10. Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng.
11. Vai tr v chc nng, cu trc gi tin ca UPP (User Datagram Protocol)
12. Vai tr v chc nng ca TCP :
13. Trnh by cc c im ca TCP
14. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
15. Trnh by cc c ch ca s ng, pht li thch nghi, iu khin tc nghn.
16. Thit lp v hu b lin kt:
17. tin cy v iu khin lung ca TCP:
18. Cc chc nng chnh ca IP:
19. a ch IP, cu trc gi d liu IP.
20. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP:
21. Trnh by chc nng giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP.
22. Tin trnh ca Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
23. Nguyn tc hot ng, khun dng gi tin ca giao thc RARP
24. Cc c trng ca IPv6
25. Cht lng dch v v bo mt trong IPv6
26. Cu trc khun dng Datagram Ipv6
27. Header m rng
28. So snh IPv4 header v IPv6 header
29. Lp a ch IPv6, biu din, cc loi a ch IPv6
30. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6
31. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v so snh vi m hnh OSI.
58
E Tr=F
S=C
C Tr=E
S=B
B Tr=C
S=A
F Tr=A
S=C
A
D
C
A c nhu cu truyn d
liu n C. i Free
Token,chuyn sang trng
thi Busy, gi km Packet
d liu
A
D
C
Node B c, phn tch v
so snh a ch ch vi
a ch MAC. Node C sao
chp d liu
C
Khi Packet d liu quay
v, Node A chuyn trng
thi Token thnh Free.
Upper
Layer
Protocols
LSAP
Upper
Layer
Protocols
Network
Data link
LLC
LLC
Scope of
Physical
MAC
MAC
IEEE 802
Physical
Physical
Standard
Medium
Medium
Hnh 4.3 Quan h ca cc chun IEEE 802 vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.
62
SSAP (1)
Cont (1)
Data (43 )
SFD
DA
SA Length/Type
6
Data
PAD
46-1500
FCS
4
Slot
generator
Bus B
Hnh 4.5: S ni bus ca DQDB
n v d liu c dng trong cc mng DQDB c thit k tng thch vi th h mi
ca cc mng din rng cng cng gi l B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital
Networks). Cc mng ny s dng k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh (Fast Packet Switching) vi
cng ngh ha hn nht l ATM. V th n v d liu dng trong cc mng DQDB cng c
gi l "t bo (Cell) vi khun dng tng qut gm 53 bytes, trong c bytes ca phn Header
c nh v 48 bytes d liu.
66
B: Listen
Mode
D: Receive
Mode
A: Transmit
Mode
SD
AC
FC
DA
SFS
SA
INFO
FCS
Phm vi ph ca FCS
ED
ES
EFS
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)
4.4.1. Gii thiu FDDI
FDDI l mt tp cc giao thc ANSI truyn d liu qua cp quang. Cc mng FDDI s
dng phng thc truy nhp Token Passing, tc c th t n 100 Mbps. FDDI c s dng
lm Backbone cho cc mng din rng MAN,WAN. Cu hnh Ring cp quang, c th kt ni trc
tip cc trm u cui v cc my ch trong mt nhm lm vic hay lin kt cc mng trong phm
vi mt ta nh, trong mt khu vc hay trong mt thnh ph. Mt trong cc ng dng l kt ni
cc my ch tc cao. Khi ng vai tr l mt mng xng sng (Backbone), FDDI lin kt cc
thit b mng khc nhau nh Router, Switch, Brigde, cc b tp trung... to thnh mt mng
ln hn t cc mng con. Tuy nhin FDDI khng c dng cho cc mng din rng (WAN) c
bn knh ln hn 100 km.
Mc d b thay th bi cc cng ngh LAN khc, FDDI vn c nhng u im nht nh.
FDDI c th c cu hnh nh l hai mng Ring ngc nhau c lp. iu ny lm tng
tnh n nh h thng cao hn. Nu cu hnh (Topo) ca mng c thit k hai ng quang ca
c hai mng khc nhau v mt vt l th s m bo cho hai mng khng b ph hy trong cng
mt thi gian khi xy ra cc s c lin quan n h thng cp.
70
IEEE 802.5
- Dng cp quang .
- Dng cp i xon
- Tc 100Mb/s
- Tc 1,4 v 16 Mb/s
- ng b phn tn
- ng b tp trung
- Cc a ch 16 v / hoc48 bits
- Cc a ch 16 hoc 48 bits
FDDI
100 Kbps
622 Mbps
Chuyn mch
ATM
155 Mbps
10 Mbps Ethernet
10 Mbps Ethernet
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Pht biu no ng:
A. Dng th bi lun chuyn trn vng logic
B. Trc khi truyn xc nh ng truyn bn hay ri, nu bn th thc hin 1
trong 3 gii thut Non persistent, Persistent v P-persistent.
C. Trong khi truyn pht hin thy xung t, n ngng ngay truyn nhng v thng bo
cho cc node khc bit. Sau ch i vi thi on ngu nhin, thc hin gii
thut ca CSMA.
2. Chc nng ca Token Bus
A. B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu.
B. Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic.
C. Qun l li.
D. Khi to vng logic
E. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic
3. Trong phng php Token ring cn gii quyt vn ph v h thng:
A. Mt l mt th bi.
B. Th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng.
74
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
2. u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trong CSMA/CD
3. Token Bus: Thit lp vng logi, duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng v khi to vng logic
khi ci t mng hoc t vng.
