1-1
1-2
1-3
4
1-5
1-6
2
Preface a
Acknowledgments mm
Foreword awsti
Wastewater Engineering:
An Overview 1
‘Terminology 3
Impact of Regulations on Wastewater
Engineering 3
Health and Environmental Concems
‘in Wastewater Management
‘Wastewater Characteristics:
Improved Analytical Techniques 10
Importance of Improved Wastewater
Characterization 0
‘Wastewater Treatment 10
Treatment Methads I
Current Status D
Nev Directions and Concerns 15
Future Trends in Wastewater Treatment 20
‘Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Pa
Current Starus: a
New Directions and Concerns 4
Fature Trends in Technology m
Biosolids and Residuals Management 22,
‘Current Status 2
New Directions and Concerns 2
Future Trends in Biosolids Processing 23
Constituents
in Wastewater a”
‘Wastewater Constituents 2
Constituents Found in Wastewater 29
Constituents of Concern in Wastewater
‘Treanment 4
2-3
a4
25
246
Sampling: and Analytical Procedures
Sampling
Methods of Anaiysis
Units of Measurement for Physical and
Chemical Parameters
Useful Chemical Retatiomships
Physical Characteristics
Solids
Particle Ste Distribution
Turbidiy
Color
Absorption/Transmittance
Temperature
Conduct
Density, Specific Gravity, ad
Specifie Weight
Inorganic Nenumezalic Constituents
pH
Chiorides
Alkalinity
Nicrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Gases
Odors
‘Metallic Constituents
Importance of Metals
Sources of Metals
Sampling and Methods of Analysis
Topical Effluent Discharge Limits
(for Metals
Aperepate Organic Constituents
Measurement of Organic Content
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Total and Soluble Chemical Oxygen:
Demand (COD and SCOD)
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon
(TOC and BTOC)
UV-Absorbing Organic Constiwents
35
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Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Inserrelationships between BOD, COD,
and TOC
Oil und Grease
Surfactants
2-7 Individual Organic Compounds
Priority Poltutants
Analysis of individual
Organic Compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Disinfection Byproducts
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicats
Fimerping Organic Campounds
2-8 Biological Characteristics
Microorganisms Found in Surface
Waters and Wastewater
Pathogenic Organisms
Use of Indicator Organisms
Enumeration and Identification
of Bacteria
Enumeration and idenification
of Viruses
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Deselopment of Microorganisms
Tpping Techniques
New und Reemerging Microorganisms
2-9 Tosicity Tests
Toxicity Terminology
Toxicity Testing
Analysis of Texicity Test Resuits
Application of Toxicity Test Results
Identification of Toxicity Components
3 Analysis and Selection
of Wastewater
Flowrates and
Constituent Loadings
3-1 Components of Wastewater Flows
32 Wastewater Sources and Flowrates
Domestic Wastewater Sources
and Flowrates
Stategies for Reducing Interior Water
Use and Wastewater Flowraies
Water Use in Developing Countries
98
98
109
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129
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Sources and Rates of Industrial
(Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows
Infliration/Inflow
Exfitration from Collection Systems
Combined System Flowrates
Statistical Analysis of Flovwratas,
Constituent Concentrations, and
Mass Loadings
Common Statistical Parameters
Graphical Analysis of Data
Analysis of Wastewater Plowrate Data
Definition of Terms
Variations in Wastewater Flowrates
Wastewater Flowrate Factors
‘Analysis of Constituent Mass
Londing Data
Wuasiewuter Constinent Concensrations
Variations in Constituent Concentrations
Flow Weighted Constiteent
Concentrations
Catcuiation of Mass Loadings
Effect of Mass Loading Variabitity
‘on Treatment Plant Performance
Selection of Design Flowrates and
Mass Losdings
Design Flowrates
Design Mass Leadings
Introduction te Process
Analysis and Selection
Reactors Used for the ‘Treatment
of Wastewater
‘Types of Reactors
Application of Reactors
Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors
‘Mass-Balance Analysis
The Mass-Balance Principle
Preparation of Mass Balances
Application of the Mass Balance
Analysis
Steady-State Simplification
Modeling Idea! Flow in Reactors
Ideal Flow in Complete-Mix Reactor
Ideal Flow in Plug-Flow Reactor
162
163
167
168
170
170
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178
179
180.
