1431

: 
:


 1431: 
:


NiBA _AfA

_mfiA _AfA

f (1) = 0


1
'
 (
 ] 0 ; + [  %&
 f 

:

x

f ( x) = ln x

  y ( x > 0) x = e  ln x = y

y

0 < x < 1 $ # ln x < 0

(ln e = 1)

:


e 2,718
 f ( x) = e x : f (0) = 1 f ' = f
 f 
 



:  n   y x :

x > 1 $ # ln x > 0 : ln x 

(ln1 = 0 )

x = e $ # ln x = 1

e = (e
nx

x = 1 $ # ln x = 0

x n

1
>0
ex

e x =

a = b  ln a = ln b :+,  n ) *    b a :

ln a = n ln a
n

a
ln = ln a ln b
b

ln(a b ) = ln a + ln b

e3ln 2 = (eln 2 ) = 8

1
ln = ln a :-.
a

[ln u ( x)] = u( x)
u ( x)

ex
= y
e
e 1 =

e x+ y = e x .e y

1
e

e0 = 1

eln a = a ( a > 0) x = ln a  e x = a

3

1
ln a = ln a
2
+'/
0  *  u


(
  
 
  ln)

x y

e ln 2 =

ln 2

1
2

: !
: 

(e ) = 2e
2x

: 

2x

: !

[eu ] = u( x).eu
( x)

( x)

:

ln( x + 1)
=1
lim
x 0
x
(
 
)

lim
x 1

ln x
=1
x 1

:

lim ln x =
x 0 +

lim x ln x = 0
x 0 +

(>0)

lim ln x = +
x +

lim

x +

lim x ln x = 0
x 0

ln x
=0
x
lim

x +

ln x
= 0 :"
#$
x

lim
x 0

ex 1
=1
x

(
 
)

(>0)

lim e x = 0+

lim e x = +

x +

lim xe x = 0
x

lim x e x = 0
x

lim

x +

lim

x +

ex
= +
x

ex
= + :"
#$
x