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TS. NNG QUC CHINH

TP I CNG

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

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Li ni u
Gio trinh "Tp i cng" trnh by nhng khi nim c
bn ca Tp, cch xy dng tp, phn loi cc khng gian
tp, s ng phi gia cc khng gian tp v xt trng hp
ring ca khng gian tp nh khng gian compc, khng gian
lin thng, khng gian mtric,. y l nhng kin thc c s
cn thit cho nhiu lnh vc ton hc khc nhau nh Gii tch
hm, L thuyt o v tch phn, Tp i s, Hnh hc vi
phn,.
Gio trnh c vit trn c s nhng bi ging cho sinh vin
nm th 3 h C nhn ngnh Ton v sinh vin h Sau i hc
ngnh Ton ca khoa ton, trng i hc S phm - i hc
Thi Nguyn.
Gio trnh bao gm 4 chng, trong mi chng c nu
nhiu v d minh ho v c phn bi tp c bn sinh vin t
gii.
Trong ln xut bn u tin ny chc rng khng trnh khi
thiu st. Chng ti mong nhn c s gp ca bn c.

TC GI

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Chng 0
NHNG KIN THC C S

1. CC PHP TON V TP HP
1 Giao, hp, hiu
i vi cc tp con A, B, C ca tp hp X ta c:
A B = B A,
A B = B A,
A (B C) = (A B) C,
A (B C) = (A B) C,
A (B C) = (A B) (A C),
A (B C) = (A B) (A C),
X \ (A B) = (X \ A ) (X \ B), (Cng thc De Morgan)
X \ (A B) - (X \ A) (X \ B), (Cng thc De Morgan)
A \ B = A (X \ B),
(A \ B) \ C = A \ (B C),
X \ (A \ B) = B (X \ A).
Gi S (Ai)i I v (Bk)k K l hai h nhng tp con ty ca
tp hp X. Khi :

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(Cng thc De Morgan m rng)

(Cng thc De Morgan m rng)
2. Tch cc
Gi s, X v Y l nhng tp hp, XxY l tch cc ca
chng. Vi U1, U2 X v V1, V2 Y ta c:

3. nh x
Cho nh x f : X Y. i vi bt k A, B X ta c:

Gi s (Ai)i I l h nhng tp con ty ca tp hp X. Khi

:

i vi bt k M, N Y ta c:

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Gi s (Mi)i I l h nhng tp con ty ca tp hp Y. Khi
:

2. QUAN H TH T

Quan h hai ngi trn tp hp X c gi l mt quan h

th t nu cc iu kin sau tha mn:
a) Phn x: x x , x X.
b) Phn i xng: x, y X, nu x y v y x th x = y.
c) Bc cu: x, y, z X, nu x y v y z th x z.
Tp hp X trang b mt quan h th t c gi l tp
sp th t. Nu x y, ta ni x ng trc y, hay x nh hn hoc
bng y. Khi x y v x y, ta s vit x < y. Ta ni hai phn t x
v y trong X l so snh c nu x y hoc y x.
Cho X l tp sp th t. Phn t a X c gi l phn t
cc tiu (tng ng cc i) trong X, nu X X, iu kin x
a (tng ng a x) ko theo x = a. Trong mt tp sp th t
khng nht thit phi lun c phn t cc tiu (cc i), v cng
c th c nhiu phn t cc tiu (cc i) khc nhau.
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Gi s A X. Phn t a X c gi l cn di (tng
ng cn trn) ca tp A, nu x A, ta lun c a x (tng
ng x a). Nu tp con A X c cn di (tng ng cn trn)
th ta ni A b chn di (tng ng chn trn). Tp A c gi
l b chn (hay gii ni) nu A ng thi b chn di v b chn
trn. Ta k hiu DA l tp tt c cc cn di ca A, k hiu TA
l tp tt c cc cn trn ca A. Nu DA v a0 DA tha
mn a a0 a DA. th a0 c gi l cn di ng ca tp A,
k hiu l a0 = infA. Tng t, nu TA v a0 TA tha mn
ao a, a TA th a0 c gi l cn trn ng ca tp A, k
hiu l a0 = supA. Phn t x0 A c gi l phn t b nht
(tng ng ln nht) ca A nu X A lun c x0 x (tng
ng x x0).
Ta ni tp X c sp th t ton phn (hay tuyn tnh) nu
x,y X th x y hoc y x. Khi ta cng ni l quan h
th t ton phn trn X.
Gi s X l tp sp th t ton phn, vi a,b X ty , a b.
Ta k hiu: [a, b] = {x X |a x b}, v gi l khong ng
vi u mt tri l a, u mt phi l b.
[a, b) = { x X |a x b } , v gi l khong m bn phi,
ng bn tri.
(a,b] = { x X |a < x b } , v gi l khong ng bn phi,
m bn tri.
(a,b) = { x X |a< x < b } , v gi l khong m trong X.
Tp sp th t ton phn X c gi l tp sp th t tt nu
mi tp con khc rng ca X lun c phn t b nht.
Gi s X l mt tp hp sp th t. Tp hp tt c cc tp
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con sp th t ton phn ca X vi quan h bao hm l mt tp
sp th t.
Mi phn t cc i ca tp ny c gi l tp con sp th
t ton phn cc i ca tp hp X.

3. TIN CHN

Gi s l mt h no cc tp hp. Ta ni rng h c
c trng hu hn nu n tha mn cc iu kin sau:
(1) A , nu B l mt tp con hu hn ca A th B .
(2) Nu A l mt tp hp tha mn: mi tp con hu hn bt
k ca A u thuc , th A .
nh l. Cc iu kin sau l tng ng:
(i) Cho tp hp khc rng bt k X. i vi mt h ty
(Ai)1I nhng tp con khc rng ca tp X, tn ti hm f : I X
sao cho f(i) (Ai) vi mi i I.
(ii) Trn mi tp hp ty lun tn ti mt quan h th t
tt.
(iii) Mi mt tp con sp th t ton phn ca tp hp sp
th t X lun c cha trong mt tp con sp th t ton phn
cc i.
(iv) Nu h cc tp c c trng hu hn th mi phn t
ca n c cha trong mt phn t cc i xc nh.
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(v) Nu mi tp con sp th t ton phn ca tp sp th t X
u b chn trn, th mi phn t x X lun so snh c vi
mt phn t cc i no ca X.
iu kin (i) c gi l tin chn.
iu kin (ii) c gi l iu kin Zermelo.
iu kin (iii) c gi l iu kin Hausdorff.
iu kin (iv) c gi l iu kin Tukey.
iu kin (v) c gi l iu kin Kuratowsky - Zorn.

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Chng 1
KHNG GIAN MTRIC

1. KHNG GIAN MTRIC, S HI T TRONG

KHNG GIAN MTRIC
1 Khng gian mtric
nh ngha 1.1 Khng gian mtric l mt cp (X, d), trong
X l mt tp hp, d : X x X l mt hm xc nh trn X
x X tho mn cc iu kin sau:
1. Vi mi x, y X : d(x, y) 0; d(x, y) = 0 x = y, (tin
ng nht).
2. Vi mi x, y X: d(x, y) = d(y, x), (tin i xng)
3. Vi mi x, y, z X : d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z), (tin
tam gic).
Hm d c gi l mtric trn X. Mi phn t ca X c
gi l mt im ca khng gian X, s d(x, y) c gi l khong
cch gia hai im x v y.
V d 1.1
v tp hp cc s phc
l nhng
Tp hp cc s thc
khng gian mtric, vi mtric d(x, y) = |x - y| , vi mi x, y
(hoc ).
V d 1.2
Tp hp Rk l khng gian mtric vi mtric d xc nh nh
sau:

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Hin nhin d tho mn hai tin ng nht v i xng. Ta

kim tra tin tam gic. Trc ht, rng nu a1,... ,ak, b1
,... ,bk l nhng s thc th:
(Bt ng thc thc Csi).
Ly ty

Khi

T ta c d(x,z) d(x,y) + d (y,z).

Ta gi d l mtric Euclid v (Rk, d) c gi l khng gian
Euclid.
V d 1.3
Gi C[a, b] l tp hp cc hm s thc lin tc trn khong
ng hu hn [a, b]. D dng chng minh c rng C[a,b] l
mt khng gian mtric vi mtric
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vi

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mi x,y C [a,b].
nh ngha 1.2.Gi s M l mt tp hp con ca khng gian
mtric (X, d). D dng thy rng hm dM = d|M.M l mt mtric
trn tp hp M. Khng gian mtric (M,dM) c gi l khng
gian con ca khng gian mtric (X, d), ta gi dM l mtric cm
sinh bi mtric d trn M.
2. S hi t trong khng gian mtric
nh ngha 1.3. Ta ni dy
nhng phn t ca khng
gian mtric (X, d) hi t n phn t hi t n phn t x0 X
khi

nu
. Ta ni

ta

vit

hoc

l dy hi t v gi x0 l gii hn

ca dy {xu}
Nhn xt.
a) Dy hi t trong khng gian mtric c mt gii hn duy
nht.
Tht vy, gi s lim xn = a v lim xn = b trong X. Khi :
n

d(a, b) d(a, xn) + d(xn, b) vi mi n.

v lim d (a.xu ) = 0 v lim d (b.xu ) = 0 , nn t bt ng thc
n

trn suy ra d (a,b) = 0 tc l a = b.

b) trong khng gian mtric (X, d) nu tm lim xu = a v
n

lim y n = b th lim d ( xn . y n ) = d (a, b) .

n

Tht vy vi mi n, ta u c:
d(a,b) d (a,xu ) + d(xn, yu ) + d(yu,b).
T ta c. d(a,b) - d(xu, yn ) d(a, xu ) + d(yu,b).
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Chng minh tng t ta c:
T hai bt ng thc trn suy ra:
v lim d (a.xu ) = 0 v im lim d (a. y n ) = 0 , nn t bt ng
n

thc trn suy ra lim d ( xu . yu ) = d (a, b) . Ta c iu cn chng

n

minh.
V d 1.4
Trong khng gian v
l s hi t m ta bit trong gii tch c in.
V d 1.5
Trong khng gian

gi s

trong

.y

l dy
Khi :

V vy ngi ta ni rng s hi t trong khng gian Euclid

l s hi t theo cc to .
V d 1.6
trong khng gian C[a.b], lim xn = x0 dy hm s { xn(t) }n
n

= 1 hi t u n hm s x0(t) trn [a, b]. Tht vy,

sao cho
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tha mn n n0 ta c d(xn, xu) < , tc l
vi mi n n0 | Xn(t) - X0(t)| < , n
> n0 v t [a, b].

2. TP HP M V TP HP NG

1 Tp m
nh ngha 1.4 Gi s (X, d) l mt khng gian mtric x0
X v r l mt s dng. Tp hp S(x0, r) = { x X| d(x, x0) < r}
c gi l hnh cu m tm x0 bn knh r.
Tp hp S[x0, r] = {x X | d(x, x0) < r} c gi l hnh cu
ng tm x0 bn knh r.
Vi A, B l 2 tp con khc rng trong X, ta gi:

l khong cch gia hai tp con A, B.

nh ngha 1.5 Gi s A l mt tp con ca khng gian
mtric (X, d). im x0 ca X c gi l im trong ca tp hp
A nu tn ti mt hnh cu m S(x0, r) A. Tp tt c cc im
trong ca tp A c gi l phn trong ca A v k hiu l a
hoc A0).
Phn trong ca mt tp bp c th l tp hp rng.
nh ngha 1.6. Tp hp G X c gi l tp m nu mi
im ca G u l im trong ca n:
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Hin nhin tp X v tp u l nhng tp m trong khng
gian mtric (X, d). Mi hnh cu m l tp m trong (X, d).
nh l 1.1 Trong khng gian mtnc (X, d) ta c:
a) Hp ca mt h tu nhng tp m l mt tp m.
b) Giao ca mt s hu hn nhng tp m l mt tp m.
Chng minh.
a) gi s {Ut}t T, l mt h ty nhng tp con m trong
khng gian mtric (X, d). Ta chng minh
l mt tp
m.
Tht vy, gi S X U ty . Khi x U1 vi t no . V
U, m nn tn ti mt hnh cau S(x, r) U1, do S(x, r) U.
Vy U l mt tp m.
b) Gi s U1 ,... , Un l nhng tp m. Ta chng
minh
l tp m. Tht vy nu x V th x U; vi
mi i = 1,, n. V mi Ui m nn tn ti mt s dng r; sao
cho S(x,ri) Ui, i = 1 ,... , n. t r = min{r1,.... ru}. Khi hin
nhin S(x, r) Ui vi i = 1,...., n, do S(x, r) V. Vy T l
mt tp m.
nh ngha 1.7 vi x (X,d) ty , tp con bt k U X
cha im x c gi l ln cn ca im x nu U cha mt tp
m cha x.
Hin nhin, tp A trong khng gian mtric X l m khi v ch
khi vi mi x A lun tn ti mt ln cn U ca x cha trong
A. hin nhin ta c:
1) A0 l tp m, v l tp m ln nht cha trong A.
2) Tp A l m khi v ch khi A = A0
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3) Nu A B th A0 B0.
2 Tp ng
nh ngha 1.8. Tp con A (X, d) c gi l tp ng nu
phn b ca A trong X (tp X\A) l mt tp m.
Hin nhin cc tp X v l nhng tp ng trong khng
gian mtric (X, d). D dng chng minh c mi hnh cu
ng l tp ng.
nh l 1.2. Trong khng gian mtric (X, d) ta c:
a) Giao ca mt h tu nhng tp ng l mt tp ng.
b) Hp ca mt h hu hn nhng tp ng l mt tp ng.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s {Et},tT l mt h ty nhng tp ng trong
khng gian mtric X. Khi

l tp m, v

l mt tp hp ng.
vi mi t T, tp X \ Ft l m. Vy
b) Chng minh tng t.
nh l 1.3. Tp con F ca khng gian mtric X l ng khi
v ch khi vi dy bt k {xn }n =1 nhng phn t ca F, nu
lim xn = x0 X th x0 F
n

Chng minh.
(=>) Cho tp F ng, gi s tn ti dy {xn }n =1 trong F tha
mn lim xn = x0 v x0 F.
n

V X\F l tp m nn tn ti mt hnh cu S (x0, ) Cha

trong X\F. V lim( xn , x0 ) = 0 nn vi n ln d(xu,x0) < , tc
n

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l xn X\F vi n ln. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
(<=) o li, gi s vi dy bt k {xn }n =1 nhng phn t ca

F, nu lim xn = x0 X th x0 F., v gi s X\F khng phi l

n

mt tp m. Khi tn ti t nht mt im x0 X\F khng phi

l im trong ca X\F. Khi , vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt
1
phn t xn F thuc hnh cu S ( x0 , ) ; Dy {xn }n =1 l mt dy
n
1
phn t ca tp F hi t n x0 F (v d(x0,xn )<
vi mi n).
n
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
nh ngha 1.9. Cho A (X, d), giao ca tt c cc tp ng
trong X cha A c gi l bao ng ca tp A, k hiu l A .
V X l mt tp ng cha A nn bao ng ca tp A lun
tn ti.
Hin nhin ta c :
1) A l mt tp ng v l tp ng nh nht cha A.
2) Tp A l ng khi v ch khi A = A.
3) Nu A B th A B .
nhl 1.4. Gi s A (X, d), v x X. im x A khi v
ch khi mi ln cn U ca x u c im chung vi A.
Chng minh.

(=>) Gi s x A , v gi s tn ti mt ln cn m U ca x
tha mn U A = khi X\U l tp ng cha A => A
X\U => A U = v l.
(<=) Nu x A th U = X\ A l mt ln cn ca x khng c

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im chung vi A, mu thun vi gi thit.
nh l.15. Gi s A (X, d), v x X. im x A khi v

ch khi tn ti mt dy {xn }n =1 nhng phn t ca A sao cho

lim xn = x
n

Chng minh.
(=>) Gi s x A . Theo nh l 1.4, vi mi s t nhin n ta
1
c S ( x , ) A . Vi mi n chn
n

. Khi

{xn }n =1 l mt dy im ca A tho mn lim xn = x .

n

n n =1

(<=) Nu {x }

A tha mn lim xn = x th t nh l 1.3

n

suy ra x A
nh ngha 1.10. Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X c
gi l tp tr mt trong X nu A = X. Tp con B ca khng gian
mtric X c gi l tp khng u tr mt trong X nu ( B )0 =

nhn xt.
a) Tp A l tr mt trong X khi v ch khi vi mi x X tn
ti mt dy {xn }n =1 trong A sao cho lim xn = x .
n

b) Tp B ca khng gian mtric X l tp khng u tr mt

khi v ch khi mi hnh cu ty trong X lun cha mt hnh
cu khng c im chung vi B.
nh ngha 1.11. Khng gian mtric X c gi l khng
gian kh li nu tn ti mt tp con M m c tr mt trong X.
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V d 1.7
l mt khng gian kh li v
l m c v tr mt
trong .
nh ngha 1.12. Cho (X1, d1) v (X2, d2) l hai khng gian
mtric.
Vi bt k (x1, x2), (y1, y2) X1 x X2 t:

Hm d xc nh nh trn l mt mtric trn Xl x X2, tp Xl x

X2 cng vi mtric d c gi l tch ca cc khng gian mtric
Xl v X2

3. NH X LIN TC GIA CC
KHNG GIAN MTRIC

nh ngha 1.3. Cho (X, dx) v (Y, dy) l hai khng gian
mtric, nh x f : X Y gi l lin tc ti im x0 X nu vi
mi s dng u tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi mi x
X, nu dx(x, x0) < th dy(f(x), f(x0)) < .
Ta ni nh x f l lin tc trn X nu n lin tc ti mi im
x X.
nh l 1.6. Cho nh x f : X Y t khng gian mtric (X,
dx) vo khng gian mtric (Y, dy), Khi ta c cc mnh sau
l tng ng:
1) nh x f l lin tc ti im x X.

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2) Vi mi dy {xn }n =1 trong X, nu lim xn = x trong X th
n

lim f ( xn ) = f ( x) trong Y.
n

Chng minh. Hin nhin.

Nhn xt. Nu X, Y, Z l ba khng gian mtric, f : X Y v
g : Y Z l nhng nh x lin tc th g.f : X Z l mt nh x
lin tc.
nh ngha 1.14. Song nh f : X Y t khng gian mtric
(X, dx) ln khng gian mtric (Y, dy) c gi l mt php ng
phi nu cc nh x f v f-1 : Y X u l nhng nh x lin
tc.
Hin nhin, song nh f : X Y l mt php ng phi khi v
ch khi vi mi dy {xn }n =1 nhng phn t ca X v vi x0 X,
ta c lim xn = x lim f ( xn ) = f ( x) 0
n

Hai khng gian mtric X v Y c gi l ng phi vi

nhau nu tn ti mt php ng phi f : X Y.
nh ngha 1.15. nh x f : X Y t khng gian mtric (x,
dx) Vo khng gian mtric (Y, dy) c gi l lin tc u ni
vi mi s dng E, u tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi mi
x1, x2 X, nu dx (x1, x2 ) < th dy (f(xl ) ,f(x2)) < .
hin nhin mt nh x lin tc u l nh x lin tc. iu
ngc li khng ng.
nh l 1.7 Cho khng gian mtric (X, d), A X, A .
Khi nh x: f : X R, xc nh bi f(x) = d(x,A), l nh x
lin tc u.
Chng minh.
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Ly x1 , x2 X tu , khi z A ta c :

V vai tr ca x1 v x2 l nh nhau nn chng minh tng t

ta c: d(x2, A) - d(x, x2) d(x1, A). (**)
T (*) v (**) => |d(x1, A) - d(x2, A)| d(x1, x2). Vi >0
tu ta chn = . Khi x1, x2 X tho mn dx(x1, x2) <
Ta c:

nh l 1.8. Nu f : X Y; g : Y Z l cc nh x lin tc
u gia cc khng gian mtric th tch gf : X Z l cng l
nh x lin tc u
Chng minh.
Gi s dx, dy, dz, ln lt l cc mtric trn cc tp tng ng
X, Y, Z Khi > 0, v g l lin tc u nn > 0 sao cho
vi mi cp y1,y2 Y tho mn dy(y1,y2) < th dz(g(y1),g(y2))
< . Mt khc do f l nh x lin tc u nn > 0 sao cho vi
mi cp x1 , x2 X tho mn dx(x1, x2) < th dy(f(x1), f(x2)) <
v do vy ta c dz(gf(x1), gf(x2)) < . suy ra gf l nh x lin
tc u.
nh ngha 1.16. nh x f : (X, dx) (Y, dy) c gi l
mt php ng c nu x, y X ta c dx(x, y) = dy(f(x), f(y)).
Hai khng gian mtric X, Y gi l ng c nu tn ti mt php

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ng c t X ln Y.
Nhn xt. Php ng c f l mt n nh lin tc u nu n
l ton nh na th nh x f-1 cng l mt php ng c, v khi
hai khng gian X v Y l ng c, ng thi cng l ng
phi vi nhau.

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4. KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y

1 Khng gian mtlic y

nh ngha 1.17 Dy {xn }n =1 trong khng gian mtric (X, d)

c gi l dy Csi, (hoc dy c bn), nu vi mi > 0, tn

ti s
sao cho vi mi s i, j n0 lun c d(xi, xj <
Khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l khng gian y nu
mi dy Csi trong X u hi t.
nh l 1.9. Mi dy hi t trong khng gian mtric u l
dy Csi
Chng minh.
Gi s dy {xn }n =1 l dy hi t, v lim xn = a , khi vi
n

mi > 0 ty ,

sao cho i n0 ta c d(a, xi) <

. Ta

c: d(xi, xj) d(xi, a) + d(a, xj) < .

Vy {xn }n =1 l dy Csi.
Ta c th ch ra mt v d chng t mt dy Csi cha chc
hi t.
V d 1.8
Xt tp cc s hu t
vi mtric d(x, y) = |x - y| , V dy
{xn }n =1 Xc nh nh sau:
mi > 0, tn ti ch s
21

, n = 1, 2, Khi vi
sao cho vi mi s i, j n0 lun

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. Vy dy

{xn }n =1 l dy Csi. Tuy nhin

dy {xn }n =1 khng hi t. V do vy

chng t trong
khng phi l khng

gian mtric y .
nh l 1.10.
a) Khng gian con y ca mt khng gian mtric l tp
ng.
b) Tp ng trong khng gian mtric y l mt khng
gian con y .
Chng minh.
a) Gi s A l khng gian con y ca khng gian mtric
X, ly x A tu => tn ti dy {xn }n =1 trong A: lim xn = x .
n

Dy {xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong A, v A l y nn theo nh

ngha n phi hi t n im no thuc A, v mi dy hi t
ch c mt gii hn => x A => A A => A = A . Vy A l
tp ng trong X.
b) Gi s A l tp ng trong X v dy {xn }n =1 l dy Csi
trong A. V n cng l dy Csi trong X, nn n hi t:
lim xn = x0 . Do A ng nn x0 A. Vy A l khng gian con
n

y .
nh l 1.11. Gi s {xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong khng gian

mtric (X, d), x0 X tho mn mi ln cn bt k ca x0 u

cha v s im ca dy {xn }n =1 . Khi dy {xn }n =1 hi t n
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x0, lim xn = x0
n

Chng minh.
Gi s l mt s thc dng tu , xt hnh cu m S(x0,
trong X. V {xn }n =1 l dy Csi nn

.sao cho vi i, j > n0

ta c
Mt khc theo gi thit tn ti cc ch s
i1, i2 . in n0 sao cho d(xik, x0) <

vi mi
.
2
Khi vi p n0, ta c d(xp, x0) d(xp, xik ) +d(xik, x0) < .
Ngha l xp S(x0, ). vy lim xn = x
n

nh l 1.12. Tp
y
Chng minh.

vi mtric Euclid l khng gian mtric

Gi s {xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong tp cc s thc

. Khi

vi = 1, k sao cho i, j k ta c d(xi, xj) = |xi - xj| < 1.

t m = max{ |X1 , |X2| , |X3| .. |Xk-1| , |Xk| + 1} Khi vi
i > k ta c:
|Xi| = d(Xi, 0) d(Xi, Xk) + d(Xk, 0) < |Xk| + 1 m. vy dy
{xn }n =1 l dy b chn.
Gi A={ y

| (y, ) ch cha nhiu nht mt s hu hn

n n =1

im ca dy {x }

. Ta c A do dy {xn }n =1 l b chn.

