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x > 0, y > 0
x+a
xa
+i
, a ib
2
2
n
4
a 2 + b2
x+
z1 + z 2 z 1 + z 2 ;
x+a
x a
i
where x =
2
2
n
15. (1 + 3i) n + (1 3i)n = 2n +1 Cos
3
z1 + z 2 z 1 z 2 ;
z1 z 2 z 1 z 2
z
z
2
2 1 = 0
z
3 z 3 1
1
x n n = 2Sinn
x
xn +
1
= 2Cosn
xn
b
a
1
1
= 2Cos x = 2Sin
x
x
3 2
Z
4
2
1
=CosiSin
x
Quadratic Expressions
i
2
Cis
= Cis( + )
Cis
= i,(1 + i) 2 = 2i,(1 i) 2 = 2i
17.
1+ i
1 i
= i,
1 i
1+ i
+1
e 2 = i,log i =
z1 z2 AB i
=
e
z1 z3 AC
z1
z2
AB, AC then
kz 2 z1
k 1
y
10. Arg of x iy is = + tan 1 for every
x
x > 0, y > 0
a + ib =
ant
x>0,y>0
14. i = 1,
With radius
ends of diameter
y
for every
x
for every
z z2
x > 0, y > 0
y
9. Arg of x + iy is = tan 1
x
b
6. Arg z = tan 1 principle value of is
a
y
7. Arg of x + iy is = tan 1 for every
x
8. Arg of x iy is = tan 1
1
is 2
x
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10. If f(x) = (x + y)n then sum of coefficients is equal to f(1)
11. Sum of coefficients of even terms is equal
is n2
7. If a2 + b2 + c2 = K then range of
to
K
ab + bc + ca is , K
2
8. If the two roots are negative, then a, b, c will have same sign
9. If the two roots are positive, then the sign of a, c will have different sign of 'b'
10. f(x) = 0 is a polynomial then the equation whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of
f(x) = 0 is f = 0 increased by 'K' is
x
f (1) + f (1)
2
n
n
n
13. If Cr 1 Cr Cr +1 are in A.P (n2r)2 =n + 2
to
n
middle term that is + 1 term.
2
12.
13.
14.
15.
18. For
n
np s
+1
p+q
n (n + 1)(n 1)(3n + 2 )
24
of
(1+
x)n
General
notation
unsymmetric part =
np
+1
p+q
expansion
C0 = Co , n C1 = C1 , n Cr = Cr
MATRICES
1. A square matrix in which every element is equal to '0', except those
of principal diagonal of matrix is called as diagonal matrix
2. A square matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in
the principal diagonal are equal and Other elements are zero's
3. A diagonal matrix A in which all the elements in the principal diagonal are 1 and the rest '0' is called unit matrix
4. A square matrix A is said to be Idem-potent matrix if A2 = A,
5. A square matrix A is said to be Involu-ntary matrix if A2 = I
6. A square matrix A is said to be Symm-etric matrix if A = AT
A square matrix A is said to be Skew symmetric matrix if A=-AT
Tr +1 n r + 1
=
Tr
r
n n + 1)
is (
2
Cn
b
na
greatest coefficient is
In (x + a ) ,
term.
C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2 n 1
diminished by
(ii) + + = s 2s2
th
term and n + 3
Co + C2 + C4 + .... = 2 n 1
2
1
th
n +1
2
Co + C1 + C2 + ........ + Cn = 2 n
a a
, ,ar,ar 3 are taken as roots
r3 r
11.
f (1) f (1)
2
1
1
1
+
+ .... +
an
a1 a 2
(a1 + a 2 + .... + a n )
A + AT
2
17. If
AdjA
det A
a b
1 d b
1
A=
A = ad bc c a
c d
if ad-bc 0
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A-1. If A is a n x n non- singular matrix, then
a) A(AdjA)=|A|I
b) Adj A = |A| A-1
c) (Adj A)-1 = Adj (A-1)
d) Adj AT = (Adj A)T
e) Det (A-1) = ( Det A)-1
f) |Adj A| = |A|n -1
g) lAdj (Adj A ) l= |A|(n - 1)2
F
Q1 = l + 4
.C
f
1 2 3 4
3
y
k
Q Q
= Q3 + Q1
3
i) probability of occurrence = p
ii) probability of non occurrence = q
iii) p + q = 1
iv) probability of 'x' successes
( xi A)
x = A+
n
fi di
x = A+
fi
3.
4.
5.
xi
where (d i = xi A )
VECTORS
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ... + xn an = 0
v) Mean = = np
vi) Variance = npq
vii) Standard deviation = npq
3. If number of trials are large and probab-ility of success is very
small then poisson distribution is used and given as
Range
= Maximum + Minimum
P ( x = xi ) = nC x q n x p x
e k
k
1. For probability distribution if x=xi with range (x1, x2, x3 ----) and
P(x=xi) are their probabilities then
mean = xi P(x-xi)
Variance =2 =xi2 p(x=xi) -2
Standard deviation = var iance
2. If n be positive integer p be a real number such that 0 P 1 a random variable X with range (0,1,2,----n) is said to follows binomial distribution.