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181
185
192
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197
199
205
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225,
226
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Analysis of Nonideal Flow in Reactors
Using Tracers
Factors Leading to Nonideat Flow
in Reactors
Need jor Tracer Analysis
Types of Tracers
Conduct of Tracer Tests
Analysis of Tracer Response Curves
Practical Interpretation of Tracer
Measurements
Modeling Nonideal Flow in Reactors
The Distinction between Molecular
Diffusion, Turbulent Diffusion,
and Dispersion
Plug-Flow Reactor with
Asia! Dispersion
Compiete-Mix Reaciors in Series
Reactions, Reaction Rates, and
Reaction Rate Coefficients
Types of Reactions
Rate of Reaction
Reaction Onder
Types of Rate Expressions
Rate Expressions tised in
Environmental Modeling
Effects of Temperature on Reaction
Rate Coefficients
‘Analysis of Reaction Rate Coefficients
Modeling Treatment Process Kinetics
Batch Reactor with Reaction
Complete Mix Reactor wish Reaciion
Complete-Mix Reactors in Series
with Reaction
Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor
with Reaction
Comparison of Complese-Mix and
Plg-Flow Reactors with Reaction
Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with
Retarded Reaction
Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial
Dispersion ond Reaction
Other Reactor Flow Regimes and
Reactor Combinations
‘Treatment Processes involving
Mass Transfer
Basic Principle of Mass Transfer
209
28
2M
231
21
233
222
245
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261
261
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269
269
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281
283
283
5-2
Contents
Gas-Liguid Mass Transfer
LiguidSolid Mass Transfer
Incroduetion to Process Seleetion
Important Factors in Process Selection
Process Selection Based
on Reaction Kinetics
Process Selection Based
on Mass Transfer
Process Design Based!
on Loading Criteria
Bench Tesis and Pilot-Plart Studies
Reliability Considerations in
Proves Selection
Physical Unit
Operations
Screening
Classification of Screens
Coarse Screens (Bar Racks)
Fine Sercens
Microsereens:
Sereenings Characteristics
and Quantities
Coarse Solids Reduction
Comminutors
Macerators
Grinders
Design Considerations
Flow Equalization
Description/Apptication
Design Considerations
Mixing and Foceulation
‘Consinaous Rapid Mixing in
Wastewater Treatment
Continuous Mixing in
Wastewater Treatment
Energy Dissipation in Mixing
ind Flacculation
Timescale tn Mixing
‘Tapes of Mixers Used for Rapid Mixing
in Wastewater Treatment
Thpes of Misers Used for Floccuiation
Jn Wastewater Treatment
Types of Mixers Used for Continuous
‘Mixing in Wastewater Treatment
284
293
297
297
299
300
301
304
301
3
3i5
35
316
322
326
327
330
331
352
333
333
333
333
335
344,
345
245
347
350
350
355
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57
5-10
$11
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Contents
New Developments in
Mixing Technology
Gravity Separation Theory
Description
Particle Seting Theory
Discrete Particle Settling
Floceulent Particle Settling
Inclined Plate and Tube Sening
Hindered (Zone) Seung
Compression Setting
Gravity Separation in an Accelerated
Flow Field
Grit Removal
‘Types of Grit Chambers
Horizontal-Flow Grit Chambers
Aerated Grit Chambers
Vortex-Type Grit Chambers
Solids (Sludge) Degrining
Grit Characteristics, Quantities,
Processing, and Disposal
Primary Sedimentation
Description
Sedimentation Taak Performance
Design Considerations
Charactertsites and Quantities of
Solids (Sludge) and Scum
High-Rate Clarification
Enhanced Particle Flocculation
Analysis of Ballasted Particle
Flocculation and Seating
Process Application
Large-Scale Swit! and Vortex
Separators for Combined
Wastewater and Stormwater
Flotation
Description
Design Considerations for
Dissolved-Air Flotasion Systems
‘Oxygen Transfer
Description
Evaluation of Oxygen
Transfer Coefficient
Aeration Systeris
Types af Aeration Systems
Diffused-Air Aeration
361
6!
