147

Chng

BAO VE NG DAY
8.1 TONG QUAT
ng day co the c BV bang nguyen tac dong ien, khoang cach, so lech. Bao ve dong
ien (BVD) n gian, re nhat va de dang thay the, hieu chnh khi HT thay oi, BV nay thng
c dung e BV chong NM nhieu pha, cham at mot pha cho mang phan phoi, HT cong nghiep
va mot vai ng day truyen tai cong suat nho, ni ma gia thanh cua BVKC khong the thoa man.
BVD th t khong thng c dung lam bao ve chnh (BVC) chong cham at cho ng day
khi BVD la BVC chong cham nhieu pha, no la BVDT cho ng day co BVSL la BVC. Tuy
nhien, ngay nay BVKC lan lt thay the cho BVD lam BVC chong cham at mot pha va BVDT
cho BVSL ng day. Thc te, ngi ta thng dung mot bo hai hay ba rle dong ien e chong
cham nhieu pha va mot rle dung rieng chong mot pha cham at (tac ong theo Io). Dung rle
cham at rieng e de dang ieu chnh viec tac ong nhanh va o nhay cao hn. BVD thch hp
cho BVHT phan phoi bi nhieu ly do: BVD khong nhng n gian, re tien ma con co the thc
hien BV nhieu cap trong nhieu mach phan phoi. Thng rle khong can co hng cho mang hnh
tia mot nguon va khong can nguon ap DC, ch can hai rle pha va mot rle cham at la u.
Trong mang phan phoi tieu dung, thuan li nhat la dung rle dong ien co ac tnh phu thuoc
v gia tr dong cham phu thuoc vao v tr cham, thc te khong b anh hng nguon phat nh trong
ng day truyen tai ien the cao. ac tnh cc doc cua rle dong ien co the phoi hp vi ac tnh
cau ch va t ong lai e at c o nhay tot nhat. Tuy nhien, neu trong mang cong nghiep co trung
tnh noi at qua tong tr, dong cham at b gii han, nh the khong thuan li khi dung ac tnh phu
thuoc cho BV chong cham at. BVKC c dung khi BVD khong am bao tnh chon loc va tac
ong nhanh. BVKC thng c dung lam BVC chong NM nhieu pha va bao ve d tr (BVDT)
cho ng day truyen tai. BVKC co u iem hn BVD do khong b anh hng nhieu do s thay
oi dong NM, thay oi nguon phat hay cau truc HT.
ien tr cham at thay oi rat rong, e rle khoang cach chong cham at khong b anh
hng, do o ac tnh khang tr thng c chon e BV chong cham at. oi vi rle chong
cham pha, moi loai ac tnh co u, khuyet. ng day ngan dung loai khang tr tot hn v phan
nhieu ng day c BV cat nhanh hn do rle khang tr thc te khong b anh hng bi ien tr
ho quang (co the ln so vi tong tr ng day). Khuyet iem cua rle khang tr la de dang tac
ong nham khi co dao ong cong suat. ac tnh MHO (tong dan) thch hp nhat e BV chong
cham pha cho ng day dai hn, ac tnh nay phoi hp e o khoang cach, hng truyen cong
suat. ac tnh vong tron tam O (tong tr) thch hp e BV chong cham pha cho ng day co
chieu dai va phai hn la cho ng day qua ngan hay qua dai, ien tr ho quang anh hng len
ac tnh nay nhieu hn rle khang tr nhng t hn rle tong dan, dao ong cong suat anh hng len
ac tnh nay t hn rle khang tr nhng nhieu hn rle tong dan. oi vi ng day sieu cao ap do
ty so X/R ln, ien tr ho quang khong ang ke va can ac tuyen t b anh hng cua dao ong cong
suat nen ngi ta thng chon ac tnh hep bao boc ng day nh hnh elip, hnh t giac... That ra,

148

khong co s phan chia ro ret gia viec dung ac tnh nao cho loai ng day nao, trong trng hp
cu the ma chon dang ac tuyen thch hp hn.
Bao ve so lech (BVSL) ng day, con c goi la BV pilot, la loai co nguyen ly lam viec BV
tot nhat, no c s dung khi co yeu cau cat nhanh oi vi moi dang NM bat ky v tr s co nao.
Vi ng day n, re nhanh, moi MC au ng day c cat ong thi v vay cho phep t ong lai
nhanh, viec ket hp cat nhanh, ong nhanh cho phep ng day mang tai gan gii han on nh cua
no. Trong ng day co re nhanh khong can thiet phai cat nhanh, ong nhanh va khong the dung
BVKC v cau truc mach khong cho phep co the s dung BV pilot. Ngoai ra, ng day kha ngan
khong the dung rle khoang cach do sai so o ohm kha ln, co the s dung BV pilot... do o co the
dung mach pilot e BV cho cac ng day truyen tai sieu cao, cao va phan phoi. Cac dang mach
pilot la: day dan nh th, song mang tan so cao, viba, cap quang.
Trong phan I cac viec tnh toan chon la tr so at, phoi hp BV cua oi tng la ng day
a c trnh bay. Trong phan nay se khao sat BV cac loai ng day sau:
- ng day dai, cong suat ln, ien the cao
- ng day re nhanh; ng day song song
- Bo ng day va may bien ap
- ng day co tu noi tiep.

8.2 CAC HE THONG BAO VE NG DAY DAI, IEN THE CAO, CONG
SUAT LN
Nhieu phng phap bao ve ng day (BVD) trong phan trc a c tm hieu la rle
lam viec t cac phep o thc hien tai v tr rle. Viec nay co nhng thuan li ro rang, n gian va
thng am bao ap ng nhanh va chat lng BV cao. Tuy nhien, trong mot vai trng hp, s o
n gian nay khong thoa man ap ng nhanh. V du nh trng hp khi tac ong co thi gian e
cat s co cap II cua cac rle khoang cach co the la khong the chap nhan c. ieu nay thng
la thc te oi vi cac HT sieu cao ap EHV, ni ma ng day cha nhng MBA cong suat ln va
viec tac ong tre cat s co co the gay ra nhng van e ve on nh mang li nghiem trong. Trong
nhng trng hp o, s o BVD phc tap hn c yeu cau. Mot vai trong so cac s o phc
tap c trnh bay trong phan nay, vi cac v du ve mot so nhng chon la khac nhau cho viec co
lap s co vi toc o nhanh hn.
Cac HT c tm hieu la cac HT rle pilot. He thong pilot la cac HT s dung mot ng
thong tin e gi tn hieu t HT rle tai mot au ng day en au kia. Hnh 8.1 gii thieu s o
cau truc cua HTBV nay.
Cac HT rle tai moi au kiem tra cac dong va cac ap tai cho. Cac tn hieu o c gi en
thiet b rle tai cho (c ch bi cac ng t net trong hnh 8.1). Cac thiet b bo sung gi cac tn
hieu en cac thiet b rle tai au cach xa cua ng day. ieu nay cung cap cho moi rle tai cho
thong tin mi, lien quan en yeu cau tac ong. Ca hai rle bay gi co the lam viec da tren c s
ieu kien quan sat t ca hai v tr rle.
He thong pilot khac phuc c cac nhc iem cua BVKC trong cac trng hp:
- Bao ve khong tc thi trong cac ng day nhieu au
- Ho cam th t khong trong cac ng day song song
- S khong ong nhat theo cac tu noi tiep.

149

Rle

Thiet b thong tin

Rle
Kenh
thong tin

Thiet b thong tin

Hnh 8.1 S o cau truc cua mot he thong bao ve pilot

Nhng trng hp tren anh hng en sai so o lng cua cac BVKC va dan en tac
ong khong chon loc, nen can bo sung trong bo x ly logic rle cac thong tin t tat ca cac au
ng day. Tac dung cua cac rle pilot a c phat trien nhieu nam va hien tai c dung pho
bien tren the gii.
Mot trong nhng van en can lu y cua HTBV pilot la tnh am bao cua kenh thong tin. Gia
s rang, mot tn hieu tac ong sai c gi t mot au en au khac, viec nay co the do loi rle
oi vi nhieu thong tin, hoac oi vi nguon nhieu khac bat ky. No se gay ra mot tac ong sai len
ng day truyen tai v kenh pilot khong chac chan. Phai co nhng bien phap e ngan chan cac s
co o, va mot so trong cac bien phap se c trnh bay trong phan nay.
e tranh van e tren, HTBV co the co kenh thong tin d tr. ieu nay se hng en mot
kenh thong tin th hai c thiet lap gia hai au, co the dung mot phng phap thong tin khac,
mot ng truyen tn hieu khac hoac ca hai.

8.2.1 Cac khai niem chung ve bao ve pilot

Phan nay gii thieu mot so cau truc khac nhau cua viec truyen tn hieu gia hai au ng
day truyen tai cho cac muc ch rle BV. Cac HT truyen tn hieu o c goi la cac HT pilot.
Thuat ng pilot cung c dung e lam ro chc nang phai c thc thi nh mot phan cua HTBV.
V du, thuat ng rle pilot co ngha la cac rle tai hai au cua ng day thong tin luon thong tin
vi nhau. Thuat ng pilot cung c dung e lam ro cac chc nang BV khac, chang han nh: pilot
tac ong truyen xa, pilot cho phep va pilot khoa. Thuat ng cung lam ro mot s lien quan en cach
thong tin nh la: pilot day dan phu, pilot vi song va pilot song mang tren ng day truyen tai (tan
so cao), pilot cap quang.
Bao ve pilot la mot dang cua BVD, ma s dung cac kenh thong tin nh mot phng tien
khi so sanh trang thai ien tai cac au day. ieu nay c hoan thanh nh viec truyen cac tn hieu
thong tin, tn hieu c dung e xac nh s can thiet tac ong ng day.
Thong tin pilot co the nhan c mot so dang da theo cong nghe c dung cho viec bien
oi thong tin. Thong tin co the dang tng t hoac so, ngay nay tn hieu ky thuat so c dung
rong rai. Tan so tn hieu co the la tan so c ban (day dan phu), am thanh can so cao (30 - 60Hz),
vo tuyen, vi song (> 1000MHz), anh sang hay dong ien mot chieu.

150

1- He thong pilot day dan

Cac HT rle pilot day dan a c s dung t nhieu nam e BV cac ng day truyen tai
nhng cac s o o b gii han trong cac ng dung cua chung. Trc het, ky thuat o b gii han
oi vi cac ng day ma u ngan e mc chi ph cho lap at hoac thue cac mach pilot thch hp.
Th hai, cac mach pilot ban than chung la mot day dan truyen tai tn hieu, vi ien tr va tr
khang noi tiep va ien cam song song. Khi day dan pilot tr nen dai, no oi hoi s ieu hng ac
biet e toi u viec truyen tn hieu, va xac suat h hong day dan xay ra rat ln nen gii han viec
ng dung day dan pilot oi vi cac ng day truyen tai dai.
Cac s o pilot day dan c chia thanh hai loai c ban.
Loai th nhat (H.8.2): c goi la s o so lech dong tuan hoan. Lu y rang, mot rle can
bang dong c dung tai moi au ng day. Dong ch trong hnh ac trng cho trang thai bnh
thng, vi dong nhap vao mot au day va ri khoi au day khac. Trong ieu kien nay, cac
dong s cap chay trong cac cuon day ham cua moi rle va khong co dong trong cac cuon day lam
viec. Neu mot s co xay ra tren ng day, dong tai au phai cua ng day se ngc lai, ieu
nay gay ra cac dong chay trong cac cuon day lam viec cua ca hai rle.

day dan pilot

ham

lam viec

Rle can bang dong

lam viec

ham

Rle can bang dong

Hnh 8.2 S o he thong bao ve pilot

day dan dong tuan hoan

Loai th hai (H.8.3): HT can bang ap, cac day pilot c noi cheo va khong co dong chay
trong cac day pilot trong ieu kien lam viec bnh thng.
Vi ca hai s o pilot day dan c ve cho mot pha. Neu dung nguyen tac nay can ba
HT nh the cho moi au ng day, ieu ma se tang chi ph va tnh phc tap. Trong thc te, cac
dong ba pha c noi theo cac cach khac nhau e cung cap s hoat ong rle ung cho tat ca
cac loai s co. Mot so s o a c tao ra bi cac nha san xuat rle. Mot phng phap cua
viec ket noi cac dong pha thanh mot tn hieu c cho trong hnh 8.4 vi may bien ap la loai HT
tong cho cac dong ba pha.
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia Ib Ic
ham
lam viec

ham
lam viec

Hnh 8.3 S o he thong pilot

day dan can bang ap

en he
thong rle

Hnh 8.4 Bo loc th t c dung

cho mot he thong rle pilot day dan

151

2- He thong pilot song mang tan so cao tren ng day tai ien
Hnh 8.5 la dang n gian cua rle pilot song mang ng day tai ien. Rle pilot loai nay,
tn hieu t mot rle en rle khac c truyen qua ng day truyen tai nang lng bang tan so song
mang. Viec ket noi vao ng day cong suat c thc hien bi cac bo ieu hng ng day va
bien ien ap tu ien lien ket (CVT), vi s phoi hp tr khang c thc hien bi cac bo loc, tn hieu
pilot ch di chuyen tren ng day truyen tai ien. Trong thc te, mach nh hnh 8.5 co the hoat ong
nh sau. Cac rle tai moi au c gia s co kha nang o khoang cach. Mot s co gan mot au bat
ky se c cat nh rle tai au o, nhng rle tai au oi dien se gap kho khan trong viec phan biet
gia cac s co tren ng day c BV hay ngoai ng day c BV. Tuy nhien, neu rle gan s
co gi s xac nhan rang s co thc s tren ng day c BV th rle oi dien co the c cho phep
tac ong khong tr tre. ay la s tac ong cho phep. No co kha nang ngan chan nhng s tr tre dai
trong cac s co tac ong tren ng day c BV. ieu nay la rat can thiet. Mot mach loc c dung
tai ca hai au cua ng day BV e ngan chan cac tn hieu tan so song mang khoi lan rong sang cac
mach khac va co the gay ra tac ong sai oi vi cac ng day o.
ng day
truyen tai

Loc
MC 1

MC 1

MC 2
LOC
CVT

Bo
x
ly
logic
rle

PHAT

THU

Loc

LOC
HYB

MC 2

LOC
CVT

LOC
HYB

THU

PHAT

Bo
x
ly
logic
rle

Hnh 8.5 S o khoi he thong pilot song mang ng day truyen tai

3- He thong pilot vi song

Viec truyen tn hieu cho BV co the c cung cap nh dung thong tin vi song gia cac au
ng day, vi cac thiet b c sap xep nh hnh 8.6. Tn hieu song am bang qua thiet b ieu bien
va giai ieu bien trc khi c truyen tai tan so vi song en au ng day khac. S sap xep nay
c goi la s o cho phep v tn hieu song am cho phep cac rle ng day tai au oi dien tac
ong khi mot s co c phat hien.
ng dan vi song gia hai au cua ng day truyen tai trong hnh 8.6 th khac so vi
ng dan tren ng day cao the. He thong vi song (HTVS) li dung cac tram trung gian ma luon
nh v tai v tr a the cao nhat. ieu nay cho phep khoang cach gia cac tram trung gian dai hn,
va chi ph lap at tong cong thap hn. Trong nhieu trng hp, cac tram trung gian c nh v tren
nh oi, hoac ngay ca cac ngoi biet th cao tang. ieu nay co ngha la lo trnh cua tn hieu vi song
xa hn nhieu so vi lo trnh cua ng day truyen tai c BV. Chieu dai ln hn nay cua viec
truyen thong tin se khong gay kho khan cho cac rle, s tr tre tn hieu c biet va la hang so.