Do A l tp b chn di, ta k hiu x = infA. Vi > 0 tu ,

theo cch xc nh ca tp A v ca phn t x ta c khong (x -

, x + ) cha v hn im ca dy {xn }n =1 , theo nh l trn ta

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suy ra dy {xn }n =1 , hi t n im x. Vy mi dy Csi trong
u hi t, ta c l khng gian mtric y .
nh l 1.13. Tch cc ca hai khng gian mtric y
l mt khng gian mtric y .
Chng minh.
Gi s (X, dx), (Y, dy) l hai khng gian mtric y , d l
mtric trn tch X x Y (theo nh ngha 1.12). Gi s {xn , yn }n =1
l mt dy Csi trong X x Y. Do vi mi cp i, j ta c dx(xi, xj <
d[(xi, yi,), (xj, yj)] v dY(yi, yj) d[(xi, yi), (xj, yj)] nn suy ra cc
dy {xn }n =1 , { yn }n =1 cng l dy Csi, theo gi thit cc dy ny
hi t. Gi s lim xn = x0 v lim yn = y0 . Vi > 0 tu , tn ti
n

dy

vi mi i k. T

ch s k
suy ra:

Vy

{xn , yn }n =1

hi

ui

im

(x0,y0)

(do

lim( xn , yn ) = ( x0 , y0 )) .
n

H qu.
a) Tch cc ca mt s hu hn cc khng gian mtric y
l khng gian mtric y .
b) Khng gian mtric Euclid Ru l khng gian mtric y .
nh l 1.14. Nu nh x f: (X, dx) (Y, dy) l lin tc u

th i vi mi dy Csi {xn }n =1 trong X ta c dy { f ( xn )}n =1

trong Y cng l dy Csi (nh x lin tc u bin dy Csi
24

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thnh dy Csi).
Chng minh.
Ta chng minh dy {xn }n =1 l dy Csi. V f l nh x lin
tc u nn > 0, > 0 t dx(x, x) < dY(f(x), f(x1))
< .
Hn na theo gi thit {xn }n =1 l dy Csi nn vi tm c
trn lun tn ti

sao cho dx(xi, xj) < , vi mi i, j n0

dY(f(xi), f(xj)) < vi mi i, j n0. Vy dy { f ( xn )}n =1 l dy

Csi trong Y.
2 Nguyn l nh x co, b Cantor.
nh ngha.18. Gi s (X, dx), (Y, dY) l cc khng gian
mtric, nh x f: (X, dx) (Y, dY) c gi l nh x co nu k
[0, 1) sao cho: dY(f(X), f(X)) k.dX(X,X) vi mi X, X
X.
Nhn xt. Nu f : X Y l nh x co th f l nh x lin tc
u.
Tht vy, > 0, ly =

ta c vi bt k X, X X tho
k
mn dX(X, X) < th ta c dY(f(X), f(X)) k.dX(X, X < k. =
. Vy f l lin tc u.
nh l 1.15. (Nguyn l nh x co). Nu (X, d) l khng
gian mtric y , f : X X l nh x co th trong X tn ti
duy nht mt im a tho mn f(a) = a.
Chng minh.
Gi s k [0, 1] tho mn d(f(X), f(X')) k.d(X, X), X,
X X. Ly im X0 tu ca X, t x1 = f(X0), X2 = f(x1),...,
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www.VNMATH.com
Xn = f(Xn-1), Khi n 1 ta c :

(vi mi p nguyn ng).

vy {xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong khng gian mtric y X.
Do tn ti gii hn lim xn = a , a X.
n

Mt khc biu thc (*) c th vit di dng:

d(Xn, f(Xn)) knd(X0,X1),
cho n v s dng tnh lin tc ca f ta nhn c: d(a,
f(a)) = 0 f(a) = a. Vy a l im bt ng ca nh x f.
Gi s a' cng l im bt ng ca f, ngha l f(a') = a'. Khi
ta c:
d(a, a' ) = d(f(a), f(a )) kd(a, a' ) (1 - k)d(a, a' ) 0
d(a, a) = 0 a = a'.
Vy im bt ng a ca nh x f l duy nht.
nh l 1.16. (B Cantor). Gi s {Sn[an, rn]}n N l dy
cc hnh cu ng bao nhau trong khng gian mtric y X:
S1 [a1 , r1] Sn[an, rn] , c bn knh rn 0.
Khi tt c cc hnh cu ca dy trn c mt im chung duy
nht.
Chng minh.
Vi mi cp s t nhin n, m tho mn m n ta c:

26

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{an }n =1 l dy Csi trong X.

Do X l khng gian mtric y nn dy {an }n =1 hi t,
lim an = a X. Khi a Sn[an, rn], n

v n

ta c

dy {an + k }n =1 l mt dy trong Sn[an, rn] v lim an = a .

n

Gi s b cng l mt im chung ca tt c cc hnh cu

Sn[an, rn]. Khi ta c d(a, b) d(a, an) + d(an, b) 2rn,n
d(a,b) =0 a=b.
nh ngha 1.19. Tp con A trong khng gian mtric X c
gi l tp hp thuc phm tr th nht nu n l hp ca mt h
m c nhng tp con khng u tr mt trong X (ngha l
, trong ( A )0 = vi mi n). Tp con ca X khng
thuc phm tr th nht c gi l tp hp thuc phm tr th
hai.
nh l 1.17 (Barie) Khng gian mtric y l tp hp
thuc phm tr th hai.
Chng minh.
Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric y v X thuc phm
tr th nht. Khi

trong ( A )0 = vi mi

Gi S l mt hnh cu ng bt k. v ( A )0 = vi mi
n, nn tn ti hnh cu ng S1 S tha mn S1 A1 = (ta c
th chn bn knh ca S1 < 1 ), tng t tn ti hnh cu ng S2
27

www.VNMATH.com
S1 tha mn S2 A2 = (ta c th chn bn knh ca S <
1
). Bng quy np ta nhn c mt dy hnh cu ng {Sn}
2
1
bao nhau, tha mn Sn An = v Sn c bn knh nh hn
n
vi mi n. Theo b Cantor, trong X tn ti im a tha mn a
Sn vi mi n a An vi mi n. Do
V l.
3 Thc trin lin tc
nh ngha 1.20. Gi s M l khng gian con ca khng gian
mtric X, g: M Y l nh x lin tc t M vo khng gian
mtric Y. Nu tn ti nh x lin tc f : X Y, sao cho f |M = g,
th ta ni f l mt thc trin lin tc ca g t M ln X.
nh l 1.18. (Nguyn l thc trin lin tc). Gi s M l
khng gian con tr mt ca khng gian mtric X. g : M Y l
nh x lin tc u, trong Y l khng gian mtric y . Khi
tn ti duy nht nh x lin tc u f : X Y, sao cho f|M =
g.
Chng minh.
M tr mt trong X X X, {xn }n =1 M sao cho
lim xn = x (theo nh l l.5). Hin nhin {xn }n =1 l dy Csi
n

trong M. V g lin tc u, nn {g ( xn )}n =1 l dy Csi trong Y.

Do Y l khng gian mtric y nn dy {g ( xn )}n =1 hi t n
phn t y Y. Phn t y ch ph thuc vao x ch khng ph
thuc vo dy {xn }n =1 .
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Tht vy, gi s ta C dy {x 'n }n =1 M, tho mn
lim x 'n = x .Khi :
n

Do g lin tc u lim g ( x ' n ) = x . Nh vy, ta c nh x f : X

n

Y cho phn t x X tng ng vi phn t f(x) = y xc nh

nh trn.
Nu x M, chn Xn X ( n N), khi f(x) =
lim g ( xn ) = g x f |M = g. Ta c nh x f lin tc u. Tht vy
n

V g l lin tc u suy ra > 0, > 0 sao cho x1 , x2 M,

tho mn dX(Xl, X2) < , th dY(g(X1), g(X2)) < . Ly tu X',
X X sao cho dX(X, X) < . Gi s
{x 'n }n =1 . {x ''n }n =1

lim x 'n = x lim x ''n = x .

n

hai

dy
Khi

trong

sao
ta

cho
c

(vi n ln )

(vi n ln )
f
lin tc u.
nh x f c xc nh nh trn l duy nht nh vy, gi s
h : X Y cng l mt nh x lin tc u sao cho h |M=g. Ly
bt k x X v gi s {xn }n =1 l mt dy ca M tho mn
lim X n = X . Khi , v h l nh x lin tc u, nn ta c
n

T suy ra f = h.

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4 B sung cho mt khng gian mtric
Tnh y ca mt khng gian mtric ng mt vai tr rt
quan trng trong gii tch hm, v vy t mt khng gian mtric
khng y , ngi ta tm cch nhng n vo mt khng gian
mtric y .
nh l 1.19. Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric khng y
, d ) sao
. Khi , tn ti mt khng gian mtric y ( X

cho:

.
1. X ng c vi mt khng gian con X1 ca A
.
2. X1 tr mt trong X
, d ) c xc nh mt cch duy nht nu coi
Khng gian ( X
, d ) c
cc khng gian ng c l ng nht. Khng gian ( X
gi l b sung ca khng gian (X, d).
Chng minh.
gi Z l tp tt c cc dy Csi ca X. Ta xy dng trn Z
mt quan h tng ng sau : vi
l tp cc lp tng ng trn tp Z : X
= Z/~ Ta
Gi X
bi x , y ,... Ly x , y X
ty v
k hiu cc phn t ca X

gi s:
bt k, ta c :

Khi vi hai s t nhin n, m

suy ra:

Tng t ta c
Do :
30

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l cc dy Csi

V
Csi trong , ta c dy
mtric y ).
Hn na,

l dy

hi t (do

l khng gian

khng ph thuc vo vic chn cc

day Csi i din trong x v y l

Tng t trn, ta

Tht vy, gi s
c:

vi x , y

ty , ta t:
X

dng chng minh c

chng minh:

.D

l mt khng gian mtric. Ta s

.
a. X ng c vi khng gian con X1 ca X
.
b. X1 tr mt trong X
l khng gian y .
c. X
Gi s x X { x, x,... } l dy Csi trong X. Gi x l lp
. Hin nhin nh x
tng ng cha dy {x, x,... } x X
c xc nh bi (x) = x l mt php ng c.
: X X
.
Vy X ng c vi khng gian con X1 = (X) ca X
, v gi s {x } = X
, khi > 0, n0
Ly ty x X
n n =1
~
sao cho: m, n n0 ta lun c d(Xn, Xm) < . Gi X n 0 l phn
31

www.VNMATH.com
~
cha dy { Xn0, Xn0 ..}, ta c X
t trong X
n 0 X1. Khi ,

Gi s {xn }n =1

.
tr mt trong X
. V X1 tr mt
l dy Csi bt k trong X

, cho nn vi mi n ta c ~
trong X
y n X1 ( n l phn t ca
cha dy {yn, yn, } Vi yn l phn t no trong X) tho
X
mn
m, n ta c:

Ta c dy

Khi , vi mi

do {xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong

l dy Csi trong X.

cha dy { y } . Ta chng minh

Gi y l phn t ca X
n n =1
. Tht vy, vi mi n ta c:

,Do

Theo nh ngha ca

n n =1

dy { y }

l dy Csi trong X nn > 0, n0 sao cho n, m

n0 ta c:

Ngha l n n0:

do vy n n0 ta c:
32

www.VNMATH.com

Chn n0 ln sao cho

suy ra:

Khi , t (*) v (**)

By gi ta ch ra rng khng gian

c xc nh duy
nht nu ta coi cc khng gian ng c l nh nhau, tc l : Nu
(Y, dY) cng l mt khng gian mtric y tho mn X ng
.
c vi khng gian con X2 tr mt ca Y, th Y ng c vi X
Tht vy v Xl v X2 cng ng c vi X nn chng ng c
vi nhau.
.
Gi : Xl X2 l php ng c t X1 ln X2. Ly x X
Khi tn ti dy {~
x } trong X tho mn lim ~
x = x . V l
n n =1

nhp ng c v {~
xn }n =1 l dy Csi trong X1 , nn { {~
xn }n =1 l
dy Csi trong X2, do l dy trong Y. Do Y y , nn tn
.D thy rng phn t y ch ph thuc vo x
xn }n =1 trong X1.
ch khng ph thuc vo vic chn dy {~
ti

vo Y, v chng
t ( x ) = y, ta c mt nh x t X
minh c l ton nh. Tht vy, vi bt k y Y, tn ti dy
{ yn }n =1 X2 Sao cho lim yn = y trong Y, { yn }n =1 l dy Csi
n

trong X2 v -1 l php ng c, nn { -1 ( yn )}n =1 l dy Csi

33

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. V X
y cho nn tn ti
trong X1, v l dy Csi trong X
. Hin nhin ( x ) = y. kt thc chng minh,
,
ta chng minh l mt php ng c. Tht vy, ly x , y X

v gi s {xn }n =1 v { ~
yn }n =1 l hai dy ca X1 sao cho:
t ( x ) = u, ( y ) = v ta c:

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5. TP COMPC

1 Tp compc
Ta bit rng mt khong ng hu hn [a, b] trong khng
c nhiu tnh cht c bit. Chng hn, mt hm s lin
gian
tc trn [a, b] th gii ni trn on , t c cn trn, cn
di v lin tc u tn [a, b]. Nhng tnh cht c suy ra
t mt trong nhng tnh cht c trng : Mi dy bt k nhng
phn t ca [a, b] u c mt dy con hi t. Khi qut tnh cht
ny vo khng gian mtric, ta nhn c khi nim tp compc.
nh ngha 1.21. Tp con A (X, d) c gi l tp compc

nu mi dy bt k {xn }n =1 A u c mt dy con {xn }n =1 hi

t n mt phn t no ca A.
Tp con ca mt tp compc c gi l tp compc tng
i.
Nhn xt.
1) Tp compc l tp compc tng i.
2) Tp compc trong khng gian mtric l tp ng.
3) Tp con ng ca mt tp compc l mt tp compc.
4) Tp A l compc tng i khi v ch khi bao ng A l
tp compc.
Tht vy nu A l compc th theo nh ngha A l compc
tng i. o li, nu A l compc tng i th A l tp hp
con ca mt tp hp compc K. v K l mt tp hp ng v A
K nn A K. T 3) suy ra A l mt tp hp compc.
5) Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X l compc tng i

35

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khi v ch khi mi dy bt k {xn }n =1 A, tn ti mt dy con
{xkn }n =1 hi t n phn t no ca X.
Tht vy, Nu A l compc tng i suy ra A l tp
compc, do dy {xn }n =1 nm trong A nn n cng nm trong A .
Do {xn }n =1 c mt dy con {xkn }n =1 hi t n mt phn t
ca A X.
o li gi s mi dy phn t ca tp con A u c mt dy
con hi t trong X. chng minh A l tp compc tng i ta
s ch ra rng A l compc. Tht vy, gi s {xn }n =1 l mt dy
trong A . Khi , vi mi n tn ti mt phn t yn ca A sao cho
. Theo gi thit, dy { yn }n =1 nhng phn t A cha
mt dy con { ykn }n =1 hi t trong X,

. Khi

, vi mi n.
, nn t bt ng thc trn suy ra

V
.

v A ng nn x A . Nh vy mi dy phn t {xn }n =1 ca
A u c mt dy con {xkn }n =1 hi t n mt phn t x ca A .

Vy A l compc.
2 Tp gii ni v tp hu ton gii ni
nh ngha 1.22 Tp con A ca khng gian mtric (X, d)
c gi l gii ni nu n l tp con ca mt hnh cu no .
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Nu A l mt tp con gii ni ca khng gian mtric (X, d)
th s d ( A) = sup d ( x, y ) c gi l ng knh ca tp hp A.
x , y A

Hin nhin A l mt tp gii ni khi v ch khi d(A) l mt s

hu hn.
nh ngha 1.23. Tp con A ca khng gian mtric (X, d)
c gi l hon ton gii ni nu vi mi > 0 bt k, c th
ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu m bn knh ngha l tn
ti mt s hu hn hnh cu S(x1, ),... , S(xn, ) sao cho

Nhn xt. Mt tp hp hon ton gii ni th gii ni.

Tht vy, gi s A l mt tp hp hon ton gii ni. Khi
theo nh ngha tp A cha trong hp ca mt s hu hn hnh

cu bn knh l:

. t k = max d ( x1 , yi ) . Khi A
i = 2 ,..., m

S(x1,k +l).
Tht vy, nu x A th x thuc mt hnh cu S(xi,1) no .
Khi d (x,xi ) < 1 v d (x1, x) d(x1,xi ) + d(xi ,x) < k + 1.
Vy x S(x1,k + 1) A S(x1, k +1).Vy tp A l gii ni.
Ch : Mt tp h gii ni c th khng hon ton gii ni.
Nhn xt.
1 ) Tp con ca mt tp hon ton gii ni l mt tp hon
ton gii ni.
2) Bao ng ca mt tp hon ton gii ni l mt tp hon
ton gii ni.

37

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V d 1.9
Khong ng hu hn [a, b l mt tp compc trong khng
gian . Cc khong (a, b), [a, b), (a, b]u l nhng tp compc
tng i trong .
V d 1.10
Mt tp A gii ni trong khng gian
l compc tng i.
nn tn ti mt s M sao
Tht vy, v A l gii ni trong
cho A S(0, M), ngha l vi mi X = (, ) A, ta u c ||
M v || M. Vi mi
chn Xn = (n, n) A tha mn

|n| M, |n| M, ta c dy {xkn }n =1 A. V |n| l mt dy phn

t ca khong ng [-M, M] nn
.Tng t, dy

hi t:
hi t:

c mt dy con
c mt dy con

. Ta c:

vy A l tp compc tng i.
V d 1.11
Tp con gii ni bt k ca khng gian Euclid
l compc
l
tng i. Do , tp con ng v mt gii ni bt k ca
mt tp compc.
nh l 1.20. (nh l Hausdorf)
a) Tp compc tng i trong khng gian mtric l hon
ton gii ni.
b) Nu X l khng gian mtric y v A l tp con hon
ton gii ni trong X th A l tp compc tng i.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s A l mt tp compc tng i nhng khng hon
38

www.VNMATH.com
ton gii ni. Khi tn ti > 0. Sao cho khng th ph A bi
mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh E.
Gi s X1 A. v A S(x1, ) nn tn ti mt im x2 A
sao cho d(x1, x2) v A S(x1, ) S(x2, ) nn tn ti mt
phn t x3 A sao cho d(x1,x3) v d(x2,x3 ) .
Bng quy np, ta nhn c mt dy phn t {xn }n =1 ca A
sao cho d(xn, xm ) vi mi n m.
Hin nhin {xn }n =1 khng cha mt dy con no hi t, iu
ny tri vi gi thit A l tp compc tng i (theo nhn xt
5).
b) Gi s A l tp hon ton gii ni trong khng gian mtric
y X v {xn }n =1 l dy phn t ca A. v A l hon ton gii
ni, nn c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh 1.
Trong cc hnh cu , tn ti t nht mt hnh cu cha v s
phn t ca dy {xn }n =1 . v gi hnh cu l S(a1, 1) v k
hiu {x1,n }n=1 l dy con ca dy {xn }n =1 nm trong hnh cu
S(a1,1). V c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh
nn tn ti t nht mt hnh cu cha v s phn t ca dy
{x1,n }n=1 . Gi hnh cu l

con ca dy
N, tn ti mt dy

39

v k hiu {x2,n }n=1 l dy

. Bng quy np ta c, vi mi k
v {xk ,n }n=1 l dy con

www.VNMATH.com
ca dy {xk 1,n }n=1
Xt dy {xn ,n }n =1 l dy con ca dy {xn }n =1 v l dy
Csi. Tht vy vi hai s t nhin m, k bt k, m k, ta u c
, v Xnm l mt phn t ca dy {xk ,n }n =1 Hin
Nhin
Do
V x l y nn dy {xn ,n }n =1 hi t. Vy A l tp compc
tng i.
nh ngha 1.24. Cho tp hp X tu khc rng, A l tp
con no ca X. Mt h (Bi)iI cc tp con ca X c gi l
mt ph ca tp con A nu
. Khi ta cng ni h
(Bi)iI Ph tp A. Nu (Bi)iI l mt ph ca tp A, h con
(Bj)jK (K I) ca h (Bi)iI c gi l mt ph con ca ph
trn nu bn thn h (Bj)jK cng l mt ph ca A.
Nu A l tp con ca khng gian mtric X, (Bi)iI l mt ph
ca A tha mn Bi l tp m (ng) vi mi iI th ta ni (Bi)iI
l ph m (ng) ca tp A.
Nu I l tp hp hu hn th ta ni (Bi)iI l ph hu hn ca
A.
nh l 1.21. (nh l Hain - Boren) Tp con A ca khng
gian mtric X l tp compc khi v ch khi mi ph m bt k
(Bi)iI ca A u c ph con hu hn (ngha l tn ti i1,... , in
40

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I sao cho
Chng minh.
() Gi s A l mt tp comp( trong khng gian mtric X
v gi s tn ti mt ph m (Bi)iI ca A khng c mt ph con
hu hn no. Theo nh l 1.20, A l tp hon ton gii ni. Do
c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu c bn knh bng
1. Trong cc hnh cu tn ti t nht mt hnh cu S[a1,1] sao
cho khng th ph tp A1 = A S[a1,1] bi mt s hu hn tp
m B1.Do A1 l tp con ng ca tp compc A nn n l tp
compc. v vy A1 l tp hon ton gii ni. Suy ra c th ph
A1 bi mt s hu hn hnh cu ng bn knh . Trong cc
hnh cu tn ti t nht mt hnh cu

sao Cho

khng th ph tp
bi mt s hu hn tp
m B;. Tip tc qu trnh ny ta nhn c mt dy cc tp
compc { An }n=1 c cc tnh cht sau:
1) A A1 A2 .
vi mi n= 1,2,...
3) Khng th ph mi tp An b mt c hu hn tp m Bi.
vi mi n, chn xn An. D dng thy rng {xn }n =1 l mt
day Csi trong tp A. V A l tp compc nn {xn }n =1 c mt
day con ht t n mt phn t x0 A ( lim xn = x0 ). V X0 A
n

41

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nn X0 thuc mt tp m Bi0 no ca ph (Bi)iI, do Bi0 l tp
m nn tn ti mt s r dng sao cho S(x0,r) Bi0.Ta s ch ra
rng vi n ln, Au Bi0. Tht Vy, vi bt k X An , do
lim d ( xn , x0 ) = 0 nn

vi n ln, ta cng

T suy ra d(x0,x) < r. Vy An S(x0,r) Bi0 vi n ln.

iu ny mu thun vi khng nh 3) nu trn. Vy
mi ph m ca A u c mt ph con hu hn.
() Gi s mi ph m ca A u c mt ph con hu hn
v A khng l tp compc. Khi , tn ti mt dy phn t
{an }n=1 ca A khng c mt dy con no hi t n mt phn t
ca A. Khi vi mi phn t x A tn ti mt ln cn m Bx
ch cha mt s hu hn phn t ca dy {an }n=1 . H {Bx}xA
xa l mt ph m ca A. Theo gi thit, tn ti x1,..., xm A
sao cho
.
T bao hm thc trn suy ra rng tp hp A ch cha mt s
hu hn phn t ca dy {an }n=1 A. V l v dy {an }n=1 nm
trong A. Vy A l mt tp hp compc.
H qu. (B Hain - Boren) Nu A l mt tp con ng v
gii ni ca khng gian C v (Bi)iI l mt h tp m sao cho
42

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th tn ti i1 ,... , in I sao cho

nh l 1.21 cho ta mt tnh cht c trng ca mt tp
compc. Trong chng 4 ta s thy trong tng i cng ngi
ta ly tnh cht ny lm nh ngha ca khng gian compc.
3 Khng gian compc
nh ngha 1.25 Khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l khng
gian compc nu X l mt tp compc.
nh l 1.22. Khng gian mtric compc l khng gian y
v kh li
Chng minh.
Gi s X l mt khng gian compc v {xn }n =1 l mt dy
Csi trong X. Khi tn ti mt dy con ca dy {xn }n =1 hi t
n x0 X. D dng thy rng lim xn = x0 . Vy X l mt khng
n

gian y .
Do X l tp compc nn X l hon ton gii ni vi mi s t
nhin n, c th ph X bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh

l tp m c.
t Mn = {an,1 .. ,au,kn}, ta c
M l tr mt trong X. Tht vy, ly bt k x X, v gi s > 0
1
< vi n0 ln, ta c x thuc vo mt hnh
tu . Khi
n0

43

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no . Do
. Vy X l
cu
khng gian kh li.
4 Hm s lin tc trn mt tp hp compc
nh l 1.23. Nu hm s f lin tc trn tp compc A th f
lin tc u trn A.
Chng minh.
Gi s f l hm s lin tc trn tp compc A nhng khng
lin tc u trn A. Khi , tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi
mi n, u tn ti hai phn t Xu v Xu ca A tho mn cc
iu kin sau:

v {xn' }n =1 l mt dy phn t ca tp cotnpc A nn tn ti

'
}n =1 ca {xn' }n =1 sao cho
mt dy con {xkn

. Vi

mi n, ta u c:

Do

, t bt ng thc trn suy ra

, tc l
.
V f lin tc ti im x0 nn t xkn x0 v xkn x0, suy ra
, mu thun vi (1). Vy f lin tc u
trn A.
nh l 1.24. Nu hm s f lin tc trn mt tp compc A
th f gii ni trn A.
44

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Chng minh.
Gi s hm s f khng gii ni trn A. Khi vi mi s t
nhin n, tn ti mt phn t xn A sao cho |f(xn)| > n (l), {xn }n =1
l dy phn t ca tp compc A, nn n c mt dy con
{xkn }n =1 hi t n mt phn t x0 ca A. V f lin tc, do |f|
(2).
lin tc trn A, nn
Mu thu gia (1) v (2) chng t f gii ni trn A.
5 Tp hp compc trong khng gian C(S)
Gi s S l mt tp compc trong khng gian mtric X. Gi
C(S) l tp hp tt c cc hm s lin tc trn S. Vi f, g C(S),
t
(l )
Theo nh l 1.24 f v g u l nhng hm s gii ni trn S,
nn v phi ca (l) l mt s hu hn. D dng chng minh
c rng: C(S) l mt khng gian mtric y vi mtric xc
nh bi (l).
Gi s Z l mt tp con ca khng gian C(S).
nh ngha 1.26. Tp Z c gi l gii ni u trn s nu
tn ti mt s M sao cho |f(x)| M , vi mi x S v vi mi f
Z.
Tp Z c gi l ng lin tc ti im x0 ca S nu vi mi
> 0 bt k, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x S, nu d(x,x0 ) <
th vi mi f Z, ta u c |f(x)- f(xo)| < .
Tp Z c gi l ong lin tc ti im S nh Z l ng lin
tc ti mi im ca S.
Tp Z c gi l ng lin tc u trn S nu vi mi > 0
bt k, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x1 , x2 S, nu d (x1 ,x2 ) <
45

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th vi mi f Z, ta u c |f(xl) - f(x2)| <.
nh l 1.25 (nh l Arzela - Ascoli) Gi s S l mt tp
compc trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Tp Z l compc tng
i trong khng gian C(S) khi v ch khi tp Z l gii ni u v
ng lin tc u trn S.
Chng minh.
() Gi s Z l mt tp compc tng i trong C(S). Khi
Z l mt tp gii ni trong C(S) tp Z gii ni u trn S.
Ta chng minh tp Z l ng lin tc u trn Z. Tht vy, do
tp Z l hon ton gii ni, nn vi > 0 tu , ta c th ph Z
bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh

(ngha l

, Vi f1 .. fm thuc Z).
V S l compc nn theo nh l 1.23 cc hm s f1 .. fm
lin tc u trn S. Do , tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x
S, nu

th

, vi i = 1 ,... , m. Nu f

l mt hm s bt k ca Z th f thuc mt hnh cu S(f1, ) no

3
(l i m) vi mi X', X S, nu d(x',x") < th;

( dC(s) l mtric trong khng gian C(S)).

