Project Report

On
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
USING

By:
PARIN BODIWALA(13BCL068)
DEEPANSHU PATEL(13BCL072)
VISHAL DHARIWAL(13BCL125)
Guided By:PROFESSOR TEJAS JOSHI
PROFESSOR TARAK BHATT
Submitted To :

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION USING GEOTEXTILE

is successfully completed by
PARIN BODIWALA (13BCL068)
DEEPANSHU PATEL (13BCL072)
VISHAL DHARIWAL (13BCL125)
of

CIVIL B

BATCH

as

per

requirements.

________
Teachers Signature
INDEX
2

the

given

SR.NO

TITLE

PG.NO

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF GEOTEXTILES

USES AND APPPLICATION OF GEOTEXTILES

11

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

19

CONCLUSION

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY

21

Acknowledgment
The phenomenon remains same that no project ever can be executed
proficiently and efficiently without sharing the meticulous ideas,
technical expertise and innovative thoughts put forwarded by the
technical and non-technical veterans.
In this regard first of all we would like to express deep gratitude to
our faculties for sharing their precious knowledge, time and
innovative ideas for the successful execution of the assigned project.
They always inspired and guided us for the right track to be followed
for all the system analysis section of this project.
At last we all are thankful to our team members. A big contribution
and hard work from all of us during the holidays is very great
indeed. This innovative assignment make us realized the value of
working together as a team. The whole project really brought us
together to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of
each other.

INTRODUCTION
Geotextiles were one of the first textile products in human history. Excavations of ancient Egyptian sites
show the use of mats made of grass and linen. Geotextiles were used in roadway construction in the days
of the Pharaohs to stabilise roadways and their edges.
These early geotextiles were made of natural fibres, fabrics or vegetation mixed with soil to improve
road quality,particularly when roads were made on unstable soil. Only recently have geotextiles been
used and evaluated for modern road construction.
Geotextiles today are highly developed products that must comply with numerous standards. To produce
tailor-made industrial fabrics, appropriate machinery is needed.
Geotextiles have been used very successfully in road construction for over 30 years. Their primary
function is to separate the sub base from the sub grade resulting in stronger road construction. The
geotextile perform this function by providing a dense mass of fibres at the interface of the two layers.
Geotextiles should fulfill certain requirements like it must permit material exchange between air and soil
without which plant growth is impossible, it must be penetrable by roots etc. and it must allow rain
water to penetrate the soil from outside and also excess water to drain out of the earth without erosion of
the soil. To obtain all these properties in geotextiles, the proper choice of textile fibre is of paramount
importance. The different synthetic fibres used in geotextiles are nylon, polyester, polypropylene while
some natural fibres like ramie, jute etc. can also be used.

Geotextiles were originally intended to be an alternative to granular soil filters. The original, and still
sometimes used, term for geotextiles is filter fabrics. Work originally began in the 1950s with R.J.
Barrett using geotextiles behind precast concrete seawalls, under precast concrete erosion control blocks,
beneath large stone riprap, and in other erosion control situations. He used different styles of woven
monofilament fabrics, all characterized by a relatively high percentage open area (varying from 6 to
30%). He discussed the need for both adequate permeability and soil retention, along with adequate
fabric strength and proper elongation and set the tone for geotextile use in filtration situations.

DEFINATION
The ASTM (1994) defines geotextiles as permeable textile materials used in contact with soil, rock,
earth or any other geotechnical related material as an integral part of civil engineering project, structure,
or system.
Based on their structure and the manufacturing technique, geotextiles may be broadly classified into
woven and nonwoven. Woven geotextiles are manufactured by the interlacement of warp and weft yarns,
which may be of spun, multifilament, fibrillated or of slit film. Nonwoven geotextiles are manufactured
through a process of mechanical interlocking or thermal bonding of fibers/filaments.
Mechanical interlocking of the fibers/filaments is achieved through a process called needle punching.
Needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles are best suited for a wide variety of civil engineering
applications and are the most widely used type of geotextile in the world.
Interlocking of the fibers/filaments could also be achieved through thermal bonding. Heat-bonded
geotextiles should be used with caution, as they are not suitable for filtration applications or road
stabilization applications over soft soils.
Typically made from polypropylene or polyester, geotextile fabrics come in three basic forms: woven
(resembling mail bag sacking), needle punched (resembling felt), or heat bonded (resembling ironed
felt).