152
ng day
truyen tai
MC 1

MC 1

MC 2

Loc

Loc
Bo x ly

Bo x ly

THU

MW

mod

MC 2

THU

PHAT

MW

Demod

MW

Demod

vi song

PHAT

MW

mod

PHAT
THU

THU
PHAT

cap quang

Hnh 8.6 S o khoi he thong bao ve pilot vi song

4- He thong pilot si quang

S o khoi cua HTBV truyen tn hieu si quang tng t nh HTVS hnh 8.6, thay v
truyen tn hieu vi ba th c truyen bang cap quang. HT se khong co g khac neu cac si quang la
mot phan cua mot HT thong tin rieng biet, hoac c chen trong cac day dan truyen tai cao ap.
Ba HT pilot cuoi cung c trnh bay, dong song mang tren ng day truyen tai, vi song va
si quang, tat ca co chung ac iem cung cap ng dan thong tin gia cac rle at tai hai au day
truyen tai. Thiet b vat ly va thiet b truyen tn hieu bien oi da theo cong nghe thong tin c dung
e truyen thong tin. Nhieu rle khong b anh hng bi cach thc thong tin va co the noi vi bat ky
trong ba loai HT tren. Viec chon la HT c dung se phu thuoc vao mot so phan t, chang han nh
gia tr cua cac ng dan si quang va vi
Cac s o bao
ve pilot
song, chi ph, o tin cay va loai s o rle.

8.2.2 Phan loai bao ve pilot

Gom co hai loai: s o toan phan
va s o khong toan phan (H.8.7). S o
BV cac ng day tng t nh BVSL, tc
la cac phep o c thc hien tai tat ca
cac au, va thong tin cho cac au cach xa.

8.2.3 Cac s o pilot khong toan phan

Cac s o
toan phan

Cac s o khong
toan phan
So sanh pha
Bao ve so lech pilot

So sanh hng
Bao ve khoang cach

Hnh 8.7 Dang tong quat cua cac s o bao ve pilot

Hai s o BV pilot khong toan phan quan trong co the c phan loai la s o truyen cat
hoac s o truyen khoa. Trong s o truyen cat, rle tai moi au ng day phat hien s co trong
vung BV cua mnh, se gi mot tn hieu tac ong ti rle au kia cua ng day. HT truyen khoa
thc hien ngc lai, tc la no gi mot tn hieu khoa mot cach lien tuc e ngan can rle au kia tac
ong. Rle cach xa co the tac ong ch khi tn hieu khoa c loai bo. Sau ay gii thieu mot vai
dang s o tieu bieu.

153

1- Cac s o so sanh hng

Rle pilot so sanh hng ch phat hien hng NM t v tr at rle. Dong s co trong
trng hp nay se chay t cac au cua ng day ve v tr s co. Cac rle nh hng th t khong
hoac th t nghch eu co the c dung. ai lng phan cc th t khong co the la ap hoac dong.
Ngay ca trng hp ng day song song, ng day co ho cam co the c BV bang ky thuat so
sanh hng.
Bao ve s co pha dung cac rle tan dung nhng thay oi ot ngot cua ap va dong xay ra do
s co e xac nh hng s co t rle. Viec so sanh thong tin nh hng gia hai au cua ng day
truyen tai co the c dung e xac nh v tr s co.
2- S o pilot dung rle khoang cach
Mot s o pilot khong toan phan c
dung rong rai la dung rle khoang cach tai ca hai
au ng day c BV. BVKC ket hp vi viec
truyen tn hieu cho phep am bao tnh chon loc va
cat nhanh ca ng day. D nhien s co vung I
cua BVKC co the khong can truyen tn hieu pilot,
nhng vung II cap thi gian th hai nhieu khi
khong thoa man viec cat s co nhanh theo yeu
cau, nen trong trng hp nay can tn hieu pilot.

jx

jx

C III

I
A

B
II

III

B II
I

IV
a)

b)

Hnh 8.8 Cac cap bao ve khoang cach

e hieu ro s can thiet cua bo x ly logic khoa hoac cat, trc het chung ta khao sat lai
mot ng day truyen tai c BV bi cac s o khoang cach c ban. Hnh 8.8 va hnh 8.9 cho
cac ac tnh rle cac vung BVKC c ban. Vung I c at ti 80% chieu dai ng day, vung II
la 120%, va vung III bao phu ca ng day ke sau ng day c BV. Vung I c at tac
ong tc thi. Vung II co tr tre thi gian nh trc khoang 0,3 0,4ms, con vung III co tr tre
thi gian ln hn. Vung IV co hng ngc (H.8.8.b).
Mach ieu khien cho BVKC loai nay (H.8.9b) thch hp vi nhieu loai ng day truyen tai va
thng c dung ti mc ien ap truyen tai trung gian. Cac HT nay khong thch hp vi nhieu ng
day cao ap v s tac ong cham oi vi cac s co xay ra khoang 40% chieu dai ng day (moi au
ng day 20% cap II), co the dan en nhng anh hng ve on nh hay cac van e khac xay ra do cat
s co cham.
Truyen tn hieu pilot c dung e cai thien s lam viec he thong BVKC bang cach cat nhanh
s co tai v tr bat ky v tr nao tren ng day BV.

154
III

ZA

ZIV
A
ZIIA
ZIA

II

B
III

TZB

II

ZB

A
TZII
B

TZA

III

TZA

ZBI
ZBIV

ZIII
B

a)
ZA

ZBI

II

ZB

II

ZA
AND

AND

II

II

TZA

TZB
Cat A

III

Cat B

OR

ZA

OR

AND

ZBIII
AND

III

III

TZA

TZB

IV

ZBIV

ZA

AND

AND

TZIV
B

IV

TZA

b)

Hnh 8.9 Vung bao ve va s o ieu khien cua

bao ve khoang cach nhieu cap truyen thong

3- S o truyen cat
Bao ve pilot truyen cat c thiet ke thoa man tac ong tc thi oi vi s co tai moi ni tren
toan bo chieu dai ng day cung nh BVDT phan ng day ke sau. S phoi hp ac tnh rle va
vung BV tng t nh hnh 8.8 va hnh 8.9 nhng HT c thay oi e trao oi thong tin gia cac HT
rle tai hai au ng day. Thiet ke s o truyen cat co the la loai nh hng, hoac cho phep. S o
nh hng gi mot tn hieu cat t mot HT rle ti au cach xa va cat tc thi. Cac HT cho phep
giam sat tn hieu lien ong truyen xa, v du, bi s kiem tra ieu kien ng day e xac nh s co
c phat hien la trong vung II hay vung III.
S o truyen cat di tam nh hng: la s phat hien s co vung I tai au day nao o se
gi mot tn hieu tac ong en rle au oi dien, ong thi vi viec gi mot tn hieu tac ong en
MC tai cho. S o ieu khien c ban cho trong hnh 8.10 va c goi la mot s o truyen cat di
tam, v cac vung I tai ca hai au c at bao phu 80% tong chieu dai ng day. Gia s rang s co

155

vung I c phat hien bi HT rle tai A. ieu nay lap tc khi ong cac rle ZI. Rle ZII, ZIII khi ong
cac bo em thi gian vung II va III, cung cap BVDT. Rle ZI lap tc gi mot tn hieu en MC tai cho
A, ong thi truyen mot tn hieu lien ong en HT rle B au kia ng day. Tn hieu tac ong c
truyen qua kenh thong tin en au oi dien cua ng day, ong thi khi ong cuon cat CC may
cat A va m A bi cac tiep iem rle vung I. Tai HT rle B, tn hieu truyen cat t A c nhan bi bo
nhan (UT). Bo nhan se cho tn hieu en cuon cat MC B va m MC B. Nh the, thong qua kenh thong
tin ca hai MC A va B c m tc thi.
Bo phat
I

TZ

52a CC

II
II

Z
III

TZ

II

TZ

OR

UT

III

Bo thu
II

a)

Phat tn hieu truyen

Z
III
Z

Z
II

TZ

III

TZ

cat

III

TZ

UT
b)

Tn hieu thu

Hnh 8.10 Mach ieu khien cua s o truyen cat di tam co hng
a) Mach tiep iem; b) Mach logic

Khi kenh thong tin b h hong, oi vi s o truyen cat di tam nh hng nay, ng
day b s co se c cat tai hai au bi cac rle tai cho nh s o c ban. Vi cac s co ngoai
vung I, viec cat se xay ra vi thi gian vung II. Nh the tnh chac chan cua HT khong phu thuoc
vao cac kenh truyen pilot, nhng toc o phu thuoc vao kenh thong tin.
He thong hnh 8.10 b nham lan co the la do mot kenh thong tin b nhieu se lam cho mach
nhan truyen cat, nhan mot tn hieu, khi tn hieu khong c truyen. HT nay rat de b anh hng bi
ng day thong tin v no dai, v thi tiet hoac bi ho cam mot HT khac. V vay, HT nay t c
dung. HT hnh 8.10 co the thc hien chac chan hn bi cac rle nhan tn hieu truyen cat co giam sat,
vi tiep iem ZII t rle vung III, nh trong hnh 8.11 hay trong phan t co hng, hnh 8.12.
Vi s o truyen cat di tam nh hng, thc te thng dung cac rle khoang cach nh
hng cho cac s co pha. BV s co cham at co the la BV qua dong hoac khoang cach, phu thuoc
vao cac nguon va bien o dong cham at.
S o truyen cat di tam cho phep: mot dang khac cua s o truyen cat di tam c goi la
cho phep vi y ngha dung them phan t cho phep lam viec chnh xac. Cac vung va cac rle giong
nh s o c ban, ngoai ra them mot bo th hai cat nhanh ng day, vung BV cua no bao phu them
ngoai au xa cua ng day truyen tai. ieu nay c minh hoa trong hnh 8.13 khi co cac phan t
qua tam tc thi Z Ao va Z Bo .
Phan t vung I la phan t khoang cach di tam. Mot khi phat hien s co trong vung I bo phat
phat mot tn hieu truyen xa e khi ong cat MC au kia cua ng day.

156
II

ZA
I

ZA
II

ZB

II

ZA
I

ZA

ZB
II

Bo phat

Bo phat

ZB

III

ZB

Bo phat

ZA

Bo phat

ZA

ZB

II

ZB

III

ZA

ZB

ZA

AND

AND
III

III

TZA

TZB
OR Cat A Cat B

II

ZA

AND
TZ

ZB

OR

II

ZB

II

TZA

AND

III

Bo thu

Hnh 8.11 S o truyen cat

di tam co giam sat
- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap I; - Cat may cat:
cap II va nhan tn hieu truyen ti

II

ZB

III

TZB

III

TZA
Z<

RW
Bo thu

III

TZB

AND
II

TZB
AND

AND

ZA

AND

II
A

II

AND

Bo thu

Bo thu

Hnh 8.12 S o truyen cat di tam co hng

Trong s o hnh 8.12 cap II va III co the cat may cat thong
qua phan t nh hng RW, kenh truyen thong tin c
kch khi ong bi cap I cua au kia ng day va phan
t tong tr c kch bi cap II va III

Cac rle Zo la qua tam va la cac bo phat hien s co c ban. Cac rle qua tam o chnh la
cac phan t cho phep va phai tac ong e cho phep mot tn hieu lien ong truyen xa thu c i
tac ong cat MC. Mach ieu khien cho loai nay cua BV c cho trong hnh 8.14.
He thong truyen cat di tam cho phep lam viec nh sau. Khi s co xay ra gan au A cua ng
day. Phan t cap I tai A thay s co trong vung tac ong cua mnh va lap tc a tn hieu en cat MC A
ong thi ieu khien may phat tn hieu cua no chuyen t tan so kiem soat en tan so cat, theo o thay oi
trang thai e chuan b cat MC tai B. Cac rle Z Bo tai au Q, co tr at qua tam, cung se nhan thay s co
gan au A va ong cac tiep iem Z Bo tai B, va hoan thanh viec tac ong MC tai au cach xa B.
oi vi s co trong vung chong chap, ca hai au eu tac ong cac MC cua chung, va cung gi
cac tn hieu truyen xa en cac au cach xa, bao am tac ong chac chan v cac phan t qua tam Zo cung
se nhan ra cac s co o. Loai BV nay thng dung cac rle khoang cach cho cac s co pha va hoac
BVKC hoac BV qua dong cho cac s co cham at.
S o truyen cat qua tam cho phep: vung BV va s phoi hp thi gian va mach ieu khien cua s
o nay cho trong hnh 8.14. ay, vung I th nh s o c ban, vung II bao phu qua thanh gop au xa
cua ng day. Tuy nhien, viec ieu khien th khac, vi HT qua tam nay s dung rle nh hng cua
vung II kch truyen tn hieu va giam sat tn hieu thu lien ong truyen cat t au kia ng day.