() Gi s tp Z l gii ni u v ng lin tc u trn S.
V tp compc S l kh li, nn tn ti mt tp m c A-{a | n
N} tr mt trong S.
Gi s { f n }n =1 l mt dy phn t bt k ca Z. Ta s ch ra
46

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rng { f n }n =1 c mt dy con hi t trong C(S).
V vy Z l gii ni u trn S, nn { fn(a1)} l mt dy s
gii ni suy ra tn ti mt dy con { f1, n }n =1 ca dy { f n }n =1 sao
hi t.

cho dy s

Tng t tn ti mt dy con { f 2, n }n =1 ca dy { f1, n }n =1 sao

hi t.

cho dy s

Bng quy np, ta nhn c mt dy con

k , n n =1

{f }

sao cho dy s

Hin nhin
iu kin:

ca dy

hi t, vi k = 1, 2,...
l mt dy con ca dy

tho mn

l mt dy s hi t vi mi k.

Ta chng minh dy
l mt dy Csi trong C(S). Tht
vy, theo gi thit, vi bt k > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho: lu
vi mi x', x S m d (x',x") < .
Hin nhin

. Theo nh l Hain - Boren, tn

ti mt s k0 sao cho
hi t vi k = 1,... , K0. nn tn ti mt
V dy s
s t nhin n0 sao cho vi mi m, n nu m n0 , n n0), ta u
c

T , vi mi m, n, nu m n0 , n n0 th
47

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vy { f n,n }n=1 l mt dy Csi trong C(S). ). V C(S) l mt

khng gian y , nn { f n ,n }n=1 hi t trong C(S) Z l tp
compc tng i trong khng gian mtric C(S).

48

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Bi Tp
1.

2.

3.

Gi s X l tp hp bt k v d : X x X l hm s
xc nh bi:
0
khi x = y
d(x,y) =
1
khi x = y
Chng minh rng d l mt mtric trn x, v trong khng
gian mtric (X, d) mi tp con u va m va ng.
(Khng gian (X d) nh vy c gi l khng gian mtric
ri rc).
Gi M(X) l tp hp cc hm s f : X K (K = hoc
K = ) gii ni trn tp hp X. Vi f, g M(X) ty t
.
Chng minh rng M(X) l mt
khng gian mtric vi mtric d.
Chng minh rng nu A, B l 2 tp con ca khng gian
mtric X th:
a) A B = A B

4.

b) A B A B , C th thay du bi du = c
khng.
Chng minh rng nu U, V l 2 tp con m khng giao

5.

nhau trong khng gian mtric X th U V = U V =

Cho A l tp con ca khng gian mtric X. Tp b(A) =
A X \ A c gi l bin ca tp A. Chng minh rng:
a) Vi mi x X, x b(A) khi v ch khi vi mi ln cn
U ca x ta u c: U A v U\A (im x
b(A) c gi l im bin ca tp A).
b) A0 = A\b(A); A = A b(A).

49

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6.

Cho A (X, d). im x X c gi l im gii hn

ca tp A nu mi ln cn U ca x u cha t nht mt
im ca A khc x (ngha l U (A\{x} ). Tp hp tt
c cc im gii hn ca A c gi l tp dn xut ca A
v k hiu l Ad. chng minh rng:
a) Vi mi x X, x Ad x A \ {x} .

7.

8.

9.

b) x Ad tn ti trong A mt dy im { xn } i mt
khc nhau hi t n x.
c) A l tp ng trong X Ad A.
d) Ad l tp ng.
Cho f : (X,dx) (Y,dY) Chng minh rng cc iu kin
sau l tng ng:
a) nh x f l lin tc.
b) To nh ca mi tp m trong Y l mt tp m trong X.
c) To nh ca mt tp ng trong Y l mt tp ng
trong X.
Trong khng gian
xt hai tp con sau:

Trong A v B l cc s thc cho trc. Chng minh

rng E l tp m, F l tp ng trong C[a, b].
Cho hm s x0(t) lin tc trn on [a, b]. Chng minh
rng:
a)
trong
b)
trong

l tp m
l tp ng
.
50

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10.

Trong khng gian

hm s sau y:

, hy xt tnh lin tc u ca cc

a)
b)
c)

trong t0 l mt im c nh ca
[a,b]

11.

12.

13.

d)
Cho (x, d) l khng gian mtric, A X, chng minh rng:
a) Hm d(x,A) l lin tc.
b) Nu A l tp ng trong X th x A d(x,A) = 0.
Gi l1 l tp tt c cc day s thc x = (x1, x2 . ) sao
cho
vi x = (x1, x2 . ), y = (y1, y2 . ) l1 ta t:
.Chng minh rng:
a) d l mt nltric trn l1.
b) Khng gian mtric (l1,d) l mt khng gian y .
c) l1 l khng gian kh li.
Cho l l tp tt c cc dy s thc x = (x1, x2 . ) gii
ni (ngha l sp {|xn|} < . Vi hai phn t ty x = (x1,
x2 . ), y = (y1, y2 . ) l ta
t:
a) d l mt mtric trn l

51

Chng minh rng :

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14.

15.
16.

17.

b) (l ,d) l mt khng gian mtric y .

c) l khng phi l mt khng gian kh li.
Gi s X l mt tp hp, Y l khng gian mtric. Gi (X,
Y) l tp cc nh x gii ni f : X Y. (Tc l f(x) < ).
Vi 2 phn t ty f, g (X, Y) t
.
a) Chng minh rng: d l mt mtric trn (X, Y).
b) Chng minh rng: Nu Y l khng gian mtric y
th (X, Y) l khng gian mtric y .
Chng mnh rng
vi mtric t nhin l mt khng
gian kh li.
Chng minh rng nu trong khng gian mtric X mi dy
hnh cu ng bao nhau u c giao khc rng th X l mt
khng gian y .
Cho (X, d) l khng gian mtric y , Gn l hp ca mt
s hu hn hnh cu c bn knh rn, n = 1, 2,... ,
. Chng minh rng

18.

19.

l mt tp

compc.
Cho A l tp ng, B l tp compc trong khng gian
mtric (X, d). Chng minh rng nu d(A, B) = 0 th A B
. Nu B ch l tp ng th kt qu trn cn ng hay
khng?
Chng minh rng : Nu hm s f lin tc trn tp compc
A (X, d) th n t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn
A.
52

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20.

21.

22.

Cho hm s f lin tc trn khng gian mtric X v A l tp

con compc trong X. Chng minh rng:
a) Tn ti mt tp m U cha A sao cho f gii ni trn U.
b) Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x A th tn ti s r > 0 v mt
tp V m cha A sao cho f(x) r vi mi x V
Cho (X, dX) l khng gian mtric compc v (Y, dY) l
khng gian mtric y . Gi C(X, Y) l tp tt c cc
nh x lin tc t X n Y vi bt k f, g C(X, Y) t
. Chng minh rng d l mt
mtric, v C(X, Y) vi mtric d l khng gian y .
Gi s trn tp hp X c hai mtric d1 v d2. Ta ni rng
cc mtric d1 v d2 l tng ng nu nh x ng nht
idX: (X,d1) (X,d2) l mt php ng phi.
Chng minh rng d1 v d2 l tng ng khi v ch khi
vi mi dy bt k {xn} trong X ta c

23.

24.

25.

53

khi

.
v ch khi
Cho khng gian mtric (X, d) v cho ton nh : [0, )
[0, ) tho mn : (0) = 0; (t) > 0 vi mi t > 0; (t) <
(u) vi t < u; (t+u) (t) + (u). Chng minh rng .d
l mt mtric trn X v cc mtric d, .d l tng ng.
Cho d1 v d2 l hai mtric trn tp X. Chng minh rng
hm (d1+d2) xc nh bi (d1+d2)(x) = d1(x)+d2(x), xX,
Cng l mt mtric trn X v nu d1, d2 l cc mtric tng
ng th d1, (d1+d2) cng l cc mtric tng ng.
Cho khng gian mtric (X, d) v f: X l nh x lin
tc (i vi cc tp ph hp vi cc mtric cho trn X

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v

26.

27.

28.
29.

30.

). Chng minh rng nh x:

l mtric trn X v d, l cc mtric tng ng.

Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric bt k, k l mt s thc
dng c nh cho trc. Vi mi x, y X t:
(x, y) = min{d(x, y), k}.
Chng minh rng l mt mtric trn X tha mn d v
l hai mtric lng ng.
a) Cho v l mt s v t. Chng minh rng tp:
A = {m + nv | m, n
}
l tr mt trong .
b) Cho
, chng minh rng tp B ={m + nr | m, n
} khng tr mt trong bt k khong no trn ng
thng .
Chng minh rng trn ng thng , tp hp khng m
c A c t nht mt im gii hn.
Gi s X l khng gian mtric kh li v A X. im a
X c gi l im ng ca A nu mi ln cn bt k ca
a u cha mt tp con khng m c ca A.
a) Chng minh rng nu tp A khng c im ng th
hoc A l hu hn, hoc A l m c.
b) Gi B l tp tt c cc im ng ca A. Chng minh
rng nu B khc rng th mi im ca B u l im ng
ca B v tp A\B l khng qu m c
Chng minh rng trong khng gian mtric kh li ta c:
a) Mi tp ng l giao ca mt s m c nhng tp
54

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31.

32.

55

m.
b) Mi tp m l hp ca mt s u c nhng tp
ng.
Trong khng gian mtric (X, d) cho hai tp hp A v B
tha mn A B = v A B = . Chng minh rng
tn ti hai tp m U v V trong X sao cho A U, B V
v U V = .
a) Chng minh rng trong khng gian mtric (X, d), vi
mi tp con A X, mi s r > 0, tp hp : V(A, r) = { x
X | d(x, A) < r } lun l tp m.
b) Hy ch ra v d chng t rng tp:
W(A, r) = { x X | d(x, A) r, r > 0 }
khng nht thit l tp ng.

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Chng 2
KHNG GIAN TP

1. CU TRC TP

nh ngha 2.1. Cho tp hp X, gi s T l mt h no

cc tp con ca X. H T c gi l mt cu trc Tp trn tp
X (hay T l mt Tp trn X) nu cc iu kin sau y tho
mn:
1) Tp v tp X l cc phn t ca h T.
2) Hp ca mt h con tu cc phn t ca h T l phn t
ca h T
3) Giao ca hai phn t tu ca h T l phn t ca h T
Cp (X, T), trong T l tp cho trn X, c gi l mt
khng gian tp. Cc phn t ca T c gi l cc tp m
trong X i vi tp T, hay gi l tp T - m. Trong trng hp
tp T xc nh, cc phn t ca T s c gi mt cch n
gin l cc tp m.
Cc iu kin 1), 2), 3) trong nh ngha trn c gi l h
tin ca tp.
V d 2.1

Trn X xt h TT ch gm hai tp con ca X l tp

v tp X. R rng TT l mt tp trn X. Ta gi n l tp th
trn X. Khi cp (X, TT) c gi l khng gian tp th.
56

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Trn X xt h TD = P(X) (tp tt c cc tp con ca X).

R rng TD l mt tp trn X v n c gi l tp ri rc
trn X. Khi cp (X,TD) c gi l khng gian tp ri rc.
trong khng gian tp ri rc mi tp con ca X u l tp m.

Xt tp hp

cc s thc vi T l h tt c cc tp con

A tho mn iu kin sau: i vi mi im x A, > 0 sao

cho (x - , x + ) A, khi T l mt tp trn . Tp xc
nh nh trn c gi l tp t nhin (hay tp thng thng
trn ).

K hiu T l h tt c cc tp m trong khng gian

mtric(X, d) (nh ngha 1.6). Ta c T l mt tp trn X v gi
n l tp mtric ph hp vi mtric d.
nh ngha 2.2. Cho khng gian tp (X, T), A X. Tp
con U ca khng gian tp X c gi l mt ln cn ca tp A
nu trong U c mt tp m cha A. Ta hiu mt ln cn ca
phn t x X l ln cn ca tp con {x}.
Nhn xt.
Ln cn ca mt im khng nht thit l mt tp m, nhng
mi tp m bt k l ln cn ca mi im thuc n. Nu ln
cn ca mt im l tp m th ta ni l ln cn m ca im
.
nh ngha 2.3. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X, T) c
gi l tp ng nu phn b ca A trong X l tp m (tp X \ A
l T - m).
V d 2.2

57

i vi khng gian tp th (X, TD) cc tp v X

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ng thi va l tp m. va l tp ng.

Trong khng gian tp ri rc mi tp con ca X ng

thi va l tp m va l tp ng.

Trong khng gian tp (R,T) vi tng t nhin T mi

khong m (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} l mt tp m, mi khong
ng [a, b] - { x:a x b} l mt tp ng.
nh l 2.1. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X, T) l m khi
v ch khi A l ln cn ca mi im thuc n.
Chng minh.
Hin nhin nu A l tp m th n l ln cn ca mi im
thuc n. Ngc li gi s tp con A ca X l ln cn qua mi
im thuc n, khi vi mi x A tn ti mt tp m Ux tho
mn: x Ux A. Ta c . v Ux T vi mi x A nn A l tp
m.
nh ngha 2.4. H tt c cc ln cn ca mt im c gi
l h ln cn ca im .
nh l 2.2. Gi s U l h ln cn ca im x X, khi
giao ca mt h hu hn cc phn t thuc U cng l phn t
ca U v mi tp con ca X cha mt phn t no ca U
cng thuc U
Chng minh.
Gi s (Ui)i I l mt h hu hn no cc phn t ca U,
, vi mi iI, v Ui l ln cn ca im x nn lun tn
ti mt ln cn m Vi ca x sao cho x Vi Ui. Khi ta c
trong V l ln cn m ca x.
vy U U
Gi s U l tp con bt k ca khng gian tp X cha phn
58

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t W no ca U, khi tn li ln cn m V ca x tho mn
x V W U, vy U U.
nh l 2.3.
a) Cho khng gian tp (X,T). Gi F l h tt c cc tp con
ng trong X. Khi h F tho mn cc iu kin sau:
(i) Tp v tp X thuc F
(ii) Giao ca mt h con khc rng tu cc phn t ca F
l phn t ca F
(iii) Hp ca hai phn t bt k ca F l phn t ca F
b) Cho tp hp X. gi s F l mt h no cc tp con ca X
tho mn cc iu kin (l), (2), (3) trn. Khi h:

l mt tp trn X, v i vi tp T ny F chnh l h tt c
cc tp con ng trong X.
Chng minh.
a) Hin nhin X, T nn ta c iu kin (i). Gi s (Ai)iI
l mt h tu cc phn t ca F t
Khi ta c
v Ai l tp ng nn X \Ai
l tp m vi mi i I. Vy X \ A l tp m. Suy ra A F , ta
c iu kin (II).
Gi s Al v A2 l hai phn t tu ca F Xt tp X \ (A1
A2) = (X \ Al) (X \ A2). Do Al, A2 l cc tp ng nn (X \ Al)
v (X \ A2) l nhng tp m. Vy X \ (Al A2) l tp m, do
A1 A2 F
b) Gi s F l mt h no cc tp con ca X tho mn cc
iu kin (i), (ii), (iii) trn, xt h T = { U X | U = X \ A, A
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F}. Do X = X \ , = X \ X trong theo iu kin (i), X,
F nn X, F.
Gi s (Ui)iI l mt h tu cc phn t ca T, t
vi mi i I tn ti Ai F ra sao cho Ui = X \ Ai, t
theo iu kin (ii) ta c A F Mt khc
v A F nn ta c U T
Gi s U1 v U2 l hai phn t tu ca T. t U = U1 U2
Theo gi thit tn ti cc tp A1 v A2 trong F sao cho U1 = (X \
A1) v U2 = (X \ A Khi :

Theo iu kin (iii) ta c A1 U A2 l phn t ca F nn U

T. Theo nh ngha 2.1 ta c T l mt tp trn X.
Ta chng minh i vi tp T ny F chnh l h tt c cc
tp con ng trong X. Tht vy mi phn t thuc F r rng l
tp ng i vi tp T. Ngc li, gi s A l tp ng bt k
i vi tp T khi X \ A T, theo cch xc nh T trong (iii)
tn ti tp con A' F sao cho X \ A = X \ A' A = A', suy ra
A F.

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2. IM GII HN, PHN TRONG, PHN NGOI,
BIN V BAO NG CA MT TP

nh ngha 2.5 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) A X. im x

X c gi l im gii hn ca tp A nn mi ln cn ca x
u cha t nht mt im ca A khc x. Tp tt c cc im
gii hn ca tp A c k hiu l Ad, v gi l tp dn xut ca
A.
nh l2.4. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X,T) l tp ng
khi v ch khi A cha mi im gii hn ca n.
Chng minh.
Trc ht ta c nhn xt sau : A l tp ng khi v ch khi X \
A l m, khi v ch khi mi im x tu thuc X \ A c ln cn
nm trong X \ A (hay ni cch khc vi bt k x X \ A lun
tm c ln cn ca x khng giao vi A). V vy tp A l ng
trong X khi v ch khi i vi mi x X tho mn iu kin
mi ln cn tu ca n u c giao khc rng vi A th suy ra
x A.
Gi s A l tp ng v x l mt im gii hn tu ca A.
V mi ln cn ca x u c giao vi A khc rng nn theo nhn
xt trn ta c x A.
Ngc li gi s Ad A. Ly im y tu thuc X \ A, v y
khng l im gii hn ca A nn c mt ln cn ca y khng
giao vi A, ln cn nm trong X \ A, suy ra X \ A l tp m.
Vy A l tp ng.

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V d 2.3

Trong khng gian tp th

vi tp con A tu
nhiu hn mt phn t mi im thuc R u l im gii hn
ca A.

Trong khng gian tp ri rc

u khng c im gii hn no.

mt tp con ca R

Trong khng gian tp

, vi T l tp t nhin, xt
tp A = (a,b). Khi mi im x [a,b] u l im gii hn
ca A. Cc tp
khng c im gii hn no. Mi s thc
u l im gii hn ca tp .
nh l 2.5 Nu thm vo mt tp tt c cc im gii hn
ca n th ta nhn c mt tp ng.
Chng minh.
Gi s A l tp con tu trong khng gian tp (X, T), xt
tp X \ (A Ad) ta thy : x X \ (A Ad) lun tn ti ln cn
m U ca x sao cho U A = . Ta c U Ad = . V nu y
U Ad U l ln cn ca y U A (v l). T
suy ra U ( A Ad) = U X \ (A Ad) X \ (A Ad
l ln cn ca nim x. Theo nh l (2.1 ) ta c X \ (A Ad) l
tp m. Vy (A Ad) l tp ng.
H qu. Trong khng gian tp mi tp khng c im gii
hn u l tp ng.
nh ngha 2.6. Cho khng gian tp (X, T ), A l tp con bt
k ca X. i vi mi phn t x thuc X ta ni :
(i) x l im trong ca A nu tn ti t nht mt ln cn ca x
nm trong A.
(ii) x l im ngoi ca A nu tn ti t nht mt ln cn ca
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x nm trong X \ A.
(iii) x l im bin ca A nu x ng thi khng l im
trong, khng l im ngoi ca A. Hay ni cch khc x l im
bin ca A nu mi ln cn ca x u giao khc rng vi A v X
\ A.
nh ngha 1.7 Gi s A l tp con bt k ca khng gian rng
(X, T ). Tp con ca X cha tt c cc im trong (tng ng
m ngoi, im bin) ca tp A c gi l phn trong (tng
ng phn ngoi, bin) ca tp A v s k hiu l A0 (tng ng
extA, b(A)).
V d 2.4

Trong khng gian tp

, vi bt k A l tp con
0
thc s ca ta c A = , extA = , b(A) = R.