4. Token ring, nguyn tc ca phng php. Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v
h thng.
5.
6. Token ring th h th hai: Switched Token Ring, Token ring chuyn dng (Dedicated
Token ring), Full-duplex Token ring (Token ring song cng (hai chiu), 100 Mbps Token
ring (HSTR- high speed token ring).
7. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802
75
76
78
Private Line
Network
NT1
T
Packet
Network
ISDN Switched
NT1
NT2
S
TE1 Device
(Standard Telephone)
U
ISDN Switched
NT2
S
TE1 Device
(ISDN Telephone)
Switched
Network
NT1
ISDN
Network
Data link
LAP-D
Physical
Hnh 5.2: Kin trc ISDN v m hnh OSI
80
1
Flag
2
Address
2
Control
PD
2
CRC
1
Flag
L CRV MT MOIE
B-ISDN
IEEE
802.2
Adaptation
Layer
SMDS
Frame
Relay
Adaptation
Layer
Adaptation
Layer
ATM
SONET/SDH, FDDI ...
Other
Services
Adaptation
Layer
Giao din
DTE
Giao din
DCE
DCE
Knh logic
Knh o
DTE
Knh logic
X.25
Data link
LAP-B
Physical
Physical
ng b ho lin kt
Tng 2:
Tng 3:
To s th t gi tin.
Truyn d liu theo phng thc Datagram
Thc hin ghp knh.
Thit lp kt ni v giI phng knh o.
Thc hin bo hiu
FRAD
FRND
F.R
UNI
Frame
Relay
Network
FRND
FRAD
F.R
UNI
Network
X25 PLP
Data Link
LAP - B
Physical
OSI - RM
X21,V35
(56/64 Kbps)
X25
Management
LAP - F
Q.933 Subnet
Management
LAP - F
Full Q.933
Management
LAP - F
V35
V35
V35
Manage
(DS-0,DS-1..) (DS-0,DS-1..) (DS-0,DS-1..)
PC only
Non ISDN
ISDN SVC
(With link
SVC
(With link
(With link Management)
Management)
88
CIR+EIR Kb
DE=1
DE=0
Dch v loi b
(Discarded)
Tc truy nhp Kb
Node 1
u kt thc
Bus A
Node 2
Node 3
Node 3
Bus B
u kt thc
Node 1
Node 2
u Bus B sinh ra
khe thi gian
Node 3
Node 4
Bus A
Bus B
Hnh 5.10: Cu hnh vt l ca mng SMDS.
Giao thc giao din mng SMDS (SMDS Interface Protocol - SIP): SIP c nh ngha
bi Bellcore v cu thnh bi ba mc giao thc: SIP mc 3, SIP mc 2, v SIP mc 1, hot ng
trong tng Lin kt d liu v tng vt l.
ng dng
Trnh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
LLC
SIP
MAC
Vt l
Hnh 5.11: Cc tng ca SIP tng ng vi m hnh OSI
5.6.5. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay.
- SMDS l mt dich v, khng phi mt cng ngh; Frame Relay v ATM l cng ngh .
- SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng lin kt (Connectionless), Frame Relay v ATM l
hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented).
91
92
ATM
Data link
Physical
SONET/SDH,FDDI...
Private
NNI
Public NNI
Chuyn
mch
dch v
ATM Switch
ATM
Router
Rout
Switch
Rout
LAN A
Chuyn
mch
dch v
ATM
ATM
Router
LAN B
M hnh ATM
M hnh mt bng qun l
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Giao thc
tng cao
Tng Phin
Mt bng
Khch hng
Mt bng iu khin
Giao thc
tng cao
Tng Vn chuyn
Tng thch ng ATM
Qun Qun
l
L
mt lp
bng
Tng Mng
Tng Lin kt
Tng ATM
Tng Vt l
Tng Vt l
TCP/IP, SPX/IPX,AppleTalk...
Upper
Layers
Protocols
AAL
Layers
ATM
Layers
Physical
Layers
- Giao thc cc tng trn (Upper Layers Protocols) : Nm trn lp AAL, n tp hp cc d liu
khch hng c chp nhn, sau tin hnh sp xp vo trong cc gi, v lin kt vi lp AAL.
95
Phn tng
Tng bc
cao
Tng
ATM
thch ng
Cc chc nng
Chc nng ca tng bc cao
Tng con hi t
Chia v tp hp lp
Chc nng kt hp
Chc nng phn chia v kt hp li
Tng
ATM
Tng
vt l
Phn chia tc t bo
To v xc nh tn hiu HEC
Nhn dng bin ca t bo
To v xc nh khung truyn dn
Truyn dn hi t
tng con
Mi trng vt l
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v phng php kt ni lin mng:
A. Phng php kt ni ti tng vt l, b lp Repeater.
B. Phng php kt ni ti tng lin kt d liu, thit b s dng cu (Bridge) v cc b
chuyn mch (Switched)
C. Phng php kt ni tng mng. Thit b s dng b nh tuyn (Router).
D. Kt ni lin mng s dng cc thit b nh Modem, cp Modem, Router..
2.
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network), Khi nim.
Nguyn l chung ca ISDN.
2. Cc dch v ISDN: Dch v ti tin, dch v vin thng, cc dch v b sung.
3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN: Knh D, Knh B, Knh H.
5. Giao din ISDN:
9 Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
9 Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface):
6. a ch ca mng ISDN v cu trc a ch trong ISDN:
7. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN: Tng vt l, Tng 2 v tng 3.
8. Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN)
101
Cc mt bng qun l
Cng ngh
Tc
Khong cch
Truyn dn
S i dy ng
s dng
IDSL
5km
1 i
HDSL
1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km
2 i
3 i
HDSL2
1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048 Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km
SDSL
768kb/s i xng
1,544Mb/s hoc 2,048 Mb/s
mt chiu
7 km
3 km
1 i
5km
1 i
ADSL
VDSL
300 m 1,5 km
(tu tc )
1 i
1 i
ng ln ADSL
POST
ISDN
4kHz 80kH
94kH
ng xung ADSL
120kHz
106kHz
1,1MHz
Cp nhiu i
NEXT path
i dy nhiu
Modem
Hnh 6.3: Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT
Data Switch
Cp nhiu i
FEXT path
i dy nhiu
Modem
Hnh 6.4: Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT
Data Switch
PC
IP
IP
Ethernet
PPP
Ethernet AAL5
DSLAM
BRAS
IP
PPP
AAL5 Ethernet
ATM
10 Base-T
Internet
ATM
ADSL
ATM
STM-1
100 Base-F
M hnh ny c dng trong cc thit b: Internal ADSL Modem, USB Modem hay ADSL
Router (RFC 2364)
108
Rout
ADSL
Bridge
PC
DSLAM
BRAS
IP
IP
PPP
PPPoE
PPP
PPPoE Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
PPP
AAL5
10 Base-T
AAL5
ATM
ATM
ADSL
ATM
STM-1
100 Base-F
Rout
PC
ADSL
Bridge
IP
IP
DSLAM
IP
1483
Encap
Ethernet
Ethernet AAL5
AAL5
ATM
10 Base-T
BRAS
ATM
ADSL
ATM
SONET/SDH(STM1)
PC
IP
Ethernet
Etherne
1483
Etherne AL5
DSLAM
BRAS
IP
1483
AAL5
ATM
10 Base-T
Internet
ATM
ADSL
ATM
SONET/SDH(STM1)
RFC 1483 (Bridged) s dng trong Modem ADSL ngoi vi giao thc to khung RFC 1483.
Hin nay c trin khai trong cc sn phm ca SBC v Pac Bell .
6.1.8. Cc ng dng ca ADSL
Truy nhp Internet tc cao: Vi tc truyn bt i xng nn ADSL l cng ngh l
tng cho truy nhp Internet tc cao, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v ln hn rt
nhiu so vi nhu cu ti tin i.
Truyn hnh theo yu cu (VoD): Truyn hnh theo yu cu s dng cc phng php nn,
s ha tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh truyn i qua mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v VoD c th
cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu cu vi cht lng khc nhau ty theo yu cu s dng.
Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 3-4Mbps. Cc knh truyn hnh
trung thc cao (HDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 15-18 Mbps. Nh vy, dch v ADSL vi tc
hng xung ti a 8 Mbps th ch c th h tr ti a 2 knh SDTV v khng th h tr c
HDTV, ADSL2+ s h tr c dch v ny.
Hi ngh t xa: Cho php nhiu ngi cc a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i
trc tip nh ang trong cng mt phng hp. Tng hiu qu cng vic, tit kim thi gian v chi
ph do gim thiu vic di chuyn, cng nh cng tc t chc hi hp.
Truyn hnh v pht thanh qua mng: Cc knh truyn hnh v pht thanh t i truyn hnh
v i pht thanh c th c truyn hnh trc tip trn mng ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn
hiu Video v Audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng va xem
video va c th duyt Web.
110
6.2. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet
Network)
6.2.1. Khi nim
L m hnh truyn thoi thi gian thc khng s dng h thng chuyn mch knh thng
thng m s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi. Tn hiu thoi tng t sau khi c s ha s
c truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi di dng cc gi d liu.
VoPN ang tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng hp dn nht hin nay khng
ch i vi cc nh cung cp dch v m vi c nhng ngi s dng dch v. S pht trin ca
cc mng chuyn mch gi v c bit l mng Internet vi giao thc IP to ra nn tng pht
trin cc giao thc cho php truyn d liu thoi qua cc mng s liu khc nhau. Cc mng
chuyn mch gi thng c s dng truyn thoi l mng Frame Relay, mng ATM v
mng IP.
6.2.2. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi tng t t my in thoi hay micro s c s ha v chuyn i
thnh cc gi d liu thch hp truyn qua mng, vic chuyn i s c thc hin thng qua cc
b m ha-gii m CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s
nn cc gi d liu ny vi tc bit thch hp truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi.
Ti bn thu, cc tin trnh din ra ngc li, khi nhn c cc gi tin c nn, cc
DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, sau gii m (Decode) cc gi tin thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t
v pht ra in thoi hoc loa cho ngi nghe.
Trong mt cuc m thoi, cc khong lng chim t l rt ln (30% - 40%), khi truyn
thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta s dng k thut VAD (Voice Activity Detection)
loi b cc khong lng nhm gim lng gi tin truyn qua mng. Ti pha thu cc khong lng
li c ti to pht thng tin thoi cho ngi nghe.
6.2.3. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi
- Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v: Vic tit kim chi ph
h tng mng y c hiu theo ngha s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn truyn
d liu thoi. Thc t vic u t mt h thng mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc cng ngh
tin tin nh mng ATM cng rt tn km v thng ch s dng cho mng ng trc. Do tn
dng c cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn, c bit l mng Internet thc hin cc cuc gi
ng di c th tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph cuc gi so vi vic thc hin cuc gi thng
qua mng chuyn mch knh thng thng.