362
303
367
372
314
378
2B
383
384
385
385
386
392
392
394
396
397
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419
422
425
425
425
430
430
430
5-13
ol
62
Mechanical Aerators
Energy Requirement jor Mixing in
Aeration Systems
Generation and Dissolution of
High-Purity Oxygen
Pastaeration
Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCS) by Aeration
Emission of VOCS
Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs
‘Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface
‘and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes
Contra! Strategies for VOCS
Chemical Unit
Processes
Role of Chemical Unit Processes in
Wastewater Treatment
Application of Chemical Unit Processes
Considerations in the Use of Chemical
Unit Processes
Fundamentals of Chemical Coagulation
Basie Definitions
Nature of Particles in Wastewater
Development and Measurement of
Surface Charge
Particle-Particle Interactions
Particle Desiabilization with Potentia!-
Determining fons and Electrolytes
Particle Destabilization and
‘Aggregation with Polyelectroistes
Particle Destabilization and Removal
with Hydrolyzed Metal Tons
‘Chemical Precipitation for Improved
Plant Performance
Chemical Reactions in Wastewater
Precipitation Applications
Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids
in Primary Sedimentation
Independent Physicai-
Chemical Treatment
Extimation of Studge Quantities from
Chemical Precipitation
Chemical Precipitation for
Phosphorus Removal
443
452
456
456
457
450
463
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416
any
478
479
430
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482.
483,
285
486
498
493,
497
398
499
500é7
Chemisty of Phosphate Precipitation
Strategies for Phosphorus Removal
Phosphorus Removal Using Metal Salts
and Polymers
Phosphorus Removal Using Lime
Phosphorus Removal with
Effluent Filtration
Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus
Removal Processes
Estimation of Sludge Quantities from
Phosphorus Precipitation
CChemicat Precipitation for Removal
of Heavy Metals and Dissolved
Inorganic Substances
Precipitation Reactions
Coprecipitation with Phosphorus
Chemical Oxidation
Fundamentals of Chemival Oxidation
Applications
Chemical Oxidation of BOD and COD
Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia
Chemical Neutralization, Seale Control,
and Stabilization
pH Adjustment
Analysis of Scaling Potential
Sealing Control
Stabilization
Chemical Storage. Feeding, Piping,
and Control Systems
Chemica’ Storage and Handling
Dry Chemical-Feed Systems
Liguid Chemical-Feed Systems
Gas Chemical-Feed Systems
Initial Chemical Mixing
301
503
505
307
508
508
509
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340
Contents7-2
rH
7-4
Fundamentals of
Biological Treatment
Overview of Biclogical
‘Wastewater Treatment
Objectives of Biological Treatment
Sonie Useful Definitions
Role of Microorganisms in
Wastewater Treatment
Types of Biological Processes for
Wastewater Treatment
Composition and Classification
of Microorganisms
Celi Components
Celi Composition
Environmtenizal Factors
Microorganism Idensificaiion
and Classification
Use of Molecular Tools
Introduction to Microbial Metabolism
Carbon and Energy Sources for
Microbial Growih
Nutrient and Growth Factor
Requirements
Bacterial Growth and Energetics
Bacterial Reproduction
Bacterial Growth Patterns in a
Batch Reactor
Bacterial Growth and Bromass Yield
Measuring Biomass Growth
Estimating Biomass Yield und Oxygen
Requirements from Stoichiometry
Estimating Biomass Yield
from Bioenergetics
Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions
Biomass Synthesis Yields for Different
Growth Conditions
Observed versus Synthesis Yield
Microbial Growth Kinetics
348
S47
598
555
337
538
598
501
563
563
565
565
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567
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78
Microbial Growah
Kinetics Terminology
Rute of Utilization of
Soluble Substeaces
Other Rate Expressions jor the
Unitecation of Soluble Substrate
Rate of Soluble Substrate Production
from Biodegradable Particwlate
Omanic Matter
Rate of Biomass Grows with
Soluble Substrates
Kinetic Coefficients for Substrate
Utilization cord Biomass Growth
Rate of Oxygen Uptake
Effects of Temperature
otal Volatile Suspended Solids anit