CHARACTERISTICS

TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE: Geotextiles are a permeable synthetic material made of textile materials. They are usually made from
polymers such as polyester or polypropylene.
The geotextiles are further prepared in three different categories

Woven Fabrics:
Large numbers of geosynthetics are of woven type, which can be sub-divided into several categories
based upon their method of manufacture. These were the first to be developed from the synthetic fibers.
As their name implies, they are manufactured by adopting techniques which are similar to weaving usual
clothing textiles. This type has the characteristic appearance of two sets of parallel threads or yarns --.the
yarn running along the length is called warp and the one perpendicular is called weft.

Woven fabric
The majority of low to medium strength woven geosynthetics are manufactured from polypropylene which
can be in the form of extruded tape, silt film, monofilament or multifilament.
Often a combination of yarn types is used in the warp and weft directions to optimize the performance/cost.
Higher permeability is obtained with monofilament and multifilament than with flat construction only.
A woven geotextile could be used for sediment control, unpaved road bases, strengthening paved
roads, erosion protection, and subsurface drainage.
It possesses the following features:

Woven Polypropylene

UV Resistant

Rot Resistant

Biological Degradation

Resistant Chemically Inert

Non-woven: Non woven geo-synthetics can be manufactured from either short staple fibre or continuous filament
yarn. The fibers can be bonded together by adopting thermal, chemical or mechanical techniques or a
8

combination of techniques. The type of fibre (staple or continuous) used has very little effect on the
properties of the non woven geo synthetics.
Non-woven geotextiles are manufactured through a process of mechanical interlocking or chemical or
thermal bonding of fibres/filaments. Thermally bonded non-wovens contain wide range of opening sizes
and a typical thickness of about 0.5-1 mm while chemically bonded non-wovens are comparatively thick
usually in the order of 3 mm. On the other hand mechanically bonded non-wovens have a typical
thickness in the range of 2-5 mm and also tend to be comparatively heavy because a large quantity of
polymer filament is required to provide sufficient number of entangled filament cross wires for adequate
bonding.

Nonwoven
A Non
Woven
roads, roofs, railroads, ponds, dams, trenches, and landfills.
All of our non wovenmaterial possess the following features:
100% Propylene Staple
Fibers Needle-Punched
Random Network Formation
UV Resistant
Rot Resistant
Biological Degradation
Resistant Stable Within 2-13 pH

Knitted Fabrics:
9

Geotextile is ideal for use with

 Knitted geosynthetics are manufactured using another process which is adopted from the clothing
textiles industry, namely that of knitting. In this process interlocking a series of loops of yarn together is
made. An example of a knitted fabric is illustrated in figure. Only a very few knitted types are produced.
All of the knitted geosynthetics are formed by using the knitting technique in conjunction with some
other method of geosynthetics manufacture, such as weaving.

Knitted fabric
Apart from these three main types of geotextiles, other geosynthetics used are geonets, geogrids, geocells, geo membranes, geo composites, etc. each having its own distinct features and used for special
applications.

ADVANTAGES OF GEOTEXTILES
10

The geotextiles market requires bulk quantities of material. Warp-knitted weft-insertion geotextiles offer
the following advantages when compared to woven geotextiles:Strength-for-strength, they are lighter than woven geotextiles using the same yarn. This makes for easier
handling and laying on site; thus transport and labour costs are less in real terms.
Knitted geotextiles have exceptional tear strength. Additional strength can be designed and built-in to
the weft direction such that a bi-axial high tensile, high strength warp/weft geotextile becomes a reality;
e.g. 500kNm warp and 500k Nm weft.
Knitted geotextiles can incorporate an additional fabric to form a true composite geotextile, the fabric
being simply knitted-in.
The individual yarns in the warp knitted weft-insertion geotextile are straight when incorporated, so they
are able to take-up the strain immediately on loading. Those in woven geotextiles are interlaced.