111
Application
Cc ng dng
Presentation
CODECS
Session
Transport
Network
IP
Data link
ATM,FR,PPP
Ethernet
Physical
H.225
H.245
M ho v gii m Audio
M ho v gii m Video
H.271, H.263
Chia s d liu
T.120
RTP/RTCP
Audio
Applications
H261
H263
RTCP
H.225.0
Call
Signalling
H.245
Controll
Signalling
T.120
Data
RIP
Transport Protocols & Network Interface
Hnh 6.10 M hnh giao thc H.323
u cui
H.323
Gatekeeper
LAN
Router
Proxy
Server
Gateway
u cui
H.323
Intranet
PBX
Real-Time
Network
u cui
H.323
Telephone
Network
PBX
u cui
H.323
u cui
H.323
115
G.xxx
H.261
RIP
RTCP
H.225.0
Terminal
To
Gatekeeper
Signalling
(RAS)
Unreliable Transport
H.225.0
Call
Signalling
H.245
Data
App.
T.124
T.125
Reliable Transport
T.123
Link Layer
Physical Layer
Hnh 6.12 Mi quan h cc giao thc trong H323
Bo hiu ng k, chp nhn v trng thi RAS: Knh RAS c s dng truyn cc bn
tin phc v qu trnh tm kim Gatekeeper v ng k im cui. Cc bn tin RAS c truyn
trn knh khng c m bo tin cy do tt c cc bn tin u c quy nh mt khong
117
6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol
Label Switching)
6.3.1. M u
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l mt k thut truyn d liu trong cng ngh
mng truyn thng, c chun ha bi t chc IETF trong khuyn ngh RFC 3031. tng c
bn ca MPLS l cung cp mt dch v truyn gi tin thng nht cho chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi da trn cc thit b chuyn mch tc cao, c cu trc n gin. MPLS c
kh nng h tr nhiu m hnh dch v v qun l c lu lng nn c th c dng
chuyn ti nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video...
MPLS c xem l s tch hp gia cng ngh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh,
gia chc nng nh tuyn trn nn tng IP v chc nng chuyn mch trn nn tng ATM.
6.3.2. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS
M hnh OSI
Tng ng dng
Tng Trnh by
Tng Phin
Tng Vn chuyn
Internet Protocol IP
Tng Mng
MPLS
Tng Lin kt
ATM-FR_Ethernet_PPP
Tng Vt l
Tng Vt l
LSP
LER
LSP
LSP
LSR
LSR
LER
IP1
IP2
IP1
IP1
#L1
IP1
#L1
IP1
#L1
IP1
#L1
IP1
#L1
IP1
#L1
IP2
C ch phn phi nhn nhm mc ch trao i cc thng tin lin kt nhn trong mng MPLS
m bo cho cc b nh tuyn lin k c th cp nht, duy tr v thng nht vi nhau v gi tr nhn
cho cc FEC (biu th bi trng Destination) trong c s d liu nhn. C ch ny c th da trn
giao thc nh tuyn BGP, OSPF, RSVP-TUNNELS hoc giao thc phn phi nhn chuyn dng
LDP (Label Distribution Protocol). Vic trao i thng tin nhn trong MPLS theo nguyn tc ngang
hng. C 4 loi bn tin trong LDP: Discovery, Session, Advertisement v Notification.
C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin: Khi mt gi tin c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn
n LSR, phn nhn ngoi cng s c phn tch. Ty theo ni dung ca nhn, mt trong ba thao
tc sau y s c thc hin ln chng nhn: tro i hay thay nhn mi (Swap), ly nhn ra
(Pop), thm nhn vo (Push).
119
B iu khin
IP/MPLS
B iu khin
Voice/SS7
B iu khin
ATM/SVC
Softswitch
Lp iu khin
TCP/IP
Video
Voice
TDM
FR
ATM
Lp Media
Cc giao din logic v chun vt l
Hnh 6.14 V tr chuyn mch mm trong m hnh phn lp NGN
121
123
Lp ng dng
CORBA
PARLAY
Framework
Service APIs
Parlay
Compliant
AP
What do
You need
API Control
UM
CW1
C
2
C
C
2
D
HiQ 4000
Framework
Interface
Sip/Print
CSS API
Surpass Core Interface
HiQ 9200
Call Control
Setup
Charging
Ticket
Amounc.
Inercept
Harding
Uer
Interactiv
Dialog
Hnh 6.15 M hnh API trong chuyn mch mm gii php ca SIEMENS
Hin nay, API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng v API lin kt cc module c nng lc
x l trong mng c pht trin nhiu trn c s JAIN (Java API Intergrated Network). Nhm
th ba c pht trin theo nhiu hng nh JAIN, 3GPP (3th Generation Ship Project, PARLAY
GROUP). Cc chun API hin vn ang c pht trin v chun hin ang c dng ph bin
l SQL API ca ANSI.
6.4.4. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm
Vic nh a ch cng nh s thu bao v dch v trong NGN l hon ton linh hot bng
cch khai bo d liu kho s vo c s d liu ng ca my ch qun l a ch. C s d liu
ny c th cp nht, b sung hoc thay i bi nh qun tr mng, tuy nhin phi da cc tiu ch
chnh nh sau:
- Quy lut nh a ch tun theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T (E164-E169).
- Quy hoch a ch cn k tha v gi c thi quen quay s ca ngi dng.