Trong khng gian tp

, vi bt k A = (a,b)
ta c A = (a, b), extA = \ (a, b), b(A) = .
Trong khng gian tp
vi T l tp t nhin, cho A =
(a, b). Khi mi im thuc (a,b) u l im trong ca A :
A0 = (a, b), cc im a, b l im bin ca A: b(A) = {a, b},
mi im thuc tp \ [a.b] u l im ngoi ca A: extA = R
\ [a,b].
nh l 2.6. Cho khng gian tp (X, T )
a) i vi bt k A X ta c:
X = A0 b(A) extA; extA = (X \ A)0
Cc tp A0, extA l m, tp b(A) l tp ng.
b) Tp A0 l tp m ln nht trong A.
c) Tp A l m khi v ch khi A = A0.
d) Nu B A X th B0 A0. extA ext B.
e) Vi mi A, B X ta c (A B)0 - A0 B0.
0

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f) Vi mi A X ta c b(A) = b(X \ A).
Chng minh.
a) Hin nhin X = Ao b(A) extA. Ta c x extA tn
ti mt ln cn U ca x sao cho U X \ A x l im trong
ca X \ A, hay x (X \ A)0. Vy extA = (X \ A)0.
Ly tu x A0, khi tn ti mt ln cn m U ca x sao
cho x U A. Mt khc do mt phn t thuc tp m U u
nhn U lm ln cn nn chng u l im trong ca tp A U
AD. T ta c A0 l ln cn ca mi im thuc n, vy A0
l tp m. Ta c extA = (X \ A)0 , nn extA l tp m.
Do A0 (X \ A)0 = (A0) extA) l tp m nn:
b(A) = X \ (A0 extA)
l tp ng.
b) Gi s V l tp m bt k trong A, khi V l ln cn ca
mi im thuc n, ngha l x V ta c x V A, suy ra x
V u l im trong ca A. Vy V A0, hay A0 l tp m ln
nht trong A.
c) S dng a), b) ta c ngay tp A l m A = A0.
d) Gi s B A X. V B0 B A v A0 l tp m ln
nht trong A nn B0 A0. Mt cch tng t ta c extA extB.
e) Gi s A, B X. V A0 B0 l tp m trong A B, theo
b) ta c A0 B0 (A B)0. Ngc li vi bt k X (A
B)0 , lun tn ti ln cn m U ca x sao cho U A B U
A v U B x A0 v x B0. Vy x A0 B0 = (A B)0.
f) Ta c :

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nh ngha 2.8. Gi s A l tp con bt k ca khng gian

tp (X, T). Giao ca tt c cc tp ng cha A c gi l bao

ng ca tp A v k hiu l A .
Theo nh l 2.3 bao ng ca tp A l tp ng, v vy n l
tp ng nh nht cha A.
nh l 2.7 Vi A (X, T), ta c A = A A0 = A0 b(A).
Chng minh.

a) Do A A nn Ad ( A )d. Theo nh l (2.4), do A l tp

ng nn n cha mi im gii hn ca n. V vy Ad A .
T suy ra A Ad A . Mt khc theo nh l (2.5), do A
Ad l tp ng cha A, nn A A U Ad. vy A = A Ad.
b) Trc ht ta c A0 A , mt khc do mi im bin ca
A hoc thuc A, hoc l im gii hn ca A nn b(A) A .
Vy A0 b(A) A . Ngc li theo nh l (2.6) t X = A0
b(A) extA, ta c X \ (A0 b(A)) = extA l tp m, nn A0
b(A) l tp ng cha A. do A A0 b(A), ta c iu cn
chng minh.
Ta d ng chng minh nh l sau y.
nh l 2.8. Cho khng gian tp (X, T). Khi cc khng nh
sau y l ng:
a) =
b) Vi mi A X lun c A A .
c) Vi mi A X lun c
d) Vi mi A, B X lun c:
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e) Tp A l ng khi v ch khi A = A .
g) nu A B th A B
nh ngha 2.9. Cho khng gian tp (X, T), nh x:
: P(X) P(X)
cho tng ng mi tp con A ca X vi bao ng A ca n
c gi l ton t bao ng trn X tng thch vi tp T
nh l 2.9. Cho tp hp X khc rng; k hiu P(X) l tp
tt c cc tp con ca X. nh x f : P(X) P(X) tho mn cc
iu kin sau :
a) f () = .
b Vi mi A X lun c A f(A).
c) Vi mi A X lun c f(f(A)) = f(A).
d) Vi mi A, B X lun c f(A B) = f(A) f(B).
Khi trn X tn ti duy nht mt tp T sao cho vi mi
tp con A ca X ta c f(A) = A (hay ni cch khc f l ton t
bao ng trn X ph hp vi T.
Chng minh.
Ta k hiu:

Ta s chng minh T l tp trn X tho mn kt lun ca

nh l.
Trc ht ta chng minh h B tho mn ba iu kin ca
nh l (2.3). Tht vy ta c :
(i) , X B v f() = theo iu kin a), v theo iu kin
b) ta c X f(X). V vy F(X) = X.
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(ii) Trc ht ta chng minh vi A, B tu trong P(X) tho
mn A B th suy ra f(A) f(B). Tht vy, do B = A B nn
theo iu kin (d) ta c:
f(B) = f(A B) = f(A) f(B). iu ny chng t f(A)
f(B). By gi gi s cho mt h (Ai)iI tu cc phn t ca
B t
;
theo iu kin (b) ta c A f(A). Mt khc
v A A; vi mi i I, nn f(A) f(Ai) vi mi i I, suy ra:

vy A = F(A) A B. Vy giao ca mt h (Ai)iI tu

cc phn t ca B l mt phn t thuc B.
(iii) Hp ca hai phn t bt k A, B B l mt phn t
thuc B v t iu kin f(A) = A, f(B) = B v iu kin (d) ta c:

Theo nh l (2.3), h T = { B X | B = X \ A, A B} c
xc nh nh trn l mt tp trn X , v i vi n h B = { A
X | f(A) = A} chnh l h tt c cc tp con ng trong X.
By gi ta s chng minh f l ton t bao ng trn X ph
hp vi T. Tht vy gi s M l mt tp con tu ca X, v M

M nn theo chng minh trn ta c f(M) f( M ) , v M B

nn f( M ) = M suy ra f(M) M . Mt khc theo iu kin (c)
la c f(f(M)) = f(M), ngha l f(M) B vy f(M) l tp ng
trong X cha M nn M f(M). Ngha l f(M) = M vi mi tp
con M ca X.
Ta d dng chng minh c tnh duy nht ca tp T. nh
l c chng minh.
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3. C S CA KHNG GIAN TP

nh ngha 2.10. Cho khng gian tp (X,T), x l phn t

ca X. H Vx no nhng ln cn ca im x c gi l c
s a phng ca tp T ti x (hay cn gi l c s ln cn ti
x) nu vi mi ln cn bt k U ca x lun tn ti V Vx sao
cho x V U. H con V cc phn t ca tp T c gi l c
s ca T trn X nu mi phn t thuc T u l hp no ca
cc phn t thuc V. H con M T c gi l tin c s ca
tp T nu h tt c cc giao hu hn c th ca cc phn t
thuc M tp thnh mt c s ca tp T.
V d 2.5
Trong khng gian tp ri rc (X, TD). h tt c cc tp con
c 1 phn t l mt c s ca TD. H tt c cc tp con ca X c
hai phn t l mt tin c s ca TD. Vi im x bt k thuc X,
bn thn tp {x} l mt c s a phng ti x.
nh l 2.10. Cho khng gian tp (X,T), h con V T. Ta
c cc mnh sau l tng ng:
a) H V l c s ca tp.
b) Ti mi im x X cng vi mt ln cn U tu ca n
lun tn ti V V sao cho x V U.
c) i vi mi phn t x X, h Vx bao gm tt c cc phn
t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca tp T ti x.
Chng minh.

a) b) Gi s T l c s ca tp T. Ly x X bt k v
gi s U l mt ln cn tu ca im x. Khi tn ti mt tp
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m W tho mn x W U. V W T nn W l hp no
cc phn t ca V Do tn ti phn t V V sao cho x V
W U.

b) c) Gi s V l mt h con no ca T tho mn
iu kin b. i vi x X tu , gi s Vx l h bao gm tt c
cc phn t thuc V cha x, v gi s U l ln cn bt k ca x.
Theo iu kin b tn ti V V sao cho x V U. V V cha
x nn la c V Vx tho mn x V U. Vy h Vx bao gm tt
c cc phn t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca
tp T ti x.

c) a) Gi s vi mi phn t x X, h Vx gm tt c
cc phn t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca tp
T ti x. Ly W tu thuc T, khi vi mi phn t y W
lun tn ti Vy Vy V sao Cho y Vy W. R rng , hay
W l hp no cc phn t ca V. Theo nh ngha ta c V
l c s ca tp T
T nh ngha 2.10 ta thy mt tp c th c xc nh t
c s ca n nh php ton hp cc tp hp, hn na mt tp
c th c xc nh t mt tin c s no ca n nh php
ton giao hu hn v php ton hp cc tp hp. Vn t ra l
vi iu kin nh th no ta c th xy dng mt tp trn X t
mt h no cc tp con ca X. gii quyt cu hi trc
ht ta xy dng khi nim ph nh sau.
nh ngha 2.11 Cho tp hp X tu khc rng, A l tp con
no ca X. Mt h (Bi)iI cc tp con ca X c gi l mt
ph ca tp con A nu
Khi ta cng ni h (Bi)iI
Ph tp A.
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Nu (Bi)iI l mt ph ca tp A, h con (Bj)jk (K I) ca
h (Bi)iI c gi l mt ph con ca ph trn nu bn thn h
(Bj)jk cng l mt ph ca A.
Nu (X, T)l mt khng gian tp, Bi l tp m (tng ng
ng) vi mi i I, th ta ni ph (Bi)iI ca tp A l mt ph
m (tng ng ng).
nh l 2.11.
a) H V nhng tp con ca tp hp X l c s ca tp no
trn X khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau y tho mn:
(i) V l mt ph ca tp X, ngha l X = U { B: B V }.
(ii) i vi hai phn t tu U, V V v vi mi im x
U V tn ti phn t W V sao cho x W U V.
b) h M no nhng tp con ca tp X l tin c s ca
mt tp trn X th iu kin cn v l: h M l mt ph ca
tp hp X.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s V l c s ca mt tp trn X. Khi hin nhin
V l mt ph ca X. Hn na vi hai phn t tu U, V V v
vi mi im x U V, do U, V l cc tp m nn U V l
tp m cha x. V th tn ti W V sao cho x W U V.
Ngc li gi S V l mt h nhng tp con ca X tho mn
cc iu kin (i) v (ii). Gi T l h gm tp v tt c cc tp
con ca X sao cho n l hp ca nhng phn t no trong V
D dng chng minh c T l mt tp trn X v nhn V l c
s.
b) Gi s h M no nhng tp con ca tp X tho mn M
l mt ph ca X. Gi V l h tt c cc giao hu hn c th ca
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cc phn t thuc M, r rng M l mt h con ca V nn V cng
l mt ph ca X, hn na i vi hai phn t tu U, V V ta
c U V cng l giao hu hn cc phn t thuc M nn U V
V. V vy vi mi im x U V tn ti W= U V V
Cho x W U V Theo a) V l c s ca tp no trn X.
Vy h M l tin c s ca mt tp trn X.
nh ngha 2.12. Ta ni rng khng gian tp (X, T) tho
mn tin m c th nht nu ti mi im tu trong X
u c c s a phng khng qu m c.
Ta ni rng khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m
c th hai nu tp T trn X c c s khng qu m c.
R rng mi khng gian tp tho mn tin m c
th hai th cng tho mn tin m c th nht, nhng tn
ti nhng khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th nht
nhng khng tho mn tin m c th hai.
V d 2.6
Xt tp cc s thc vi tp ri rc, vi x X bt k, ta
thy h ch gm mt tp {x} tp thnh mt c s a phng ti
x. V th y l khng gian tho mn tin m c th nht,
nhng n khng tho mn tin m c th hai v khng c
c s m c
nh l 2.12. Nu khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin
m c th nht, th ti mi im x X lun tn ti mt c
s a phng
tho mn Ui + 1 Ui vi mi
.
Chng minh.
Gi s h
l mt c s a phng m c ti
im x. t: U1 = W1 , U2 = U1 W2, ., Ui = Ui - 1 Wi....
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tho mn : Ui + 1 Ui (vi mi
v l
R rng h
mt c s a phng ti im x.
nh l 2.13. Gi s A l tp con khng m c ca khng
gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai. Khi A
Ad
Chng minh.
Gi s A Ad = , ngha l mi im thuc A u khng
phi l im gii hn ca A, v gi s V l mt c s m c
ca tp T. Khi vi mi x A tn ti mt ln cn m Ux
tho mn Ux (A \ {X}) = . DO V l c s nn tn ti ln cn
VX V ca nim x tho mn x Vx Ux. Ta c VX A =
{X}. Do c mt n nh t tp A n h V. Suy ra tp A c
lc lng m c, iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ban u.
Vy trong A c im gii hn ca A.
nh l 2.14. (nh l Linlp) Mi mt ph m bt k ca
khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai lun
c ph con m c.
Chng minh.
Gi s h (Wi)iI l mt ph m ca X i vi tp T, v V
l mt c s m c ca T vi mi i I ta thy Wi l hp no
cc phn t ca V. Nh vy trong V ta s chn c mt h
con K c tnh cht sau:
(i) Mi phn t V K l tp con ca mt tp Wi no .
(ii) H K l mt ph ca X.
i vi mi phn t ca V K ta chn c nh phn t Wf(v)
l phn t ca h h (Wi)iI cha V. Nh vy ta chn c h
con (Wf(V))VK ca h (Wi)iI tho mn : h (Wf(V))VK c lc
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lng m c v l ph ca X (v K l ph ca X).
nh ngha 2.13. Khng gian tp (X, T)c gi l khng
gian Linlp nu mi ph m bt k ca n c ph con m
c.
nh ngha 2.14. Ta ni tp con A ca khng gian tp
(X,T) l tr mt trong X nu A = X. Khng gian tp (X,T)
c gi l khng gian kh li nu trong X c mt tp con m
c tr mt.
V d 2.7
Xt tp vi tng t nhin T, khi tp
cc s hu t l
tr mt trong v mi s thc thuc u l im gii hn ca
, hn na v l m c nn ( , T) l khng gian kh li.
nh l 2.15 Khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m
c th hai l khng gian kh li.
Chng minh.
Gi s do l mt c s m c ca khng gian tp (X,T).
Vi mi U V ta chn 1 phn t x U. Gi A l tp hp tt c
cc im x c chn nh trn, khi A l tp con m c
ca X. Mt khc ta c X \ A l tp m, gi s X \ A khi
tn ti phn t y X \ A . Ta c X \ A l ln cn ca y. theo
nh ngha c s tn ti V V sao cho V (X \ A ), ngha l
V A = . iu ny mu thun vi cch xy dng A trn. do
X \ A = , ngha l X = A . vy A l tp m c tr mt
trong X. theo nh ngha X l khng gian kh li.
nh ngha 2.15 khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l khng
gian Hausdorff (hay cn gi l H - khng gian, T2 - khng gian)
nu i vi hai im khc nhau tu x, y X lun tn ti cc
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ln cn U ca x v V ca y sao cho U V = .
nh l 2.16. Trong khng gian tp Hausdorff (X, T) mi
tp con hu hn u l tp ng.
Chng minh.
Vi x X tu , ta c tp X \ {x} l tp m. tht vy, vi y
x \{X} bt k ta lun tm c mt ln cn ca y khng cha x,
v do ln cn ny nm hon ton trong X \ {x}. Do vy y l
im trong ca X \ {x} , ngha l (X \ {x})0 = X \ {x}. T suy
ra tp mt im bt k trong X l ng.
Ta c
l tp ng.
V d 2.8
1) Xt tp X vi tng ri rc TD = P(X).

Tin c s, ng thi l c s ca (X, TD) l h tt c cc

tp con ca X c mt phn t.

H tt c cc tp con ca X c hai phn t cng l mt

tin c s ca (X, TD)

Khng gian tp (X, TD) tho mn tin m c th

nht, nhng cha chc tho mn tin m c th hai.

Khi X c lc lng khng m c th khng gian tp

(X, TD) khng tho mn tin m c th hai, cng
khng phi l kh li.

Khng gian tp (X, TD) l khng gian Hausdorff.

2) Xt khng gian tp

vi T l tp t nhin. Khi :

l khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th

hai vi c s l h m c tt c cc khong m c
dng.
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l khng gian Hausdorff, v l khng gian kh li..

3) Trong tp hp xt h Tk = {A : R \ A l tp hu hn }. Ta
c Tk l mt tp trn v gi n l tp to bi phn b ca
cc tp hu hn. Khi cc khng nh sau l ng.

l khng gian tp khng tho mn tin m

c th nht.
khng l khng gian Hausdorff.

l khng gian kh li.

4) trong khng gian mtric (X, d) vi T l tp mtric, ta c. H
tt c cc hnh cu m S(x, r) | x X, r
} l c s ca tp
T.
H tt c cc hnh cu m {S(x0, r) | r
) l c s a
phng ti im x0. V vy (X, d) l khng gian tho mn tin
m c th nht.

(X, d) l khng gian Hausdorf.

BI TP

1. a) Hy tn tt c cc tp c th xy dng trn tp c hai

phn t.
b) C bao nhiu tp khc nhau c th xy dng trn tp c
ba phn t.
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2. Hy xc nh xem h T cc tp con ca tp X c cho di
y c l tp trn X hay khng:
a) X = {a, b, c} ; T= { , {a}, {a, b}, {b, c}, X}.
b) X = ; T = { , (-a, a) | a , a > 0}.
c) X = ;T = {, (a, b] | a, b , a < b}.
d_ X = x , trong l tp s thc vi tp t nhin ;
T = { UX V | U, V l cc tp th trong }.
3. Chng minh rng giao ca hai tp xc nh trn tp X l
mt tp trn X. Hp ca hai tp xc nh trn tp X c l
mt tp trn X khng ? v sao?
4. Hy ch ra v d minh ho : C nhng khng gian tp
trong giao ca mt h v hn nhng tp con m cha chc
l tp m; hp ca mt h v hn nhng tp con ng cha
chc l mt tp ng.
5. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) nu U v V l
hai tp m khng giao nhau th : U V = U V = .
6. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) vi mi tp
con A ta lun c b(A) = A ( x \ A) ; A b(A) = A0
b(A).
7. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) nu U l tp
con m v A l tp con ng trong X th: U \ A l tp m v
A \ U l tp ng trong X.
8. Trong tp cc s thc cho cc tp con sau : (0, 1); [0, 1);
(0, 1 ] ; [0, l];
{0, 1, 2}. Hy xt tnh m, ng ca cc
tp con trn trong i vi cc tp sau:
a) Tp ri rc.
b) Tp t nhin.
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c) Tp to bi cc phn b ca cc tp hu bn.
9. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) tp con A l
va m, va ng khi v ch khi b(A) = .
10. Chng minh rng nu A l tp con hu hn phn t ca
khng gian tp vi tng t nhin th b(A) = A.
11. Tm tt c cc im gii hn ca tp con A = [0, 1 ] trong
tp vi tp :
a) Tp th.
B) Tp ri rc.
c) Tp t nhin.
d) Tp to bi cc phn b ca cc tp hu hn.
12. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) im x l
im gii hn ca tp A khi v ch khi x A \ {x} .
13. Gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp. Hy chng minh cc
khng nh sau y:
a) Nu A B th Ad Bd.
b) (A B)d = Ad Bd.
c) Tp A l tp ng khi v ch khi Ad A. Hy ch ra v d
chng t A l tp ng nhng Ad A.
14. Cho khng gian tp (X, T) vi A l tp con ca X, nhng
khng nh sau y l ng hay sai? V sao:
a) Ad A . B) Ad b(A). c) b(A) Ad. d) A Ad.
15. Trong khng gian tp (X, T) vi A l tp con ca X, cc
im ca tp A \ Ad c gi l cc im c tp ca tp A.
Tp A c gi l tha trong X nu A0 = . Tp A c gi
l khng u tr mt trong X nu ( A )0 = . Tp A c gi
l t tr mt nu A Ad. Hy chng minh cc khng nh
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sau y:
a) im x X l im c tp ca X nu v ch nu {x} l tp
m.
b) tp A l tr mt trong X nu v ch nu mi tp m khc
rng trong X u c im chung vi A.
c) Tp A l tha trong X nu v ch nu mi tp m khc
rng trong X u c im chung vi X \ A.
d) Tp A l khng u tr mt trong X nu v ch nu mi tp
m khc rng trong X u cha mt tp m khc rng khng c
im chung vi A.
16. Chng minh rng h
, v h
l cc c s ca cc tp no trn
. Hy xc nh cc tnh cht ca cc tp .
17. Chng minh rng h
to nn c s
ca tp trn , k hiu tp l Ts. Hy chng minh
khng gian tp ( , Ts) l khng gian tha mn tin m
c th nht, l khng gian kh li, khng gian Hausdorff
nhng khng l khng gian tha mn tin m c th
hai.
18. Trn khng gian tp ( , TK) hy ch ra mt h v hn cc
tp con m nhng giao ca chng khng l tp m.
19. Chng minh rng khng gian mtric (X, d) vi T l tp
mtric l khng gian tho mn tin m c th II khi v
ch khi X l khng gian kh li.

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Chng 3

NH X LIN TC, KHNG GIAN CON

KHNG GIAN TCH, KHNG GIAN THNG

Vic nghin cu lp nh x gia nhng khng gian tp rt

quan trng, c bit l cc nh x lin tc. Trong chng trnh
gii tch c in chng ta bit v cc hm lin tc. y khi
nim nh x lin tc s l khi qut hn, s hiu bit v cc nh
x lin tc t khng gian tp ny n khng gian tp kia s
cho ta bit c nhng tnh cht ca khng gian tp ngun
(hoc ch), c bit cc php ng phi gia nhng khng gian
tp s chuyn cu trc khng gian tp ny n khng gian
tp kia vi ngha l cc tng ng tp. Cc bt bin qua
cc php ng phi c gi l cc bt bin tp. Di y ta s
nghin cu c th v nh x lin tc.

1. NH X LIN TC - PHP NG PHI

nh ngha 3.1.

79

Ta ni nh x f : X Y, t khng gian tp X n khng

gian tp Y, l lin tc ti im x0 X nu vi mi ln
cn U ca im f(x0) Y lun tn ti ln cn V ca im
x0 tho mn f(V) U.

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nh x f c gi l nh x lin tc trn khng gian tp

X nu n lin tc ti mi im x X.
Nhn xt.
Gi s f: X Y l nh x t khng gian tp X n khng
gian tp Y. nh x f l lin tc ti im x0 X nu v ch nu,
vi mi ln cn U ca f (x0) trong Y, to nh f-1(U) l ln cn
ca x0 trong X.
Tht vy, nu nh x f l lin tc ti x0 hin nhin tn li ln
cn V ca x0 f(V) U V f-1(f(V)) f-1(U) f-1(U) l
ln cn ca x0 trong X. Ngc li gi s vi mi ln cn U ca
f(x0) lun c f-1(U) l ln cn ca im x0 trong X. Khi chn
V = f-1(U), ta c f(V) = f(f-1(U)) U Vy f l lin tc ti x0.
nh l 3.1. Cho f : X Y l nh x t khng gian tp X
n khng gian tp Y. Khi cc iu kin sau y l tng
ng:
a) nh x f l lin tc.
b) i vi mi tp con A bt k ca X lun c
.
c) To nh ca mi tp con ng ty trong Y l tp con
ng trong X.
d) To nh ca mi tp con m ty trong Y l tp m trong
X.
e) To nh ca mi phn t thuc tin c s no ca tp
trong Y l tp m trong khng gian tp X.
g) i vi mi tp con B bt k trong Y lun c
.
Chng minh.
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a) b). Gi s A X, v f l nh x lin tc. Nu f( A )

. ly tu y f( A ), khi x A tho mn f(x) = y. Gi

s U l ln cn tu ca y = f(x). V f l lin tc, nn tn ti ln
cn V ca x sao cho f(v) U, do V f-1(U).
V x A V A f-1(U) A , ngha l tn ti
x f-1(U) A. i vi phn t x ta c f(x') U f(A),
ngha l U f(A) (ln cn ty ca im y lun c giao
khc rng vi tp f(A))

b) c). Gi s B l tp ng ty trong Y, t A = f1
(B) X.
Theo gi thit ta c: f( A ) f(A) = f[f - 1(B)] = B f ( X )
B
l tp ng trong X.

c) d). Gi s B l tp m tu trong Y. Khi Y \ B l

tp ng trong Y tf-1(y \ B) l tp ng, nhng ly f-1(Y \ B)
= X \f-1(B) l ng nn f-1(B) l tp m trong X.

d) e). Hin nhin, v mi phn t thuc tin c s ca

tp trong Y l tp m trong Y nn to nh ca n l m trong
X.

e) a). Gi s nh x f tho mn iu kin (e), vi x0 l

im bt k trong X, v U l ln cn tu ca im f(x0) trong
Y. Gi s V l mt c s ca tp trn Y, v M l mt tin c s
ca tp .
Theo nh l (2.10), tn ti W V sao cho f(x0) W U, t
nh ngha tin c s ta thy W l giao hu hn no ca cc
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phn t trong M, ngha l W = V1 ... Vk (Vi M) v f-1(W)
= f-1(V1) . f-1(Vk) theo (e) cc tp f-1(V1) ,..., f-1(Vk) u
l tp m trong X, nn f-1(W) l tp m trong X. t f-1(W) = V
ta c x0 f-1(W) = V. Ta c:

Theo nh ngha f l lin tc ti im x0. Do x0 l im bt k

trong X nn nh x f l lin tc trn X.

b) g). Gi s B Y tu , t A = f-1(B). Theo b) ta c:

g) b). Gi s A X tu . t B = trai c Y.

Ta c
nh l 3.2. Gi s X, Y, Z l ba khng gian tp, f : X Y
v g : Y Z l cc nh x lin tc. Khi nh x h = g.f : X
Z cng l nh x lin tc.
Chng minh.
Gi s W l mt tp m tu trong Z, do g l lin tc nn
-1
g (W) l mt tp m trong Y. V f l lin tc nn:

l tp m trong X. Vy h l nh x lin tc.

nh ngha 3.2. nh xa f : X Y t khng gian tp X n
khng gian tp Y c gi l nh x m (tng ng ng), nu
nh ca mi tp m (tng ng ng) bt k trong X qua nh x
f l tp m (tng ng ng) trong Y.
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nh ngha 3.3. nh x f : X Y t khng gian tp X n
khng gian tp Y c gi l php ng phi nu f l song nh
v f, f-1 u l cc nh x lin tc. Hai khng gian tp X v Y
c gi l ng phi nu tn ti mt php ng phi t X n
Y.
V d 3.1
1) Xt tp hp s thc
vi tp t nhin, cc hm
lin tc t
l cc nh x lin tc.
2) i vi khng gian tp (X, T ) tu , nh x ng nht t X
X l mt php ng phi.
3) nh x f : X Y t khng gian tp (X, Tx) n khng gian
tp (Y, Ty) cho mi phn t x X ng vi mt phn t c
nh no trong Y l lin tc (gi l nh x hng).
4) nh x t mt khng gian tp ri rc n khng gian tp
tu l lin tc.
5) nh x t khng gian tp tu ti khng gian tp ri rc l
nh x m, nhng cha chc lin tc.
6) Tn ti nhng nh x l song nh, lin tc nhng cha chc l
php ng phi. Tht vy gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp
ri rc, (X, U) l khng gian tp th. Khi nh x ng
nht idx : (X, T) (X, U) l song nh, lin tc nhng khng
l php ng phi.
7) nh x f :
(vi tng t nhin) l lin tc khi v ch
khi > 0, tn ti > 0, sao cho
tho mn |x - x0| <
th: |f(x) - f(x0)| < .
Tht vy, gi s nh x f l lin tc ti im x0, > 0 tu .
Khi ta c khong I = (f(x0) - , f(x0) + ) l mt ln cn ca

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im f(x0). V f lin tc nn tn ti mt ln cn V ca x0 sao cho
f(V) I. V c s ca tp t nhin l nhng khong m, nn
tn ti mt khong m J V cha x0. Khi tn ti > 0 tha
mn (x0 - , x0 + ) J. Nh vy tn ti xc nh sao
cho
tha mn x (x0 - , x0 + ) th f(x) I, ngha l |X
- x0 < |f(x) - f(x0)| < .
Ngc li, gi s nh x f tho mn iu kin a ra
trn.
Vi U l ln cn tu ca im f(x0) khi c mt khong
m I U sao cho f(x0) I. Ta c th gi thit rng: I = (f(x0) -
, f(x0) + ), Vi > 0 xc nh. Theo gi thit ta tm c s >
0 xc nh t iu kin |x - x0| < s ko theo |f(x) - f(x0)| <
. t J = (x0 - , x0 + ). Ta c J l ln cn ca X0 tho man f(J)
I U. Do U ly tu nn ta c f l lin tc.
8) Sau y l mt vi v d v nh x khng lin tc.
a)
c xc nh bi:
0
khi x 0
f(x)=
1
khi x > 0
l hm lin tc ti mi im x 0, nhng khng lin tc ti
im X0 = 0.
b) Hm irichl f:
xc nh bi:

l hm khng lin tc ti
.
Thc vy gi s
tu ta c f(x0) = 1. Chn mt ln
cn ca 1 = f(x0) l U = (l/2,3/2). Khi vi mt ln cn V bt
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k ca x0 ta c

, V lun C x V:

f(x) = 0. Nh vy f khng lin tc ti mi im ca

. Chng

minh tng t ta c ti mi
, f cng khng lin tc.
Ta c th d dng chng minh kt qu sau:
nh l 3.3.
a) nh x f : X Y l nh x m th iu kin cn v
l nh f(U) ca phn t U tu trong c s V no ca tp
trn X l m trong Y.
b) Hp thnh ca hai nh x m l nh x m.
c) Song nh f : X Y l mt php ng phi khi v ch khi f
l nh x hen tc v m.

