LINEAR INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT AM MODULATORS

Linear integrated-circuit function generators use a unique arrangement of

transistors and FETs to perform signal multiplication, which is a characteristic that
makes them ideally suited for generating AM waveforms. Integrated circuits, unlike
their discrete counterparts, can precisely match current flow, amplifier voltage gain,
and temperature variations. Linear integrated-circuit AM modulators also offer
excellent frequency stability, symmetrical modulation characteristics, circuit
miniaturization, fewer components, temperature immunity, and simplicity of design
and troubleshooting. Their disadvantages include low output power, a relatively low
usable frequency range, and susceptibility to fluctuations in the dc power supply.
The XR-2206 monolithic function generator is ideally suited for performing
amplitude modulation. The XR-2206 consists of four functional blocks: a voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO), an analog multiplier and sine shaper, a unity-gain buffer,
and a set of current switches. The VCO frequency of oscillation f, is determined by
the external timing capacitor (C1) between pins 5 and 6 and by timing resistor (R1)
connected between either pin 7 or 8 and ground. Whether pin 7 or 8 is selected is
determined by the voltage level on pin 9. If pin 9 is open circuited or connected to
an external voltage > 32 V, pin 7 is selected. if the voltage on pin 9 is 5. I V, pin 8 is
selected. The oscillator frequency is given by

Fc =

1
R1C1

Hz

The output amplitude on pin 2 can be modulated by applying a dc bias and a modulacing signal to pin I. Figure 4-20c ilows the normalized output amplitude-versus- dc
bias. A normalized output of corresponds to maximum output voltage, a noimalized
value of 0.5 corresponds to an out voltage equal to half the maximum value. and a
normalind value of 0 corresponds to no output sic:nal. As the figure shows, the
output amplitude vanes linearlywith input bias for voltagesithin volts of V12. An
input voltage equal to V/2 causes the output amplitude to go to 0 V. and an input
voltage either 4 V above or below producec maximum output amplitude.
Figure 4-21 shows the schematic diagram for a linear integrated-circuit AM
modulator using the XR-2206. The VCO output frequency is the carrier signal. The
modulating signal and bias voltage are applied to the internal multiplier (modulator)
circuit through pin 1. The modulating signal mixes with the VCO signal producing an
AM wave at Vout. The output wave is a symmetrical AM envelope containing the
carrier and the upper and lower side frequencies.