DISADVANTAGES

Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to make the geosynthetic must be
assured by using proper additives including antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners, and fillers.

The exposed lifetime of geosynthetics, being polymeric, is less than unexposed as when they are soil
backfilled.

Clogging of geotextiles, geonets, geopipe and/or geocomposites is a challenging design for certain soil
types or unusual situations. For example, loess soils, fine cohesionless silts, highly turbid liquids, and
microorganism laden liquids (farm runoff) are troublesome and generally require specialized testing
evaluations.

Handling, storage, and installation must be assured by careful quality control and quality assurance
about which much has been written.

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ADVANTAGES

USES OF GEOTEXTILES
(DESIGN

AND

CONSTRUCTION

USING

GEOTEXTILES)

Uses of geotextile

Construction of roads, drains, harbour works, and breakwaters, and for land reclamation and many other
civil engineering purposes.
Some
importance
applications
of
geotextile
are
described
below:-

Separation
In this function, the geotextile serves to separate two dissimilar materials, eg, two different soils,
landfill material and the native soil, stone material and subgrade soil, old and new pavement, foundation soils
and various types of walls, or one of many other similar situations. In some instances, it is difficult to
distinguish between the separation and stabilization functions because in both situations the geotextile is
serving as a separator. However, in stabilization some additional phenomena occur.

Stabilization
In this application, the natural soil on which the geotextile is placed is usually a wet, soft, compressible
material, exhibiting very little strength. By acting as a separator, the geotextile allows water from the soft
natural soil to pass from this soil into a free-draining construction soil, which in turn allows consolidation of the
natural soil to take place. As a result of the consolidation process, there is a strength gain in the natural soil,
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which

then

provides

an

adequate

foundation for

construction

to

take

place.

Reinforcement
The key difference between stabilization and reinforcement is that stabilization is accomplished by
providing for drainage of water from the unstable soil, while in reinforcement the strength characteristics
(stressstrain) of the geotextile provide added strength to the whole system. Another difference is that in
stabilization the geotextile is placed on or around the area being stabilized and thereby also acts as a separator,
whereas in the reinforcement application the geotextile is placed within the material being reinforced. This is in
line with
reinforcement
concepts
in
concrete
and
other
materials.

Filtration
Here the prime function is to retain soil or other fine materials, while allowing water to pass through. Again, it
is seen that more than one function is being performed. If there were no drainage of water taking place,
movement, and therefore retention of the soil, would not be of concern. Part of the mechanism by which
filtration occurs is through the development of a soil filter behind the geotextile. As the water passes through,
soil is filtered out and collects behind the geotextile. As builduptakesplace, a natural soil filter is developed.

Drainage
In the previous sections, drainage was discussed as taking place in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
geotextile. Here, drainage parallel to the plane of the geotextile is described. The property called transmissivity
is defined as flow parallel to the plane of the geotextile. This type of flow can occur to some extent in all
geotextiles, but is best achieved in needle-punched nonwoven materials. This class of geotextiles can be
manufactured in a range of thicknesses such that this characteristic is optimized.

Moisture Barrier
When impregnated with an asphaltic emulsion, geotextiles become impermeable and can then be used
as moisture barriers. The primary application for this type of geotextile is in pavement rehabilitation.