157
II

ZA

ZIIA

ZA
o

ZB
o

II

ZB

ZB

II

Bo phat

II

AND

AND

III

TZA

OR

III

Cat A Cat B

AND

ZB

III

ZB

ZA

ZA

II

TZA

ZA

III

III

TZA

ZA

III

TZA

III

AND

II

AND

OR

Cat A Cat B

ZA
AND

II

II

AND

II

III

TZB
ZB

OR

AND

OR

TZA

II

TZB

II

TZA

AND

AND

ZA

ZA
I

ZA

ZA

ZB

ZIA

ZB

Bo phat

ZA

AND

AND

Bo phat

Bo phat

- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap I

o
- Cat may cat, phan t qua tam Z
va nhan tn hieu truyen en

Hnh 8.13 S o truyen cat

di tam cho phep

ZA
Bo thu

Bo thu

Bo phat

Bo phat

- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap I

- Cat may cat: cap II va nhan tn hieu truyen en

Hnh 8.14 S o truyen cat qua tam cho phep

dung rle cap II khi ong tn hieu truyen

Quan sat s co gan rle A tai trong hnh 8.14. S co nay se c cat tai A bi cac rle cap
I, va tai B bi nhan tn hieu truyen xa t A c kch bi phan t vung II HT A va rle cap II cua
B. Neu s co ngoai ng day AB, cac rle vung II cua rle B se van khi ong, nhng bo thu tai
B se khong co tn hieu lien ong truyen xa t A v rle vung II tai A khong phat hien s co. S o
nay u iem hn s o di tam khi BV cho ng day truyen t ngan.
Vi cac HT truyen cat, viec truyen tn hieu lien ong truyen xa yeu cau c gi suot thi
gian s co. Neu truyen tn hieu tac ong truyen xa dung song mang tan so cao tren ng day tai
ien, viec truyen tn hieu qua cho ng day truyen tai b s co co the se b anh hng. Tn hieu
co the chuyen qua, nhng kha nang truyen ung chac chan b giam. Trong mot vai HT, cong suat
cua tn hieu pilot c tang cng khi co s co e cai tien kha nang truyen tn hieu thanh cong qua
ng day b s co. Khi tn hieu kenh truyen hong s o lam viec giong nh s o c ban.
S o truyen cat qua tam cap I: mot thiet ke khac cua HT truyen cat qua tam la HT cho phep
cho hnh 8.15. S o nay s dung cac phan t khoang cach cap I, vung BV c at qua tam bao
phu au cach xa, kch kenh truyen tn hieu.
Tong ket cac s o truyen cat: tat ca cac s o truyen cat dung mot bo phat va thu tn hieu
tai moi v tr rle BV cua mot ng day truyen tai. Trong mot vai trng hp, cac tn hieu kiem
soat cung c dung e tang tnh am bao cua BV va tranh cac tac ong nham do nhieu cua HT

158

thong tin. Trong thc te, mot so tan so s dung c chon e khong co anh hng gia cac kenh
truyen khac nhau. Hn na, cac may phat va thu tn hieu c i cap, tc la mot tan so c
truyen cho trc th c nhan ch tai mot may thu tai au oi dien cua ng day va khong co
mot may thu khac tng t hoac mot HT tng t bat ky. Tat ca cac s o truyen cat co chung mot
kho khan la viec truyen tn hieu cat trong qua trnh s co xay ra. ieu nay la kho khan neu dung
song mang tan so cao e truyen tai tn hieu, va tn hieu se phai bang qua s co e en au ng
day kia. Trong thc te, tn hieu cat truyen thng bang qua c ng day b s co, nhng hau
nh khong am bao. ieu nay khong thanh van e oi vi HTVS hoac cap quang, tr khi cap
quang c mang trong pha b s co cua ng day cao ap.
Bao ve pilot truyen khoa va truyen khong khoa: cach lam viec cua BV truyen khoa la ngc
vi BV truyen cat. Trong s o truyen cat, mot tn hieu c gi t mot rle en mot rle khac e
tac ong cac MC au kia khi phat hien mot s co e xac minh la NM nam trong vung BV. Tac
ong truyen cat co mot bat li la bat ky mot h hong nao cua viec truyen thong tin se gay ra tac
ong cham cap 2 khi NM xay ra cuoi vung BV.
II

ZA
A

ZIA

ZB
II

ZB

II

II

ZB

ZA

II

AND

AND

III

III

ZB

ZA

III

II

TZB

TZA

AND

TZA

OR

Cat A Cat B

OR

AND

III

TZB

AND

AND

AND

AND

ZA

Bo thu

Bo thu

Bo phat

Bo phat

Hnh 8.15 S o truyen cat qua tam cho phep

dung rle cap I khi ong tn hieu truyen
- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap I qua tam
- Cat may cat: cap I va nhan tn hieu truyen en

ZB

159

Mot s o truyen khoa thc hien ngc vi s o tac ong truyen cat. Trong s o truyen
khoa, rle ch gi tn hieu kenh truyen khi co NM ngoai va kenh truyen tren ng day khong s
co. Bat ky s co nao c phat hien nam ngoai vung BV th o la nhng s co ma viec cat ng
day c BV la ieu khong mong muon. Do o khi ong tn hieu khoa t rle gi en rle nhan
e ngan can tac ong nham bang cach lam h mach tac ong cua rle au kia.
S o truyen khoa nh hng: ngi ta se s dung cac phan t khoang cach thong thng

ba cap ung hng va mot phan t cap IV ngc hng khong co thi gian tre kch khi kenh
truyen thong tin. S o nay c minh hoa trong hnh 8.16. Vi mot s co khong nam trong vung
BV cua ng day AB, phan t ngc hng ZIV se xac nh s co nay ngoai ng day AB va
khoa khong cho MC hai au ng day AB khong c tac ong. e lam ieu nay rle A khoa
MC tai cho va gi en rle B mot tn hieu khoa e khoa mot cach chac chan viec tac ong m
MC tai B. ieu nay rat hp ly v viec truyen tn hieu khoa thc hien tren mot ng day khong h
hong. Do o, s o thch hp dung song mang tan so cao truyen tren ng day truyen tai cung
nh cac dang khac cua viec truyen tn hieu pilot.
Mot mach ieu khien tieu bieu cho s o truyen khoa cho hnh 8.16, vi bat ky s co
pha trai rle A, rle B cap II va III se khi ong. Cac rle nay b ngan can tac ong bi nhan mot
tn hieu khoa t cac rle ngc hng Z AIV tai A. Ro rang, cac rle ngc hng phai nhanh hn
cac phan t hng thuan ZII, va cac kenh tn hieu cung phai nhanh hn. S phoi hp hoat ong
thng c thc hien cach chac chan hn bang viec chen mot phan t thi gian tren ng dan
ieu khien ZII < ZIII vi:
RT = thi gian lam viec kenh truyen + 14 ms
T hnh 8.16 quan sat s co tren phan trung nhau cua BV vung I ng day AB. Mot s co
nh the la s co vung 1 cua cac rle tai ca hai au va MC c cat mot cach tc thi. Viec truyen
tn hieu khong xay ra v khong co s co theo hng ngc vi cac rle.
Khi s co tren ng day AB gan cac v tr, nam trong vung cap I cua A khi o MC tai
A c cat ra. S co cung khi ong rle cap II va cap III tai B, va se tac ong sau mot tr tre
thi gian.
Vi mot s co ben ngoai ng day AB, cac rle hng thuan tai A khong tac ong, cac
rle tai B tac ong theo vung II va vung III, con cac phan t hng ngc tai A gi tn hieu khoa
en B e ngan can cac vung II va III o khong cho tac ong tc thi, va nh the am bao s van
hanh HTBV ung.
Hnh 8.17 gii thieu mot phng an s o truyen khoa nh hng khac.

160
III

ZA

III

ZA
ZII
A

IV

ZA

ZA
II

ZB

ZA

IV

ZA

ZA
II

IV

ZB

ZB

ZB

II

ZIB

IV

ZB

III

ZB

III

ZB

Bo phat

Bo phat

Bo phat

Bo phat
IV

IV

ZA
IV

IV

ZA

ZB

AND

III

ZB

AND

IV

III

ZB

AND

TZ A

AND

III

TZA

ZA

III

AND

III

Cat A
OR

ZA

TZB
Cat B

OR

II

TZA

ZB
RT

RT

AND

AND

II

AND

OR

Cat B

ZB
OR

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

ZA

II

ZA

II

AND

ZB

TZA

AND

RT

III

TZB

Cat A

ZA

II

ZB

TZB

III

III

ZA

II

IV

TZ A

AND

II

TZB

ZB
RT

II

TZB

Bo thu
Bo thu

Bo thu

Bo thu

- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap IV hng ngc

- Cat may cat: cap II va khong nhan tn hieu
truyen ti va vi thi gian tr hoan RT

Hnh 8.16 S o truyen khoa nh hng

- Phat tn hieu truyen: cap IV ngc

- Cat may cat: cap I va khong nhan tn hieu
truyen ti va tr hoan vi thi gian RT

Hnh 8.17 S o truyen khoa nh hng

S o cho phep - logic khong khoa

Co hai dang logic c thc hien cho s o cho phep:

Mat tn hieu kiem soat: Dang nay c dung cho kenh truyen tan so cao tren ng day truyen
tai. Khi ng day BV ang lam viec bnh thng, mot tan so kiem soat c gi gia hai au ng
day, ieu nay chng to kenh truyen ang lam viec tot. Khi s co tren ng day, mot tn hieu cat cho
phep phai c gi bang mot tan so mi c goi la tan so cat. Nh the cac rle khoang cach se
c nhan tan so kiem soat hoac nhan tan so cat ma khong nhan ong thi hai tan so. Vi dang s
o nay, kenh thong tin PLC c truyen tren ng day tai ien b s co mot vai trng hp s co
tren ng day anh hng en tn hieu PLC co the a en tn hieu cho phep cat b mat va au kia
khong nhan c tn hieu nay, v the khong the m MC c. e khac phuc trng hp nay, khi tan
so kiem soat mat (co NM) va khong nhan c tan so cat (kenh truyen thong tin hong), rle se bo
ngo (khong khoa) mot khoang thi gian 150ms va cho phep tac ong cat MC giong nh tn hieu
cat ang c nhan.
e anh gia cac trang thai lam viec khac nhau, hai tn hieu vao cac rle can thiet e to hp
la tn hieu nhan kenh truyen en va mat tn hieu kiem soat. To hp cac trang thai cho bang 8.1.

161

Bang 8.1
Tnh trang

Nhan c tan so cat

ng day tot

Khong

Mat tan so kiem soat

Khong (h kenh truyen)

Tn hieu khong bnh thng

Co

Khong

Khong

Mat

Cat

Khong

Mat (co s co tren

Cat, trong khoang

ng day)

150ms

Khong mat

Khong

Khong mat

(kenh truyen tot)

Khong khoa

Bao hong

(kenh truyen tot)

Nhan c

S co tren ng day

Cat MC

Co, sau 150ms

Co, sau 150ms

Khoang thi gian bo ngo khong khoa 150ms c bat au sau 10ms ke t luc tn hieu kiem
soat mat, thi gian tr hoan 10ms u e thiet b chuyen tan so lam viec chuyen tan so bnh thng.
Mat tn hieu song mang: Trong dang nay, kenh thong tin truyen lien tuc d lieu khi ng
day ang lam viec. Khi s co tren ng day tn hieu cat cho phep c gi them vao song mang,
nh the MC se c m khi nhan ca hai tn hieu song mang va cat cho phep cung mot luc. Neu
mat tn hieu song mang, rle cung se bo ngo khong khoa. Bang to hp trnh trang lam viec nh
sau (bang 8.2).
Bang 8.2
Tnh trang

Nhan c tn hieu cat

Mat song mang

Cat MC

Bao h

ng day tot

Khong

Khong

Khong

Khong

S co tren ng day

Nhan c

Khong

Cat

Khong

Khong khoa

Khong (kenh truyen hong)

Mat

Cat, trong khoang 150ms

Co, sau 150ms

Nhan

Mat

Khong

Co, sau 150ms

Tn hieu khong bnh thng

Cac s o so sanh hng: tat ca eu oi hoi am bao tnh chon loc trong van hanh. ieu
nay la thc te, cho du s o c da tren nguyen tac truyen cat, khoa, khong khoa hay mot
nguyen tac nao khac. Bo phan phat hien s co thng c dung la o lng khoang cach. Trong
cac HT so hien ai, cac ac tnh co the co cac dang khac nhau phu hp vi viec chon loc ac biet.
Cac tr at co the chnh di dang qua tam, di tam hay mot dang ac biet nao khac. Mot so v
du cua dang nay c ch trong hnh 8.18.
+X

+X

Z3
ZE

Z2
Z1

4
2

a)

+R

b)

Hnh 8.18 Mot so dang ac tnh khoang cach tieu bieu

a) Cac ac tnh cho s co pha va cham at; b) Mot so ac tnh khi ong cho cac s co ba pha