2. SO SNH HAI TP

nh ngha 3.4. Cho hai tp T1, T2 trn cng mt tp hp

X, ta ni rng T1 l mn hn T2 (hoc T2 th hn T1, T1 mnh
hn T2 hay T2 yu hn T1) nu T2 T1. Ta ni rng hai tp T1,
T2 trn X l so snh c nu T2 T1, hoc T1 T2. Trong
trng hp khng c quan h trn ta ni rng T1 v T2 l khng
so snh c.
V d 3.2
1) Trn tp s thc ta k hiu :
TT= Tp th,
TD = Tp ri rc,

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TK = Tp to bi phn b ca cc tp hu hn,
TS = Tp c c s l h v = {[a, b] | a, b } (bi tp ch2.
16),
T = l Tp t nhin.
Khi ta c dy bao hm sau :
Trn tp X tu vi A v B l 2 tp con thc s, khc nhau ca
X, cc tp
l khng so snh
c
nh l3.4. Gi s T1 v T2 l 2 tp trn X. Khi cc iu
kin sau l tng ng:
a) T1 l mnh hn T2.
b) nh x ng nht idx : (X, T1 ) (X, T2 ) l lin tc.
c) Mi phn t thuc tin c s ca T2 cng l phn t ca T1
Chng minh.

a)

b).

Hin

nhin

nu

T2

ta

, vy nh x idx l lin tc.

b) c). p dng nh l (2.l), to nh ca mi phn t

thuc tin c s ca T2 l phn t ca T1. Vy mi phn t
thuc tin c s ca T2 cng l phn t ca T1.

c) a) p dng nh l (2.l), nh x idx l lin tc. Suy

ra vi bt k U T2 ta c
, vy T2 T1.
Ta d dng chng minh cc khng nh sau:
nh l 3. 5
a) Cho nh x f : X Y , trong X l khng gian tp, Y
l tp hp trn xc nh hai tp B1 v B2 tha mn: B1
B2 Khi nu nh x f lin tc i vi tp B2 th cng lin tc
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i vi B1.
b) Cho nh x f : X Y , trong Y l khng gian tp, X
l tp hp tu . Gi s T1, T2 l hai tp xc nh trn X tho
mn T1 T2. Khi nu i vi T1 nh x f lin tc th i vi
T2 nh x f cng lin tc.

3. TP XC NH BI MT H NH X

nh l 3.6. Gi s X l mt tp hp,
l mt h
nhng khng gian tp. Gi thit rng vi mi i I cho mt
nh x fi : X Yi. Khi trong s cc tp xc nh trn X sao
cho tt c cc nh x fi u lin tc s tn ti mt tp T yu
nht , v T c mt tin c s l h M tt c cc tp con ca tp
hp X c dng f-1(Ui ) (trong i I v Ui l tp m no
trong khng gian Yi). T c gi l tp u xc nh bi h
nh x {fi}I I.
Chng minh.
D dng thy rng h
l mt ph ca
X nn theo nh l (1.11) tn ti mt tp ? trn X nhn M l
tin c s vi mi i I, v mt tp m tu U Yi ta c fi-1
(U) l phn t ca M T. Do fi-1(U) l tp T - m trong X.
Nh vy n vi T ta c nh x fi l lin tc i vi mi i I.
Ta c T l tp yu nht trong cc tp trn X sao cho mi fi
u lin tc. Tht vy, gi s V X l mt tp trn X sao cho
tt c fi u lin tc vi mi i I. Gi s V X tho mn V
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T, khi V l hp ca mt h no cc giao hu hn c th
ca cc phn t thuc M. Do tnh lin tc ca fi i vi tp T
(i I) ta suy ra rng mi phn t ca M l tp m i vi tp
T. Do vy mi giao hu hn c th ca cc phn t thuc M l
tp m i vi T. Suy ra V T. Vy T T .Ta c iu phi
chng minh.
nh l 3.7 Gi s {fi}iI l mt h nh x fi : X Y; t tp
hp X vo cc khng gian tp (Yi, Bi), T l tp u trn X
xc nh bi h nh x {fi}iI, g : Z X l nh x t khng gian
tp (Z, D) vo khng gian (X, T). Khi g l nh x lin tc
nu v ch nu, vi mi I I, nh x fig : Z Yi l lin tc.
Chng minh.
Hin nhin nu g lin tc th mi fig l lin tc v n l tch
ca hai nh x lin tc. Gi s vi mi i I, nh x fig : Z
Yi; l lin tc v V = fi-1(Ui) (trong i I v Ui l tp hp m
no trong khng gian Yi ) l mt phn t tu thuc tin c

s M ca tp. Ta c
. V fig lin
-1
-1
tc nn (fig) (Ui) l tp m trong Z. Do g (V) D. Vy g l
nh x lin tc.
Nhn xt.
Gi s {(Xs, Ts}sS l mt h khng gian tp, (Y l mt
khng gian tp, {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs : Xs Y lin tc.
Hin nhin nu thay B bng mt tp B trn Y yu hn B th
mi nh x fs ca h ni trn vn lin tc. Nhng ni ta thay B
bng mt tp B mnh hn th tnh lin tc ca nh x fs c th
khng c bo ton. By gi gi s {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs :
Xs Y t khng gian tp Xs vo tp hp Y. nh l di y
ch ra rng trong tt c cc tp xc nh trn Y, sao cho mi
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nh x ca h {fs}sS u lin tc, tn ti mt tp mnh nht.
nh l 3.8. Gi s {(Xs, Ts}sS l mt h khng gian tp, Y
l mt tp hp , {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs : Xs Y. Khi
trong tt c cc tp xc nh trn Y, sao cho tt c cc nh x fs
u lin tc, tn ti mt tp B mnh nht, tho mn mi tp
con V ca Y l phn t ca B khi v ch khi, vi mi s S, lun
c fi-1(V) Ts, B gi l tp cui xc nh bi h nh x 1
{fs}sS.
Chng minh.
D thy rng B xc nh nh trn l mt tp trn Y. Ta s
chng minh B l tp mnh nht trong tt c cc tp xc nh
trn Y sao cho tt c cc nh x fs u lin tc. Tht vy, gi s
B l mt tp trn Y sao cho mi fs u lin tc vi mi s S,
v U B. Khi
vi mi s S. Do U B
B B.
nh l 3.9. Gi s {fs : Xs Y}sS l mt h nh x t cc
khng gian tp (Xs, Ts) vo tp hp Y, B l tp cui trong Y
xc nh bi h nh x {fs}sS, h : Y Z l nh x t khng
gian tp (Y, B) vo khng gian tp (Z, D). Khi h lin tc
nu v ch nu, vi mi s S, nh x h : X Z l lin tc.
Chng minh.
Hin nhin nu g lin tc th h lin tc vi mi s S. Gi s
nh x hp hfs lin tc vi mi s S v W D tu . Khi :
Vi mi s S. Do h-1(W) l
mt tp hp m trong Y i vi tp B Vy h l nh x lin tc.

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4. CC TIN TCH

nh ngha 3.5 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T0khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x, y X tn ti t
nht mt im c ln cn khng cha im kia.
nh l 3.10. Khng gian tp (X, T) l T0 - khng gian nu
v ch nu i vi hai im khc nhau tu x, y X ta c hoc

x {y} hoc y {x}

Chng minh.
Gi s X l T0-khng gian. Khi vi x y ty trong X,
nu tn ti ln cn m Ux tho mn y Ux , th v y X \ Ux l
tp ng nn {y} X \ Ux Do x {y}. Nu tn ti ln cn
m Uy tho mn x Uy, th tng t ta c y {x}. Ngc li,
gi s x {y} hoc y {x} Khi X \ {y} l ln cn ca x
khng cha y hoc X \ {x} l ln cn ca y khng cha x. v
vy X l T0-khng gian.
nh ngha 3.6. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T1khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x, y X lun tn
ti cc ln cn Ux ca x v Vy ca y sao cho y Ux v x Uy
nh l 3.11. Khng gian tp (X, T) l T1-khng gian nu
v ch nu vi mi x X tp {x} l tp ng.
Chng minh.
Gi s X l T1 - khng gian. vi x X ta c tp X\ {x} l tp
m. Tht vy, ly bt k y X \ {x} theo nh ngha tn ti ln
cn v ca y tho mn x Vy. suy ra y Vy X \ {x} , nn y l
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im trong ca X \ {x }. Nh vy mi im thuc X \ {x} u l
im trong ca n. Vy X \ {x} l tp m. Do {x} l tp
ng.
Ngc li, gi s vi mi x X lun c {x} l tp ng
trong X. Gi s x,y l hai phn t khc nhau tu thuc X, tp
V = X \ {x} l m v n l ln cn ca y khng cha x. Tng
t tp U = X \ {y} tp l tp m v n l ln cn ca x khng
cha y. Vy X l T1-khng gian.
nh ngha 3.7 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T2khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x,y X lun tn
ti cc ln cn Ux ca x v Vy ca y sao cho Ux Vy =
nhngha 3.8. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T3khng gian (hoc khng gian chnh quy) nu X l T1-khng gian
v vi mi x X, vi mi tp ng F X tho mn x F, lun
tn ti cc lan cn m Ux ca x v V ca F sao cho Ux V = .
nh l 3.12. T1-khng gian (X, T) l T1-khng gian nu v
ch nu vi mi x X v vi mi ln cn m V ca x lun tn
ti ln cn U ca x sao cho x U U V.
Chng minh.

Gi s X l T1-khng gian, x X v V l mt ln cn m
no ca x. Khi tp E = X \ V l tp ng trong X tho mn
x F, theo nh ngha, tn ti cc ln cn m U ca x v W ca
F sao cho U W = ngha l U X \ W. V X \ W l tp ng
nn U X \W X\ F = V.

Gi s (X, T) l T1-khng gian tho mn iu kin vi

mi x X v vi mi ln cn m V ca x lun tn ti ln cn U
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ca x sao cho x U U V. Ly ty x X v gi s F X
l mt tp ng sao cho x F. Theo gi thit, v X \ F l ln cn
m ca x, nn tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho x U U X \ F.
R rng V = X \ U l ln cn m ca F tho mn U V =
nh ngha 3.9. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T 1 3

khng gian (hoc khng gian hon ton chnh quy) nu X l T1khng gian v vi mi x X, vi mi tp ng F X khng
cha x, lun tn ti hm lin tc f : X [0, 1] tho mn f(x) = 0
vi mi f(y) = 1 vi mi y F.
nh ngha 3.10 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T4khng gian (hoc khng gian chun tc), nu X l T1 -khng
gian v vi hai tp ng ri nhau bt k A, B X lun tn ti
cc ln cn m U ca A v V ca B sao cho U V = .
V d 3.3
a) Khng gian tp (X, TD) vi TD l tp ri rc l T0khng gian, T1 -khng gian, l khng gian Hausdorff, khng
gian chnh quy hon ton chnh quy, chun tc.
cng gian tp (X, TT) khi X c nhiu hn mt phn t
khng phi l T0-khng gian v mi x thuc X ch c duy nht
mt ln cn l X.
b) Khng gian tp (X, T) vi X = { a, b }, T = {, X, {a}}
l T0 khng gian nhng khng l T1-khng gian.
c) Khng gian tp (X, Tk) vi X l v hn, l T1-khng gian
v mi tp mt im l tp ng, nhng khng l T2-khng gian
v hai tp m khc rng tu trong khng gian tp (X, TK)
lun c giao khc rng.
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1
{ k 0, k
k
1
1
k hiu Oi(x) = (x - , x + ).
i
i
nu x 0,

d) Trn tp cc s thc
vi mi
Gi :

, k hiu Y = {

}.

nu x = 0.
Ta nhn thy h
tho mn cc iu kin trong nh
l (2.11), do trn c mt tp M trn nhn h
lm c s. R rng vi hai im tu x y trong
c th
chn c m v n ln Om(x) On(y) = . v vy ( , M)
l T2-khng gian.
Mt khc, ta c Y l mt tp ng trong ( , M) khng cha
im 0. Vi U l ln cn bt k ca im 0, v V l ln cn bt
k ca Y ta lun c U V . iu chng t ( , M)
khng phi l T3-khng gian.
d) Nu (X, T) l khng gian hon ton chnh quy th (X, T) l
T3-khng gian. Tht vy trong X ta xt cc tp U = f-1([0, 1/2)),
v V = f-1((1/2,1]), do f l nh x lin tc v cc tp [0, 1/2),
(1/2 , 1] l tp m trong khng gian tp [0, 1] nn ta c U v V
l m trong X tho mn x U, F V v U V = .
Tn ti nhng khng gian tp l T3 - khng gian nhng
khng l khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy. Nhng do vic
xy dng nhng khng gian kh phc tp nn ta khng a
ra y.
Nu (X, T) l T4 khng gian th (X, T) l T3-khng gian (hin
nhin). T b Urison di y ta s chng minh c rng
mi T4-khng gian l mt khng gian hon ton chnh quy. Ta
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cng s a ra mt phn v d chng t rng tn ti nhng
khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy nhng khng l khng
gian chun tc.
g) Trong mt phng ta Oxy k hiu
l tp hp cc im nm na pha trn trc honh, P1 = {(x, y)

| y = 0}; P2 = P \ P1. Vi mi z P1 v r > 0, gi U(z, r) l

tp tt c cc im ca P2 nm trong hnh trn bn knh r tip
xc vi P1 ti z. t Ui(z) = U(z, 1/i) { z }, (i = 1, 2,...) (H.1).
Vi mi z P2) v r > 0, gi U(z, r) l tp tt c cc im ca P
nm trong hnh trn tm z bn knh r. t Ui(z) = U(z, 1/i), (i =
1, 2,... ) (H.2).

H {Ui(z)}zP, iN tha mn cc iu kin ca nh l (2.11),

nn n l c s ca tp T xc nh trn P. Ta c th chng
minh c (P, T) l khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy nhng
khng l khng gian chun tc.
nh l 3.13. (b Urison). Vi hai tp ng ri nhau bt
k A, B trong khng gian chun tc (X, T) lun tn ti hm lin
tc f :X I sao cho f(x) = 0, x A v f(y) = 1, y B.
Chng minh.
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Trc ht ta chng minh bng phng php quy np rng:
vi mi s hu t r [0, 1] ta c th chn c tp m Vr tho
mn cc iu kin sau:
A V0, V1 = X \ B v nu r < r th Vr Vr (*)
Tht vy v tp cc s hu t
c lc lng m c nn
ta c th sp xp cc s hu t trong on [0, 1] thnh mt dy
trong r1 = 0, r2 = 1.
Do A, B l hai tp ng ri nhau trong (X, T) nn theo gi
thit tn ti cc ln cn m U ca A v V ca B sao cho U V
= . t V0 = U, V1 = X \ B. Khi do V0 X \ V, v X \ V l
tp ng nn V0 X \ V V1.
Nh vy ta c Vri Vij nu ri < rj (vi i, j 2).
Gi s vi mi i n ta xc nh c mt tp m Vri tho
mn iu kin Vri Vrj nu ri < rj (**), Trong tp { r1, r2. rn,
rn+1} gi r1 l s ln nht trong cc s r1, r2. rn, nh hn rn+1,
v rp l s nh nht trong cc s r1, r2. rn ln hn rn+1. Khi
theo gi thit quy np v rt < rp nn ta c Vrt Vrp. Hn na v
Vrt v tp X \ Vrp l hai tp hp ng ri nhau v (X, T) l

khng gian chun tc, nn tn ti cc tp m U v V l ln cn

ca cc tp Vrt v X \ Vrp tho mn U V = . t Vrn+1 = U
ch; Vrn+1 X \ V. Do X \ V l tp ng nn

Nh vy ta xy dng c cc tp m V, ., Vrn+1 tho

mn iu kin (**).
Gi f : X I = [0, 1] l hm xc nh bi f(x) = 1 nu x B,
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nu x V1 = X \ B.
Khi ta c f(x) = 0 vi mi x A v f(y) = 1 vi mi y B.
Mt khc do h V cc tp c dng [0, a), (b, 1] , (c. d) (0 < a
1, 0 b < 1 , 0 c < d 1 ) l c s ca tp trn I = [0, 1] , m
(c d) = [0, d) d) (c, 1] nn chng minh nh x f l lin tc
ta ch cn chng minh to nh ca cc tp c dng [0, a) v (b,1]
l tp m trong X. Vi x X ta thy f(x) < rj < a sao cho x
Vrj. V vy
l mt tp
m.
Tng t vi y X, ta c f(y) > b rj > b sao cho y Vrj

ri > b sao cho y Vri . V vy

cng

l tp m. Do f l nh x lin tc.
nh l 3.14. Khng gian chnh quy X c mt c s m
c l khng gian chun tc.
Chng minh.
Gi s A, B l hai tp con ng bt k trong X tha mn A
B = , v {Un}uN l mt c s m c trong X. V X l
chnh quy nn vi mi x A tn ti V{Un}uN sao cho x V

V X \ B (theo nh l 3.12). Cho x chy khp trong A ta

nhn c

l h con ca h

tha mn Vk X \

B (k), v
Mt cch tng t ta cng ch ra c mt h con
ca h
tha mn
t:

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Khi P v Q l hai tp m khng c im chung, tha mn

A P v B Q. Tht vy, v Pk V Qk u l nhng tp m
trong X (k) nn P v Q l nhng tp m trong X. Hn na vi
mi k, t N ta u c Pk Qt = . V nu k t th
Pk Qt = v nu t < k th

T suy ra P Q = .
Do

Nn nu x A th

x Vn0.

Chng minh tng t ta c B Q. Vy X l khng gian

chun tc.

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5, KHNG GIAN CON CA MT
KHNG GIAN TP

Ta s nghin cu v xy dng tp bng phng php t

nhin trn cc tp con ca cc khng gian tp.
nh ngha 3.11 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) A X. Khi
trn A c th xc nh mt tp TA nh sau: TA l h tt c cc
giao ca cc phn t ca T vi tp A(TA = {A U | U T}).TA
c gi l tp cm sinh bi tp T trn A. Cp (A, TA) c
gi l khng gian tp con ca khng gian tp (X, T).
Cc phn t ca TA c gi l cc tp m trong A. Phn b
ca chng trong A c gi l cc tp ng trong A (gi tt l
TA- m, TA - ng). R rng tp A ng thi l tp ng v l
tp m trong chnh n, mc d n c th khng m, khng ng
trong X.
nh l 3.15 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) v (A, TA) l
khng gian con. Khi tp cm sinh TA l tp tt c cc to
nh ca cc phn t ca T qua php nhng chnh tc i : A X,
(i(x) = x).
Chng minh.
Gi s U TA tu , khi theo nh ngha tn ti W T
sao cho U = W A. R rng U = i-1(W) (l to nh ca W qua
nh x i).
Mt cu hi c t ra l: nu (A, TA) l khng gian con
ca khng gian tp (X, T), v (B, B) l khng gian con ca
khng gian (A, TA) th (B, B) c l khng gian con ca (X, T)
hay khng? Cu tr li l c v tnh bc cu ny c minh ho
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nh nh l sau y
nh l 3.16. Gi s (A, TA) l khng gian con ca khng
gian tp (X, T) B A. Khi tp B trn B cm sinh bi tp
TA trn A s trng vi tp trn B cm sinh bi tp T trn X.
Chng minh.
Gi TB l tp trn B cm sinh bi T (ta s chng minh B =
TB ). Ly U B tu tn ti U' TA sao cho U = U' B. v
U' TA tn ti W T sao cho U' = W A ta c:
U = U B = (W A) B = W B U TB vy B
TB. Ngc li ly tu U TB W T sao cho U = W B.
t U = W A, ta c U = W B = (W A) B = U B
Suy ra U B T suy ra TB B hay TB = B.
nh ngha 3.12. Khng gian con A ca khng gian tp X
c gi l khng gian con m (ng) ca X nu bn thn A l
tp m (ng) trong X.
Gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp v (A, T) l khng gian
tp con ca (X, T) Khi vi tp con M bt k ca A ta k
hiu M 0A l phn trong ca tp M trong A, bA(M) l bin ca tp
M trong khng gian tp A, M A l bao ng ca tp M trong
khng gian tp con A, v ta vn hiu M0, M , b(M) l phn
trong, bao ng v bin ca M trong X.
nh l 3.17 Cho (X, T) l khng gian tp v (A , TA) l
khng gian con. Khi :
a) i vi tp con bt k M A ta c :

b) Nu M A l mt tp m (tng t l tp ng) trong X

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th n l m (tng t l ng ) trong A.
c) Nu A l khng gian con m (ng) trong X, th mi tp
m (ng) trong A u l m (ng ) trong X.
Chng minh.
a) Ta chng minh
.
0
Trc ht ta chng minh: M M0 A0.
T M A suy ra M0 A0 (*). Mt khc v M0 M A
nn M0 A = M0 V r rng rng M0 l tp m trong A (v n
l giao ca tp m trong X vi A). Theo nh ngha phn trong
ca mt tp hp ta c M 0A l tp m ln nht (i vi tp TA)
c cha trong M, m M0 M. V vy M0 M 0A M0
M 0A go A0. (*)
By gi ta chng minh bao hm thc ngc li. Gi s x
M A0 tu . Khi x M 0A v x A0. V x M 0A nn tn
0
A

ti ln cn m V ca im x trong A tho mn V M. Theo

nh ngha khng gian con, tn ti ln cn m W1 ca x trong X
sao cho V = W1 A, t iu kin x A0 ln cn W2 ca x
trong X sao cho W2 A. t U = W1 W2, r rng U l ln cn
ca x trong X, hn na U W1 A = V M. Nh Vy im x
l im trong ca tp M (i vi tp T trn X). T suy ra
M 0A A0 M0 (**)
T (*) V (**) Suy ra M0 = M 0A A0.
Ly X bA(M) tu gi U l ln cn ca x trong X. Khi
U A l ln cn ca x trong A, r rng (U A) M . Do
u M . Tng t (U A) (A \ M) U (A \
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M) U ( M \ M) . Vy x B(M), v x bA(M) A
x b(M) A, Suy ra bA(M) b(M) A.
Ta chng minh: Vi M A tu ta c M A = M A.
Ta c M A l mt tp ng trong A i vi tng TA cha
M.
Vy M A M A.
Ngc li, ta c

+ Nu x thuc M th ta c ngay x M bA(M) = M A .