Active Biomass
Net thamasy Yield and Observed Yield
Modeling Suspended Growth
Treatment Processes
Description of Suspended Growth
Treutment Processes
Biomass Mass Balance
Subseraie Mass Butane
Mixed Liquor Solids Concentravion
‘and Solids Production
‘The Observed Yield
Oxygen Reguirements
Design and Operating Parameters
Process Performance und Stability
Modeling Plug-Flow Reactors
Substrete Removal in Atached Growth
Trcaument Processes
Substrate Fhec in Biofilms
Substrate Mass Ralcice for Biogilne
Substrate Flux Limitations
Aerobic Bivlogieat Oxidation
Process Description
Microbiology
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586
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589
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7-12
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8-1
Stoichiometry of Aerobie
Biological Oxidation
Growth Kinetics
Environmental Factors
Biological Nitrificawon
Process Description
Microbiology
Stoichiometry of
Biological Nurification
Growth Kinetics
Environmental Factors
Biological Denitrification
Process Description
Microbiology’
Stoichiometry of
Biological Denitrification
Growth Kinetics
Environmental Ractors
Biological Phosphorus Removal
Process Deseription
Microbiology
Stoichiometry uf Biological
Phosphorus Removal
Growth Kinetics
Environmental Factors
Anuerobie Fermentation and Oxidation
Pravess Description
Microbiology
Stoichiomerry of Anaerobic
Fermentation and Oxutarion
Growth Kinetics
Ervirownental Factors
Biologicat Removal of Toxic and
Recalcitvant Organic Compounds,
Development of Biological
Treatment Methods
Anaerobic Degradation
Aerobic Biodegradation
Abiotic Losses
Modeling Biotic and Abiotic Losses
iological Removal of Heavy Metals
Suspended Growth
Biological Treatment
Processes
Introduction <0 (he Activated-
‘Shudge Process.
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8-2
Contents
Historical Devetopment
Description of Basic Process
Evolution of the Activated:
Sludge Process
Recent Process Developments
Wastewater Characterization
Key Wastewater Constituents jor
Process Design
Measurement Methods for Wastewater
Characterization
Recyele Flows and Loadings
Fundamentals of Process Analysis,
and Control
Process Design Considerations
Process Control
Operational Problems
Actrvated-Shadge Selector Processes
Processes for BOD Remewal
and Nittification
Process Design Considerations
Complete-Mix Activated Sludge Process
Sequenving Baich Reactor Process
Stayed Aciivated-Sludye Process
Alternative Processes for BOD
Removal and Nitrification
Process Design Parameters
Process Selection Considerations
Processes for Bivlogical
Nivoger Removal
Overview of Biological Nitroger-
Removal Proresses
Single-Sludge Biological Nitrogen-
Removal Processes
Process Design Considerations
Anaxic/Aerobic Process Design
Step-Feed Anoxieierobie
Process Design
Intermittent Acranian Process Design
Postanoxic Endogenous Denitrification
Sequencing Batch Reactor
Process Analysis
Postanoxie Deeitrification with
aan Externat Carbon Source
Nitrogen Removal in Anaerobic
Digestion Recycle Streams
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788xiv | Contents
8
8-10
ot
Alternative Process Configurations
{for Biological Nitrogen Removal
Process Design Parameters
Process Selection Considerations
Processes for Biological
Phosphorus Removal
iological Phasphorus-
Removal Processes
Process Design Considerations
Process Control
Solids Separation Facilites
Methods to Improve Phosphorus.
Removal Efficiency in BPR Systems
Biological Phosphorus Removal
Process Performance
Alternative Processes for Biological
Phosphorous Removal
Process Design Parameters
Provess Selection Considerations
Selection and Design of Physical
Facilities for Activated-Studge
Processes
Aeration System
‘Aeration Tanks and Appurtenainces
Solids Separation
Design of Solids Separation Facilities
Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons
Types of Suspended Growth
‘Aerated Lagoons
Process Design Considerations for
Flow-Tarough Lagoons
Duai-Powered Flow-Through
Lagoon System
Biological Treatment with
Membrane Separation
Overview of Membrane
Biological Reactors
Process Description
Membrane Fouling Control
Process Capabilities
Simulation Design Models
Mode! Mairix Format, Camponents.