+R

162

Hnh 8.18a minh hoa mot ho ac tnh c a ra bi mot nha san xuat rle. Cac vong
tron ac trng cho ba vung BV, vi vung bo sung E oc lap vi ba vung kia va co the c dung
nh mot vung d tr. Cac vung hnh t giac c dung cho cac s co cham at. Loai ac tnh t
giac nay a c chng minh la tot hn so vi ac tnh MHO oi vi cac s co cham at. Tat ca
cac phep o khoang cach c thc thi nh dung ky thuat so sanh pha.
Hnh 8.18b ac trng cho mot nhom cac phan t khi ong c dung cho cac muc ch
khac nhau. Cac ac tnh o co the c dung vi s o khac nhau nh lien ong truyen xa di
tam va qua tam cho phep, cung nh s o khoa.
Cac s o so sanh hng thng c bo sung mot so ac tnh nh:
ong lai toc o cao: ong lai toc o cao la mot khai niem quan trong c dung e chon
la s o pilot. ong lai toc o cao c dung tai nhieu v tr e cach ly cac s co tam thi, va
viec ong lai hau nh luon luon thanh cong. Neu ong lai khong thanh cong, cac rle se m MC
va khong cho ong lai na.
Xet HT trong hnh 8.19, vi s co ng
C
A
B
N2
N1
day tai ca hai iem N1 va N2, va ng day BV
X
Y
R
Q
c khao sat la phan t A en B. Gia s la s
co thoang qua xay ra tai N1, tren ng day gan
Hnh 8.19 Cac s co tren cac
vi ng day c BV. Trc het, gia s
ng day truyen tai
ng day AB c BV bi s o khoa va thiet
b ong lai c dung tren tat cac cac ng day. Neu kenh pilot b h trong trng hp nay,
viec khoa se khong xay ra va cac rle tai ca X va A se cat va ong lai, nh the khoi phuc HT lam
viec bnh thng.
Bay gi cung xet s co tam thi tai N1, vi s o truyen cat di tam tren ng day AB
va vi HT pilot b hong. Trong trng hp nay, ch co MC tai R cat va se ong lai. Nh the, trong
v du nay, khi s co xay ra tai N1, s o khoa gay ra mot tac ong va ong lai khong can thiet cho
ng day tot.
Bay gi xet s co tam thi tai N1, va cung xet en kha nang cua mot s truyen tai tn hieu
pilot b hong. Trc het, xet HT khoa. V la s co ben trong nen khong can truyen tai tn hieu. MC
tai ca hai au X va Y se tac ong va ong lai khoi phuc HT bnh thng. Thc te, s tac ong nay
khong boc lo s hien dien cua mot HT pilot b s co.
Bay gi xet s co thoang qua tai iem N2, nhng vi BV pilot truyen cat. Trong trng
hp nay, vi s co gan cac rle tai Y, cac rle tai Y se cat cac MC tai cho Y vi thi gian cap I.
Neu HT pilot b s co, khong co cach nao e gi tn hieu tac ong truyen xa en X, ni se tac
ong vi tr tre thi gian vung II, trong khi o Y se ong lai. Tuy nhien, ong lai tai Y se khong
thanh cong bi v s co van duy tr tai X. Nh the ong lai tai Y se van con s co, va Y se cat va
khoa. V du nay gia s rang ong lai tai Y xay ra trc thi gian cat vung II tai X.
Khoa dao ong cong suat: Cac bo khoa dao ong cong suat phat hien s dao ong cong
suat va khoa khong cho rle tac ong. Trong mot so trng hp, bo khoa co the b vo hieu bi
dong th t khong, cho phep rle tac ong cac s co at ngay ca khi dao ong cong suat a c
phat hien.
Chc nang cat nhanh MC khi ong ng day vao s co: Chc nang cung cap tac ong tc
thi m MC khi ong ng day ang b s co. Cac loai khac nhau cua bo x ly logic co the c
cung cap e thc thi loai chc nang nay.

163

Cac s o tong hp: HTBV tong hp c dung rong rai s dung hai HT rle phu c ban e
nhan dien va cach ly cac s co. Bo au tien la mot rle o lng khoang cach th t thuan, c
dung lam BVC e cat cac s co ba pha. Bo nay co ca bo o lng tnh cho cac ng dung bnh
thng va bo ong cho ng day co bu noi tiep. Bo rle th hai la mot rle qua dong th t
nghch, s dung o lng th t nghch va cac ac tnh nh hng e phat hien cac s co bat oi
xng. ieu nay co mot li iem la khong b anh hng ho cam th t khong, thng la kho khan
oi vi cac ng day cao ap. Cac s o tong hp oi hoi mot tn hieu tac ong tai cho cung nh
cho phep t au cach xa e khi ong cat. Mot bo logic so sanh hng c dung e xac nh xem
s co la ben trong hay ben ngoai ng day c BV. Neu s co la ben trong, mot hoac nhieu
chc nang tac ong tai moi au se phat hien s co va tac ong may phat truyen cat ti tan so cat.
Viec nhan tan so cat va hoat ong cua mot hoac nhieu cac chc nang cat ong la u e khi ong
cat tai moi au. Nh the, trong cac trang thai bnh thng, cac s o tong hp hoat ong mot cach
chnh xac nh s o truyen cat qua tam cho phep.

Bay gi xet mot au co nguon nho. Neu nguon NM khong u e tac ong cat tai au o,
mot tn hieu cho phep se khong c khi ong va viec cat MC se khong xay ra bi v s co phai
c phat hien tai tat ca cac au cua ng day. S o tong hp loai bo s thieu sot nay bi tac
dung cua chc nang khoa va mot vai bo logic bo sung. Tn hieu tac ong cat c nhan t au
manh c khuech ai hoac lap lai en au yeu, theo o cho phep au manh tac ong cat. au
yeu c tac ong cat bi bo x ly logic bo sung. Tn hieu tai au yeu c cho phep lap lai ch
neu chc nang khoa khong van hanh, hoac tn hieu tac ong ch oi vi cac s co ben trong. Vi
cac s co ben ngoai, chc nang khoa se van hanh e khoa khuech ai cua tn hieu.
Cac s o rle so sanh hng co the c dung cho cac ng day co bu noi tiep neu dong
s co u cao e tao ra mach noi tat tu ien. Lu y, v ien ap se ao ngc xay ra khi cho s co
sau tu ien, gay anh sai so cac thiet b o lng khoang cach, khien cho tong tr s co o c b
di i trong mat phang tong tr Z. S o tong hp dien ta ay la mot cai tien tren nguyen tac c
ban, da vao ac tnh qua o cua phan t MHO. Bo th t thuan dung nguyen tac so sanh pha e mo
ta mot ac tnh nh hng MHO trong mat phang phc (H.8.20). ac tnh MHO trong hnh 8.21
c phan cc bi dung ien ap trc s co V& p th tot hn ien ap thc ma c o khi s co xay ra.
ien ap trc s co c nh bi rle trong thi gian ngan, va tac ong nh nay giup cho rle van
lam viec c khi s co xay ra gan iem at rle.
I1X

I1ZR- V1

I1ZR

V1 - Vr

I1X

I1ZR- V1

I1ZR

V1 - ES
I 1R

I1R

Hnh 8.20 ac tnh

phan cc MHO on nh

Hnh 8.21 ac tnh

phan cc MHO qua o

Ngng tac ong la goc 90o tren ng tron gia ien ap phan cc V& p va ien ap
I&1 Z& R V&1 va vi V&1 la ien ap th t thuan, con I&1 la dong th t thuan. Khi goc nay ln hn

164

90o, toa o iem NM o c nam trong vong tron, tac ong se xay ra. ai lng I&1 Z& R V&1 dien
ta mot ng tron trong mat phang phc khi goc gia ai lng nay va ien ap phan cc la goc
vuong. Neu goc nay nho hn 90o, iem se nam ngoai ng tron va khong co tac ong xay ra.
Khi s ao ngc ien ap xay ra, ca V&1 va V& p se b ao ngc, nhng ien ap phan cc se
van trung pha vi ap nguon. Trong suot qua trnh chuyen tiep nay, vong tron MHO thay oi nh hnh
8.21. Trong hnh nay, vung khang tr am ac trng cho tong tr s co c nhn t rle oi vi mot
v tr s co khang tr tu ien thuan hng. Do o, tac ong cac s co trong vung nay la ung.
oi vi cac s co trc rle, co ngha la cac s co hng nghch, ac tnh MHO qua o bao
trum vung tr khang s co. Do o, ac tnh phan cc MHO qua o cung cap mot bo x ly logic rle kha
dung cho tat ca cac s co ba pha, ngay ca vi cac s co ma trong o ien ap rle giam ve khong.
Viec phat hien tat ca cac s co bat oi xng trong rle nay c thc thi nh dung so sanh
pha bu qua o, nhng da tren cac ai lng th t nghch hn la th t thuan. Cac ly do cho viec
dung cac ai lng th t nghch la nh sau:
- Cac o lng th t nghch thoat khoi s anh hng cua ho cam th t khong cua cac ng
day song song gan nhau.
- Cac dong va ap tn hieu nhap co the nhan c t cac may bien ien o lng giong nhau
e cung cap tn hieu nhap th t thuan.
- Cac dong th t nghch co bien o ln hn cac dong th t khong oi vi mot s co cham
at cua au ng day cach xa, do o co o nhay ln hn.
- Thiet b o lng th t nghch de kiem tra bang cach ong hoac m cac mach thch hp
cua rle e mo phong trang thai s co.
- ien ap phan cc cho cac o lng th t nghch c cho bi
V& = V& + kI& Z&
P

ien ap chuan V&2 c bo sung bi ai lng bu co the ieu chnh c I&2 Z& R , e am bao
s phan cc ung cho cac trng hp khi rle nam gan nguon manh vi V&2 co the rat nho, hoac khi
s co gan au ng day co bu noi tiep va dong s co nho hn mc BV cua tu ien. He so k cung
c cung cap e ieu chnh ai lng bu. ien ap phan cc bu (ham) va ai lng tac ong (lam
viec), ty le vi dong th t nghch, c so sanh trong pha tren moi na chu ky e tao ra cac chc
nang khoa va tac ong.
S o tong hp a c dung t nhieu nam tren cac ng day co bu noi tiep vi co ket
qua rat tot. Mot li iem cua s o nay la ng dung cac ai lng th t nghch cho tat ca cac s
co ke ca cham at. ieu nay lam cho BV tranh khoi cac van e ho cam ng day. Mot moun
rle rieng biet c dung e phat hien cac s co ba pha, do o co the BV tat ca cac dang NM.

8.2.4 Cac s o pilot bao ve toan phan

Phan trc gii thieu mot so loai s o pilot khong toan phan, cac s o o la cac HT pilot
pho bien nhat. Cac s o BV toan phan o dong vao phan t BV tai cac au cua no va quyet nh tac
ong da tren s so sanh cua cac dong o (nguyen tac BVSL).

165

1- Cac s o so sanh pha

Loai BV toan phan pho bien nhat cho cac ng day truyen tai la loai so sanh pha. Co cac loai
s o so sanh pha thong dung sau:
- So sanh pha n
- So sanh pha kep
- So sanh pha rieng biet.
He thong th ba la mot HT ch o dong tn hieu, tien li cho ng day truyen tai, ac biet
la nhng ng day co cac tu ien noi tiep. Ca ba loai so sanh pha co the ch dung tn hieu dong
hoac co the la HT o lng khoang cach.
Khai niem c ban cua rle so sanh pha la ghi nhan chnh xac thi gian cua dong i qua
zero hay qua gia tr ngng hoac am hoac dng. Cac lu tr cua cac mau nay c truyen en
cac au oi dien cua ng day, ni ma chung c so sanh. Neu xac nh c rang ca hai au
cac dong ang i vao ng day, ro rang ay la s co tren ng day c BV, va cac rle tai ca
hai au m MC tai hai au ng day. Viec so sanh cac dang song dong c thc hien bi viec
bien oi cac dang song vuong t cac dang song dong hnh sin khong c loc nh hnh 8.23. Song
vuong goc c ky hieu ISW co c t cac lan i qua ngng cua song dong. Cac xung mau cung
c phat ra khi song dong vt troi ca mc ngng am va mc ngng dng c ve bi nhng
ng t net ngang hnh 8.22. Cac song vuong goc tng ng c ky hieu ISWP va ISW e xac
nh cac song vuong goc dng va am theo th t.
dong pha

ISW
ISWP

3Iao

Ic

Ib

Ia

Loc
th t

tai cho
bo khuech
ai song vuong
t xa

ISWN

Hnh 8.22 Quy trnh x ly song vuong

t mot dang song dong pha hnh sin

Hnh 8.23 Mang th t cho viec

lien ket cac dong ba pha

Trong mot so s o so sanh pha, cac dong o c x ly qua mot bo loc thanh phan th t hnh
8.23 va sau o c chuyen oi thanh song vuong goc. Mot song vuong goc tng t c phat ra tai au
oi dien cua ng day truyen tai, va song vuong goc t xa nay c truyen nh kenh truyen pilot en
rle tai cho e no co the c so sanh vi song vuong phat ra tai cho. Mot mach tr hoan thi gian c
cung cap e em s tr tre thi gian cua viec truyen d lieu. Neu hai dang song vuong la cung pha, ngha
la cac dong la cung pha va ang i qua ng day. ay la ieu kien thng, hoac s co ben ngoai oi vi
ng day. Neu hai song ngc pha, noi len rang cac dong tai hai au chay vao trong ng day cho biet
s co xay ra ben trong ng day. Khai niem c ban nay ap dung cho tat ca cac loai s o so sanh pha.
Mot s o toan phan s dung mot ai lng la to hp cac dong pha th c goi la loai tong hp. Khai
niem nay co the m rong en mot ai lng o lng la to hp cac dong th t. Hoac cac dong pha hoac
cac dong th t co the c to hp thanh cac ai lng o lng tong hp.
S o khoa so sanh pha n: so sanh 1/2 chu ky dong ien la mot dang n gian cua s o
khoa so sanh pha ma ch can mot kenh truyen PLC on-off. Hai bo phat hien s co FD1 va FD2 c

166

dung, ca hai co logic tng t c cho trong hnh 8.24 FD1 c goi la bo khi ong bo phat. FD1
c at nhay hn FD2 va c bo tr e cho phep song vuong tai cho kch bo phat kenh truyen
thong tin. FD2 c chnh nh vi mot tr khi ong cao hn FD1, va c dung e bao cho HT tac
ong cat. Vi cac ng day truyen tai co chieu dai len en 150km. FD2 c chnh nh vao
khoang 125% cua FD1, va vi ng day dai hn, mc at nay c at tang len 200%. S so sanh
pha co the bat au mot khi FD2 khi ong. Viec dung hai bo phat hien s co cho phep s phoi hp
viec phat song mang vuong goc vi s so sanh cua cac song vuong goc tai cho va t xa.
S lam viec cua HT co the c giai thch bi hnh 8.24. Vi mot s co xay ra ben trong
ng day, bo phat hien s co qua dong tai ca hai au cua ng day b s co se lam viec. Mot bo
flip-flop c cung cap nguon neu co tn hieu vao bo AND lien tuc trong 4ms va cung cap mot tn
hieu xuat lien tuc en mach cat, c kiem tra bi FD2. Vi ieu kien nay, cac tn hieu nhap song
vuong t bo nhap tn hieu tai cho, va tn hieu xuat bo nhan en cong AND cung pha va viec tac ong
cat c thc thi. HT nay se tac ong neu cac dong tai hai au lech nhau ti 90o. Lu y rang, viec
xac nhan cua mot tn hieu t kenh truyen ngan can viec tac ong, do o ay la loai HT khoa. ieu
nay cung co ngha la tn hieu song mang khong can truyen qua iem s co tren ng day BV.
N1

H
(I)

bo x ly logic nhan dang s co

FD

bo phat
tn hieu
tai cho

tn hieu ra bo thu
bao hieu

AND

cat A

bo phat
bo thu

cat B

1
0

tn hieu ra bo thu

1
0

1
0

tn hieu bo thu vao AND

1
0

1
0

tn hieu xuat AND

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

tn hieu xuat cat

Tn hieu
nhap tai cho

tn hieu ra bo thu

1
0

tn hieu tai cho vao AND

N2

FD

Kenh
truyen

bo thu

AND

bao hieu

Hnh 8.24 S o so sanh pha n

Vi mot s co ben ngoai, viec khoa la lien tuc do pha cua tn hieu ra bo thu lech pha vi
song vuong tai cho. Thong thng khi NM ngoai, cac dong ien i qua ng day cung pha. Tuy
nhien, HT nay se khoa tac ong neu cac dong o lech pha nhau len en 90o.
Khoa so sanh pha n gian cung co the dung s kiem tra bi bo phan khoang cach hn la
ch dung dong. S o nay s dung cac kenh truyen on-off tng t nhau, nhng s phat hien s co
va ky thuat bao hieu la khac nhau.