+ Nu x M th x b(M) v x A \ M.
Gi s U l mt ln cn bt k ca x trong A. Khi tn ti
ln cn V ca x trong X sao cho U = V A. Suy ra:

Do M A, nn t V M V A M U M
.
Mt khc v
Vy x l im bin ca M trong A. Suy ra x M A
b) Nu M A l tp m trong X, th M A = M l m trong
A (nh ngha ).
Nu M A l ng trong X th X \ M l m trong X A
(X \ M) = A \ (A M) = A \ M l tp m trong A. Vy M l tp
ng trong A.
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c) Nu A l tp m trong X, M l tp m trong A M = A
U vi U l tp m no trong X. Vy M l tp m trong X.
Nu A l tp ng trong X, M l tp ng trong A, th
. Ta c
. Vy M l
tp ng trong X.
V d 3.4
Trong khng gian tp (R,T), xt tp con I = [0,1] vi tng
cm sinh bi tp. Do tin c s ca T l h tt c cc tp c
dng ( -, a), (b, ) nn tin c s ca tp TI trn I l h cc
tp c dng [0,a), (b, 1] vi 0 < a 1 , 0 b < 1. Hin nhin [0,l]
l khng gian con ng trong (R,T).
nh l 3.18.
1
a) Vi i < 3 , khng gian con bt k ca mt Ti-khng gian
2
l Ti-khng gian.
b) Khng gian con ng ca khng gian chun tc l chun
tc.
c) Khng gian con ca khng gian tp tho mn tin m
c th nht (tng ng th hai) l khng gian tp tho mn
tin m c th nht (tng ng th hai).
Chng minh.
a) Ta chng minh cho trng hp i = 2 v i = 3, cc trng
hp cn li chng minh tng t.
Gi s khng gian tp (X, T) l T2-khng gian v (A, TA) l
khng gian tp con ca n. Vi hai im khc nhau tu x,y
A, do (X, T) l T2-khng gian nn tn ti cc ln cn m U
ca x v V ca y trong X tho mn U V = . Khi U' = U
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A, v V = V A l cc tp m trong A tho mn x U, y
V v U V = . Vy (A, TA) l T2-khng gian.
Gi s (A, TA) l khng gian con bt k ca khng gian
chnh quy (X, T). Ly x A tu , v gi s F l tp ng trong
A khng cha x. Khi

(theo nh l trn). V

x F nn ta c x F . Khi tn ti U, V m trong X sao cho:

x U, F V v U V = .
t U1 = U A, V1 = V A. R rng U1, v V1 l nhng
tp m trong A tho mn x U1 , F V1 v U=1 V1 = .
D thy A l T1-khng gian. V vy A l khng gian chnh
quy.
b) Gi s A l khng gian con ng bt k ca khng gian
chun tc (X, T). Vi hai tp ng khng giao nhau ty M v
N trong A suy ra M v N l ng trong X tn ti cc tp m
khng giao nhau U v V tha mn M U, N V. t U' = U
A, V = V A, khi U' v V l cc ln cn khng giao nhau
ca M v N trong A. Vy A l khng gian chun tc.
c) Hin nhin.
Nh vy trong cu trc ca khng gian tp, cc tnh cht T1
1
khng gian, vi i < 3 , tha mn tin m c th nht,
2
th hai vn c duy tr cho cc khng gian con.

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6 TCH CC CA CC KHNG GIAN TP
1 Tch cc ca hai khng gian tp
nh ngha 3.13. Cho X v Y l cc khng gian tp, XxY l
tch cc ca X v Y. K hiu B l h tt c cc tp con ca
XxY c dng UxV, trong U l tp m trong X, v V l tp
m trong Y.
R rng B l mt ph ca XxY v giao ca hai phn t ty
thuc B li thuc B, do h B l c s ca tp no trn
tp XxY, tp ny c gi l tp tch (hay tp Tichonov)
trn tp XxY.
Nh vy mt tp con M XxY l tp m i vi tp tch
nu v ch nu vi mi phn t (x, y) M tm c cc tp m
U cha x trong X, v tp m V cha y trong Y sao cho UxV
M. Cc khng gian tp X, Y c gi l cc khng gian to .
Cc nh x p1: XxY X, p2 : XxY Y c xc nh bi
pl(x, y) = x, v p2(x, y) = y c gi l cc php chiu chnh tc
ln cc khng gian to . R rng cc nh x pl, p2 l lin tc
i vi tp tch v cc tp trn X, trn Y, v nu U m trong
X th p1-1 (U) = UxY l m i vi tp tch. Tng t nu V
m trong Y th p2-1 (V) = XxV l m.
Tnh lin tc ca cc php chiu p1 v p2 l c s m t
tp tch. Thc vy, gi s T l mt tp no xc nh trn
XxY sao cho cc nh x p1v p2 l lin tc. Khi vi U m
trong X, V m trong Y ta c tp UxV l m trong tp T, (UxV

T) v
, m cc tp hp v phi l m
i vi tng T. Nh vy, tp T l mnh hn tp tch, hay ni
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cch khc tp tch l tp yu nht trong cc tp xc nh trn
XxY, m i vi chng, cc php chiu pl, P2 ln cc khng gian
to l lin tc.
nh l 3.19. Gi s XxY l khng gian tp tch c xc
nh nh trn. Khi :
a) Cc php chiu chnh tc ln cc khng gian to l nh
x m.
b) Gi s X, Y l cc khng gian tp. Vi mi x0 X, nh
x f : Y {x0} xY cho tng ng y a (x0, y) l mt php ng
phi t Y ln khng gian con {x0} xY ca khng gian tp
XxY.
c) Gi s X, Y, Z l cc khng gian tp, XxY l khng gian
tp tch, nh x f : XxY Z l lin tc ti im (x0, y0). Khi
nh x g : Y Z xc nh bi g(y) = h(x0, y) l nh x lin
tc ti im y0.
d) nh x g : XxY YxX, (x, y) a (y, x), l mt php
ng phi.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s M l tp m bt k trong khng gian tp XxY.
Khi M l hp no cc phn t thuc c s ca tp tch
trn XxY : M =
, (Vi l cc tp m trong X, Wi l cc
tp m trong Y vi mi i I). Khi
l cc tp m trong cc khng gian to X v Y.
b) Ta ch cn chng minh nh x f v nh x ngc f-1 lin
tc ti mi im l v r rng f l song nh. Ly tu im y
Y, gi s U l ln cn bt k ca im (x0, y) {x0} xy khi
tn ti mt tp m V XxY sao cho V { x0 } xY U. Do
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tn ti cc ln cn V1 ca x0 v V2 ca y sao cho V1 x V2 U
(V V l m). Ta c {x0} x V2 = (V1 x V2) { Xo } x Y U
{X0} x V2 U tho mn V2 f-1(U), do to nh ca mt
ln cn bt k ca (x0, y) l ln cn ca y. Vy nh x f l lin
tc ti y. Suy ra f l lin tc. nh x ngc f-1 ca f l thu hp
ca p2 ln khng gian {x0} xY XxY, v v vy n l lin tc.
Vy f l php ng phi.
c) Xt
Ta c y Y tha mn
g(y) = h(x0, y) = hf(y) ngha l g = hf. Vy g l hp thnh ca
hai nh x lin tc ti im y0 v (x0, y0), nn n l nh x lin
tc ti y0.
d) Hin nhin.
Nh nh ngha trn ta thy tp Tikhonov trn XxY
chnh l tp u xc nh bi cc nh x pl, P2, sau y ta s m
rng khi nim trn nh ngha tp tch ca mt h tu cc
khng gian tp.
2 Tch cc ca mt h khng gian tp
nh ngha 3.14. Gi s {Xs}s S l mt h cc tp hp. Tp
hp tt c cc nh x x :
sao cho vi mi s S, x(s)
Xs, c gi l tch cc ca h tp hp {Xs}s S v k hiu l
.
Ta k hiu phn t
l x = {xs}s S trong xs =
x(s) Xs vi mi s S. Phn t xs ca Xs gi l to th s
ca phn t x. nh x ps :
xc nh bi ps(x) = xs
gi l php chiu chnh tc ln thnh phn Xs. Nu S l mt tp
hp hu hn, (S = {1, 2, 3,..., n}) , th tch cc ca cc khng
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gian tp {Xi}, (i = 1,, n), c k hiu l X1xX2x ... xXn
hoc
.Nu tt c cc khng gian ca h {xs}s S u bng
nhau, tc l Xs = X vi mi s S th tch cc
c
S
k hiu l X .
nh ngha 3.15 Gi s {xs, Ts}s S l h no cc khng
gian tp. Tp hp
vi tp u T xc nh bi h nh
x {ps,}s S c gi l tch cc ca h khng gian tp {xs,
Ts}s S tp T c gi l tp tch (hay cn c gi l tp
Tikhnp ).
T nay v sau, nu {xs, Ts}s S l mt h khng gian tp th
k hiu
lun dng ch khng gian tp tch vi tng T
xc nh nh trn.
c dng ~S S
nh l 3.20. H tt c cc tp con ca
trong Ws l tp m trong khng gian Xs v Ws Xs ch vi
mt s hu hn phn t ca S, to thnh mt c s ca tch
cc
Chng minh.
Theo nh l (2.6) h tt c cc tp hp dng (trong
s1, s2 .sn S, Wsi l tp trong Xsi , v i = 1 ,.. n) l mt c
s ca khng gian tch .
Ta c
trong Wsi = Xsi vi mi si s0. Mt khc ta c th vit

trong Ws = Xs vi mi s {s1 ,... , sn}. Ta c iu phi chng

minh.
nh l 3.21. Nu As Xs vi mi s S th trong tch
cc
ta c :
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Chng minh.
Gi s ,
, t l mt phn t bt k ca S, v
gi s Wt l mt ln cn tu ca im xt trong khng gian Xt.
Khi tp
trong Wt l ln cn ca xt trong Xt chn
trn, cn Ws = Xs vi mi s t, l mt ln cn ca im x
trong khng gian
. Do
l mt tp hp khc rng. T At Wt . Vy
vi mi s S nn

T suy ra

o l, gi S
V V l ln cn ca
nim X trong khng gian
. Khi theo nh l (3.20),
tn ti mt phn t thuc c s ca tp tch l
trong
Ws = Xs vi mi s {s1, . , sn} , cc tp Ws1, Ws2 .
Wsn l m trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1, Xs2 . Xsn
sao cho
. Vi mi s S, ta c
s S, As WS . T ta c

nn vi mi

Do
vy
Ta c iu phi chng
minh.
H qu 1. Nu vi mi s S, tp As l ng trong Xs, th tp
l ng trong khng gian tch .
Chng minh.
Theo nh l va chng minh:

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H qu 2. Nu vi mi s S, tp As l tr mt trong khng
gian Xs th tp con
l tr mt trong khng gian .
Chng minh.

V vi mi s S ta c As = Xs nn:

nh l 3.22. nh x f : Ys
t khng gian tp Y
vo tch cc
ca h khng gian tp {xs}sS l lin
tc khi v ch khi vi mi s S nh x ps.f : Y Xs l lin tc.
Chng minh. Hin nhin theo nh l (2.7).
nh l 3. 23.
1
1) Vi i 3 , tch cc ca mt h cc Ti-khng gian l
2
Ti-khng gian.
2) Vi i 4, nu tch cc
ca h khng gian tp
{xs}sX l Ti-khng gian, th Xs l mt Ti -khng gian (vi mi
s S). Chng minh.
1
1) Ta chng minh cho trng hp i = 3 , cc trng hp
2
khc c chng minh tng t. Trc ht ta chng minh nu
cng l
vi mi s S khng gian Xs l T1-khng gian th
T1-khng gian.
Tht vy, gi s x = (xs)sS l mt im bt k ca khng gian
ta c

Nh vy mi tp con c mt phn t trong

109

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ng nn X s l T1-khng gian.
sS

By gi gi s vi mi s S khng gian Xs l hon ton

chnh quy. Xt phn t ty
v gi s V l
mt phn t thuc c s ca tp tch trong khng gian X s
sS

trong cc
Cha im x0. Khi V c dng
tp Ws1, Ws2 Wsn l cc ln cn m ca cc im x0sl,
x0s2 .. xosn trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1,Xs2 Xsn.
Ta s chng minh tn ti mt nh x lin tc f :
Sao
Cho f(x0) = 0 v f(x) = 1 vi mi x X s \ V. Tht vy v Xsi
sS

(i = 1, 2 . n) l khng gian hon ton chnh quy nn tn ti

mt hm s gi; Xsi I l lin tc sao cho gi (xosi) = 0 v gi (xsi)
= 1 vi mi xsi Xsi \ Wsi (vi i = 1 .. n). Ta c nh x fi = gi.
psi : X s I l lin tc tha mn fi(x0) = 0 v fi(x) = 1 vi
sS

mi
vi i = 1 ,... , n.
t f = max {fi,... , fn }. Khi f l nh x lin tc trn X s
sS

, ly gi tr trong I, tho mn f(x0) = 0. Hn na, nu x X s

sS

-1

th X ps (Wsi ) vi mt i no tha mn 1 i n, do ta
c fi(x) = 1 ngha l f(x) = 1. Vy X s l khng gian hon ton
sS

chnh quy.
2) Gi s X s l mt Ti-khng gian v t l mt phn t bt
sS

k ca S. Ta chng minh X, l Ti-khng gian. Ly ty

thuc X s . t Xt* = As trong At = Xt v
sS

sS

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AS = {x s0 } vi mi s t. D dng thy rng nh x it : Xt = X *t
xc nh bi it(u) = x = (xs)sS trong xs : x s0 (vi mi s t),
v xt = u l mt php ng phi. Nh vy X, c nhng ng
phi vo khng gian tch X s . Do theo nh l (3.18) nu
sS

X s l mt Ti-khng gian th Xt cng l mt Ti-khng gian vi

sS

1
i< 3 .
2
Ta cng thy ngay rng nu X s l mt T1-khng gian th
sS

X *t l mt tp hp con ng ca X s . Tht Vy, V A t = X t

sS

= Xt = At V A s = X s0 = X s0 = As Vi mi s t, nn ta c:

Ta bit, nu X s l mt T4-khng gian th mi khng

sS

gian con ng cng l T4-khng gian. V vy khi X s l mt

sS

T4-khng gian th Xt cng l T4-khng gian.

V d 3.5
a) Khng gian tp Euclid :
Gi s
l khng gian tp vi tp t nhin,

Khi tp tch trn tp

c gi l tp t nhin hay tp Euclid.
cng vi tng
c gi l khng gian tp Euclid. Ta c th chn mt c s
ca tp ny l h tt c cc hnh ch nht m dng: Ka,b = I1x
I2x... xIn, trong a = (a1 ,... , an), b = (b1,..., bn), v Ii = (ai, bi).
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Tp cm sinh trn mt tp con ca khng gian Euclid cng
c gi l tp Euclid.
D dng chng minh c rng vi k n, khng gian Euclid
ng phi vi khng gian con:
Php ng phi cho tng ng (x1 , x2 .. xk) vi:
(x1 , x2 .. xk, 0,... , 0)
gi l php nhng chnh tc
vo .
T s gi tp
vi tp cm sinh l na khng gian trong
Khng gian con

gi

l bin ca
. D dng thy rng trong
ta c
.
b) Hm lin tc trn khng gian tp
Gi s
l tp s thc vi tp t nhin, X l khng
gian tp bt k, khi cc nh x t X ti
c gi l
cc hm trn X. Ta c cc khng nh sau: Nu g, f l cc ham
lin tc trn X th (f + g), f.g xc nh bi (f + g)(x) = f(x) +
g(x), (f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x), cng l cc hm lin tc trn X.
Tht vy gi h = (f + g), ly ty x0 X v gi s V l ln
cn tu ca h(x0), khi > 0 sao cho (h(xo) - , h(xo) +) C
V. Ta c (f(xo) - /2, f(xo) + /2) l ln cn ca f(xo) v (g(xo) /2, g(xo) + /2) l ln cn ca im g(xo).
V f lin tc ti xo nn tn ti ln cn m U1 ca xo sao cho
tm f(U1) f(x0) - /2, f(xo) +/2) ngha l vi mi x U1 ta c:

Tng t, v g lin tc ti x0 nn tn ti ln cn m U2 ca xo
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sao cho giun g(U1) (g(x0)- /2, g(x0) + /2) ngha l vi mi x
U2 ta c: g(x) (g(x0) - /2, g(xo) + /2) |g(x) - g(x0)| <
/2. (**)
T (*) v (**) vi mi x U = U1 U2 ta c:

Suy ra |h(x) - h(xo)| = h(x) (h(xo) - , h(xo) + e) V

tc l h(U) V. Vy ta c h = (f + g) l hm lin tc trn X.
t q = f.g, gi s xo l im tu ca X, ta s chng minh
vi mi > 0 lun tn ti ln cn U ca xo sao cho vi mi x
U ta c: |q(x) - q(xo)| < .
t
ta c > 0.
Tng t nh trn do cc nh x f v g l lin tc ti xo nn
tn ti cc ln cn m U1 ca xo v ln cn m U2 ca xo sao cho
|f(x) - f(x0)| < (vi mi x Ul) v |g(x) - g(xo)| < (vi mi x
U2).
i U = U1 U2 khi vi mi x U ta c:

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Chng t q l nh x lin tc ti xo. V xo ly tu nn ta c
q lin tc trn X.
1
xc
Mt cch tng t ta chng minh c hm r(x) =
f ( x)
nh v lin tc trn khng gian con X \ {x | f(x) = 0}.
c) p dng kt qu trn ta chng minh c tnh lin tc ca
cc php ton cng v nhn trn tp hp s thc vi tp t
nhin. Tht vy, ta bit cc php chiu chnh tc p1, P2 t tch
cc
ln l cc nh x lin tc, nn cc hm sau ay l
lin tc:

M rng kt qu trn ta c th chng minh c tnh lin tc

ca php cng hai vc t trong khng gian Euclid , v php
nhn mt s thc vi mt vc t trong
i vi tp t nhin.
d) Tp t nhin trn khng gian vc t hu hn chiu:
Gi s E l khng gian vc t n chiu trn c c s l {e1,
e2 . en}, khi mi vc t x E c th biu din duy
nht di dng: x = a1.e1 +... + an.ae (ai ). Ta bit nh x
f: E , xc nh bi f(x) = (a1, a2 .an), l mt ng cu
tuyn tnh. Nu xt
vi tp Euclid T, khi h B tt c cc
to nh ca cc phn t ca T s l mt tp trn E v r rng
i vi cc tp B, T nh x f l mt php ng phi. Ta thy
rng tp B xc nh nh trn hon ton khng ph thuc vo
c s {e1, e2 en} g chn ban u trn E. Ta cng s gi
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tp ny l tp t nhin trn khng gian vc t E.
e) Tp t nhin trn tp hp s phc
.
Xt nh x f :
xc nh bi f(a + bi) = (a, b).
Ta c f l mt song nh, h M tt c cc to nh ca cc tp
m trong
to nn mt tp trn , ta gi M l tng t
nhin trn , vi tng ny f l mt php ng phi, v do vy ta
cng chng minh c php cng v php nhn cc s phc i
vi tp t nhin M l lin tc.

7. TNG TRC TIP CA MT H

KHNG GIAN TP
Gi s {(Xs, Ts)sS l mt h khng gian tp i mt khng
c im chung, tc l Xs Xt = vi mi s t.
Vi mi s S gi is : Xs U X s l nh x xc nh bi is(x)
sS

= x, vi x Xs.
nh ngha 3.16. Tp hp U X s cng tp cui T xc nh
sS

bi h nh x {is}sS c gi l tp trc tip ca h khng

gian tp {(Xs, Ts)}sS v k hiu l X s . D dng thy rng
sS

vi mi tp con bt k A ca khng gian X s ,A l m trong

sS

X s khi v ch khi A XS TS vi mi s S.

sS

nh l 3.24. Tp con F X s l ng khi v ch khi F

sS

XS l ng trong Xs vi mi s S.
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Chng minh.
Tp con F l ng trong X s khi v ch khi X s \ F l tp
sS

sS

m trong X s , tc l khi v ch khi ( X s \ F) Xs l m

sS

sS

trong Xs vi mi s S. Kt lun ca nh l c suy ra t ng

thc ( X s \ F) XS = Xs \ (F Xs).
sS

H qu. Mi tp hp Xs l va m va ng trong X s .
sS

D dng thy rng vi mi s S, do Ts l tp cm sinh bi

T trn Xs suy ra mi Xs l mt khng gian con va ng va m
ca X s vi mi s S nh x is : Xs X s xc nh bi
sS

sS

is(x) = x, gi l php nhng ng phi Xs vo X s .

sS

nh l 3.25 Nu khng gian tp X l hp ca h {Xs}sS

nhng khng gian con m i mt khng c im chung th X =
Xs .
sS

Chng minh.
Hin nhin hai tp hp X v X s l bng nhau. Ta s chng
sS

minh cc tp trn X v X s l trung nhau. Tht vy, nu U l

sS

mt tp hp m trong X th vi mi s S, tp hp U XS l
m trong X s . Do U l m trong X s . o li nu U l
sS

sS

mt tp m trong X s th vi mi s S tp hp U XS l m
sS

trong Xs, (v Xs l tp m trong X). Do U = U ( U X s ) l tp

sS

m trong X.
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nh l 3.26. nh x f : X s Y lin tc khi v ch khi
sS

vi mi s S nh x f.is : Xs Y l lin tc.

Chng minh. Hin nhin theo nh l (3.9).

8. TP THNG
Gi s X l mt khng gian tp, R l mt quan h tng
ng trn X. Gi X/R l tp cc lp tng ng v i : X
X/R l nh x thng, tc l nh x xc nh bi i(x) = [x],
trong [x] l lp tng ng cha x.
nh ngha 3.17 Tp cui trn tp X/R xc nh bi nh x
c gi l tp thng trn. l tp mnh nht trong cc
tp xc nh trn X/R sao cho nh x i lin tc. Tp X/R vi
tp thng c gi l khng gian thng.
nh l 3.27 Tp V X/R l m i vi tng thng khi v
ch khi i-1 (V) = U[ X ] l tp m trong X.
sS

Chng minh: Suy ra t nh l (3.8).

nh l 3.28. Tp F l ng trong khng gian thng X/R
khi v ch khi i-1(F) ng trong khng gian X.
Chng minh.
Ta c tp F ng trong khng gian thng X/R khi v ch khi
(X/R\F l tp m. iu ngc li tng ng vi i-1(F)((/R)\F
= X \ i-1(F) m trong X, tc l i-1(F) ng trong X.
H qu. Khng gian thng X/R l T1-khng gian khi v ch
khi tt c cc lp tng ng trong X theo quan h tng
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ng R u l nhng tp ng trong X.
Nhn xt.
Nu f : X/R Y l mt nh x t khng gian thng X/R
vo khng gian tp Y th f lin tc khi v ch khi nh x f.i : X
Y l lin tc.

9. TP MTRIC, KHNG GIAN MTRIC HA

nh l 3.29. Gi s (A, dA) l khng gian con ca khng

gian mtric (X, d). Gi T l tp mtric trn X ph hp vi
mtric d, v TA l tp trn A cm sinh bi T. Khi tp
mtric dA trn A ph hp vi mtric dA trng vi TA.
Chng minh.
Vi mi x A v r > 0, k hiu SA(x, r) = { y A | d(x, y) <
r) l hnh cu m trong A. Ta c h {SA(x, r)}xA.r>0 l c s ca
tp B trn A, hn na ta c SA(x, r) = A S(x, r) nn SA(x, r)
TA ngha l B TA(1) Ngc li ly tu U TA, khi V
T sao cho U = V A, do h S(x, r) l mt c s ca T nn
vi bt k x U, lun > 0 sao cho S(x, ) V A S(x,
) = SA(x, ) U. vy ta c TA B (2). T (l) v (2) suy ra T =
B.
nh l 3.30. Cho (X1, d1) v (X2, d2) l hai khng gian
mtric. Gi s T1(tng ng T2) l tp mtric trn X1 ph hp

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vi d2 (tng ng d2 trn X2 ph hp vi d2). Gi T l tp tch
trn X = Xl x X2. Gi s
Td l tp mtric trn Xl x X2 ph hp vi mtric d trn Xl x
X2 xc nh bi nh ngha 1.12. Khi T = Td.
Chng minh.
Ta s chng minh mi phn t thuc c s ca T l thuc Td
v ngc li. Tht vy vi bt k (x1 , x2) X1 x X2 v vi mi
s thc dng r ta d dng chng minh c:
iu chng t Sd((x1, x2), r)) T vi mi (x1, x2) X1 x
vi mi x1 X1, x2
X2, r , v
X2 r1, r2 . Do vy ta c T = Td.
nh ngha 3.18. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l khng
gian mtric ha nu tn ti mt mtric d: X x X sao cho
tp sinh bi d trng vi tng T
nhn xt. Do khng gian mtric l khng gian tha mn tin
m c th nht nn mi khng gian mtric ha l khng
gian tha mn tin m c th nht.
Sau y ta s ch ra mt iu kin mt khng gian tp
l mtric ha.
nh l 3.31 (Urisn) Khng gian tp chnh quy (X, T) tha
mn tin m c th hai l khng gian mtric ha.
Chng minh.
Gi s
l mt c s m c ca khng gian
tp (X, T). Vi mi x Um, v X l chnh quy nn tn ti Un
sao cho x Un U n Um (nh l 3.12). Nh vy, tn ti
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nhng cp tp hp (Un, Um) thuc B sao cho U n Um. Hin
nhin h nhng cp nh
Vy l m c. Ta nh s nhng cp ny nh sau:
Do X l khng gian chnh quy c c s m c nn n l
khng gian chun tc theo nh l (3.14). Vi mi k N, do
U nk v X\Umk l cc tp ng ri nhau, nn theo b Urisn
(nh l 3.13) tn ti cc hm lin tc fk : X I tha mn f(x) =
0 (x U nk ), v fk(y) = 1 (y X \ Umk).
Gi d l hm xc nh trn X x X bi:

Do
nn ta c chui hm
v phi ca (*) trn l hi t x, y X.
D dng chng minh c d l mt mtric trn X. Thc vy,
tin ng nht c kim tra nh sau: Nu x, y X tha mn
x y, th tn ti mt tp Um B sao cho x Um v y Um. Khi
tn ti sao cho

. Cp (Un, Um) trng vi

mt cp (Unk,Umk) no . v x U nk v y X\ Umk, nn fk(x)

= 0, v fk(y) = 1. Do d(x, y)

1
> 0. vy d(x, y) = 0 x =
2k

y.
K hiu TM l tp trn X sinh bi mtric d. Ta chng minh
TM = T.
Ly ty V TM, gi s xo V. Khi tn ti > 0 Sao
cho hnh cu m S(xo, ) V.
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Chui hm
hi t u trn X,
mi hng t ca n l mt hm lin tc trn X, cho nn tng d(x,
xo) ca chui hm l mt hm lin tc trn X. nh x x a d(x,
xo) (cho tng ng mi x X vi s d(x, x0) l lin tc ti im
xo X, nn tn ti Uu B sao cho xo Uu v vi mi x Uu ta
c:
d(x, xo) = | d(x, xo) - d(xo, xo) | < .
tc l Un S(X0, ) V. Nh vy tp V l T-m suy ra TM T
Ngc li, nu V T, v gi s xo V. Khi tn ti mt
tp Um B sao cho xo Um V. Gi Un l phn t thuc B
sao cho
(Unk, Umk ) no .