‘and Reactions
‘Model Applicaslons
Attached Growth and
Combined Biological
Treatment Processes
Background
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801
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840
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854
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Evolution of Attached Growth Processes
Mass Transfer Limitations
‘Trickling Filters
Trickling Filter Classificaaion
‘ond Applications
Design of Physical Facilites
Process Design Considerations
Nitrification Desiga
Rotating Biological Contactors,
Process Design Considerations
Physical Facilities for RBC Process
RBC Process Design
‘Combined Aerobie Treatment Processes
‘Trickling Fitter/Solids Consace
cond Trickling Filter/Activated-
Shudge Processes
Activated Biofilter and Biofiter
Activared-Sladge Processes
Series Trickting Filter-Activated-
Sludge Provess
Design Considerations for Combined
‘Tickling Filter Activated-
Sludge Sestems
Activated Sludge with Fixed-
Film Packing
Processes with Internal Suspended
Packing for Attached Growth
Processes with Internal Fixed Packing
{for Sitached Growh
Submerged Attached Growth Processes
Downflow Submerged Attached
Growth Processes
Upflow Submerged Anached!
Growth Processes
Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors (FBR)
Attached Growth
Denitrification Processes
Downflow Packed. Bed Postunoxie
Denitrification Processes
Upftow Packed-Bed Postanoxic
Denitrification Reactors
Pluidized-Bed Reactors for Postanoxic
Denitrification
Submerged Roiating Biologicat
Contactors
Aitached Growth Preanoxic
Denitrification Processes
888
890
893
896
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930
952,
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957
940,
940,
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944
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957
987
959,
961
962
962
967
967
96910
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
Anaerobic Suspended
and Attached Growth
Biological Treatment
Processes
‘The Rationale for Anaerobic Treatment
Advantages of Anaenbec
Treatment Processes
Disadvantages aj Anaerobic
Treatment Processes
Summary Assessment
General Design Considerations for
Anaerobic Treatment Processes.
Characteristics of the Wastewater
Solids Retention Time
Expected Methane Gas Production
‘Trecament Efficiency Needed
Sulfide Production
Ammonia Toxicity
Liguid-Solids Separation
Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes
Complete-Mix Process
Anaerobic Coniact Process
Anaerobic Sequencing Baich Reactor
Design of Anserobic Suspended
Growth Processes
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Provesses:
Upfiow Sludge Blanket Reactor Process
Design Considerations for
UASB Process
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor
Attached Growth Anaerobic Processes
Upfiow Packed-Bed Atiached
Growth Reactor
Upflow Attached Growth Anaerobic
Expanided-Bed Reactor
Anached Growth Anaerobic
Fluidized-Bed Reactor
Downflow Attached Growth Processes
‘Other Anacrobic Treatment Processes
Covered Anaerobic Lagoon Process
Membrane Separation Anaerobic
Treatment Process
983
984
986
986
986
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991
992
994,
998
995
996
996
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997
999
999)
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L005
1007
1016
1017
1018
lane
120
120
1022
1024
1024
1026
VW
M1
11-2
11-3
14
11-5
Contenss
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
‘Need for Advanced
Wastewater Treatment
Technologies Used for
Advanced Treatment
Residual Constituents in
Treated Wastewater
Classification of Technologies
Removal of Organic und Inorganic
Colloidal and Suspended Solids
Removal of Dissolved
Organic Constinents
Removal of Dissolved
Inorganic Constinents
Removal of Biviogicul Conssinents
Process Selection and
Performance Data
Introduction to Depth Filtration
Description of the Filtration Process
Filter Hydraulics
Analysis of the Filtration Process
Selection and Design Considerations
for Depth Filters
Available Filtration Technologies
Performance of Differeni Types of
Filter Technatogies
issues Related to Design and
‘Operation of Treatment Facilities
Importance of influent
Wastewater Characteristics
Selection of Filtration Technology
Filter-Bed Characteristics
Filter Flownate Control
Filter Buckwashing Systems
Filter Appurtenances
Filter Instrumentation and
Controt Systems
Effluent Filtration with
Chemical Addition
Filter Problems
Need for Pitor-Plant Stuties
Surface Filtration
Dixcfilter®
Cloth-Media Disk Filter®
Performance Characteristics
xv
1035
1037
1038
1038
1038
4038
1040,
rot
1043
1044.