167

S o so sanh pha kep: S o so sanh pha kep thc hien cac phep so sanh pha tren ca hai na
chu ky cua song dong, nen tac ong nhanh hn s o so sanh dong n. S o so sanh pha kep oi
hoi kenh truyen kep vi mot tan so cho moi au ng day.

Hnh 8.25 la mot v du cua s o so sanh pha kep. S o dung thiet b di tan tai moi au
ng day. Mot tan so c goi la iem va mot tan so khac c goi la khoang. S o cung
cap s kiem tra kenh truyen lien tuc v tn hieu song mang hoac iem hoac khoang c truyen mot
cach lien tuc. Do o khong can bo khi ong phat hien s co song mang. May phat c kch oi
vi tan so iem cua no khi song vuong dng va c kch oi vi tan so khoang cua no khi
song vuong bang zero.
N1

(I)

(2)

N2

bo x ly logic nhan biet s co

song am
tai cho

song dng
tai cho

f2

f1

bo phat
iem

Kenh
truyen

f2

bo thu

bo phat
iem

f1

bo thu
khoang

khoang
AND
1
AND
2

song am
tai cho

bao hieu
OR

AND
3

bao hieu
4

tac ong may cat R

Song tai cho

(na chu ky dng)
tn hieu ra bo thu
(iem)
tn hieu ra (AND 1)

Song tai cho

(na chu ky am)
tn hieu ra bo thu
(khoang)
tn hieu ra (AND 2)

tn hieu ra OR
tn hieu xuat tac ong

AND
3

AND
1

OR

tac ong may cat R

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

song dng
tai cho

AND
2

Hnh 8.25 S o so sanh pha kep

S lam viec cua s o so sanh pha kep c dien ta nh sau: vi cac s co ben trong, cac
tn hieu ra mot pha n cua mang dong th t th trung pha cho du dong thc lech 180o. Tn hieu ra
cua mach truyen qua bo khuech ai vuong goc e kch may phat di tan. Mot mach thi gian co the
ieu chnh c c ieu chnh e lam tre song vuong goc tai cho mot khoang bang thi gian vi

168

thi gian tre do kenh truyen. Tn hieu ra cua mach sau o phat trien thanh hai song vuong bo sung
c goi la song dng tai cho va song am tai cho. Song dng co mot trang thai dng trong na
chu ky dng cua dong th t va c so sanh vi tn hieu ra iem cua may thu tai cong AND1.
Song am tai cho co mot trang thai dng suot na chu ky am cua dong th t va c so sanh vi
tn hieu ra khoang cua may thu tai cong AND2. Vi s co ben trong, song dng tai cho va song
iem bo thu th trung pha, cho ra mot tn hieu xuat t cong AND1. Tng t, song am tai cho va
song khoang bo thu th trung pha, cho ra mot tn hieu xuat t cong AND2. Neu mot tn hieu bao
c nhan t bo phat hien s co hoac t rle BV th cong AND3 co mot tn hieu xuat. Neu tn hieu
nay ton tai khoang 4ms th tn hieu xuat c gi en bo flip-flop e khi ong m MC. Lu y rang,
tac ong cat oi hoi ca hai tn hieu iem va khoang c truyen qua mot s co nh phng tien
song mang ng day truyen tai. Neu h hong ca hai tan so va mat bo nhan kenh truyen ca hai mach
so sanh, th viec cho phep HT cat ch da tren cac dang song vuong goc tai cho.
Vi cac s co ben ngoai, chang han tai (N2) (H.8.25), s ao ngc 180o cua mot trong cac
dong pha lam dch chuyen cac song vuong goc 180o, do o ngan cong AND co tn hieu ra.
Mot phng an khac cua HT kenh truyen kep s dung s giam sat khoang cach. Loai HT
nay c dung tren cac ng day truyen tai dai, mc tai nang, vi s co ba pha t xay ra
S o so sanh pha rieng biet: So sanh pha rieng biet a c phat trien e giai quyet cac
van e BV cua cac ng day bu noi tiep va cac ng dung khac ma b anh hng bi s meo dang
song. Trong cac HT o, cac mang dong th t c thiet ke lam viec tai tan so c ban.

Hnh 8.26 la HT o dong c dung cho so sanh pha rieng biet. V moi dong c o mot
cach rieng biet nen khong can thiet cac dong c o la tan so c ban. Cac dang hien ai cua cac
HT rle so sanh pha rieng biet la cac HT so, chu yeu da vao HTBV ch do dong, gom ca BVDT
khoang cach toi u. He thong nay lam viec chnh xac va chon loc oi vi ng day co tu bu noi
tiep. ng day co tu noi tiep gay ra cac van e:
- ao ngc ien ap gay ra bi cac khang tr am do tu bu noi tiep
- S bat oi xng pha do van hanh noi tat va ong lai cua HT tu
- Cac tan so khac thng t 20 - 400Hz trong suot thi iem trc va sau s co.

Ia

3Iao

khuech ai
song vuong

Ib
Ic

tai cho
t xa

tng t nh pha a

3Iao

Hnh 8.26 He thong o lng

so sanh pha rieng biet

He thong bao ve nay c thiet ke e van hanh mot cach hp ly bat ke v tr cua tu ien
noi tiep hay mc o bu. Chung cung co the c dung tren cac ng day ma dung tac ong tng
pha cua cac MC.

169

Mot so u iem khi dung s o so sanh pha rieng biet:

- BV so sanh pha rieng biet loai bo ba van e lien quan vi cac ng day co bu noi tiep, o
la: cac tan so khac thng trong dang song dong; s bat oi xng tr khang pha va cac ien
ap ngc.
- S van hanh toc o cao, da theo tnh a dang goc gia cac pha va loai bo cua cac bo loc
c oi hoi trong cac mach so sanh pha.
- Tan so c ban c cung cap bi ca bon thiet b logic oc lap. Bat ky mot trong chung c
thiet ke e phat hien mot s co va tac ong ng day.
u iem ve phng phap:
- Khong b anh hng cac dao ong cong suat
- Tranh khoi sai so do ho cam ng day
- Khong b anh hng bi s ton hao ien the
- Van hanh hp ly oi cac s co ba pha gan cho at BV (UR = 0)
- Khong b anh hng qua o ien ap cua cac BU
- Tnh chon loc pha von co cho tat ca cac loai s co, cung cap tnh linh ong cac mach tac
ong rle va MC e at c tnh chon loc tac ong tng pha.
So sanh pha rieng biet cung co the c dung cho BV cua cac ng day song song vi cac u
iem sau:
- Cat tc thi cac s co kep lien quan en ca hai ng day
- Khong b anh hng bi ho cam
- Tnh chon loc pha cho tat ca cac loai s co n va phc.
2- Cac s o pilot so lech doc
Loai khac cua BV toan phan la bao ve so lech (BVSL) doc. BVSL doc b han che oi vi cac
HT pilot day dan phu. So lech day dan phu ap dung cho cac ng day dai t 20km tr xuong. Mot
so s o so lech doc hien ai dung cac kenh pilot e o cac ai lng au ng day e so sanh va
x ly.
Cac s o pilot day dan la dang c ban nhat cua BVSL doc. Viec s dung cac kenh thong
tin bi cac day dan pilot cung cap ca bien o va goc pha cac dong s cap cua cac ng day
truyen tai c BV. Cac ai lng th cap co the la dong hoac ap ty le vi cac ai lng s cap
o. ieu nay hnh thanh nen c s cho cac s o rle can bang dong hoac can bang ap so lech.
Trong hau het cac HT, cac ai lng ba pha c bien oi thanh cac dong xoay chieu pha n
dung cho cac rle. Tuy nhien, co the hnh thanh mot HT ba pha rieng biet. Mot HT rieng biet nh
the c oi hoi cho cac mach e thc hien viec ong lai mot pha.
Vi cac ng day dai, cac pilot day dan la khong thc te theo chieu dai cua ng day truyen
tai c BV. Tuy nhien, cac ky thuat ieu bien cung co the c dung cho cac ng day truyen tai
dai hn e m rong ang ke ng dung BVSL. Thong thng, ng day dan thong tin se la si quang
hoac HTVS, thay the cho cac pilot day dan dung cac ng day truyen tai ngan.
Trong cac HT pilot so lech, cac gia tr tc thi cua dong c truyen en cac au khac bi
cac phng tien kenh truyen pilot. Hai phng phap ieu bien e truyen cac gia tr dong tc thi la

170

ieu bien tan so (FM) va ieu bien ma hoa xung (PCM).

Hnh 8.27 Nguyen tac bien ieu tan so

Trong cac HT FM, cac gia tr dong tc thi c truyen nh cac ai lng tng t en
cac au khac dung dai tan am thanh vi s ieu bien tan so. Khai niem nay c minh hoa trong
hnh 8.27, vi song tn hieu, hnh di, ieu bien tan so song mang, vi tn hieu cao hn mang lai
ket qua trong song mang c ieu bien cao hn. Do o tan so cua song mang phu theo bien o tn
hieu. Cac nguyen tac so lech dong c dung tai cac au nhan e xac nh tac ong ng day.
Hnh 8.28 la mo hnh HT c ban, cac gia tr dong tc thi c ieu bien theo cac tn hieu FM
trong tam 0,3 - 0,4KHz.
H

K
R

tn
hieu
khoa

I
DEL
F/ V

I/ V
F IL
V/ F
F IL

DET

I/ V
F IL
V/ F
Kenh
thong tin

I
DEL
F/ V

FIL

tn
hieu
khoa

I/ V - bien oi song - ap
V/ F - bien oi ap - tan so
FIL - bo loc dai thong
DEL - mach bu tre
DET - phat hieu nhieu

DET

Hnh 8.28 S o so lech doc dong FM

Trong s o PCM, cac gia tr dong tc thi tai moi au c truyen en au khac bang
bien ieu ma hoa xung cua tn hieu c truyen. Hnh 8.29 gii thieu mach c ban cho HT nay.
H

K
R

Q
MCT

MCT

A/D P/S T
I S/P R

T P/S A/D
Kenh
thong tin

R S/P I

R - bo thu
T - bo phat
S/P - bo bien oi noi tiep - song song
P/S - bo bien oi song song - noi tiep
A/D - bo bien oi tng t - so

171

Hnh 8.29 S o so lech dong PCM

Tn hieu xuat cua MBI tron cung cap mot ai lng ma ty le vi gia tr dong s cap. Tn
hieu nay c a en mot au, ni ma s bien oi tng tso c thc hien va tn hieu c
truyen trong dang noi tiep en au khac. Tai tram nhan, cac tn hieu c bien oi tr lai thanh d
lieu song song va c nh gia nh dung bo vi x ly e so sanh cac dong nhan c vi nhng
dong khac c o tai cho.

8.3 NG DAY SONG SONG

Neu co hai ng day c keo tren cung mot tru hoac gan nhau, tren toan bo chieu dai
se co ho cam gia hai ng day. Ho cam thanh phan th t thuan va nghch gia hai ng day
nho nen thng c bo qua, ho cam thanh phan th t khong co gia tr ln v vay khong the bo
qua anh hng cua no.
Loai BV, ma ch s dung dong ien (nh HT so sanh pha tan so cao hay HTSL pilot),
khong b anh hng cua ho cam ng day, trong khi loai BV c s dung dong va ap, ac biet
la BVKC, thng b anh hng bi hien tng ho cam va can phai xem xet en. Hnh 8.30 gii
thieu cac dang khac nhau cua cac ng day song song co gay ra ho cam.

ZMO

ZMO

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 8.30 Cac dang khac nhau cua ng day truyen tai gay ra ho cam

Viec xem xet ho cam gia cac ng gay c phan chia lam ba dang theo cau truc cua
cac ng day nh sau:
AQ
AR
Dang 1: cac ng day song song co chung
A
R
Q
ZMO
B
nguon th t thuan va th t khong
BR
BQ
Dang 2: cac ng day song song co chung
nguon th t thuan, nhng tach
Hnh 8.31 Hai ng day song song
biet nguon th t khong
co chung nguon th t thuan va khong
Dang 3: cac ng day song song co cac nguon
th t thuan va th t khong rieng biet.