. Cp (Un, Um) trng vi mt cp

Vi bt k im x S(x0,

1
1
) ta c d(x, x0) < k
k
2
2

Mt khc ta li c:

Ta c hai tp T v TM l trng nhau. Vy X l khng gian

mtric ha.
nh l 3.32. Tch cc ca mt h m c {xn }n =1 cc

khng gian mtric ha l mt khng gian mtric ha.

Chng minh.
Trc ht, theo bi tp 26. chng I ta c khng nh sau:
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Vi mi khng gian mtric (X, d) tn ti trn X mt mtric
tng ng vi d, tha mn (x, y) 1 (x, y X). Trong
c xc nh nh sau: (x, y) = min{d(x, y), 1}.
Vi mi
, k hiu dn l mtric b chn bi n v v
sinh ra tp Tu trn Xn. Vi mi
t:
Ta nhn thy chui s v phi ca (*) l hi t, v dn(xn, yn)
1 vi mi xn, yn Xn v vi mi n. D thy d l mt mtric

trn

X n K hiu T l tp tch trn

n =1

v TM l tp

n =1

sinh bi mtric d trn

Ta chng minh T v TM l trng

n =1

nhau.
1
dn(xu,yn)
2n
dn(xn,yn) 2nd(x, y). iu chng t vi mi n, php chiu pu:
Vi mi s t nhin n ta lun c d(x,y)

Xn l lin tc. T TM.

n =1

Ngc li, ly ty V TM gi s xo = ( xn0 ) n =1 ) V. Khi

tn ti > 0 sao cho hnh cu m S(x0, ) V. Gi n0 l mt
Vi mi n n0, k hiu hnh
s t nhin sao cho
c
Khi tp

l mt phn t

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thuc c s ca tp tch T trn

Cha x0 tha mn U

n =1

S(x0, ). Tht Vy, vi x = {xn }n =1 U ty ta c:

vy TM T. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

BI TP

1. Trn tp cc s thc ta k hiu (TT, TK, T, TS, TD ln

lt l tp th, tp to bi phn b ca cc tp hu hn, tp
t nhin, tp Sorgent, tp ri rc. Cho cc nh x
, xc nh nh sau: f(x) = x + 1 , g(x) = x2. Hy
xt tnh lin tc ca cc nh x f, g vi tp ca tp ch ln lt
l: T, TK, TT, TS, TD
2. Cho
sau :

l hm irichl c xc nh nh

Chng minh rng hm

tho mn vi mi
l nh x ch lin tc ti mt im.
3. Cho tp X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, v U = { . {l}, {1, 2}, {1, 2,
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3}, {1 , 2 , 4 } , { 1 , 5 } }. Chng minh rng U l c s ca
tp no trn X. Hy xc nh tp . Gi s f, g, h : X
X l cc nh x c xc nh nh sau:
f(1)= 1 , f(2) = 1 , f(3) = 2,
f(4) = 4, f(5) = 5.
G(1) = 3, g(2) = 1, g(3) = 2,
g(4) = 5, g(5) = 1.
H(1) = 3, h(2) = 2, h(3) = 3,
h(4) = 4, h(5) = 4.
Hy xt tnh lin tc ca cc nh x trn.
4. Chng minh rng nh x f : (X, Tx) (Y, TY) l mt php
ng phi khi v ch khi f l song nh v
tp con A ca X.
5. Cho f :

vi mi

l nh x c xc nh nh sau :

Chng minh rng nh x f l ng nhng khng l nh x

m.
6. Xt
trong T l tp t nhin, v xt cc tp con
ca vi tp cm sinh t T. Chng minh rng cc khng gian
tp sau y l ng phi :
a) X = (a, b), Y = (c, d). b) X = [a, b], Y = [c, d]
D) X = [a, b), Y = [c, d).
c) X = (a, b), Y = .
trong a, b, c, d l cc s thc tu .
7. C th xc nh cc tp trn cc tp s hu t, v v t
c hai khng gian tp ng phi khng?
8. Hy tm hai v d v cc loi nh x trn tc ng nhng
khng m, lin tc m nhng khng ng, lin tc nhng ng
thi khng ng v khng m.
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9. C tn ti hy khng nhng nh x gia cc khng gian
tp tho mn ng thi va l nh x ng va l nh x m
nhng khng phi l nh x lin tc?
10. Gi s trn tp X cho hai tp T1 v T2 tho mn T1
T2 , bit rng (X, T1) l khng gian Hausdorff, chng minh rng
a) Khng gian (X, T2) cng l Hausdorff.
b) Nu A l tp con ng ca X i vi T1 th A cng ng
i vi T2.
11. cho cc nh x f : A Y, g : X Y, vi A X. nh x
g c gi l m rng (thc trin) ca nh x f ln X (hay ta cn
ni f l thu hp (hn ch) ca g ln tp con A), nu vi mi x
A ta c f(x) = g(x). Khi ta s vit f = g|A.
Gi s f : X Y v g : X Z l hai nh x, Y Z, ta ni
rng nh x f thu c t nh x g bng cch thu hp (hn ch)
min gi tr nu f(x) = g(x) (X X). Trong trng hp ny ta
cng ni nh x g thu c t f bng cch m rng min gi tr.
Chng minh rng:
a) Thu hp ca mt nh x lin tc ln khng gian tp con l
mt nh x lin tc.
b) Gi s f : X Y l mt nh x lin tc gia cc khng
gian tp Y1 l khng gian tp con ca Y tho mn f(X) Y1
Th th nh x g. X Y1 thu c bng cch thu hp min gi
tr ca f l mt nh x lin tc
c) Gi s f : X Y l nh x lin tc gia cc khng gian
tp. Y l khng gian tp con ca Y2. Khi nh x g : X
Y2 thu c t f bng cch m rng min gi tr l mt nh x
lin tc.
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12. Cho f, g : X Y l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian
tp X vo khng gian tp Hausdorff Y. Chng minh rng: tp
A = { x X | f(x) = g(x) } l ng.
13. Gi s f, g l hai hm lin tc t khng gian tp X vo
tp vi tng t nhin.
a) Chng minh rng nu a th nh x: a.f : X , xc
nh bi (a.f)(x) = a.f(x), vi mi x X, l lin tc.
b) Chng minh rng nh x: |f|: X , xc nh bi |f|(x) =
|f(x)|, vi mi x X, l lin tc.
c) Chng minh rng cc nh x: f + g, f - g, f.g : X xc
nh bi:

vi mi x s X l lin tc. Hn na nu g(x) 0 vi mi x

X th nh x 1/g cng lin tc.
d) Cc nh x: max(f, g), min(f, g) : X
cng lin tc,
1
1
trong max(f, g) = (f + g + |f - g|), min(f,g) = (f + g - |f 2
2
g|).
14. Gi s
l tp s thc vi tng t nhin, vi hai im
tu

Vi bt k
, v
, t:
Tp B(a,r) c gi l hnh cu m tm a bn knh r trong

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l c
a) Chng minh rng h tt c cc hnh cu m trong
s ca tp no trn .
b) Chng minh rng tp tm c trn chnh l tp
Euclid trn in.
c) Chng minh rng khng gian Euclid
l khng gian tp
tho mn tin m c th hai, v l khng gian tp kh li.
15. Trong khng gian tp Euclid , xt cc tp sau y vi
tp cm sinh:
( hnh vung m)
(hnh trn m)
(ng trn)

a) Chng minh rng: Cc khng gian tp K v B l ng

phi.
b) Cc khng gian tp S1 v L l ng phi.
c) Cc khng gian tp
v
l ng phi.
1
d) Hy xt xem nh x f : [0, 1) S , xc nh bi:
f(t) = (cos2t, sin2t)
c l php ng phi hay khng?
16. Cho X v Y l hai khng gian tp, f : XxY Z l nh
x t khng gian tp tch vo khng gian tp Z. Ta ni rng f
l lin tc i vi bin x X nu vi mi y0 Y nh x X Z
(x a f(x, y0)) l lin tc.
Tng t ta ni rng f l lin tc i vi bin y Y nu vi
mi x0 X nh x Y Z (y a f(x0, y)) l lin tc. Nu f l
lin tc theo bin x v bin y th ta ni rng f lin tc theo hai
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bin x v y.
a) Chng minh rng nu f l nh x lin tc th f lin tc theo
hai bin x v y.
b) Hy ch ra v d chng t rng tn ti nhng nh x lin
tc theo c hai bin x v y, nhng khng phi l nh x lin tc.

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Chng 4
KHNG GIAN COMPC,
KHNG GIAN LIN THNG

1. KHNG GIAN COMPC

nh ngha 4.1 Khng gian tp X c gi l khng gian

compc nu mi ph m bt k ca X lun c ph con hu hn.
Tp con A ca khng gian tp X gi l tp compc nu A l
khng gian compc vi tng cm sinh.
V d 4.1
1. Mi khng gian tp gm hu hn phn t u l khng
gian compc.
2. Khng gian tp (vi tp t nhin) khng phi l

khng gian compc v ph m

ca khng c
ph con hu hn no.
3. Khng gian tp
l khng gian compc.
nh ngha 4.2. H F = {Fs}sS nhng tp con ca khng
gian tp X c gi l h c tm nu giao ca mi h con hu
hn bt k ca F l khc rng. Ngha l vi tp con hu hn bt
k {s1 ,... , sk} S ta lun c
nh l 4.1. Khng gian tp X l compc nu v ch nu
mi h c tm nhng tp con ng bt k ca X u c giao

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khc rng.
Chng minh.

() Gi s X l khng gian compc,F = {Fs}sS l mt h

c tm nhng tp ng trong X. Ta chng minh

IF
s

sS

Tht vy, gi s ngc li

IF
s

Khi ta c :

sS

trong h { X \ Fs}sS l ph m ca X. Do X l com pc ,

theo nh ngha ph { X \ Fs}sS ca X c ph con hu hn ,
ngha l tn ti s1,s2 .sn S sao cho: .
T suy ra
v do
Chng t h
F khng phi l h c tm. Mu thun vi gi thit, vy

IF
s

sS

() Gi S mi h c tm cc tp ng trong X lun c
giao khc rng, v gi s {Us}sS l mt ph m tu ca X.
Vi mi s S t Fs = X \ Us, khi Fs l tp ng vi s S.
Ta c:

iu ny chng t h {Fs}sS khng phi l h c tm nhng

tp ng, do vy s1,s2 .sn S. Sao cho
Suy ra

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Nh vy ph {Us}sS c ph con hu hn l {Usi |i = 1, 2 ,, n

}. Vy X l khng gian compc.
nh l 4.2. Tp con A ca khng gian tp X l compc khi
v ch khi mi ph m bt k ca A trong X lun c mt ph
con hu hn.
Chng minh.

()Gi s A l tp compc ca khng gian tp X,

{Ui}iI} l mt ph m ca A, (cc Ui (i I) l cc tp m trong
X), khi cc tp Vi = Ui A l m trong A v ta c:

Do A l tp compc , theo nh ngha suy ra h {Vi}i I c

ph con hu hn , gi s l
khi ta c h { Usi : i = 1, 2 ,...k) l ph con hu hn ca ph
{Ui }i I i vi A trong X.

() Gi s {Vi}i I l mt ph m bt k ca A, trong
V; l m trong A vi mi i I. Theo nh ngha khng gian con
, {Ui }i I l h cc tp m trong X tho mn Vi = Ui A ( i
I). Hin nhin h {Ui }i I l ph m ca A trong X, theo gi
thit ta tn c ph con hu hn { Usi | i = 1, 2,... , n } ca ph
{Ui }i I ngha l

Vy A l tp compc.
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H qu. Tp con ng ca khng gian compc l tp compc.
Chng minh.
Gi s A l tp con ng trong X , v h {Us }s S l mt ph
m bt k ca A. Khi h {Us }s S cng vi tp X \ A l mt
ph m ca X, v X l khng gian compc nn X c ph con hu

hn, gi s l X \ A, Us1 .. Usn. Khi h

. l
mt ph con hu hn ca A. Vy A l compc.
Nhn xt.
Tp con compc trong khng gian compc cha chc
ng. V d nu X l khng gian tp th (c nhiu hn mt
phn t) khi mi tp con ca X u l tp compc, nhng
khng phi l tp ng.
nh l 4.3. Tp con compc trong khng gian Hausdorff l
tp ng.
Chng minh.
Gi s A l tp compc. Nu A = X th hin nhin A l tp
ng.
Nu A X th X \ A . Ly bt k x X \ A. Vi mi y
A ta c th chn mt ln cn m Vy ca y sao cho x Vy. R
rng h {Vy }y A l mt ph m ca A, v A l tp compc nn
h trn c ph con hu hn.l

. t

. Ta c

A V, v x V . V vy X \ V l ln cn ca phn t x tho
mn X \ V X \ A. x l im trong ca X \ A. V mi x X
\ A u l im trong ca X \ A nn X \ A l tp m. Vy A l
tp ng.
H qu. Nu A l tp con compc trong khng gian
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Hausdorff X v x X \ A th tn ti cc ln cn ca x v tp A
khng giao nhau.
nh l 4.4. Cho X l khng gian tp Hausdorff, A v B l
cc tp con compc khng giao nhau ca X. Khi tn ti cc
ln cn khng giao nhau ca A v B. Do mi khng gian
Hausdorff compc l khng gian chun tc.
Chng minh.
Theo chng minh ca nh l (4.3), vi mi x A tn ti cc
ln cn m VX ca x, v Ux ca B sao cho Ux Vx = . H
{Vx}x A l ph m ca tp A nn c ph con hu hn. Gi s
l l { Ux1 ,..,Uxn }. Ta c
v l ln cn ca A ,
v
l ln cn ca B. R rng U V = ta c
iu phi chng minh.
nh l 4.5. Nu X l khng gian tp chnh quy, A l tp con
compc v U l ln cn ca A th tn ti ln cn V ng ca A
sao cho V U
Chng minh.
Do X l chnh quy nn vi mi x A tn ti mt ln cn m

. H (Wx)xA l mt ph m ca A.
Wx ca x sao cho
Do A l tp compc nn ph (Wx)xA. C ph con hu hn. Gi
t
s l Wx1,. ,Wxn tho mn
r rng V l ln cn ng ca A v V U.
nh l 4.6. nh ca mt tp compc qua nh x lin tc cng
l mt tp compc.
Chng minh.

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Gi s A l mt tp compc trong khng gian tp X, f : X
Y l nh x lin tc. t B = f(A). Gi s (Us)sS l mt ph
m bt k ca B. V A f-1 (B) nn h f-1(Us)sS l mt ph m
ca A (do f lin tc). V A l khng gian compc nn ph ny c
ph con hu hn, ngha l tn ti cc ch s s1 ,., sn S sao
cho
. Do
vy
l
ph ca B, v chnh l ph con hu hn ca ph (Us)sS i
vi B. Vy B l tp compc.
H qu. Cho f: X Y l song nh lin tc t khng gian
compc X ln khng gian tp Hausdorff Y. Khi f l php
ng phi.
Chng minh.
Khi Y l khng gian Hausdorff v f l song nh ta c f l nh
x ng. Tht vy, gi s A l tp ng trong X. Khi A l tp
compc (h qu nh l 4.2) suy ra tp f(A) l compc. V Y
Hausdorff nn f(A) l ng trong Y (nh l 4.3).
Do vy ta c vi A l tp ng trong X th (f-1)-1 (A) = f(A)
ng trong Y. Suy ra f-1 l lin tc. Vy f l php ng phi.
nh l 4.7 Cho X l khng gian chnh quy compc, A l tp
compc v U l ln cn m ca A. Khi tn ti trn X mt
hm f lin tc ly gi tr trn khong n v ng [0, 1] tha
mn f(x) = 0 nu x A , f(x) = 1 nu x X \ U.
Chng minh. Do X l khng gian chnh quy compc nn X l
khng gian chun tc (theo nh l 4.4). Theo gi thit A l
compc trong X nn A l tp ng trong X. t B = X \ U. V U
l tp m cha A nn B l tp ng tha mn A B = . Theo
b Urisn ta c iu phi chng minh.
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nh l 4.8. Tng trc tip X s ca mt h khng gian
sS

tp {Xs}sS l compc khi v ch khi S l hu hn v Xs l

compc vi mi s S.
Chng minh.

Gi s X s l khng gian compc. Khi hin nhin S

sS

l tp hu hn, v nu S l v hn th h {Xs}sS l mt ph m
v hn ca X s h nay khng c ph con hu hn no (do cc
sS

Xs i mt khng giao nhau). Do Xs l tp ng trong khng

gian compc X s Xs l tp Compc vi mi s S.
sS

Gi s X1,... , Xn l cc khng gian com pc khng giao

nhau tng i mt, S = { 1 , 2 ,... , n }. ta chng minh tng trc
tip X s l khng gian compc.
sS

Gi s {Ui}iI l mt ph m bt k ca X s Khi { Xs
sS

Ui}iI l mt ph m ca Xs(1 s n) , do t Xs l compc

nn tn ti mt ph con hu hn ca {Ui}iI ph Xs. Do s ch
nhn mt s hu hn gi tr, nn c mt ph con hu hn ca
{Ui}iI ph X s vy X s l khng gian compc.
sS

sS

nh l 4.9. Cho h khng gian tp {Xs}sS. Tch cc

l khng gian compc khi v ch khi Xs l khng gian

sS

compc vi mt s S.
Chng minh.

() Gi s

X
sS

135

l khng gian compc vi tp tch,

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do p1 l nh x lin tc vi mi t S, nn Xt = Pt( X s ) l
sS

khng gian compc vi mi t S.

() Gi s (Xs, Ts) l cc khng gian tp compc (vi

mi s S) Ta chng minh

l khng gian compc. Gi s

sS

R l h bt k nhng tp con ng c tm trong

. Ta

sS

chng minh h R c giao khc rng.

Tht vy theo b Zooc tn ti mt h c tm cc i R0
cha R trong

. Ta c

Ta s chng

sS

minh

Do tnh cc i ca R0 ta c :
a) Nu A1,..., Am R0 th
b) Nu A0

tho mn A0 A (A R0 ) th A0

sS

R0.
V R0 l h c tm nn s S ta c
tm nhng tp con ng ca

l h c

(v Xs l khng gian compc, mi h c tm nhng tp con ng

u c giao khc rng).
Vi mi s S ly mt phn t
ta chng minh
khi
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Tht vy gi s V l mt ln cn m bt k ca x, khi tn
ti cc ln cn m Wl , W2 ..Wm ca cc im xs1, xs2
..xsm l trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1, Xs2 ..Xsm
sao cho
. V
nn vi mi A
R0, i {1, 2,...m}, c wi psi ; (A)

vi

mi A R0. Do tnh cht b) ca R0 suy ra

vi mi

i {1, 2,...m}. Do tnh cht a) ta c

. Do vi

mi A R0 ta c

T suy ra

( A R0). Suy ra

Vy

sS

khng gian compc.

nh l 4.10. Khong ng [a, b] (R, T) l tp compc.
Chng minh.
Gi s {Us}sS l mt ph m bt k trong R ca on [a,b].
Gi A l tp tt c cc im c [a, b] tha mn [a, c] nm trong
hp ca mt s hu hn cc phn t ca ph {Us}sS. Ta chng
minh b A.
Hin nhin A v a A. V A l tp gii ni trong R nn
A c cn trn ng d = sup A b, (v A [a, b]). Ta chng
minh d = b.
Tn ti tp m Us0 {Us}sS tha mn d Us0, khi tn ti
> 0 tha mn (d - , d + ) Us0 . V d = supA, nn tn ti
phn t x A sao cho x (d - , d]. Theo cch xc nh ca tp
A, ta c [a, x] c ph bi mt s hu hn cc phn t ca ph
{Us}sS gi s cc phn t l: {Us1, Us2, ..Usn}. Khi
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{Us0, Us1, Us2 ..Usn} l mt ph hu hn ca on [a, d] d
A.
Gi s d < b, theo trn trong on [a, b] tn ti y (d, d + )
(d - , d+ ) Us0 , ngha l [a, y] c ph bi mt s hu
hn cc phn t {Us0, Us1, Us2 .. Usn} ca ph {Us}sS, y
A. iu ny mu thun vi d = supA. Vy d = b.
nh ngha 4.3. Tp con A ca khng gian Euclid
c
gi l gii ni nu tn ti khong ng J = [a, b] sao cho A Jn.
nh x f: X (t khng gian tp X n tp s thc R)
c gi l gii ni nu f(X) l gii ni trong R.
H qu. Tp con ca khng gian Euclid n chiu
l compc
khi v ch khi n ng v gii ni.
Chng minh.

()Gi s A l tp compc trong

. Do
l khng
gian mtric nn n l khng gian tp Hausdorff A l tp
(theo nh l 4.3). Vi mi s t nhin
t
ng trong
Mi = (-i, i), v t
, khi h
l mt ph m
ca A, do A l compc nn c ph con hu hn, hn na do Ui
Ui + 1 ( i N) nn tn ti i0 A Ui0. t J = [-i0, i0], hin
nhin A Jn,vy A l tp gii ni trong .

() Nu tp con A ca khng gian Euciid

l ng v
n
gii ni, tn ti khong ng J = [a, b] sao cho A J : Theo cc
nh l (4.9) v (4.10) ta c Jn l tp compc, v A ng trong Jn
nn A l compc.

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2. KHNG GIAN COMPC A PHNG

nh ngha 4.4. Khng gian tp X c gi l compc a

phng nu vi mi x X, tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho U l

tp compc.
V d 4.2
a) Nu X l khng gian compc th X compc a phng.
b) Nu X l khng gian tp ri rc th X compc a
phng.
c)
l khng gian compc a phng.
nh l 4.11 Khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff l
hon ton chnh quy.
Chng minh.
Gi s X l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff. Ly
ty F l tp ng trong X v x X \ F. Gi U l ln cn m
ca x sao cho U compc. Ta c: F1 = ( U \ U) ( U F) l
tp ng trong X F1 ng trong U tha mn x U \ F1. V
U l compc Hausdorff nn U l chun tc (nh l 4.4) U
hon ton chnh qui. Do , tn ti hm lin tc f1: U I sao
cho f1(x) = 0, f1(y) = 1 (y F1). Gi f : X \ U I l hm
c xc nh bi: f2(y) = 1 (y X \ U). Hin nhin f2 lin
tc.Ta xc nh hm f : X I nh sau:

Do U (X \ U) = U \ U F1 suy ra f1(y) = 1 = f2(y), vi

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mi y U (X \ U). Cho nn f l mt nh x. Ta chng minh
f lin tc:
Gi s A l tp ng bt k trong I f1-1(A) ng trong U .
f1-1(A) ng trong X \ U = f1-1(A), f2-1(A)ng trong X (v U v
X \ U ng trong X) U = f1-1(A) f2-1(A) l tp ng trong
X. Vy f l nh x lin tc.
D thy f(x) = 0, f(y) = 1 (y F). Vy X l khng gian
hon ton chnh quy.
nh l 4.12. Gi s X l khng gian compc a phng
Hausaorff, A l tp compc ca X, V l tp m cha A. Khi ,
tn ti tp m U sao cho U l tp compc v A U U V.
Chng minh.
Vi mi y A, tn ti ln cn m Vy ca y sao cho V y l tp
compc trong X. V X chnh quy nn tn ti ln cn m Wy ca
y sao cho

. Tp Uy = Vy Wy l mt ln cn ca y. Do

U y V y nn U y l compc. Ta c h {Uy}y A l mt ph m
ca tp compc A y1,..., yn A sao cho
Ta c
trong X, bi v
= 1 ,... , n.
Hn na

; l tp m cha A tho mn U compc

, trong mi

compc trong X, i

.iu phi chng minh.

nh l 4.13.
a) Khng gian con ng ca mt khng gian compc a
phng l compc a phng.