For a Binomial distribution of (q+p)n
P (x = k ) =
3N
4 F
Q3 = l +
.C
f
f m f1
.C where
vii) Mode Z = l +
2 f m f1 f 2
4
z
l
3 2 1 0
1 2
Echolon form ofA = 0 x
0 0
i.e. A = 2 3 1 2
F
2
C
l+
f
iv) Median =
6.
7.
or
(a + b )
a + b
le
9. If 'I' is in centre of ABC then,
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BC IA + CA IB + AB IC = 0
( )
le
iii) z - axis
(a cos + a
1
sin ,
cos (a , b )=
3
OA + OB + OC
2
le
(Consider equilateral )
13. a.b = a b cos where 0 180
i) a.b > 0 0 < < 90 is acute
15. ABC
(b .a )a
a
))
le
If 'O' is circumcentre of ABC then
OA sin 2 A =
, a2 , ( a3 cos + a1 sin )
AB.BC
a .b
a b
30. If a,b are not parallel then ab is perpendicular to both of the vectors a,b.
31. If a,b are not parallel then a.b, ab form a right handed system.
32. If a,b are not parallel then
a b = a b sin (a.b ) and hence
33. If a is any vector then aa = 0
34. If a,b are two vectors then ab = - ba.
35. ab = -ba is called anticommutative law.
36. If a,b are two nonzero vectors, then
(a
b .a
a
(b .a )a
ii) y - axis
sin (a, b ) =
ab
a b
3a 2
1
(a b ) and scalar area is 1 [a b ]
2
2
(a i ) + (a j ) + (a k ) = 2 a
2
38. If a,b,c are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, then the
vector area of the triangle
( )
r = a + t bc
() () ()
is AB AC AP = 0
i.e = r = a + s (b a )+ t (c a )
= (1 s t )a + sb + sc = r a, b a , c a
22. Vector equation. of a plane passing through pts A (a )
parallel to
1
(a b + b c + c a )
2
( ) and
B b
a b
a
41. The perpendicular distance from a point P to the line joining the
points A,B is
r a bc = r b c = a b c
A a , B b ,C c
17. Vector equation. of a line passing through the point A with P.V. a
and parallel to 'b' is r = a + tb
18. Vector equation of a line passing through A (a ), B (b ) is r =(1-t)a
+tb
r
19. Vector equation. of line passing through a & to b, c
AP AB
AB
46. If a,b,c are three conterminous edges of a tetrahedron then the volume of the
()
C c is AP AB C = 0
r
23. Vector equation of plane, at distance p (p >0) from origin and
is r.n = p
to n
24. Perpendicular distance from origin to plane passing through a,b,c
abc
b c + c a + a b
1
6
tetrahedron = [a b c ]
47. The four points A,B,C,D are coplanar if
AB AC AD = 0
a c, b d ]
lines r = a +s b and r = c+ td is [
bd
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51. [ab, bc, ca] = (abc)2
52. ix (a i ) = 2a
2
53. a b + a.b = a b
54.
)(
ab . cd =
a.c a.d
b.c b.d
ca
ab
Topic-wise tips
1
1
1
56. a = abc , b = abc , c = abc
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
=2
ii) ab bc ca
=1
i) 1 a 1 b 1 c
Trigonometry:
In trigonometry, students usually find it diffi-cult to memorize the vast
number of formul-ae. Understand how to derive formulae and then
apply them to solving problems.The mo-re you practice, the more
ingrained in your br-ain these formulae will be, enabling you to re-call
them in any situation. Direct questions from trigonometry are usually
less in number, but the use of trigonometric concepts in Coor-dinate
Geometry & Calculus is very profuse.
Coordinate Geometry:
This section is usually considered easier than trigonometry. There are
many common conc-epts and formulae (such as equations of tang-ent
and normal to a curve) in conic sections (circle, parabola, ellipse,
hyperbola). Pay att-ention to Locus and related topics, as the understanding of these makes coordinate Geome-try easy.
Calculus:
Calculus includes concept-based problems which require analytical
skills. Functions are the backbone of this section. Be thorough with
properties of all types of functions, such as trigonometric, algebraic,
inverse trigonom-etric, logarithmic, exponential, and signum.
Approximating sketches and graphical interp-retations will help you
solve problems faster. Practical application of derivatives is a very vast
area, but if you understand the basic concepts involved, it is very easy
to score.
Algebra:
Don't use formulae to solve problems in topi-cs which are logic-oriented, such as permuta-tions and combinations, probability, location of
roots of a quadratic, geometrical applicati-ons of complex numbers,
vectors, and 3D-geometry.
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