8.3.1 Bao ve khoang cach chong cham at cho dang 1

Hnh 8.31 gii thieu hai ng day song song dang 1.
Bao ve khoang cach chong cham at thong thng trong trng hp nay se co sai so ln
do dong ien at 3Io trong ng day b s co b cam ng ien ap t ng day khong b s co.
Y

Bao ve khoang cach chong cham at co bu thanh phan th khong trong ng day A c xac
nh trong chng 6 phan 6.5, cong thc nh sau

172

hZ& L1 =
I& AR

trong o

kCA =

V& AR
V& AR
=
Z
I AR + kCA IGA0
+ Co I&ao AO 1
Z A

Z& Ao Z& A1
; I& AR = Co I&ao + C1 I&a1 + C2 I&a2 ; I&GAo = 3Co I&ao
3Z& A1

Dong ien I&GAo la dong ien ve th t

R

AR

IRo

BR

hZM

(8.2)

Iao

No

(1 - h)ZA
(1 - h)ZM
(1 - h)ZB

hZA

AQ

BQ

ZEO
ZUO

ZSO
O

Hnh 8.32 Mach th t

khong ng day co ho cam

Khao sat rle at tai AR trong trng hp

cham at mot pha trc tiep (ZN = 0), ta co
V& = V& + V& + V& = 0
a1

hZA

IBRo

Xem xet s o thanh phan th t khong

co tnh ho cam gia hai ng day song song A va
B noi gia hai iem R va Q (H.8.32).

ao

ao

IARo

khong trong ng day A va kCA la he so bu phc.

Cac gia tr nay a c xac nh trong chng 6
cho mot ng day n. Trong trng hp xet en
ho cam gia cac ng day song song, can xac
nh lai he so kCA e bu c chnh xac hn.

(8.1)

(8.3)

a2

va V&ao = V& Ro hZ& Ao I& ARo hZ& Mo I& BRo ; V&a1 = V& R1 hZ& A1 I& AR1 ; V&a2 = V& R2 hZ& A2 I& AR2

(8.4)

vi V&ai va V&Ri (i = 0,1,2) la ien ap thanh phan th t tai iem NM va v tr at rle R.

Cong (8.4) va lu y (8.3), ta co
V& R = V& Ro + V& R1 + V& R2 = hZ& Ao I& Ao + hZ& M o I&BRo + hZ& A1 I& AR1 + hZ& A2 I& AR2

(8.5)

Xac nh he so phan bo dong th t tai v tr rle so vi iem NM

C Ao =

I ARo
Iao

C A1 =

I AR1
I a1

C Bo =

I BRo
Iao

C A2 =

I AR2

(8.6)

Ia2

Thay the cac he so nay vao (8.5)

V& R = hZ& A1 (C Ao I& Ao + C A1 I& A1 + C A2 I& A2 ) + h( Z& Ao Z& A1 )C Ao I& Ao + hZ& Mo CBo I& BR

(8.7)

Biet rang C Ao I& Ao + C A1 I& A1 + C A2 I& A2 = I& AR , vi I& AR la dong tong qua rle AR, cong thc
(8.7) tr thanh
V& AR = hZ& A1 I& AR + h( Z& Ao Z& A1 )C& Ao I& Ao + hZ& Mo C& Bo I& BR

(8.8)

Goi: I&GAo = 3C Ao .I a o la dong ien ve th t khong cua ng day A qua rle AR

I&GBo = 3CBo .I ao la dong ien ve th t khong cua ng day B qua rle BR.

Cong thc (8.8) c viet lai

Z Ao Z A1 &
Z&
V& AR = hZ L1 I& AR +
IGAo + Mo I&GBo

3Z A1
3Z A1

(8.9)

173

at

kSA =

Z Ao Z A1

cong thc (8.9) tr thanh

V& = hZ ( I&
AR

L1

AR

3Z A1

kMA =

Z Mo
3Z A1

+ kSA .I&GAo + kMA .IGBo ) = hZ L1 .I& ARM

(8.10)

(8.11)
(8.12)

I& ARM = I& AR + kSA .I&GAo + kMA .I&GBo

trong o: kSA, kMA - cac thong so ng day A; kMA - he so ho cam

kSA - he so bu cho ng day n A (c tnh t 6.20 hay (8.1)).
Cac he so thong so ng day B: kSB, kMB cung c xac nh tng t bang cach thay ky
hieu A thanh B, neu hai ng day co cac thong so khac nhau th cac he so nay se khac nhau.
la dong ien vao rle chong cham at cua ng day A.
Goi I&
ARC

Chia (8.11) cho I& ARC , ta tm c tong tr bieu kien o c cua rle khi cham at mot pha
V&
Z& AR = AR = hZ& L1
I& ARC

I& ARM
= hZ& L1 .ke
I& ARC

(8.13)

trong o ke = I ARM / I ARC c goi la ch so o. Ch so nay cang gan 1 th tong tr o cua rle
cang chnh xac Z& hZ& .
AR

L1

e ke gan bang 1, ngi ta thay oi I& ACR bang cach hieu chnh he so bu khi ng day lam
viec co ho cam.
Trong trng hp khong hieu chnh he so bu van s dung dong vao rle giong nh trong
trng hp ng day n (phng trnh (6.19)), luc o
I
= I& + k I&
ARC

vi

AR

kCA = kSA =

CA GAo

Z& Ao Z& A1
3Z A1

Trong trng hp muon giam sai so o tong tr anh hng cua ho cam can thiet thay oi he
so bu kAC, luc o kAC ng day co ho cam se khac vi he so bu kSA cho ng day n.
I&
I& + k .I&
+ k I&
ke 1 ARM = AR & SA GAo & MA GBo = 1
I
I + k .I
ARC

kCA =

AR

CA

kSA I&GAo + kMA I&GBo

I&GAo

GAo

(8.14)

Nhan xet: Ch so ke la ham so cua kAS va kCA la do ho cam cua cac ng day lan can nh kMA
va IGBo nen sai so o lng tong tr ty le vi tong tr ho cam, dong ien th t khong tren ng
day B. Rle se b di tam khi I&GBo cung pha vi I& AR + I&GAo va b qua tam khi I&GBo khac pha
vi I& + I&
.
AR

GAo

174

Mot so trng hp trang thai ong m cua MC se c xem xet di ay, khao sat khi
ng day A b s co cham at mot pha trong cac trng hp trc luc s co nh sau.

1- Khi ca hai ng day eu van hanh, nguon Q h (H.8.33)

hS
AR

N
ZMO

AQ
Q
Y

BQ

BR

Hnh 8.33 S co tren ng day A khi

hai ng day ang lam viec song song

Khi co s co cham at, dong ng day cham at bang dong ve th t khong

I& AR = I&GA 0

Phng trnh ien ap gia R va N

V& RN 0 = I& AR0 hZ& A 0 + I& BR0 hZ& M 0

= I& BR0 Z& B0 + I& AR0 hZ& M 0 I& BR0 (1 h) Z& M 0 + I&BR0 (1 h) Z& A0 I& BR0 (1 h) Z& M 0
hay

[
[(1 h)(Z&

I& AR0 h( Z& A0 Z& M 0 ) = I& BR0 Z& B0 + (1 h) Z& A0 2(1 h) Z& B0 Z& M 0

= I& BR0

A0

Z& M 0 ) + Z& B0 Z& M 0

I& AR0
h( Z& A 0 Z& M 0 )
=
=
I&BR0
(1 h)( Z& A0 Z& M 0 ) + Z& B0 Z& M 0

do o

h
&
Z Z& M 0
1 h + B0
Z& A0 Z& M 0

Mat khac

I&GA0
3C& A 0 I&a 0
I&
Z& Z& M 0
=
= AR0 , at kAB = B0
I&GB0
I& BR0
Z& A0 Z& M 0
3C& B0 I&a 0

ta c

I&GB0 =

(8.16)

(8.17)

(8.18)

h
I&GA0
1 h + kAB

(8.19)

Thay (8.15) va (8.19) vao bieu thc tnh tong tr bieu kien cua rle (8.13)

(8.20)

= h1 ke1 Z& A1

hS

AR
R
BR

A
B

N
ZMO

AQ
Q
BQ

Z& AR

hkMA

1 + kSA + 1 h + k
AB
= h1 Z& A1
1 + kCA

Hnh 8.34 Mot ng day song song

khong lam viec nhng khong noi at

175

Bieu thc tren cho thay ZAR, ch so ke1 ch phu thuoc vao cac thong so cua ng day va v
tr s co khong phu thuoc vao dong ien.
2- Khi co mot ng day khong van hanh, may cat hai au c m ra (H.8.34)
ng day khong van hanh, nhng khong c noi at hai au hoac ch c noi at mot au.
ieu nay co ngha khong co dong tren ng day B.
Trong trng hp nay, ap dung bieu thc trong trng hp a, nhng vi dong tren ng
day B bang khong. Bieu thc tong tr c tai v tr at rle c viet lai nh sau
1 + kSA
= h2 ke2 Z& A1
Z& AR = h2 Z& A1
1 + kCA

(8.21)

Ta thay, tong tr o c giam so vi trng hp hai ng day song song cung lam viec.
Tong tr o c nho hn dan en qua tam ln hn.
3- Khi mot ng day khong van hanh va c noi at hai au (H.8.35)
h(ZAO - ZMO) hZMO

IO

NO
(1-h)(ZAO-ZMO) (1-h)ZMO

IAR IBR
hS

AR
R
BR

A
B

1:1

h(ZBO - ZMO)
R

N
ZMO

AQ
Q

IBR

IBR

ZEO

ZSO

BQ

Q
Q

ZUO
O

Hnh 8.35 ng day B c cat

va noi at hai au

Hnh 8.36 S o mang th t khong

S o thanh phan th t khong trong trng hp nay cho hnh 8.36. Ho cam c bieu
dien bang may bien ap ly tng 1/1.
Gia thiet cac ien the tai cac nut biet trc, hieu ien the gia cac nut la
V& RN hZ& A0

V&QN = 0

V& RQ hZ& M 0

vi

0
(1 h) Z& A0
(1 h) Z& M 0

I&
AR
&
(1 h) Z M 0 I& AQ

I& BR
Z& B0

V& RN V& R V& N V& R V& N

V&QN = V&Q V& N = V&Q V& N

0
V& RQ V& R, V&Q,

Giai cho dong IBR theo cac gia tr IAR va IAQ

hZ& M 0

(8.22)

(8.23)

176

I& BR =

1
hZ& M 0 I& AR + (1 h) Z& M 0 I& AQ
Z B0

(8.24)

Dong IBR chay theo hng ngc lai vi mui ten nen co gia tr am (IBR < 0) (H.8.46) khi
(8.25)

hI& AR > (1 h) I& AQ

Khi khong co nguon tai au Q (MC m), dong IBR c viet lai nh sau
hZ& M 0 I& AR
I& BR =
Z&
B0

Do vay, oi vi s co mot pha cham at, ta co

I& AR = I&GA0 ;

hZ& M 0 I&GA0
I& BR = I&GA0 =
Z& B0

Tong tr bieu kien o c trong trng hp nay thay vao (8.13)

Z& AR

I&
= h3 Z& A1 GA0

Z&
1 + kSA kMA h M 0
+ kSA I&GA0 + kMA I&GB0
Z& B0

= h3 Z& A1

1 + kCA
I&GA0 + kCA I&GA0

vi

ke3 =

&
= h3 ke3 Z A1 (8.27)

1 + kSA kMA hZ& M 0 / Z& B 0

1 + kCA

(8.28)

Ta nhan thay tong tr o c trong trng hp nay nho nhat, a en qua tam nhieu nhat.
Tom lai, tong tr o c bi t rle trong ba trng hp
Z AR = hkei Z A1 ; vi: i = 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi ba trng hp

hkMA
1 + kSA +

1 h + kAB

Trng hp 1:

ke1 =

1
1 + kCA

Trng hp 2:

ke2 =

1
(1 + kSA )
1 + kCA

Trng hp 3:

ke2 =

1
1 + kCA

Z
1 + kSA hkMA M 0
Z B0

(8.29)

(8.30)

(8.31)

Ta nhan thay ke1 > ke2 > ke3 va sai so cua rle la mot so phc khac nhau cho tng trng
hp ng day. No se la so thc khi la ng day cao the v luc o X/R cao.
Lu y rang, vung BV cua trng hp 1 va 3 la ham so theo thong so v tr cham h, nhng
la hang so oi vi trng hp 2. Do o, thc te, trng hp 2 t c lu y khi tnh toan hn hai
trng hp 1 va 3.

