Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EUROPA:
En plena Guerra Fra, la integracin europea se apoy en un trptico:
contener al comunismo, retener a Alemania y comprometer a EEUU. La
cada del muro de Berln en 1989 y los interrogantes que existen acerca del
grado de involucramiento de EEUU en el continente obliga a estos pases a
redefinir la naturaleza del proyecto de unidad, simbolizado en
Maastricht y el contenido de sus polticas exteriores. La
desaparicin del sistema comunista dej a Europa Occidental sin
enemigo. Pero ms grave que la ausencia de un factor aglutinante
result ser el debate acerca de la ampliacin de la comunidad en
virtud de las demandas de los pases ex URSS, particularmente Polonia, Rep
Checa y Hungra.
PESC/PDSE
Poltica exterior europea
Suma de la polticas exteriores nacionales
Y EL EURO?
http://www.geic.com.ar/2010/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/AI-0032012.pdf
2.4. ASIA
2.4.1. Revalorizacin de Asia
In China's Orbit
By NIALL FERGUSON
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704104104575
622531909154228
[] Why did the West come to dominate not only China but the rest
of the world in the five centuries after the Forbidden City was built? And is
that period of Western dominance now finally coming to an end?
[] For the next several hundred years, China continued to stagnate and, in
the 20th century, even to retreat, while the English-speaking world, closely followed
by northwestern Europe, surged ahead. By 1820 U.S. per capita GDP was twice that
of China; by 1870 it was nearly five times greater; by 1913 the ratio was nearly 10
to one.
Despite the painful interruption of the Great Depression, the U.S. suffered
nothing so devastating as China's wretched mid-20th century ordeal of revolution,
civil war, Japanese invasion, more revolution, man-made famine and yet more
("cultural") revolution. In 1968 the average American was 33 times richer than the
average Chinese.
This was the ultimate global imbalance, the result of centuries of
economic and political divergence. How did it come about? And is it over?
As I've researched my forthcoming book over the past two years, I've
concluded that the West developed six "killer applications" that "the Rest" lacked.
These were:
Competition: Europe was politically fragmented, and within each monarchy
or republic there were multiple competing corporate entities.
The Scientific Revolution: All the major 17th-century breakthroughs in
mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology happened in Western
Europe.
The rule of law and representative government: This optimal system
of social and political order emerged in the English-speaking world, based on
property rights and the representation of property owners in elected legislatures.
Modern medicine: All the major 19th- and 20th-century advances in health
care, including the control of tropical diseases, were made by Western Europeans
and North Americans.
The consumer society: The Industrial Revolution took place where there
was both a supply of productivity-enhancing technologies and a demand for more,
better and cheaper goods, beginning with cotton garments.
The work ethic: Westerners were the first people in the world to combine
more extensive and intensive labor with higher savings rates, permitting sustained
capital accumulation.
The Rest finally began to download them. It was far from a smooth process.
The Japanese had no idea which elements of Western culture were the crucial ones,
so they ended up copying everything [] Other Asian powersnotably India
wasted decades on the erroneous premise that the socialist institutions pioneered in
the Soviet Union were superior to the market-based institutions of the West.
Beginning in the 1950s, however, a growing band of East Asian
countries followed Japan in mimicking the West's industrial model,
beginning with textiles and steel and moving up the value chain from
there. The downloading of Western applications was now more selective .
Competition and representative government did not figure much in Asian
development, which instead focused on science, medicine, the consumer
society and the work ethic [] Today Singapore is ranked third in the World
Economic Forum's assessment of competitiveness. Hong Kong is 11th, followed by
Taiwan (13th), South Korea (22nd) and China (27th). This is roughly the order,
historically, in which these countries Westernized their economies.
http://www.cfr.org/china/south-china-sea-tensions/p29790
Territorial spats over the waters and islands of the South China Sea have roiled
relations between China and countries like Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, and
Brunei in recent years, and tensions continue to escalate in the wake of U.S. President
Barack Obama's announced "pivot" of focus to the region. A handful of islands comprise
the epicenter of the territorial dispute, making up an area known as the "cow's tongue" that
spans roughly the entire South China Sea. The region is home to a wealth of natural
resources, fisheries, trade routes, and military bases, all of which are at stake in the
increasingly frequent diplomatic standoffs. China's blanket claims to sovereignty across the
region and its strong resistance to handling disputes in an international arena have mired
attempts at resolving the crises and intensified nationalist postures in all countries involved,
particularly Vietnam and the Philippines. Experts say the potential for an escalated conflict
in the South China Sea--while seemingly distant for now--presents an ongoing crisis for
the region, as well as for U.S. interests in the area.