1044
1944
1050
1057
1069
1069
1078
1080
1081
1081
1084
1089
1091
1093,
1093
1095
1096
1996
1098
1098
1100
1103xvi | Conton's
11-6 — Membrane Filtration Processes Nos Performance Expectations in wo. Envi-
Membrane Process Terninaloge og Reclamation Applications standards
Membrane Process Classification 104 Operating Prabiems 13d in
Membrane Configurations 110% Disposal of Concenirated Waste 1208 *
Membrane Operation ut
Membrane Fouling MF
Application of Membranes Ht
Electrodiabysis Wel
Pitot Studies for
Membrane Applications 1134
Disposal af Concemirated
Waste Streams 1038
VI-7— Adsorption 13
Tepes of Adsorberts TRS
Fundamentals of Adsorption nao
Aetivaied Carbon Adsorption Kinetics 146
Activated Carbon Treatment
Process Applications iy
Anaysis and Design of Grant
Activated Carhon Contactor 1152
Smatl-Seate Column Tests 1156
Anatysis and Design of Powdered
Activated Carbon Contactor 1159
Activated Sludge with Powdered
Activated Carbon Precament let
11-8 Gas Stripping L162
Anaiysis of Gas Stripping Les
Design of Stripping Towers nv
Application 178
TIO Ton Exchange Heo
Jon-Bxchange Materials uel
Typical lon-Exchange Rewctns TKD
Exchange Capacity of
Tor Buchange Resins 1183
Jon-Exchange Chemistry 1185
Application of lon Exchange 1189
Operational Considerattons 1196
11-10 Advanced Oxidation Processes 196
Theory of Advanced Oxidation 1196
Technotogies Used ti Produce
Hydrexst Radicals (HO") 1197
Applications 1200
Operational Problems 1202
V1=11 Distillation i202
Distittation Processes 120212
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
Disinfection Processes
Regulatory Reyeizements tor
Wastewater Disinfection
Doinlection Theory
Characrevisties of
su leat Disinfectant
Disinfection Methods nd Meas
Meehanisos of Disintrewrts
rctons tnfbacing the Acre
of Disonfectanis
Disinfsction with Clone
Characteristics of Chterive Compennds
Chemesiry of ChHoriie Componnes
Brewhpoin Reaction with Chlorine
Measurement aad Reporting vf
Diunicetion Pricess Variables
Germivicitd bifeienes of Chlorine
und Vavieine Chiorme Conyouds
Factors That Afiect Dasinfection
Hifvienc uf Chtorine
Masletiny the Chtorine
Phrinicetion Process
Revtew of the Cyt Concept
Requived Chlorine Doseige
for Divinfeetion
Formation and Convred of
Disinfection Baproducs
Eavirommtentel Impacts
Disnleetion with Chlorine Dinside
Characteristics of Chlorine Deavide
Cherie Diecide Chevtistes
Bifectiveness of Chiorine Dieaite
cas Dishyectant
Byprodtuct Formation and Cosine
Enciroumenial Impacts
Dechlormanien
Need Jor Dechlorination,
1s
1260
1261
el
161
12-6
12-7
12-8
12-9
Dechiorination af Wastewater
Treated with Chtorine act
Chlorine Compounds
Dechlorination of Cilorme Binide
with Sulfur Dioside
Design of Chlorination and
Dechlorination Facilities
Sistine Chlorination Facitities
Application Flow Diagrams
Bosage Control
Injection cma Teittal Mixing
Chlorine Contact Busin Design
Chlorine Residual Measurement
Chlorine Storage Facilities
Chlorine Conmtainent Bacitines
Dechlorination Facilities
Disnafeenon with Gaone
Ocone Properties
Osune Chemisty
Ozone Disinfection
Sustemns Components
Effecmveness of Or0Re as
¢ Disingectaant
Modeling the Ozone
Dasinfection Process
Required Ucone Dosages
jor Disinfection
Bxproduct Formation and Control
Environmental bnpacts of
Using Osone
tier Benefits of Using Orome
Other Chemical Disinfection Methods
Peracesie Acid
Osanestivdregen Perenide (Peroxane}
Combined! Chemical
Dasinfection Pracesses
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Disinfection.