177

Xet mot iem NM tren ng day va tnh tong tr bieu kien o c bi rle ba trng hp
ta c Z AR1 > Z AR2 > Z AR3 . ieu nay co ngha la tong tr o c bi rle trng hp 3 nho
nhat a en tam BV ln nhat va tong tr o c bi rle trng hp a ln nhat a en tam BV
nho nhat. Do o e bu ung cho trng hp xau nhat, chung ta chon kCA thoa man trng hp 3.
Tom lai, anh hng cua trng hp 3 lam rle qua tam co the se dan en tac ong nham.
Sai so trng hp 1 se khong dan en cat nham nhng lam giam vung BV cap I.
Cach tnh toan BVKC cap I phai am bao:
- Chac chan chon loc e khong b tac ong nham khi co trnh trang qua tam khi ng day
van hanh trng hp 3
- Vung BV cap I cang ln cang tot (t nhat 50%) khi ng day van hanh trng hp 1.
Mot khuynh hng tnh toan chon vung BV cap I la 80% ng day cho trng hp 3 dung he
so bu kCA co ke en ho cam va kiem tra vung BV nho nhat khi ng day van hanh trng hp 1.
Trong nhieu trng hp chnh nh theo khuynh hng nay th vung BV cap I trong trng
hp 1 (ca hai ng day cung lam viec) rat nho a en vung BV trung nhau cap I cua hai BV hai
au ng day cung nho. V du, vung BV cap I khi van hanh trng hp 1 cho hai BV hai au la
60% th vung BV trung nhau la 20% gia ng day.
Mot khuynh hng khac xac nh vung BV cap I vi cac ieu kien nh sau:
- Khong noi at hai au ng day a cat ra
- Co the noi at hai au ng day a cat khi pha Q co nguon (luc o qua tam giam) nhng
phai kiem tra can than
- Dung t ong tai ng day neu ng day b cat nham
- Khac phuc hien tng qua tam dung s o pilot.
Theo khuynh hng au chon vung BV cap I cho ng day A cang ln cang tot nhng
khong c qua tam qua ben kia ng day. ieu kien tnh toan theo trng hp van hanh 3 vi
he so bu kCA co ho cam e giam bt sai so o va sau o kiem tra vung BV cap I trong trng hp
van hanh 1 va 2.
T (8.27)
1 + kSA h3 kMA .Z M o / Z Bo
3
Z AR
= h3 Z A1

1 + kCA

Chon kCA e o chnh xac tai ngng tac ong (tr at tong tr)
kCA = kSA

hS kMA Z M o

(8.32)

Z Bo

Can bang tong tr bieu kien o c cua rle vi tr at

1 + kSA h3 kMA .Z M o / Z Bo
3
Z AR
= h3 Z A1
= hS Z A1
1 + kCA

Khai trien (8.33)

kMA .Z M o
Z Bo

.h32 (1 + kSA ) h3 + (1 + kSA

hS kMA Z M o
Z Bo

(8.33)

(8.34)

178

Gia tr at tong tr la hS = 0,8 hay 0,9. Dung phng trnh (8.32) tnh kCA va sau o kiem tra
vung BV cho trng hp 1 va 2 t phng trnh (8.16) trong trng hp 2, tong tr o c tai
ngng tac ong rle
1 + kSA
2

Z AR
= hS Z A1 = h2 Z A1
1 + kCA

tm c

h2 =

(8.35)

hs (1 + kCA )
(8.36)
1 + kCA

Trong trng hp 1 t phng trnh (8.15) tai ngng tac ong

Z 1AR = hS Z A1 =

h1 Z A1 (1 + kSA + h1 kMA ) /(1 h kAB )

1 + kCA

(8.37)

Khai trien (8.37)

(1 + kSA kMA) h12 [(1 + kSA)(1 + kAB) + hS (1 + kAS)]h1
+ hS(1 + kCA)(1 + kAB) = 0 (8.38)
Giai phng trnh nay tm c h1.
Tnh toan vung BV hieu qua cua BVKC cap I trong chng nay cho mang hnh tia phu hp
cho trng hp sai so xau nhat (trng hp 3). Dung he so bu t cam hay ho cam.
Tnh vung BV hieu qua t cong thc
hi = hS

I ARC
= hS K ei
I ARM

vi hS la tr at tong tr vung BV.

Vung BV hieu qua phu thuoc vao cau truc ng day van hanh trc luc xay ra s co va
loai dong ien a vao rle khoang cach chong NM cham at 1 pha (tuy vao he so bu).
Cach tnh toan bao ve khoang cach cap II khi ng day co ho cam
S o tnh toan trng hp van hanh 1 (H.8.37)
hc
R

AR

AQ

CG
C

BR

ZRQ

BQ

ZQN

Hnh 8.37 Cac thanh phan tong tr o c bi rle t v tr AR

Tong tr cap II o c bi rle tai v tr AR

179
II
Z AR
= Z RQ + Z QN

(8.39)

So hang au tien (8.39) c xac nh bi hai ng day lam viec song song bang cong thc
(8.38), so hang th hai phu thuoc vao v tr cham hC.
ien the tai thanh cai Q tnh theo dong ien tren ng day C (theo 6.19):
V&Q = hC Z& C1 ( I&QN + kSC I&GC o )

(8.40)

Dong ien cham at mot pha tren ng day C

I&QN = I& AR + I& BR = I&GAo + I&CBo I&GCo
kSC =

at kAB =

IGAo
IGBo

ZC o ZC1
3ZC1

1
IGAo
luc h = 1, ta viet I&QN = 1 +
k

AB

1
Thay (8.43) vao (8.40): V&Q = hC ZC1 (1 +
)(1 + kSC ) IGAo
kAB

(8.41)
(8.42)

(8.43)
(8.44)

Chia ien the nay cho dong vao rle a bu lai AR theo cong thc (8.11), ta nhan c gia tr
tong tr ZQN
ZQN =

hC ZC1 (1 + kAB )(1 + kSE )

(1 + kCA ) kAB

(8.45)

Nh vay, tong tr cap II o c bi rle tai AR la tong cac gia tr cua cong thc (8.36) va (8.45)
II
Z AR
=

Z A1

1 + kCA

k hC ZC1 (1 + kAB )(1 + kSC )

1 + kSA + MA +
(1 + kCA ) kAB
kAB

(8.46)

Trong trng hp ng day C thiet ke tng t nh ng day A, luc o co the n gian

hoa (8.46) bang he so
kXA =

ZC1

Z A1

(8.47)

Viet lai cong thc (8.46)

II
Z AR
=

Z A1

h k (1 + kAB )(1 + kSC )

k
1 + kSA + MA + C XA

1 + kCA
kAB
kAB

(8.48)

Neu o lam viec thng xuyen la hai ng day lam viec song song, e o tong tr ung
cho trng hp nay ta chon he so bu co ho cam:

h k (1 + kAB )(1 + kSC )

II
Z AR
= Z A1 1 + C XA

kAB (1 + kCA )

(8.49)

Tnh toan trng hp van hanh 3

Khi ng day B b cat ra va noi at hai au, tong tr o c tai v tr AR se thay oi.
Trong trng hp nay ZRQ c xac nh t (8.22) khi h = 1

180

Z RQ

ZM o

1 + kSA kMA .
Z Bo
= Z A1

1 + kCA

(8.50)

Khi mot pha cham at tai N, tnh ZQN t ien the tai Q theo cong thc (8.40) va lu y
I&QN = I& AC = I&GAo
(8.51)
luc o

(8.52)

V&Q = hC ZC1 (1 + kSC ) IQAo

ZQN =

VQN
(1 + kCA ) IGAo

hC ZC1 (1 + kSC )

(8.53)

1 + kCA

Tong tr rle o c

II
Z AR
= Z& RQ + Z& QN

ZM o

+ hC kXA (1 + kSC )
1 + kSA kMA .
Z Bo

= Z A1

1 + kCA

(8.54)

o m rong vung BV hieu qua khi cat ng day B va noi at hai au c tnh t (8.50)
va (8.55).
II
kMA (1 / kAB + Z M o / Z Bo ) + hC kXA (1 + kSC ) / kAB
Z AB
=
Z A1
1 + kCA

(8.55)

Cach tnh toan vung BV hieu qua cap II cua rle AR

Tr at tong tr cap II cua rle AR: hSII =

II
Z AR
Z A1

(8.56)

Vung BV cap II cua rle AR hieu qua (thc s) tren ng day C cho hai trng hp van
hanh 1 va 3 co the c tnh t (8.57) bang cach giai e tm hC khi co cac tr so at hS khac nhau.
II
Cac gia tr Z AB
cho trng hp 1 va 3 c cho t (8.50) va (8.55). Co the sap xep bieu dien di
dang cong thc chung cho hai trng hp 1 va 3 e tnh hC nh sau
hCX =

1 + kCA
kXA .kLT (1 + kSC )

II 1 + kSA + kMA .kMT

hS

1 + kCA

(8.57)

trong o kLT va kMT c goi la thong so nhay co gia tr khac nhau tuy vao trng hp van hanh 1
hay 3 va c cho bang 8.3.
Bang 8.3 Thong so nhay
Trng hp van hanh

kLT

kMT

1+1/kAB

1/kAB

ZMo / ZBo

181

Nhan thay rang khi che o van hanh chuyen t 1 sang 3 th kLT tr nen nho hn va kMT thay
oi t dng sang am (tang hC).
Cac nguyen tac tong quat e chnh at vung BV cap II cua BV chong cham at nh sau:
- o nhay phai am bao 1,2
- He so bu cham at phai c tnh toan hieu chnh e toi u tr so at rle
- Kiem tra vung BV hieu qua trong trng hp van hanh cat mot ng day va noi at au.
Lu y, cong thc xac nh vung BV hieu qua co the viet di dang
hC =

II I ARM
1 + kCA
hS
kXA .kLC (1 + kSA )
I ARC

(8.58)

Cong thc nay c s dung e kiem tra khi ng day C co nguon hai au.
- Tong tr o c cua rle BR
Z AR =

VAR hZ A1 ( I AR + kSA IGAo + kMA IGBo )

=
I ARC
I ARC

(8.59)

Dong bu toi u cho rle AR khi

IARC = IAR + kSA.IGao + kMA.IGbo

(8.60)

Luc o rle AR o chnh xac tong tr la Z AR = hZ A1

Neu dong bu (8.60) c dung, rle BR se o
Z BR =

VBR
V
= AR
I BRC I BRC

(8.61)

Z BR =

VBR
VAR
=
I BRC I BR + kSB IGBo + I MB .IGAo

(8.62)

Gia tr tong tr nay nho hn gia tr ung so vi dong bu co dong NM IGao cua ng day A.
Dong ien nay ln hn dong trong ng day B. Do o gia tr ZBR se qua nho va a en rle cua
ng day khong b s co b qua tam.
Ty so
vi

Z BR I AR + kSA IGAo + kMA IGBo

=
Z AR I BR + kSB IGBo + I MB IGAo

IRA = IGAo; IBR = IGBo

S co xay ra cach rle AR la h th:
IGBo
h
=
IGAo 1 + kAB h

Z BR
(1 + kSA )(1 + kAB h) + hkMA
=
= f (h)
Z AR
h(1 + kSB ) + kMB (1 + kAB h)

(8.63)
(8.64)

(8.65)
(8.66)

Neu ng day b s co c bu u, ZAR se o chnh xac nhng ZBR se co sai so theo h

ZAB

= hZA1

(8.67)

ZBR

= ZAB.f(h) = hZA1.f(h)

(8.68)

182

Chung ta tnh sai so bang cach tm h, nhng trc het phai biet tr at cua ca rle e xac
nh vung m rong cua qua tam. at hSB la tr at cua rle B.
ZRB se khong chon loc neu Z RB hSB Z B1

(8.69)

T (8.68) va (8.69) va n gian

(1 + kSA )(1 + kAB h) + hkMA
hSB hkBA1

h(1 + kSB ) + kMB (1 + kAB h)

at

kBA1 =

Z A1

(8.71)

Z B1

Bat phng trnh (8.70) co the viet di dang ah2 bh + c 0

vi

(8.70)

(8.72)

a = kBA(1 + kSA kMA); c = hSB.kMB(1 + kAB)

b = kBA1(1 + kSA)(1 + kAB) hSB(1 + kSB kMB)

(8.73)

Biet tr at rle BR, t (8.73) giai tm h chnh la bien gii chon loc. Rle BR se khong chon
loc neu h nho hn gia tr bien nay.

8.3.2 Bao ve khoang cach chong cham at cho dang 2 va 3

- Hnh 8.38: dang 2 tng ng vi trng hp hai ng day song song co chung nguon
thanh phan th t thuan nhng khong chung nguon thanh phan th t khong. Phan tch dang nay
tng t nh mang dang 1 trng hp 3 khi mot ng day cat ra va noi at hai au.
A
B

ZMO

Hnh 8.38 Mach hai ng day song song dang 2

- Hnh 8.39: dang 3 tng ng vi trng hp hai ng day song song co cac nguon th t
thuan va th t khong khac nhau. Trng hp nay t khi thay do cac HT eu co khuynh hng noi
ket vi nhau. Trng hp nay co the tm thay khi hai ng day co cac cap ien ap khac nhau va
gia cac cap ien ap nay c lien ket vi nhau thong qua mot tong tr tng oi ln.
A

ZMO

Hnh 8.39 Mang hai ng day dang 3

- Hnh 8.40: trong cac trng hp nay viec thc hien BV chong cham at gap phai nhieu
kho khan. S o thanh phan th t thuan va th t nghch co the bieu dien thong qua mot tong tr

183

tng ng; rieng thanh phan th t khong oi hoi phai phan tch ky lng hn khi xet en ho
cam tng ho gia cac ng day song song. Khao sat HT nho dang 2 khi NM xay ra ben ngoai
hai ng day song song.
R

A
C

ZMO

L
N

Hnh 8.40 Ngan mach xay ra ben ngoai mang ng day dang 2

- Hnh 8.41: khi s co xuat hien tren oan QG, nam pha sau oan co ho cam gia cac
ng day song song A va B. S o tng ng e phan tch cho hnh 8.41.
VN

Z12

O1
R

+
VRO
-

ZTS

ZA
ZM

ZTR

Io
hZLL
HZ

No

N1

(1 - h)ZL

Io

ZTU

ZB
ZTQ

Hnh 8.41 S o mang th t

I1

Oo
I2
N2

Z22

O2

Tuy theo tnh trang van hanh cua cac ng day ma bieu thc tong tr nhn t v tr at
rle khac nhau va se co cac sai so khac nhau va gay nen tac ong nham, nhat la BVKC chong
cham at dong ien the va dong ien th t khong. oi vi mang dang 2 va 3, e BV chong cham
at, ngi ta thng dung BV so sanh pha.

8.4 NG DAY RE NHANH

ng day re nhanh la ng day co ba hay nhieu au, co the la tai hoac may phat.
Nhng au tai goi la nhanh re. ng day re nhanh n gian nhat la ba nhanh (H.8.42), ay la
loai thng gap nhat trong thc te. Nhng s o BV, a c noi ro trc ay oi vi ng day
co hai nhanh, cung c ap dung cho ng day re nhanh, tuy nhien co nhieu phc tap hn va oi
hoi phai xem xet ky lng. Loai c ban c s dung cho ng day re nhanh la BVSL pilot, s
o so sanh pha, rle nh hng va BVKC.