The South China Sea comprises a stretch of roughly 1.4 million square
miles in the Pacific Ocean that encompasses an area from the Singapore and
Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan, spanning west of the Philippines,
north of Indonesia, and east of Vietnam. The South China Sea islands
number in the hundreds, although the largest and most contentious
territories include the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas Islands,
Macclesfield Bank, and Scarborough Shoal, all of which the six major
Southeast Asian nations lay various claims to. The islands are mostly
uninhabited and have never had an indigenous population, making
the issue of historical sovereignty a thorny one to resolve.
http://www.cfr.org/china/countering-chinas-military-modernization/p9052
* Japan: Japan and China compete over a host of issues, from regional
security to international trade to access to energy. The two countries have a
centuries-old history of conflict, including two Sino-Japanese wars that
began in 1894 and 1931, and a bloody Japanese occupation of China during
World War II.
But concrete territorial and economic issues also aggravate the
relationship, including Japan's close alliance with the United States, trade
frictions, and ongoing disputes over ownership of various islands in the East
China Sea []
* Taiwan: It is the main driver for China's militarization drive
and biggest concern for the United States [] Taiwan is also pursuing
modernization goals [] China and Taiwan have improved dramatically
under the administration of President Ma Ying-jeou, although U.S. arms sales
to Taiwan remains contentious. In its white paper on national defense,
China says the United States continues to sell arms to Taiwan
"causing serious harm to Sino-US relations as well as peace and
stability across the Taiwan Strait." In October 2008, Beijing suspended
military contacts with the United States in protest of the U.S. decision to sell
$6.4 billion in defense equipment and services to Taiwan.
*South Korea: It has undertaken a major modernization drive [],
many of them purchased from the United States or developed in partnership
with U.S. defense industries [] However, most experts say South Korea's
military initiatives are more in response to a possible conflict with a
nuclear North Korea.
*Russia: The country is China's largest supplier of advanced
military hardware as well as a potential great power rival. Moscow
experienced a significant decline in its overall military capabilities during the
1990s, but buoyed by strong oil revenues in the past decade, it has been
increasing its defense expenditure, in what most experts see as a sign to
counter U.S. influence in the region. Fedor Lukyanov, chief editor of Russia in
Global Affairs, told a January 2009 CFR meeting that there are limits to
Russian military cooperation and arms sales to China []
China and Russia also formed a security alliance to solve
border disputes, which has grown into an important regional
organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and
includes Central Asian countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and
Uzbekistan. China and Russia have held a number of joint military exercises
under the SCO. Some analysts see the SCO as a vehicle for Russia
and China to curb U.S. access to the region's vast energy supplies.
But others say Russia and China have very different objectives in
Central Asia. Russia wants to reassert its regional leadership there,
while China seeks energy ties, note some analysts []
* Southeast Asia: Experts say Southeast Asian countries, including
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand, are currently calculating
whether the political and economic benefits of closer ties with a
strong China outweigh the military risks.
Border disputes with some countries also complicate China's relations
with its Southeast Asian neighbors. []
2.4.2. CHINA
1949 - 1 October - Mao Zedong, having led the Communists to victory
against the Nationalists after more than 20 years of civil war, proclaims the
founding of the People's Republic of China. The Nationalists retreat to the
island of Taiwan and set up a government there.
1950 - China intervenes in the Korean War on the side of North Korea. Tibet
becomes part of the People's Republic of China
1958 - Mao launches the "Great Leap Forward", a five-year economic
plan. Farming is collectivised and labour-intensive industry is introduced.
The drive produces economic breakdown and is abandoned after two years.
Disruption to agriculture is blamed for the deaths by starvation of millions of
people following poor harvests.
1962 - Brief conflict with India over disputed Himalayan border.
1966-76 - "Cultural Revolution", Mao's 10-year political and ideological
campaign aimed at reviving revolutionary spirit, produces massive social,
economic and political upheaval.
1972 - US President Richard Nixon visits. Both countries declare a desire
to normalise relations.
1976 - Mao dies. "Gang of Four", including Mao's widow, jockey for power
but are arrested and convicted of crimes against the state. From 1977
Deng Xiaoping emerges as the dominant figure among pragmatists
in the leadership. Under him, China undertakes far-reaching
economic reforms.
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Lgica ecnomica
Lgica diplomtica
Aspiraciones globales
2.4.3. JAPN
Sigue un modelo reactivo, es decir que los cambios en sus orientaciones
polticas han sido respuestas han modificaciones del contexto internacional.
Shocks internacionales
2 Guerra Mundial: Frena la Reforma Mej (1858), esta era una decisin
poltica, del sector de Japn medieval, centraliza el poder y comienza el
proceso de occidentalizacin. Provoca el desarrollo econmico tardo.
Esto es para evitar ser occidentalizado con Europa y para evitar ser
ocupado. Se crea el capitalismo tardo.
En lo 30 es su expansin en Asia. Slogan de Japn: Asia zona de
co-prosperidad. Se expanda porque quera integrar a toda la regin. Se
expande en Corea y Manchuria.
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2.5. AFRICA
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