- Quy hoch a ch tn dng mt s cc m c bit dnh ring pht trin v sau vi
nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
124
Tng i PSTN
Phn mm
in t
D dng
Kh khn
Kh khn
R, khong bng mt na
tng i in t
Rt cao
Rt tt, tuy c hn ch
hn
Gi thnh ca cu hnh c bn
Rt cao, tng i
PSTN khng thch hp
cho mng doanh
nghip.
Rt hn ch
Tt hn
Ch yu l thoi v
fax
Khng hn ch
Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v DSL:
A. Cng ngh DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu tc cao trn
i dy cp ng thng thng.
B. Cng ngh DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi
ng truyn.
C. K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song cng i xng v bt i xng.
2. H cng ngh DSL gm:
A. IDSL
B. HDSL
C. VDSL
D. ADSL
E. ROUTER
3. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn
A. Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP
B. Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT
C. C hai phng php.
4. Nhiu trong k thut DSL:
D. Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk)
E. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk)
F. C hai phng php.
5. Cc phng php chng nhiu trong k thut DSL:
A. Chng xuyn nhiu
B. Phng php trit ting vng (EC)
C. C hai phng php.
6. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL
A. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM)
B. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516
C. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)
D. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B)
7. Cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi:
A. Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi c m ha bng cc b CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B
x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s nn cc gi d liu/. VAD
(Voice Activity Detection) loi b cc khong lng
B. Ti bn thu, ngc li, DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, CODEC gii m cc gi tin
thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t. Cc khong lng c ti to pht thng tin
thoi cho ngi nghe.
C. C hai phng php.
133
Cu hi v bi tp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Mng ring o
Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin c, i tng kim tra cn phi th
hin nhng thng tin m chng s hu, v d nh Private Key, hoc s th tn dng.
Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin xc nh tnh duy nht, i tng kim
tra cn phi c nhng thng tin nh danh tnh duy nht ca mnh v d nh
thng qua ging ni, du vn tay, ch k ...
C th phn loi bo mt trn VPN theo cc cch sau: mt khu truyn thng hay mt khu
mt ln; xc thc thng qua cc giao thc (PAP, CHAP, RADIUS) hay phn cng (cc loi th
card: smart card, token card, PC card), nhn din sinh trc hc (du vn tay, ging ni, qut vng
mc...).
2. Tnh kh dng (Availability): Tnh kh dng l c tnh m thng tin trn mng c
cc thc th hp php tip cn v s dng theo yu cu, khi cn thit bt c khi no, trong hon
cnh no. Tnh kh dng ni chung dng t l gia thi gian h thng c s dng bnh thng
vi thi gian qu trnh hot ng nh gi. Tnh kh dng cn p ng nhng yu cu sau:
Nhn bit v phn bit thc th, khng ch tip cn (bao gm c vic khng ch t tip cn v
khng ch tip cn cng bc), khng ch lu lng (chng tc nghn..), khng ch chn ng
(cho php chn ng nhnh, mch ni n nh, tin cy), gim st tung tch (tt c cc s kin
pht sinh trong h thng c lu gi phn tch nguyn nhn, kp thi dng cc bin php
tng ng).
3. Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy): Tnh bo mt l c tnh tin tc khng b tit l cho cc
thc th hay qu trnh khng c u quyn bit hoc khng cho cc i tng li dng.
Thng tin ch cho php thc th c u quyn s dng. K thut bo mt thng l phng nga
d la thu thp (lm cho i th khng th d la thu thp c thng tin), phng nga bc x
(phng nga nhng tin tc b bc x ra ngoi bng nhiu ng khc nhau, tng cng bo mt
thng tin (di s khng ch ca kho mt m), bo mt vt l (s dng cc phng php vt l
m bo tin tc khng b tit l).
138
142
Bn m
Mt m
Gii m
Bn r
ban u
Phng php s dng kho cng khai (Public key): Cc phng php mt m ch dng mt
kho cho c m ho ln gii m i hi ngi gi v ngi nhn phi bit kho v gi b mt. Tn
ti chnh ca cc phng php ny l lm th no phn phi kho mt cch an ton, c bit
trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng. khc phc, ngi ta thng s dng phng php m
ho 2 kho, mt kho cng khai m ho v mt m b mt gii m. Mc d hai kho ny
thc hin cc thao tc ngc nhau nhng khng th suy ra kho b mt t kho cng khai v
ngc li nh cc hm ton hc c bit gi l cc hm sp by mt chiu (trap door one-way
functions). c im cc hm ny l phi bit c cch xy dng hm th mi c th suy ra c
nghch o ca n.
Gii thut RSA da trn nhn xt sau: phn tch ra tha s ca tch ca 2 s nguyn t rt
ln cc k kh khn. V vy, tch ca 2 s nguyn t c th cng khai, cn 2 s nguyn t ln c
th dng to kho gii m m khng s b mt an ton. Trong gii thut RSA mi trm la
chn ngu nhin 2 s nguyn t ln p v q v nhn chng vi nhau c tch n=pq (p v q c
gi b mt).
Kha KD
Kha KE
Bn r
Bn m
Mt m
Gii m
Bn r
ban u
146
Client A
Internet
Security
Gateway 2
Security
Gateway 1
a ch ngun
B Data
a ch ch
B Data
B Data
c m ho
Hnh 7.3: Cu trc mt ng hm
Client
Internet
Security
Gateway 1
Security
Gateway 2
LAN
147
Thit lp v kt thc kt ni vt l.