Sorrce of UV Radvation
UY Disinfection Syvtem Components
and Configurations
1261
1264
1264
1258
1266
1269
1270
ea
4283
1284
1284
1286
1286
1287
1287
1288
1290
1230,
1293
1293
1295
1295
1205
1295
1297
1297
1298
198
1301xviii
12-10
13
11
13-2
133
We
‘Comments
Germicidal Fffectiveness of
WY Radiation
Modeling the UY Disinfection Process
Estimating UV Dose
Uteravioles Disinfection Guidelines
Selection and Sizing of a UY
Disinfection System
Troubleshooting UY
Disinfection Systems
Environmental Impacts of UV
Radiation Disinfection
Comparison of Alvemative
Disinfection Technologies
Germicidal Effectiveness
Advantages and Disadvantages
Water Reuse
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse:
An Introduction
Definition of Terms
The Role of Water Recveling in the
Hydrologic Cycle
Historical Perspective
Wastewater Reuse Applications
Need for Water Reuse
Public Health and Environmental
Assues in Water Reuse
Constituents in Reclaimed Water
Public Heaith Issues
Environmental Issues
The Evolution of Water Reuse:
Guidelines in the United States
Water Reclansation Criteria in
Other Countries
What Level of Trearment
ds Necessary?
Introduction to Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Ecological Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment for Water Reuse
Limitations in Risk Assessment
for Water Reuse
‘Water Reclamation Technologies:
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13-9
Constituent Removal Feckinologies
Conventional Wastewater Treatment
Process Flow Diagrams for
Wazer Reclamation
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Process Flow Diagrams
Performance Expectations for Water
Reclamation Processes
Predicting the Performance of
Treaiment Process Combinations
Treatment Process Reliability
Storage of Reclaimed Water
Need for Storage
Meeting Water Quaiity
Discharge Requirements
Operation of Storage Reservoirs
Problems Involved with Siorage
of Reclaimed Water
‘Management Strategies for Open
cand Enclosed Reservoirs
Agricuiaral and Landscape Inigation
Evatuation of Irrigation Water Quality
Other Problems
Industrial Water Reuse
Industrial Water Use
Couling Tower Makeup Water
Water and Sat Balances ix
Coating Tower
Common Water Quality Problems
in Cooting Tower Svstems
Groundwater Recharge with
Reclaimed Water
Gromndwater Recharge Methods
Pretreatment Requirements for
Groundwater Reckarge
Fave of Contaminants in Groundwater
Groundwater Recharge Guidelines
Planned Indirect and Direct Potable
‘Water Reuse
Planned Indiveet Potable Water Reuse
Planned Direct Potable Water Reuse
Planned Poiable Waser Reuse Criteria
What Is the Ultimate Wiawer
Reuse Goal?
1376
(377
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1379
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1391
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1392
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1401
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1432,
143313-10
1311
14
14-1
14-2
43
14-4
14-5
4-6
147
14-8
149
Planning for Wastewater Reclamation
and Reuse
Planning, Basis
Market Assessment
Monetary Analyses
Other Planniaig Factors
Planning Report
Epilogue on Water Reuse Issues
Treatment, Reuse,
and Disposal of Solids
and Biosolids
Solids Sources, Charactensties,
and: Quantities
Sourves
Characteristics
Quantities
Regulations for the Reuse and Disposal
of Sotids in the United States
Land Application
Surface Disposal
Pathogen and Vector
Attraction Reduction
Incineration
Solids Processing Flow Diagrams
Sludge and Scum Pumping
Pugs
Headioss Determination
Stuctge Piping
Preliminary Operations
Grinding
Screening
Degritting
Blending
Storage
‘Thickening
Application
Description and Design of Thickeners
Introduction to Stadilization
Alkaline Stabilization
Chemicut Reactions in
Lime Stabilization
Heat Generaiton
Application of Alkaline
Stabilization Processes
Anaerobic Digestion
Process Fundamentals
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wit
14-12
14-13
1414
145
Contents
Description of Mesophitic Anaerobic
Digestion Processes
Process Design for Mesophitic
Anaerabie Digestion
Selection of Tank Design and
Mixing System
Methods for Enhancing Solids
Loading and Digester Performance
Gas Production, Collection, and Use
Digester Heating
Thermophilic Anaembic Digestion
Two-Phased Anaerobic Digestion
Acrobic Digestion
Process Deseription
Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion
Dual Digesiton
Autoihormel Thermophilie Aerobie
Digestion (ATAD}
High Purity Oxygen Digestion
Composting
Process Microbiology
Process Description
Design Considerations
Cocompasting with Municipal
Solid Wastes
Public Health and
Lawnanmental sues
Conditionny
Chemical Condinoning
Other Conditioning Methods
Dewatering
Contrifagation
Belt-Filter Press
Filter Presses
Sixdge Drying Beds
Reed Bets
Lagoons
Heat Drying
Heat-Transfer Methods
Provess Descripiion
Product Characteristics
Provct Transport and Storage
Fire and Explosion Hazards
Air Poitution and Odor Consro!