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b) Khng gian con m ca mt khng gian compc a
phng Hausdorff l compc a phng.
Chng minh.
a) Gi s X compc a phng, M l khng gian con ng
ca X.
Khi vi mi x M tn ti mt ln cn U ca x sao cho U
l tp compc trong X. Ta c tp M U l ln cn ca x trong
, (nh l 3. 1 7),

M, v
ng trong X v

l tp

l tp con ng ca tp compc U nn

theo h qu nh l (4.2) ta c
l tp Compc.
b) Gi s X l khng gian tp compc a phng
Hausdorff, M l khng gian con m ca X. Khi vi mi x
M, tn ti tp m U trong X sao cho U compc trong X v tho
mn x U U M (p dng nh l 4.12 vi A = {x}). Do
M l tp compc a phng
nh l 4.14. Tng trc tip X s ca mt h {Xs}sS khng
sS

gian tp l khng gian compc a phng vi mi s S,

khng gian tp Xs l compc a phng.
Chng minh.

Gi s X s l khng gian compc a phng. V Xs l

sS

khng gian con ng ca X s , s S, nn Xs l compc a

sS

phng.

Gi s Xs l khng gian compc a phng, s S. Ly

tu x X s . Khi tn ti s0 S x Xs0. V Xs0
sS

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compc a phng nn tn ti ln cn U ca x trong Xs0 sao
cho U compc trong Xs0 ( U l bao ng trong Xs0 ca U). V
Xs0 va m, va ng trong X s nn U l ln cn ca x trong
sS

X s v U l bao ng trong X s ca U. Vy X s l

sS

sS

sS

compc a phng.
nh l 4.15 Tch cc

ca mt h khng gian tp

sS

{Xs}sS l khng gian compc a phng nu v ch nu ch c

mt s hu hn cc khng gian Xs1 .. Xsn l compc a
phng v cc khng gian khc cn li u l compc.
chng minh.

() Gi s

l Compc a phng. Ly ty x =

sS

{xs}sS X s . Khi tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho U

sS

compc trong

tn ti tp

sS

trong Ws l ln

sS

cn m ca xs trong Xs, Ws Xs ch vi mt s hu hn s {s1

,... , sn} S, sao cho

U (nh l 3.20)

sS

nh l 3.21 )

sS

l tp Compc trong

(s S).

sS

l compc trong Xs (nh l 4.9). V Ws = Xs vi mi s S \

{s1,..., sn}, nn Xs l compc vi mi s S \ {s1 ,..., s S. Cc
kh ng gian Xs1 .. Xsn l compc a phng bi v vi mi xsi
Xsi, (l i n), tn ti ln cn Wsi ca xsi s ao cho
compc
trong Xsi.
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Gi S Xs1 Xsn 1 cc khng gian compc a

phng, Xs l khng gian compc vi mi s S \ { s1 ,..., sn}
Ly x= {xs}sS X s . Khi vi mi i, 1 i n, tn ti ln
sS

cn Wsi ca xsi sao cho

compc trong Xsi. Ta c tp U =

trong Ws = Xs s S \ {s1 ,..., sn}, l ln cn ca x

sS

trong khng gian

, v ta c U =

sS

trong

X
sS

, do

l tp compc

sS

l Compc a phng.

sS

3. COMPC HO

nh ngha 4.5 Gi s X l khng gian tp khng compc,

Y l khng gian tp compc, l php nhng ng phi X vo
Y sao cho (x) tr mt trong Y. Khi cp (Y, ) c gi l
mt compc ho ca X.
Compc ho bi mt im ca khng gian khng compc
c nh ngha nh sau: gi s X l khng gian tp khng

compc, N l im khng thuc X ( X), t X = X U {} ,

trang b cho X tp T c xc nh nh sau:

143

Nu G X v G, th G T G m trong X.
Nu G X v G, th G T X \ G l tp ng,
compc trong X.

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Nhn xt.

a)

( X , T) l khng gian tp v X l khng gian con ca

( X , T),
b) Php nhng i: X X (i(x) = x, vi mi x X) l php
nhng ng phi t X vo X .
nh l 4.16. Cp ( X ,i) l mt compc ho ca X.
Chng minh.

Ta chng minh X l compc v X tr mt trong X . Gi s

{Us}ss l mt ph m ca X . Khi tn ti s0 S sao cho
Uso. Do v X \ Uso l tp ng compc trong X, nn tn ti s1,
sn S sao cho

vy h

mt ph con hu hn ca {Us}sS i vi X X compc.

Gi s U l mt ln cn m bt k ca phn t trong khng
gian tp X . Do U nn X \ U l tp ng compc trong X,
do X khng l compc. nn X \ U X, suy ra U X . Vy
im l im gii hn ca X. Vy X l tp tr mt trong X.
Cp ( X ,i) c gi l compc ho bi mt im hoc
compc ho Alchxanrp ca X.
Nhn xt.
Mi khng gian khng compc bt k u c compc ho bi
mt im.
nh l 4.17 Compc ha bi mt im X l khng gian
Hausdorff khi. v ch khi X l khng gian compc a phng
Hausdorff
Chng minh.

Gi s X l khng gian compc Hausdorff. Khi : X =

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X \{} l khng gian con m ca X X compc a phng
Hausdorff

Ngc li, gi s X l khng gian compc a phng

Hausdorff. Ly ty x1,x2 X , xl x2. Nu x1,x2 X th tn

ti cc tp m U, V l ln cn m ca x1 v x2 trong X, (x1 U,
x2 V), tho mn U V = (do X l Hausdorff. Theo cch
xy dng tp trong X , ta c U v V cng l tp m trong X .
Nu mt trong hai im x1, x2 l , chng hn x2 = , th tn ti
ln cn U trong X ca x1 sao cho U compc trong X (do X
compc a phng). Theo cch xy dng tp trong X , X \ U
= V l m trong X . Nh vy, U v V l 2 ln cn khng giao
nhau trong X ca x1, x2. Vy X l khng gian compc a
phng Hausdorff.
V d 4.3
Gi s l khng gian cc s phc. l khng gian compc
a phng Hausdorff. Tp

trn, cng vi php nhng i :

im ca . Ta gi

U { } vi tp xc nh nh

l compc ho bi mt

l mt phng ng,

l mt phng m.

l khng gian compc Hausdorff. Hn na, ta c:

ng phi

vi mt cu
Tht vy trong
ta ly h trc to cc vung gc , ,
trong hai trc , trng vi trc Ox, Oy ca .
Mt cu S c ng knh bng 1 tip xc vi mt phng xOy ti
gc to . Ly bt k M(x, y) . Gi Z = (, , ) l giao
im ca mt cu S vi ng thng ni im A(0, 0, 1 ) v
im M.
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Gi :

S l nh x xc nh bi:

Khi l mt song nh v vi bt k M(x, y)

(M) = (, , ) trong ,

ta c:

Ngha l -1(, , ) = M(x, y), nu (, , ) (0, 0, 1) = A,

Cc nh x v -1 lin tc, cho
trong
nn l php ng phi t

ln S.

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4. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG

nh ngha 4.6 Khng gian tp X c gi l lin thng

nu khng tn ti cc tp m khc rng A v B trong X sao cho
A B = , X = A B.
Nhn xt.

Khng gian X l lin thng nu v ch nu khng tn ti

mt tp con thc s A va ng va m ca X.
nh ngha 4.7 Tp con M ca khng gian tp X c gi
l tp lin thng nu M cng vi tp cm sinh l khng gian
lin thng.
Nhn xt.

Tp M ca khng gian tp X l lin thng khi v ch khi

khng tn ti cc tp m A, B trong X sao cho :
A M , B M , A B M = , M A B. (*)
Chng minh.

() Gi s ngc li, ngha l tn ti cc tp con A, B

X tha mn iu kin (*) trn. Khi U = A M, V = B
M, l cc tp m khc rng trong M tha mn U V = A B
M = , U V = (A M) (B M) = M (A B) = M.
Vy M khng l tp lin thng (tri gi thit).

() Gi s tp M khng tin thng, khi tn ti hai tp

m khc rng U v V trong M tha mn U V = , M = U
V tn ti hai tp m khc rng A v B trong X tha mn U =
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A M, V = B M A M= , B M = , A B M =
, M A B. Mu thun vi gi thit.
nh l 4.18. Nu trong khng gian tp X c mt tp lin
thng tr mt M, th X l khng gian lin thng.
Chng minh.
Gi s khng gian tp X khng lin thng. Khi tn ti
hai tp m A, B khc rng sao cho A B =, X = A B. V
M tr mt trong X, cho nn A M = , B M = . Ta c A
B M = , M A U B suy ra M khng phi l lin thng, iu
ny tri vi gi thit. Vy X lin thng.
H qu. Gi s A l lin thng ca X, A B A . Khi B
l tp lin thng.
Chng minh.
V A l tp lin thng tr mt ca khng gian B nn B lin
thng.
nh l 4.19. Hp ca mt h ty nhng tp con lin thng
c giao khc rng trong X l mt tp lin thng ca X.
Chng minh.
Gi s {Ms}sS l mt h cc tp con lin thng ca X tha
mn
nhng M =
khng l tp lin thng. Khi ,
tn ti hai tp m A, B X sao cho: A M , B M ,
V x M
A B M= , M A B. Ly ty
nn x thuc mt trong hai tp A, B. Gi s x A. Ta c B M
= s0 S sao cho B MS0 = , x A MS0 A MS0
= , hn na ta c A B MS0 = . V MS0 A B. Vy
MS0 khng lin thng. Mu thun vi gi thit. Vy tp M l lin
thng.

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H qu 1. Gi s vi mi x, y X lun tn ti tp lin thng
cha x v y Khi khng gian tp X l lin thng.
Chng minh.
Ly bt k a X, khi vi mi x X theo gi thit tn ti

tp lin thng Cx cha a v x. V a

IC

xX

nn X =

IC

lin

xX

thng.
H qu 2. Gi s A, B X, B l tp lin thng. Nu B c
im chung vi A v vi X\A, th B c im chung vi bin ca
tp A l b(A).
Chng minh.
Gi s B b(A) = , ta c B b(X \ A) = . ngha l B
0
A (X \ A0, v B c im chung vi A v X \ A nn : B A0
. V B (X \ A)0 . Do A0 v (X\A)0 l cc tp m
khng giao nhau nn theo nhn xt trn tp B l khng lin
thng (mu thun vi gi thit).
H qu 3. Mi tp con thc s, khc ca khng gian lin
thng u c t nht mt im bin.
Chng minh.
Gi s X l khng gian tp lin thng, A X, A , A
X.
Khi vi B = X, r rng B c giao khc rng vi A v X\A,
v B l tp lin thng theo nhn xt trn ta c b(A) .
nh l 4.20. nh ca mt tp lin thng qua nh x lin tc
l tp lin thng.
Chng minh.
Gi s f : X Y l nh x lin tc l khng gian tp X n
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khng gian tp Y, A l tp lin thng trong X. Ta chng minh
B = f(A) l tp lin thng trong Y. Gi s B l tp khng lin
thng. Khi tp ti hai tp m M, N khc sao cho M B
, N B , M N B = , B M N. Do f l nh x
lin tc nn f lm v f-1(N) l nhng tp m trong X, r rng f1
(M) A . f-1(N) A , f-1(M) f-1(N) A = v A
f-1(M) f-1(N) (mu thun vi A lin thng). Vy f(A) = B l
tp lin thng.
nh l 4.21. X khng l khng gian lin thng khi v ch khi
tn ti ton nh lin tc f : X Y, trong Y l khng gian
tp ri rc c t nht 2 phn t.
Chng minh.

() Gi s khng gian tp X khng l khng gian lin

thng. Khi A, B l cc tp m khc trong X sao cho A
B = , X = A B. Gi Y l khng gian ri rc gm hai phn t
a, b. Khi ta c nh x f: X Y c xc nh bi : f(x) = a,
(x A), v f(y) = b (y B), l mt ton nh lin tc, theo
nh l (4.20)

() Gi s ton nh lin tc f : X Y, trong Y l

mt khng gian ri rc c t nht hai phn t. Khi X khng l
khng gian lin thng, bi v nu X lin thng th theo nh l
(4.20), Y lin thng, mu thun vi gi thit Y l khng gian ri
rc.
nh l 4.22.
a) Tch cc

ca mt h khng gian lin thng

sS

{Xs}s S l lin thng.

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b) Nu tch cc

lin thng th khng gian Xs l lin

sS

thng (s S).
Chng minh.
a) Gi s Xs lin thng (s S), nhng khng gian
tch X s khng l khng gian lin thng. Khi ton nh
sS

lin tc f :

Y, trong Y l khng gian ri rc c t

sS

nht 2 phn t (nh l 4.21 ). Ly a = (as)s S X s . Vi bt

sS

k S0 S, gi Js0 : Xs0

l nh x xc nh bi js0 (xs0)

sS

= x = (xs)sS trong :
Khi nh x tch fs0 = f.js0 : Xs0 Y l lin tc, bi v
php nhng js0 v f u lin tc. Do Xs0 lin thng cho nn (theo
nh l 4.20) ta c fs0(Xs0) l tp lin thng fs0 l nh x hng.
Nh vy f(x) = f(a) vi mi x = (xs)sS m xs = as (s s0).
Bng quy np ta c f(x) = f(a) vi mi x = (xs)sS m xs = as
vi mi s S tr ra mt s hu hn phn t ca S. Tp A gm
cc im x nh vy l tr mt trong X. Tht vy gi s U l tp
m khc rng trong X, khi tn ti mt tp

U, trong

sS

mi Ws l tp m trong Xs, Ws = Xs, ( s S \ {s1,...,sn}).

im x = (xs)sS vi xsi Wsi ( 1 i n) v xs = as, (s {s1
,,su}) l im chung ca U v A. Vy A tr mt trong X.V Y
l khng gian Hausdorff, A tr mt trong X, v f lin tc tho
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mn f(x) = f(a), (x A), do f(x) = f(a) (x X). iu ny
khng th xy ra, v f ton nh t X ln Y c t nht 2 phn t.
b) Php chiu: ps :

Xs l ton nh lin tc (s S).

sS

V vy, nu

l lin thng, th Xs lin thng.

sS

nh l 4.23. Khng gian thng ca mt khng gian lin

thng l lin thng.
Chng minh.
Gi s X lin thng, R l mt quan h tng ng trn X.
V nh x thng p : X X/R l ton nh lin tc i vi tp
thng nn X/R lin thng.
Nhn xt.
Vi x X hp ca tt c cc tp lin thng trong X cha
phn t x cng lin thng. l tp lin thng ln nht trong X
cha x.
nh ngha 4.8. Tp lin thng ln nht trong khng gian X
cha phn t x X c gi l thnh phn lin thng ca im
x.
Nu x A X th thnh phn lin thng ca x trong khng
gian con A c gi l thnh phn lin thng ca x trong A.
Nhn xt.

Nu X l khng gian lin thng th X l thnh phn lin

thng ca mi im thuc n.

Nu tp A va m va ng trong X, th A cha cc thnh

phn lin thng trong X ca mi im thuc A.
Tht vy, ly ty x A, gi s C l thnh phn lin thng
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ca x trong X tho mn C A, khi A C l tp con thc s,
khc va ng, va m trong khng gian con C ca X. iu
ny khng th xy ra v C lin thng.

Thnh phn lin thng ca mi im x nm trong giao ca

tt c cc tp va m va ng chc x.
nh l4.24. Trong khng gian tp X ta c:
a) Thnh phn lin thng ca mi im l tp ng.
b) Quan h hai ngi R trn X xc nh bi : "yRx y thuc
thnh phn lin thng Cx" ca im x l mt quan h tng
ng trong X. Mi thnh phn lin thng ca mt im trong
X l mt lp tng ng ca quan h R
Chng minh.
a) Gi Cx l thnh phn lin thng ca im x X , khi
vy Cx l tp ng.
CX lin thng. T nh ngha
b) Hin nhin R l phn x v i xng. Ta chng minh quan
h R l bc cu. Gi s x, y, z X, yRx v zRy, tc l y Cx
v' z Cy. T ta c y Cx Cy Cx Cy l tp lin thng
Cx Cy = Cx z Cx zRx
R rng thnh phn lin thng ca x l lp tng ng cha
x.
nh l 4.25 Trong tch cc

ca mt h cc khng

sS

gian tp {xs}sS thnh phn lin thng ca im x = {xs}sS

l tch cc

sS

ca dim xs trong Xs.

Chng minh.
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C
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ca cc thnh phn lin thng Cs

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Theo nh l (4.22) ta c

l tp lin thng cha x

sS

trong khng gian tp

. Mt khc nu A l tp lin thng

sS

trong

cha x th ps(A) l tp lin thng trong Xs cha xs

sS

(s S), v php chiu ps :

Xs l nh x lin tc. Do

sS

ps(A) Cs, s S, v v vy A n

sS

lin thng ln nht trong

cha x. Vy

sS

l tp

sS

l thnh

sS

phn lin thng ca x.

nh l 4.26. Tp cc s thc vi tng t nhin l mt
khng gian hn thng.
Chng minh:
khng lin thng. Khi trong
tn ti mt tp
Gi s
con thc s khc , va ng va m A r \A. Hin
nhin A (-, r) (r, +). t B = A (-, r), C = A (r,
+). Ta c A = B C (v A ).
Nu B , ta c tp B b chn trn bi s r cho nn c cn
trn ng b = supB r. T suy ra tn ti dy
B sao
cho
. V
cng l mt dy ca tp ng A cho
nn b A. Do , b < r v nh vy b B.
V B l tp m trong cho nn > 0 sao cho (b - , b + )

B, (b + < r). S thc x = (b +

) l mt phn t ca. B v x
2
> b. iu ny khng th xy ra v b l cn trn ca B.
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Trng hp B = ko theo C , ta cng chng minh mt
cch tng t. Vy khng gian tp lin thng.
Nhn xt.

Khng gian Euclid

l khng gian lin thng.

Mi khong m bt k trong

l lin thng.

Mi khong ng hoc na ng trong l lin thng.

nh l 4.27 Nu tp A lin thng trong l th A l mt
khong.
Ta hiu khong y l khong m, hoc ng hoc na
ng na m.
Chng minh.
Ta ch cn chng minh rng nu a, b A, a < b th A [a,
b]. Gi s c A sao cho a < c < b. Khi B = (-, c) v C =
(c, ) m trong , B C = . B A , C A A B
C. Suy ra A khng lin thng (mu thun vi gi thit).
Ta chng minh mt m rng ca nh l Bonzano - Csi
trong gii tch c in.
nh l 4.28. Gi s f : X (R l hm lin tc trn khng
gian lin thng X, a, b X, f(a) < f(b). Khi vi mi C
[f(a), f(b)], tn ti c X sao cho f(c) = C.
Chng minh.
X lin thng suy ra f(x) lin thng trong , (nh l 4.20)
f(X) l mt khong (nh l 4.27) [f(a), f(b)] f(X) C
f(X) c X tha mn f(c) = C.
Mt trng hp ring ca khng gian lin thng l khng
gian lin thng cung.
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inh ngha 4.9. Khng gian tp X c gi l lin thng
cung, nu vi mi a, b X, lun tn ti nh x f : [0, 1] X
lin tc sao cho f(0) = a, f(1) = b.
nh x f c gi l cung ni hai im a v b, a c gi l
im u, b c gi l im cui ca cung.
Nhn xt.
a) Nu khng gian tp X l lin thng cung th X lin thng.
Tht vy, do [0, 1] l tp lin thng trong , v nh x f lin
tc nn tp f[0,1], l l lin thng trong X. Tp lin thng ny
cha mi cp im a, b X. Khi c nh im a, cho b chy
khp X, d nh x f c thay i nhng vn lun tn ti mt tp
lin thng cha cp im . Vy X l hp ca mt h cc tp
lin thng trong X c giao khc rng. Vy X l khng gian lin
thng.
b) Mt khng gian lin thng cha chc lin thng cung.
c) Gi s X l khng gian tp, A X khi , mt cung bt
k ni im a A0 vi im b (X\A)0 t phi ct bin bn ca
A. Ta ni cung f: [0, 1] X ct bao nu f ([0, 1]) b(A) .

BI TP

1. Chng minh rng:

a) Hp ca hai tp compc trong khng gian tp l tp
compc.
b) Nu U l tp con m v A l tp compc trong khng gian
tp X th A \ U l tp compc.
c) Giao ca mt h bt k nhng tp con ng compc trong
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khng gian tp X l mt tp ng compc.
d) Cho khng gian tp X, A B X. Chng minh rng
nu B l tp compc th A cng l tp compc.
2. Hy cho v d chng t giao ca hai tp compc trong
khng gian tp cha chc l tp compc.
3. Chng minh rng khong m (a, b) trong khng gian tp
khng phi l tp compc.
4. Trong khng gian tp Chi, b hy cho v d mt tp ng
b chn nhng khng l tp compc.
5. Cho A, B l nhng tp con ng, compc ri nhau trong
khng gian mtric (X, d). Chng minh rng tn ti x A v y
B sao cho d(x, y) = d(A, B).
6. Cho X l khng gian tp compc.
l mt dy n iu gim nhng tp con ng trong X tha mn

IF

= Chng minh rng tn ti mt s t nhin n sao cho Fn

k =1

= .
7. Cho X l khng gian compc, Y l khng gian Hausdorff, f
: X Y l nh x ln tc. Chng minh rng f l nh x ng.
8. Trong khng gian
cho .
Chng minh rng X l tp compc.
9. Xt tnh compc ca tp cc s. hu t
trong . vi cc
tp tng ng ln lt l TT, TK, T, Ts. TD.
10. Trong tp
vi tng t nhin hy xt xem cc tp sau
c l compc hay khng:
a)
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b)
c)
d)
11. Cho Y l mt tp hp v hn phn t, a, b Y, t X =
{a,b} Y. Gi T l h tp con ca X.c xc nh nh sau: X
T, mi phn b ca cc tp con hu hn trong X u l phn
t ca T, mi tp con ca Y u l phn t ca T.
a) Chng minh rng T l mt tp trn X.
b) Xt tnh compc ca cc tp con sau trong X : Y, A = Y
{a} , B = Y U {b}
12. Hy xt xem nhng khng gian tp sau c l compc a
phng hay khng :
a) Tp vi tng Ts.
b) Tp trong i vi tng t nhin.
13. Hy xt tnh lin thng ca cc khng gian tp di y:
a) Khng gian tp ( , k).
b) Tp cc s hu t trong ( , T).
c) Tp cc s v t trong ( , T)
d) Tp cc s t nhin trong ( , T).
e) Tp cc s phc vi tp t nhin.
14. a) Hy a ra v d chng t rng nh ca mt tp
khng lin thng qua nh x lin tc cha chc l tp khng
lin thng.
b) Chng minh rng to nh ca tp khng lin thng qua
mt ton nh lin tc l tp khng lin thng.
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15. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian tp hon ton
chnh quy, lin thng c nhiu hn mt phn t th X c lc
lng khng m c.
16. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian tp Hausdorff v
M l khng gian con compc a phng tr mt trong X th M
l tp m trong X.
17. Gi s X l khng gian tp compc a phng
Hausdorff. Chng minh rng mi tp con A ca X l compc a
phng khi v ch khi A l giao ca mt tp con m v mt tp
con ng trong X.

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MC LC
Li ni u .................................................................................. 1
Chng 0 NHNG KIN THC C S.................................. 2
1. CC PHP TON V TP HP.................................... 2
2. QUAN H TH T......................................................... 4
3. TIN CHN ............................................................... 6
Chng 1 KHNG GIAN MTRIC .......................................... 8
1. KHNG GIAN MTRIC, S HI T TRONG KHNG
GIAN MTRIC....................................................................... 8
2. TP HP M V TP HP NG............................ 12
3. NH X LIN TC GIA CC.................................. 17
KHNG GIAN MTRIC ..................................................... 17
4. KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y ............................... 21
5. TP COMPC ............................................................... 35
Bi Tp...................................................................................... 49
Chng 2 KHNG GIAN TP............................................. 56
1. CU TRC TP ......................................................... 56
2. IM GII HN, PHN TRONG, PHN NGOI,
BIN V BAO NG CA MT TP............................. 61
3. C S CA KHNG GIAN TP.............................. 68
BI TP ................................................................................... 75
Chng 3 NH X LIN TC, KHNG GIAN CON
KHNG GIAN TCH, KHNG GIAN THNG ................. 79
1. NH X LIN TC - PHP NG PHI .................. 79
2. SO SNH HAI TP .................................................... 85
3. TP XC NH BI MT H NH X................. 87
4. CC TIN TCH .................................................... 90
5, KHNG GIAN CON CA MT KHNG GIAN TP
............................................................................................... 98
6 TCH CC CA CC KHNG GIAN TP ...... 104
7. TNG TRC TIP CA MT H KHNG GIAN
TP .................................................................................. 115
8. TP THNG .......................................................... 117

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9. TP MTRIC, KHNG GIAN MTRIC HA....... 118
BI TP ............................................................................ 123
Chng 4 KHNG GIAN COMPC, KHNG GIAN LIN
THNG................................................................................... 129
1. KHNG GIAN COMPC .......................................... 129
2. KHNG GIAN COMPC A PHNG ................. 139
3. COMPC HO ............................................................ 143
4. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG .................................... 147
BI TP ................................................................................. 156

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