To gi d liu PPP.
L2TP
Giao thc
AH
Giao thc
ESP
Gii thut
M ho
Gii thut
Xc thc
Qun l kho
Hnh 7.5: Kin trc ca L2TP.
L2TP Network
Server
Internet
L2TP Header
PPP, Payload packets
LAN
Ethernet
Cung cp cc phng tin cho 2 bn s dng cc giao thc, gii thut v kha.
Qun l cc kha sau khi chng c chp nhn trong tin trnh tha thun.
151
Internet
VPN Gateway
VPN Gateway
Internet
Host
VPN Gateway
u im
Nhc im
L2F
Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v an ninh mng
2. An ton mng l g
3. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng
4. Xc thc (Authentification), Tnh kh dng (Availability), Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy),
Tnh ton vn (Integrity), Tnh khng ch (Accountlability)
5. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng: L hng loi C, L hng loi B, L hng loi A
6. Cc phng thc tn tn cng mng
7. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng
8. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin: Scanner, B kho (Password Cracker),
Trojans, Sniffer
9. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography)
10. Firewall, u im v nhc im ca Fire wall
11. Cc loi Firewall
12. K thut Fire wall
153
154
Cc t vit tt
CC T VIT TT
AAL
ANSI
ABM
ACK
Acknowledgement
ACSE
ADCCP
AE
Application Element
AFI
AFP
AIX
ALU
Aritmetic Unit
AM
Amplitude Modulation
ANSI
APDU
API
APPC
APPN
ARCnet
ARP
ARPA
ARQ
ASCII
ASDU
ASE
ASM
ASN.1
Cc t vit tt
ASP
AppleShere Protocol.
AS
Autonomous System
ATM
ATP
BBS
BCC
BCS
BECN
BER
BERT
B-ISDN
BGP
BRI
CASE
CATV
CCITT
CCRSE
CD-ROM
CEPT
CICS
CLNP
CLNS
CMIP
CMOT
CRC
CSMA/CA
CSMA/CD
CSU/DSU
CSU/DSU
C/R
Command/ Request
156
Cc t vit tt
DAP
DAS
DCE
DDCMP
DDCMP
DDM
DDM
DES
Dataencryption Standard.
DFC
DHCP
DIA
DIA
DIP
DIX
DLC
DE
Discard Eligibility
DLE
DMA
DNA
DNS
DNS-MX
DOD
Derpartment Of Defense.
DQDB
DS
Directory Services.
DSP
DTAM
DTE
DTP
EA
Extend Address
EBCDIC
Cc t vit tt
EGP
ECMA
EIA
FECN
FCS
FDDI
FDM
FEA
FM
Frequency Modulation.
FR
Frame Relay
FRAD
FRND
FR UNI
FTAM
FTP
GGP
GOSIP
HDLC
HIPPI
HTML
HTTP
IA5
IANA
ICMP
IDI
IDP
IEEE
IETF
IGP
IMS
158
Cc t vit tt
INTERNIC
IP
Internet Protocol.
IPL
IPX
ISA
ISDN
ISO
ISP
ITU
JTM
LAN
LAP-B
LAP-D
LED
LLAP
LLC
LPDU
LSAP
Link SAP.
LSDU
LSL
LU
Logical Unit.
MAC
MAN
MAP
MAU
MCA
MHS
MIB
MLID
MMS
Cc t vit tt
MODEM
Mudulation Demodulation.
MUX
Multiplexer.
NAK
Negative Acknowledgment.
NAU
NAU
NBS
NCP
NDS
NFS
NFS
NIC
NLM
NLSP
NMS
NNI
NPDU
NREN
NRM
NRZ
NS
Network Services.
NSAP
Network SAP.
NSDU
NSP
NAT
NFS
NIS
NVTS
OC
Optical Carrier.
ODI
ODIF
160
Cc t vit tt
OPA
OS
Operating System.
OSF
OSI
OSPF
PA
Point of P Attachement.
PAD
PAP
PBX
PDN
PDU
PE
Presentation Entity.
POP
POSIX
PPDU
PPP
PPTP
PPSDN
PRI
PSAP
PSDN
PSDU
PSTN
PTT
PU
Physical Unit.
PVC
QOS
Quality Of Service
RARP
RAID
RARP
Cc t vit tt
RAS
RDA
RFC
RFNM
RIP
RISC
RNR
ROSE
RPC
RR
Receive Ready.
RTMP
RTSE
SAP
SAP
SAPI
SAP Identifier.
SAS
SCSI
SDH
SDLC
SE
Session Entity.
SI
Subnet Identifier.
SLIP
SMDS
SMTP
SNA
SNADS
SNAP
SNMP
SONET
SPDU
Session PDU.
162
Cc t vit tt
SPX
SQL
SSAP
Session SAP.
SSL
SSCP
SSDU
STP
SVC
TCP
TDM
TE
Transport Entity.
TELNET
Telnet Protocol.
TFTP
TPDU
Transport PDU.
TSAP
Transport SAP.
TSDU
Transport SDU.
UART
UDP
UNI
UTP
VC
Virtual Circuit.
VCI
VLAN
VPI
VPN
VTAM
WAN
WWW
XNS
163
Ti liu
Mc
lc tham kho
Malone, D., IPv6 - A Service Provider View in Advancing MPLS Networks, Internet
Protocol Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 2, June 2005
[2]
Hinden, R., Advanced Networking Lab (ANML) Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Resources,
Pervasive Labs at Indiana University
[3]
Jason Halpern, Sean Convery, Roland Saville, Safe VPN IPSec Virtual Private Network in
depth , White paper of Cisco Systems , 2004.