Incineration
Fundamental Aspects of
Complete Combustion
Muliple-Hearth Incineration
Fluidiced-Bed incineration
1507
1509
1516
1522
1923
1523
1529
1531
1533
1934
1535
1541
1541
1845
1546
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1887
1550
1551
1454,
1854
1555
1557
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1589
1563
1565
1570
1578
1578
1579
1879
1580,
1584
1585
1585
1585
1586
1587
1588
1590Xx
14-16
14-17
14-18
15
15-1
15-2
15-3
Contents
Coincineration with Maricipat
Solid Waste
Ai Pollution Control
Solids Mass Balances
Preparation of Solids Maxy Bulurces
Performance Date far Salids-
Processing Fucilines
Ampact af Return Flows arid Lawl
‘Application of Biosolids tn Land
Site Evaiuation and Seiection
US. EPA Regulations for Beneficial
Use and Disposal of Biosotids
Design Loading Rates
Appticeaion Methoris
Application to Dedicated Leands
Laratitings
Biosolids Conveyance and Storage
Conveyance Methods
Storage
Issues Related to
Treatment-Plant
Performance
Need for Upgrading Treatment-Plant
Performance
Meeting Curren: and Future Needs
Mecting Mare Stristgent
Discharge Reguiresnenss
Divcharge Lamits for Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Teeatment Process Reliability snd
Selection of Design Values
Variability in Wastewater Treatment
Selectian of Provess Desig Parameters
in Meet Discharge Permit Luntits:
Pergiormener of Combined Processes
Development of frpat-Ouiput Date
Oxlor Management
Tigres of Odors
Sources af Odars
Movernent of Osiors from Wastercater
Treaiment Fuctiities
Strategies for Odor Management
Gdior-Trewtenent Methods
Selection and Design of
Qdor-Contrul Fecitties
Design Considerations for
Chemical Scrubbers
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1654
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15-6
15-7
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D
Design Considerations for
Oddor- Control Biofiters
Introduction te Automatic
Process Contra!
Process Disturbances
Conteal Systems for Wastewater
Treatment Phanits
Contral Algonans
Process Conrad Diagrams
Description of Automate Contra
Suaiens Klemens
Faergy Mficreney
vp Wastewater Treatment
Overview of the Use of Blectricity
in Wiestewater Treatett
Measures for Fnprowing,
Energy Eyficienct
Upgrading Wastewater Treazmeat-
Plant Performance
Pracess Oprinication
Upgrading Existing Wastewater
Treatment Facititees
Lnuportant Design Considerations
For New Wasiewatee Treatment Plants
Process Design Considerations for
Liguidd Sirvauns
Proveas Design Considerations for
Sulids Processing
Odor Coatrat
dixes
Conversion Factors:
Physical Properties of Selected Gases
and the Composition of Air
Physical Properties of Water
Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen
in Water ay a Furchon of Salinity
and Barvmetrie Pressure
MPN Tables and Their Use
Carbonate Equilibrium
Moods Diagrams for the Analysis
of Flow un Pipes
Indexes
Name Index
Subject Inder
1670
tort
1678
1879)
1682,
1680
1693
708
Wot
1105
1708
1708
ur
172i
m1
1721
ne
i729
ust
Val
1745
1739
1753
18ST
1759
im