Mch o

Mch o
Bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

S mch o
Mch o bao gm ton b thit b o (trong c cm bin) cho php xc nh chnh
xc gi tr ca i lng cn o trong nhng iu kin tt nht c th.
u vo ca mch, cm bin chu tc ng ca i lng cn o gy nn tn hiu in
mang theo thng tin v i cn o.
u ra ca mch, tn hiu in qua x l c chuyn i sang dng c th c
c trc tip gi tr cn tm ca i lng o. Vic chun h o m bo cho mi gi
tr ca ch th u ra tng ng vi mt gi tr ca i lng o tc ng u vo ca
mch.
Dng n gin ca mch o gm mt cm bin, b phn bin i tn hiu v thit b ch
th, v d mch o nhit gm mt cp nhit ghp ni trc tip vi mt milivn k.

Hnh 2.7: S mch o nhit bng cp nhit

1/5

Mch o

Hnh 2.8: Mch o in th b mt

1) My pht chc nng 2) Cm bin in tch 3) Tin khuch i
4) So pha lc nhiu 5) Khuch i 6) Chuyn i tng t s 7) My tnh
Trn thc t, do cc yu cu khc nhau khi o, mch o thng gm nhiu thnh phn
trong c cc khi ti -u ho vic thu thp v x l d liu, chng hn mch tuyn
tnh ho tn hiu nhn t cm bin, mch kh in dung k sinh, cc b chuyn i
nhiu knh, b khuch i, b so pha lc nhiu, b chuyn i tng t - s, b vi x
l, cc thit b h tr... Trn hnh 1.11 biu din s khi mt mch in o in th
trn b mt mng nhy quang c lp rp t nhiu phn t.

Mt s phn t c bn ca mch o
B khuch i thut ton (KTT)
B khuch i thut ton mch tch hp l b khuch i dng mt chiu c hai u vo
v mt u ra chung, thng gm hng trm tranzito v cc in tr, t in ghp ni
vi nhau. S b khuch i thut ton biu din trn hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.9: S b khuch i thut ton

Cc c tnh c bn ca b khuch i thut ton:

2/5

Mch o

- B khuch i c hai u vo: mt u o (-), mt u khng o (+).

- in tr vo rt ln, c hng trm M? n G?.
- in tr ra rt nh, c phn chc ?.
- in p lch u vo rt nh, c vi nV.
- H s khuch i h mch rt ln, c 100.000.
- Di tn lm vic rng.
- H s suy gim theo cch ni chung CMRR l t s h s khuch i ca b khuch
i thut ton i vi cc tn hiu sai lch v h s khuch i theo cch ni chung ca
cng b khuch i thut ton. Thng thng CMRR vo khong 90 dB.
- Tc tng hn ch s bin thin cc i ca in p tnh bng V/s.
B khuch i o lng IA
B khuch i o lng IA c hai u vo v mt u ra. Tn hiu u ra t l vi hiu
ca hai in p u vo:

Hnh 2.10: S b khuch i o lng gm ba KTT ghp ni in tr

u vo vi sai ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic kh nhiu ch chung v tng
in tr vo ca KTT. in p trn Ra phi bng in p vi sai u vo U v to nn
dng in

3/5

Mch o

Cc in p ra t KTT U1 v U2 phi bng nhau v bin nhng ngc pha. in p

U3 ca tng th hai bin i u ra vi sai thnh u ra n cc. H s khuch i tng
ca IA bng:

Kh in p lch
i vi mt b khuch KTT l tng khi h mch phi c in p ra bng khng khi
hai u vo ni mt. Thc t v cc in p bn trong nn to ra mt in p nh (in p
phn cc) u vo KTT c vi mV, nhng khi s dng mch kn in p ny c
khuch i v to nn in p kh ln u ra. kh in p lch c th s dng s
hnh 2.11, bng cch iu chnh bin tr R .

Hnh 2.11: S mch kh in p lch

Mch lp li in p
lp li in p chnh xc, ngi ta s dng b KTT lm vic ch khng o
vi h s khuch i bng 1 s nh hnh 2.12.

4/5

Mch o

Hnh 2.12: S mch lp in p

Trong b lp in p, cc dng ca KTT c ni trc tip vi tn hiu vo, cn cc
m c ni trc tip vi u ra, to nn in p phn hi 100% do h s khuch i
bng 1. Mch lp in p c chc nng tng in tr u vo, do vy thng dng
ni gia hai khu trong mch o.
Mch cu
Cu Wheatstone thng c s dng trong cc mch o nhit , lc, p sut, t
trng... Cu gm bn in tr R1, R2, R3 c nh v R4 thay i (mc nh hnh 2.13)
hot ng nh cu khng cn bng da trn vic pht hin in p qua ng cho ca
cu.

Hnh 2.13: S mch cu

Trong mch cu, in p ra l hm phi tuyn nhng i vi bin i nh (<0,05) c
th coi l tuyn tnh. Khi R1 = R2 v R3 = R4 nhy ca cu l cc i. Trng hp
R1 >> R2 hoc R2 >> R1 in p ra ca cu gim. t K = R1/R2 nhy ca cu l:

5/5