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Design and Construction Considerations

a. Installation Factors.
In addition to the requirement for continuous, intimate geotextile contactwith the soil, several other
installation factors strongly influence geotextile drain performance.
These include:
(1) How the geotextile is held in place during construction.
(2) Method of joining consecutive geotextile elements.
(3) Preventing geotextile contamination.
(4) Preventing geotextile deterioration from exposure to sunlight. Geotextile should retain 70 percent of
its strength after 150 hours of exposure to ultraviolet sunlight (ASTM D 4355).

b. Placement.
Pinning the geotextile with long nail-like pins placed through the geotextile into the soil has been a
common method of securing the geotextile until the other components of the drain have been placed;
however, in some applications, this method has created problems.
Placement of aggregate on the pinned geotextile normally puts the geotextile into tension which
increases potential for puncture and reduces contact of the geotextile with soil, particularly when placing
the geotextile against vertical and/or irregular soil surfaces. It is much better to keep the geotextile loose
but relatively unwrinkled during aggregate placement. This can be done by using small amounts of
aggregate to hold the geotextile in place or using loose pinning and repinning as necessary to keep the
geotextile loose.
This method of placement will typically require 10 to 15 percent more geotextile than predicted by
measurement of the drains planer surfaces.
c. Joints.
(1) Secure lapping or joining of consecutive pieces of geotextile prevents movement of soil into the
drain. A variety of methods such as sewing, heat bonding, and overlapping are acceptable joints.
Normally, where the geotextile joint will not be stressed after installation, a minimum 12-inch overlap is
required with the overlapping inspected to ensure complete geotextile-to-geotextile contact. When
movement of the geotextile sections is possible after placement, appropriate overlap distances or more
secure joining methods should be specified. Field joints are much more difficult to control than those
made at the factory or fabrication site and every effort should be made to minimize field joining.
(2) Seams are described in chapter 1. Strength requirements for seams may vary from just enough to
hold the geotextile sections together for installation to that required for the geotextile.
Additional guidance for seams is contained in AASHTO M 288. Seam strength is determined using
ASTM 4632.
d. Trench Drains.
(1)Variations of the basic trench drain are the most common geotextile drain application.
Typically, the geotextile lines the trench allowing use of a very permeable backfill which quickly
removes water entering the drain. Trench drains intercept surface infiltration in pavements and seepage
in slopes and embankments as well as lowering ground-water levels beneath pavements and other
structures. The normal construction sequence is shown in figure 3-1. In addition to techniques shown in
figure 3-1, if high compactive efforts are required (e.g., 95 percent of ASTM D 1557 maximum density),
the puncture strength requirements should be doubled. Granular backfill does not have to meet piping
criteria but should be highly permeable, large enough to prevent movement into the pipe, and meet
durability and structural requirements of the project. This allows the designer to be much less stringent
on backfill requirements than would be necessary for a totally granular trench drain. Some compaction
of the backfill should always be applied.
(2) Wrapping of the perforated drain pipe with a geotextile when finer grained filter backfill is used is a
less common practice. Normally not used in engineered applications, this method is less efficient than
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lining the trench with a geotextile because the reduced area of high permeability material concentrates
flow and lowers drain efficiency. Wrapping of the pipe may be useful when finer grained filter materials
are best suited because of availability and/or filter grain size requirements. In this case, the geotextile
functions as a cover for the pipe perforations preventing backfill infiltration. If the geotextile can be
separated a small distance from the pipe surface, the flow through the geotextile into the pipe openings
will be much more efficient. Use of plastic corrugated, perforated pipe with openings in the depressed
portion of the corrugation is an easy way of doing this.

15

APPLICATIONS OF GEOTEXTILES:(Various Practical Constructions using geotextile)

Geotextiles are part of a wider group of civil engineering membranes called geosynthetics. They are extremely
diverse in their construction and appearance. However, they are generally made from a limited number of
polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester), and are mostly of five basic types: woven, heat
bonded, needle punched, knitted and direct soil mixed fibers.