[4] Guide to IPsec VPNs - Sheila Frankel, Karen Kent, Ryan Lewkowski,Angela D. Orebaugh,
Ronald W. Ritchey, Steven R. Sharma - 01/2005.
[5]
A Comprehensive Guide to Virtual Private Networks, Volume III: Cross-Platform Key and
Policy Management, 2003.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Carpenter, B. E.; Moore, K.; Fink, B., Connecting IPv6 Routing Domains Over the IPv4
Internet, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 3, Nr. 1, March 2000
[14] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Fourth Edition,
2003.
[15] Man Young Rhee, Wilay, Internet Security - Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and
Protocols, 2003.
[16] William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Sixth
Edition, 2000.
[17] William Stallings, Network Security Essentials, 2000
164
Mc lc
MC LC
M U .................................................................................................................................................................3
CHNG 1: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH..........................................................................................5
1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh ..........................................................................................................................5
1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh..............................................................................................................................6
1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh ...............................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng.................................................................................................................................6
1.3. Cc dch v mng ........................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh......................................................................................6
1.3.2 Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ................................................................................................6
1.4 Cu trc mng (Topology) ..........................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Kiu im - im (Point to Point) ............................................................................................................7
1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) .............................................................8
1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols) .........................................................................................8
1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc.............................................................................................................................8
1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc.................................................................................................................................9
1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium) ..................................................................................9
1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn .......................................................................................................10
1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng .................................................................................................................................10
1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn......................................................................................................................11
1.7. Phn loi mng ..........................................................................................................................................12
1.7.1. Theo khong cch...................................................................................................................................12
1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) .........................................................................15
1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks) ............................................................................16
1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu .........................................................................................................................17
1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server............................................................................................................................17
1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) .......................................................................................................18
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................19
Cu hi .............................................................................................................................................................21
CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI ........................23
2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh ...............................................................................................23
2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng ...........................................................................................................23
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ...........................................................................................................................23
2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng..........................................................................................................................24
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng............................................................................................................................24
2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng.........................................................................................25
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng........................................................................................................26
2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v ............................................................................26
2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v................................................................................................................27
2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)..............................................................................................29
2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc .........................................................................................................30
2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) ....................................................31
2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m.........................................................................................31
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI ...........................................................................................................32
2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI .........................................................................................................32
2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng ...................................................................................................33
2.4. Mt s kin trc khc ...............................................................................................................................35
2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA) ....................................................................................................35
2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) ..............................................35
165
Mc lc
2.4.3. AppleTalk...............................................................................................................................................36
2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA)......................................................................................................36
2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer)..............................................................36
2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ...................................................................36
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................37
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................41
CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC TCP/IPV4....................................................................42
3.1. M hnh TCP/IP ........................................................................................................................................42
3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP ......................................................................................................................42
3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP ...........................................................................43
3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation ..............................................................................................44
3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment ..................................................................................................45
3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP ....................................................................................45
3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)..........................................................45
3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).......................................................45
3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol) ...................................................................................................49
3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)................................51
3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)...........................................................52
3.2.6 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ...............................53
3.3 Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6).............................................................................54
3.3.1 Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6 .................................................................................................................54
3.3.2 Cc c trng ca IPv6...........................................................................................................................55
3.3.3 So snh IPv4 v IPv6..............................................................................................................................56
3.4 Cc lp a ch IPv6 .................................................................................................................................57
3.4.1 Phng php biu din a ch IPv6.......................................................................................................57
3.4.2 Phn loi a ch IPv6.............................................................................................................................57
3.4.3 So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 ......................................................................................................57
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................58
CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B .....................................................................................................59
4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn .................................................................................................59
4.1.1 Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).....................................................................59
4.1.2 Token Bus...............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.3 Token ring ..............................................................................................................................................61
4.1.4 So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi..........................................................................62
4.2 Ethernet v chun IEEE 802 .....................................................................................................................62
4.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Ethernet..................................................................................................................62
4.2.2 Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802.......................................................................................................63
4.2.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet:........................................................................................................................64
4.2.4 H IEEE 802 ..........................................................................................................................................65
4.2.5 Ethernet 100 Mbps. ................................................................................................................................67
4.2.6 Gigabit Ethernet. ....................................................................................................................................67
4.2.7 Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang........................................................................................................68
4.3 Mng cc b Token Ring .........................................................................................................................68
4.3.1 Hot ng ca Token Ring.....................................................................................................................69
4.3.2 Chun Token Ring..................................................................................................................................69
4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) .................................70
4.4.1 Gii thiu FDDI .....................................................................................................................................70
4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5..............................................................................................71
4.4.3 Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI .............................................................................................................71
4.4.4 Kh nng chu li ca FDDI...................................................................................................................72
4.5 Mng LAN ATM....................................................................................................................................72
4.5.1 c trng ca ATM LAN ......................................................................................................................73
4.5.2 Cc loi ATM LAN................................................................................................................................73