Application of Geotextiles in Civil Engineering

Geotextiles are used in civil engineering earthworks to reinforce vertical and steep banks of soil, to construct
firm bases for temporary and permanent roads and highways, to line ground drains, so that the soil filters itself
and prevents soil from filling up the drainpipes and to prevent erosion behind rock and stone facing on river
banks and the coast. They have been developed since the mid 1970s, but the advent of knitted and composite
fabrics has led to a revival in attempts to improve textile construction in a designed fashion. Better physical
properties can be achieved by using more than one fabric and by utilizing the best features of each. Civil
engineering works where geotextiles are employed can be classified into the following categories:
1. Road Works
2. Railway Works
3. River Canals and Coastal Works:
4. Drainage
5. Sports field construction
6. Agriculture

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Road Works:
The basic principles of incorporating geotextiles into a soil mass are the same as those utilized in the design of
reinforced concrete by incorporating steel bars. The fabrics are used to provide tensile strength in the earth mass
in locations where shear stress would be generated. Moreover, to allow rapid dewatering of the roadbed, the
geotextiles need to preserve its permeability without losing its separating functions. Its filtration characteristics
must
not
be
significantly
altered
by
the mechanical
loading.

Railway Works:
The development of the railway networks is being greatly boosted by the present state of economy because of
their profitability in view of increasing cost of energy and their reliability as a result of the punctuality of trains
even in the adverse weather conditions. The woven fabrics or non-wovens are used to separate the soil from the
sub-soil without impeding the ground water circulation where ground is unstable. Enveloping individual layers
with fabric prevents the material wandering off sideways due to shocks and vibrations from running trains.

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River Canals and Coastal Works:

Geotextiles protect river banks from erosion due to currents or lapping. When used in conjunction with natural
or artificial enrockments, they act as a filter. For erosion prevention, geotextile used can be either woven or
nonwoven. The woven fabrics are recommended in soils of larger particle size as they usually have larger pore
size. Nonwovens are used where soils such as clay silt are formed. Where hydrostatic uplift is expected, these
fabrics must be of sufficiently high permeability.

Drainage:
In civil engineering, the need for drainage has long been recognized and has created the need for filters to
prevent in-situ soil from being washed into the drainage system. Such wash in soil causes clogging of the drains
and potential surface instability of land adjacent to the drains. The use of geotextiles to filter the soil and a more
or less single size granular material to transport water is increasingly seen as a technically and
commercially viable alternative to the conventional systems. Geotextilesperform the filter mechanism for
drainages in earth dams, in roads and highways, in reservoirs, behind retaining walls, deep drainage trenches
and
agriculture.

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Sports field construction:

Geotextiles are widely used in the construction of Caselon playing fields and AstroTurf. Caselon playing fields
are synthetic grass surfaces constructed of light resistance polypropylene material with porous or nonporous
carboxylated latex backing pile as high as 2.0 to 2.5 cm. AstroTurf is a synthetic turf sport surface made of
nylon 6,6 pile fibre knitted into a backing of polyester yarn which provides high strength and dimensional
stability. The nylon ribbon used for this is of 55 Tex. It is claimed that the surface can be used for 10 hr/day for
about 10 years or more. Modern Astro Turf contains polypropylene as the base material.

Agriculture:
It is used for mud control. For the improvement of muddy paths and trails those used by cattle or light traffic,
nonwoven fabrics are used and are folded by overlapping to include the pipe or a mass of grit.
Usually geotextiles are placed at the tension surface to strengthen the soil. Geotextiles are also used for
sand dune armoring to protect upland coastal property from storm surge, wave action and flooding. A large
sand-filled container (SFC) within the dune system prevents storm erosion from proceeding beyond the SFC.
Using a sloped unit rather than a single tube eliminates damaging scour.
Erosion control manuals comment on the effectiveness of sloped, stepped shapes in mitigating shoreline
erosion damage from storms. Geotextile sand-filled units provide a "soft" armoring solution for upland
property protection. Geotextiles are used as matting to stabilize flow in stream channels and swales.
Geotextiles can improve soil strength at a lower cost than conventional soil nailing. In addition,
geotextiles allow planting on steep slopes, further securing the slope.
Geotextiles have been used to protect thefossil footprintsof Laetoli in Tanzania from erosion, rain,
and tree roots.
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 Coir (coconut fiber) geotextiles are popular for erosion control, slope stabilization and bio engineering
due to the fabric's substantial mechanical strength. Coir geotextiles last approximately 3 to 5 years
depending on the fabric weight. The product degrades into humus, enriching the soil.