4.5.3 K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN ........................................................................................................74
166
Mc lc
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................74
Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................75
CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN...................................................................................77
5.1 Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)................................................................................................77
5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)................................................78
5.2.1 ISDN l g...............................................................................................................................................78
5.2.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN.......................................................................................................79
5.2.3 Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN.............................................................................................................79
5.2.4 Giao din ISDN ......................................................................................................................................79
5.2.5 Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN..............................................................................................80
5.3 Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN) .........................................................................................82
5.3.1 Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn .........................................................................................................82
5.3.2 c im ca dch v B-ISDN ...............................................................................................................82
5.3.3 Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN...........................................................................................................83
5.3.4 So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN..............................................................................................................83
5.4 Mng chuyn mch gi X25......................................................................................................................83
5.4.1 Khi qut k thut mng X25.................................................................................................................83
5.4.2 Giao thc X.25 .......................................................................................................................................84
5.4.3 Hot ng ca giao thc X25 .................................................................................................................85
5.5 Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay ..................................................................................................85
5.5.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................85
5.5.2 Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay ..................................................................................................86
5.5.3 So snh Frame Relay vi X25 ................................................................................................................86
5.5.4 Frame Relay v m hnh OSI .................................................................................................................87
5.5.5 iu khin qun l lu lng .................................................................................................................88
5.5.6 Cc dch v Frame Relay .......................................................................................................................89
5.6 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service ).........................................................................................89
5.6.1 Gii thiu chung. ....................................................................................................................................89
5.6.2 SMDS l g .............................................................................................................................................90
5.6.3 Tng quan v SMDS ..............................................................................................................................90
5.6.4 Tng quan v k thut SMDS ................................................................................................................90
5.6.5 SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay...............................................................................91
5.7 Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).......................................92
5.7.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................92
5.7.2 Kin trc phn tng ATM.......................................................................................................................93
5.7.3 Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) ..........................................................................................................96
5.7.4 So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc ..................................................................................97
Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................98
Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................101
CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG DNG CC CNG NGH MI .....................................103
6.1 ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line) .........................................................................103
6.1.1 M u .................................................................................................................................................103
6.1.2 Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL .........................................................................................................103
6.1.3 Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng .....................................................................105
6.1.4 Cc phng php m ha ng truyn...............................................................................................106
6.1.5 Pht hin li v sa li .........................................................................................................................106
6.1.6 Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu ................................................................................................................106
6.1.7 Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL ..................................................................................................................108
6.1.8 Cc ng dng ca ADSL......................................................................................................................110
6.2 Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network) ...................................111
6.2.1 Khi nim .............................................................................................................................................111
6.2.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi................................................................................111
6.2.3 u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi.........................................................................111
6.2.4 Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS.................................................................................................112
6.2.5 Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR..........................................................................................................113
167
Mc lc
6.2.6 Voice over ATM - VoATM................................................................................................................113
6.2.7 Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP ...................................................................................................113
6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching).........................118
6.3.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................118
6.3.2 Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS...........................................................................................118
6.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch) ..........................................................................................121
6.4.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................121
6.4.2 Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm .........................................................................................122
6.4.3 Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm..............................................................................123
6.4.4 K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm ........................................................................................124
6.4.5 nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm .............................................................................................125
6.5. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN (Network Convergence and Next Generation Network) ...........126
6.5.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................126
6.5.2 Tng quan v mng th h sau sau - NGN (Next Generation Network) .............................................126
6.5.3 S bng n v nhu cu da dng ca cc loi hnh dch v ..................................................................127
6.5.4 M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN ....................................................................................127
6.5.5 Cu trc v cc thnh phn h thng NGN ........................................................................................128
6.5.6 Cc cng ngh nn tng trong NGN...................................................................................................128
6.5.7 M hnh NGN v cc gii php thit k ca mt s hng ...................................................................130
6.5.8 Mt s dch v NGN ...........................................................................................................................131
6.5.9 NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam................................................................................................132
Cu hi trc nghim: ......................................................................................................................................133
Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................135
CHNG 7: AN TON MNG ......................................................................................................................137
7.1 Tng quan v an ninh mng ....................................................................................................................137
7.1.1 An ton mng l g ...............................................................................................................................137
7.1.2 Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng.............................................................................................138
7.1.3 Cc l hng v im yu ca mng ......................................................................................................139
7.1.4 Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng ......................................................................................140
7.2 Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin .........................................................................................140
7.2.1 Scanner.................................................................................................................................................140
7.2.2 B kho (Password Cracker) ................................................................................................................141
7.2.3 Trojans..................................................................................................................................................141
7.2.4 Sniffer...................................................................................................................................................142
7.3 Bin php m bo an ninh mng............................................................................................................142
7.3.1 Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography) ..............................................................142
7.3.2 Firewall.................................................................................................................................................143
7.3.3 Cc loi Firewall .................................................................................................................................144
7.3.4 K thut Fire wall...............................................................................................................................144
7.3.5 K thut Proxy....................................................................................................................................145
7.4. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks) .....................................................................................145
7.4.1. Khi nim mng ring o .....................................................................................................................145
7.4.2 Kin trc ca mng ring o.................................................................................................................146
7.4.3 Nhng u im ca mng VPN............................................................................................................148
7.4.4 Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol).........................................................................148
7.4.5 Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) ...............................................................................148
7.4.6 Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol) ..............................................................................149
7.4.7 Giao thc IPSEC ..................................................................................................................................150
7.4.8 ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng.......................................................................................151
7.4.9 So snh cc giao thc VPN .................................................................................................................152
Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................153
CC T VIT TT .......................................................................................................................................... 155
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................................................164
T
168
MNG MY TNH
M s: 492MMT450
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 352/Q-TTT1 ngy
12/05/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)
In ti : Cng ty c phn In Bu in
S lng : 2000 cun, kh 19 x 26 cm
Ngy hon thnh : 01/06/2006.