SOME SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:a. Installation of Geotextiles Below Natural Ground Level.

In some locations, the elevation of the track structure may be such that the geotextile is placed below the
level of the natural ground.
Where the natural ground surface is elevated above the geotextile, steps should be taken to prevent the
inflow of water. A French drain installed along the edge of the track and lined or completely
incapsulated in a geotextile to filter the inflow of surface water may be used to direct water away from
the track structure. In extremely flat areas it may be necessary to construct Perpendicular side ditches
and soak-away pits from the track structure to allow the water to drain out of the French drains.
Slotted drain pipes can be placed in the trenches to facilitate movement of the water from the track.

b. Highway Grade Crossings.

(1) Drainage in a grade crossing is generally parallel to the rails until the pavement and road shoulder
have been cleared. Once clear of the crossing itself, the drainage should be turned perpendicular to the
track and discharged away from the track structure. A perforated drain pipe, either wrapped with a
geotextile during installation or prewrapped, may be placed in the trench to assist the flow of water from
within the crossing to the ditches outside of the crossing area. Such drainpipes should be placed in the
trench with the line of perforations facing downward.
The ends of the perforated drainpipes and the geotextile under the crossing should be laid with sufficient
fall toward the side ditches to prevent water from ponding in the crossing area. Whether perforated pipes
20

are used or not , the shoulders at the corner of the crossing should be removed, and the ends of the
geotextile turned down so that the geotextile facilitates drainage under gravity toward the side ditches.
(2) In cold climates it is common to salt and sand highways, including grade crossings, which can lead
to ballast fouling in the grade crossing.
One method of preventing or minimizing this ballast fouling is to encapsulate the ballast in a geotextile.
The provision for drainage in this type of installation would be the same as discussed above.

c. Turnout Applications.
(1) The installation of a geotextile under a turnout is basically the same as installation in any other
segment of track. In the vicinity of a switch, drainage of ballast or subballast to ditches is more difficult
to achieve because horizontal distances for subsurface flow are about doubled and gradients are about
halved. Thus, there are reasons for using geotextiles to promote lateral drainage under a turnout where
none is used in adjacent straight sections. If this is done, it should extend at least 25 feet away from the
turnout itself to provide a transition section. As with road crossings, particular attention should be given
to the removal of surface water from the turnout area.
(2) Many geotextile manufacturers produce specially packaged units ready-made for quick application
under turnouts varying from No. 8 to No. 20. d. Rail Crossings (Diamonds). The use of a geotextile in
the track under a rail rossing is very similar to the road crossing application. The design and installation
process must provide adequate drainage.

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USE OF GEOTEXTILE IN DAM

CONCLUSION
Textiles are not only clothing the human body but also our mother land in order to
protect her. Extensive awareness should be created among the people about the
application of geotextiles. Geotextiles are effective tools in the hands of the civil
engineer that have proved to solve a myriad of geotechnical problems. To explore
the potential of geotextile more researches are needed in this field.
When looking to future generations of geotextiles, an examination of the role of
nanotechnology in the functional enhancement of geotextiles is in order. By
reducing fiber diameter down to the nanoscale, an enormous increase in specific
surface area to the level of 1000 m2/g is possible. This reduction in dimension and
increase in surface area greatly affects the chemical/biological reactivity and
electroactivity of polymeric fibers. Because of the extreme fineness of the fibers,
there is an overall impact on the geometric and thus the performance properties of
22

the fabric. There is an explosive growth in worldwide research efforts recognizing

the potential nanoeffect that will be created when fibers are reduced to nanoscale.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://seminarprojects.com/s/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-geotextiles-pdf
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=advantages+of+geotextiles
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=USE+of+geotextiles
http://www.technicaltextile.net/articles/geo-textiles/detail.aspx?articleid=2430

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