8.4.1 Bao ve pilot day dan phu

Rle vi mach pilot AC la loai BV nhanh va re tien. No khong nhay cam vi o dao ong
cong suat, co tnh n gian va co o tin cay cao. Khuyet iem cua loai BV nay la b gii han bi
chieu dai ng day. ien tr mach pilot tang theo chieu dai ng day, xac suat h mach tang.
Dung dan doc theo chieu dai day dan (tu shunt) cung tang va co khuynh hng thanh mot mach NM
AC tren mach pilot. Neu gia tr ien tr va tu ien mach pilot vt gii han qua ang, no se lam
giam o nhay oi vi NM trong vung BV va tac ong sai khi co s co ben ngoai.

8.4.2 Rle khoang cach

184

S o rle khoang cach c s dung rong rai e BV cho ng day re nhanh. Tuy nhien,
can phai quan tam va kiem tra oi vi cac tnh trang c neu sau:
Sai so tong tr o bang rle khoang cach: ieu nay a c e cap chng BVKC. Trong
phan nay c noi ro va cu the hn. Xem xet hnh 8.42 vi s co tai thanh gop H.
ZG

H
IG

ZLG

ZLj

Ij

ZH

IH

ZLH
cham

Zj

Hnh 8.42 S co tai thanh cai H ng day re nhanh

ien ap VG tai thanh gop G: V&G = I&G Z& LG + I& H Z& LH

jx

Tong tr o c cua rle G:

H

Z& G

V&
I& Z&
I& Z&
= G = Z& LG + H & LH = Z& LG + Z& LH + J LH
IG
IG
IG

trong o ZG phu thuoc vao ty so I&J / I&G neu dong

tai trc luc s co la 0, dong I&G va I&J cung pha va ty
so ( I& / I& )ZLH la mot so thc, khi o tong tr bieu kien
J

rle G o c la:

T
R
G

Hnh 8.43 Tong tr o c do

rle tai G oi vi s co tai H

Z& + Z&
Z& G = Z& LG + Z& LH + & G & LG Z& LH
Z J + Z LJ

Ta nhan thay, gia tr nay ln hn khoang cach thc la ( Z& LG + Z& LH ) nen rle b di tam.
So hang th 3 trong bieu thc la mot ham theo tong tr tong cua cac nhanh G va J, co the at gia tr
ln neu dong s co t nhanh J rat ln hn t nhanh G. Hnh 8.43 minh hoa tai sao rle vi ac tnh
MHO, c chnh 120% (BV cap II tai G) e BV cho oan GH se o sai khi co s co tai thanh gop H.
Gia s iem T nam gia G va H (ZLG = ZLH) va dong s co IG va IJ bang nhau ve o ln va goc pha.
Vi nhng ieu kien nay rle o s co xuat hien tai H thay v tai H. Rle khong lam viec.
Hien tng di tam ng day re nhanh co the thay bat ky loai s co nao. e n gian
cac phan trc ch xet cho s co oi xng. Vi nhng s co khong oi xng, ac biet la s co cham at,
tr nen phc tap hn nhieu, bi v ty so cac thanh phan s co t G va J co the khong nh nhau. Xem xet
hnh 8.44a, khi mot nhanh re khong co may phat nhng co may bien ap ma cuon th cap Y noi at trc
tiep. S o th t tng ng cho hnh 8.44b.

185

ZG

IG

ZLG T ZLH

ZH

ZLJ
Y

a)

Pha A cham at

ZT
J

M
ZLG1

ZG1
G1

tai
ZLH1

T1

IG1

ZH1
H1

ZLJI
ZTI

EG

EH

ZMI
ZLG2

ZG2
G2

ZLH2

T2

IG2

ZH2
H2

ZLJ2
ZT2
ZM2

ZLGo

ZGo
Go

IGo

ZLHo

To
ZLJo

IJo

ZHo
Ho

ZTo

b)

Hnh 8.44 Nhanh re la MBA vi trung tnh s cap trc tiep noi at va s o
tng ng s co cham at pha A

Theo hnh ve cho thay rang, rle tai G co khuynh

hng di tam do anh hng nho cua MBA len mach th t
thuan va nghch va anh hng cua tong tr th t khong cua
nhanh noi song song dong th t khong cua nhanh G. Mot
giai phap cho van e nay bao gom s tang he so bu dong th
t khong cho rle khoang cach. Phng phap nay gap hai
gii han:
- Rle khoang cach co khuynh hng qua tam khi
may bien ap khong c noi vao, co the hoat ong
sai oi vi s co ben ngoai.

H2

H1
H

T
R

Hnh 8.45 Anh hng cua dong

tai trc luc s co en gia tr
tong tr o c cua rle

186

- Kha nang ve hoat ong sai von co vi s co cham at cua rle khoang cach tang len neu
he so bu thanh phan th t khong tang len.
Anh hng cua dong tai trc luc s co: nhng trnh bay tren ay c tha nhan vi trng
hp cong suat truyen gia cac au ng day ngay trc luc s co bang 0. Neu khong thoa ieu kien
nay, dong s co I&G va I&J khong cung pha va he so I&J / I&G trong bieu thc tong tr thay c cua
rle G la mot lng phc vi goc pha dng hay am phu thuoc vao dong IJ sm hay tre pha dong IG.
oi vi s co hnh 8.42 va hnh 8.43, dong trc luc s co co the lam di tong tr o c thanh
H1 hay H2 c minh hoa hnh 8.45 phu thuoc vao goc lech pha va o ln dong trc luc s co.
Chnh anh hng nay can can than chon cac dang ac tnh khac nhau cua rle khoang cach.
Anh hng cua chieu dong s co: Dong s co tai J va G chay vao ng day (H.8.42) dan en
iem s co thanh gop H. mot vai trng hp, dong cac nhanh tai I co the o ra thay v o vao,
I&G o vao T, I&J ra khoi T. Hnh 8.46 la trng hp tieu bieu c minh hoa ng day song song
IH H

G I
G
ZH

~
IJ

IH

co re nhanh vi mot au mot nhanh c m ra (au G). Bi v

IG va IJ bay gi co dau ngc nhau, he so IJ/IG tr thanh am. Ket
qua tong tr o c tai rle G nho hn tong tr can BV (ZG + ZH), v
vay co khuynh hng qua tam. Trong mot vai trng hp tong tr
o ch bang 50% tong tr ng day BV va tham ch thap hn,
neu co ton tai ng day khac gia J va H. Tom lai, co nhng
van e chnh gap phai can lu y khi ng dung rle khoang cach
e BVD re nhanh:

IJ

Hnh 8.46 Dong s co 1

o ra khi ngan mach tai H

- Di tam oi vi s co ben trong do dong o vao iem T

(H.8.48), (H.8.49), (H.8.50)

- Anh hng dong trc luc s co len tong tr c o bi rle (H.8.49)

- Qua tam oi vi s co ben ngoai, do dong o ra khoi mot au (H.8.50).
Cac s o e BV cho ng day
khong re nhanh cung co the s dung cho
ng day re nhanh. S o phai at
c yeu cau khong hoat ong oi vi
s co ben ngoai va chac chan hoat ong
oi vi s co ben trong vung BV.

8.4.3 Bao ve pilot truyen cat

Hnh 8.47 ng day hnh T co vung 1 cua ba

bao ve khoang cach tai ba au khong trung nhau

Yeu cau chnh cua s o truyen

cat di tam khi bao ng day re nhanh la BV cap I moi au ng day phai phat hien c
NM qua nhanh khac cua ng day, ngha la vung BV cap mot cua cac au phai co vung trung
nhau. Khi chnh nh cac ac tnh BV cap I cua s o nay phai kiem tra cac trng hp a en
di tam, qua tam (H.8.44), (H.8.46).
S o truyen cat thch hp cho ng day hnh T co chieu dai cac nhanh gan bang nhau.
Neu mot trong cac nhanh qua ngan th rat kho khan chon ac tnh vung I trung nhau. Vung I tai
moi au thng c chon at khoang 80% chieu dai ngan hn gia bat ky hai au ng day.
Vung I c s dung e khi ong tn hieu truyen cat. Neu co oan ng day cap I trung nhau

187

th khi xay NM trong oan nay cac MC c m vi cap th hai (mat tnh thi gian).
Hnh 8.47: ng day G-G la vung BV cap I cua rle tai G, H-H la vung BV cap I cua rle tai
H va J-J la vung cap I cua rle tai J. Do chieu dai cac nhanh chenh lech nhieu nen oan G-H-J
khong nam trong vung I cua cac BVKC au G, H, J.
oi vi s o truyen cat di tam cung lu y trng hp nh hnh 8.48. Gia thiet MC tai H
G
J
m hoac khong co nguon au H. Khi NM xay ra tai
N gan thanh cai H tn hieu cat khong the truyen t
rle 1 tai au H. Do o, s co c cach ly bi cap
N
II cua cac rle au G va J (mat tnh cat nhanh).
S o truyen cat qua tam t c dung cho
ng day re nhanh v tong tr nhn thay bi rle
khi NM xay ra tai mot au cuoi ng day co the
rat ln (H.8.42, H.8.43, H.8.44).

Hnh 8.48 S co xay gan

au khong co nguon

8.4.4 Bao ve pilot truyen khoa

S o truyen khoa ac biet thch hp e BVD nhieu au v tac ong nhanh co the thc
hien c ngay ca NM ben trong gan thanh cai khong co nguon. Trong trng NM nay, BV khong
khi ong tn hieu khoa co ngha la giong nh trng hp NM ben trong ng day. Khi NM ben
ngoai ng day, mot tn hieu khoa c khi ong tai au gan s co nhat va cac BV cac au
khac b ngan can tac ong khi nhan c tn hieu khoa nay.

8.4.5 Bao ve so lech pha tan so cao

S hoat ong cua BV nay a trnh bay tren nguyen tac lam viec la so sanh goc pha cua hai
tn hieu tong hp cac thanh phan th t hai au ng day. Khi goc pha vt qua gia tr chnh nh
trc se co tn hieu i m MC hai au ng day. e ngan nga tac ong nham khi co NM, ngoai hai
bo phan khi ong co gia tr chnh nh khac nhau c dung. Bo khi ong chnh nh tr so thap khi
ong tn hieu tan so cao, bo khi ong chnh nh tr so cao dung e ieu khien tn hieu cat. Neu khong
lu y viec nay, s o co the tac ong nham khi NM ngoai v do sai so thiet b o lng va dong ien
xung cua ng day. Trng hp nay cang anh hng xau
G
J
IJ
IG
T
hn oi vi ng day re nhanh v dong cac au ng
day khong giong nhau trong trng hp NM ngoai.
IH

Trong trng hp ng day co ba au nh hnh

8.49, neu muon khong b tac ong nham khi NM ngoai th
Cham
H
bo khi ong tr so thap au G hay au H phai khi
ong khi dong ien au J u ln tac ong bo khi ong
Hnh 8.49 Ngan mach ngoai
tr so cao au kia. Ch co mot bo khi ong tr so thap
au G hay au H khi ong e lam viec ung, trng hp khong thuan li nhat khi dong IG va IH
bang nhau. e on nh trong trng hp nay ty
G
J
IJ
IG
T
so chnh nh gia bo khi ong cao so vi thap
phai ln hn hai lan so vi s o cua mot ng
Cham
IH
day ch co hai au va nh the se lam giam o
nhay va co the se khong tac ong neu dong
H
NM nho.
Mot trng hp khong mong muon na
nh hnh 8.50. Neu NM trong xay ra gan mot

Hnh 8.50 Dong o ra khi ngan mach ngoai

188

au cua ng day (au H) au J khong co nguon hoac nho th dong ien au nay co the o ra. BV
khong tac ong c bi v dong phan bo tng t nh NM ngoai nh hnh 8.50. S co ch co the c
cat ra nh BVDT, neu yeu cau cat nhanh phai s dung s o BVC khac.

8.5 BAO VE BO NG DAY VA MAY BIEN AP

Bo ng day va MBA la may bien ap trc tiep noi vi ng day khong qua MC nh hnh 8.51.
Bao ve chnh cho bo ng day va MBA co the dung s o khong toan phan bang BV dong
cat nhanh va khoang cach hay s o toan phan bang BVSL. Trong trng hp dung BV qua
dong va khoang cach can lu y cac iem sau:
- Co the dung rle khoang cach BV toc
o cao chong s co cham pha, cham at at
au tuyen cach xa MBA. Vung th nhat cua s
o khoang cach ap dung cho bo MBA-ng day
ng day c at khoang 80 - 85% tong tr
ng day cong MBA, v the BVKC co the bao
toan ng day va mot phan MBA.
- S o khoang cach khong b anh
hng bi mc dong s co tren thanh gop ien
ap cao, v vay ap dung s o nay la tot nhat neu
mc dong s co thay oi rong, cac trng hp
khac co the ap dung s dung rle qua dong cat
nhanh vi ieu kien qua tam qua o thap.
Qua tam qua o c xac nh
I& I&
i = & N .100%
I

cao the

ha the

cao the

ha the

ha the

cao the

Hnh 8.51 Bo ng day va may bien ap

vi: I - dong at, la gia tr hieu dung cua dong xac lap khi ong rle
IN - tr hieu dung cua dong s co.
Rle qua dong cat nhanh phai c chnh nh sao cho khong hoat ong oi vi s co
pha sau cua MBA (H.8.52).

ZS

ZL

50

ZT

IN1

IN2

Hnh 8.52 Ap dung tnh toan qua

tam bao ve bo ng day va MBA

Tr so at yeu cau phai am bao rle khong tac ong oi vi dong s co I& N 2
Id = 1,2(1 + i) I& N 2
vi: IN2 - dong s co khi nguon ln nhat, tc la ZS nho nhat
he so 1,2 - sai so tong tr HT khi tnh toan IN2, sai so cua BI va rle.

189

V BV dong cat nhanh phai cat moi s co pha bat ky iem nao tren ng day trong
nhng ieu kien lam viec thay oi cua HT, can phai chnh nh dong khi ong rle nho hn dong
IN1 e am bao tac ong nhanh va tin cay.
I&
Ty so at theo gia tr I :
r= &
I
N1

Do o

rI& N 1 = 1,2(1 + i) I& N 2

r=

1,2(1 + i)( Z& S + Z& L ) 1,2(1 + i)( Z& S + Z& L ) 1,2(1 + i)

=
=
(1 + x)
( Z& S + Z& L + Z& T )
(1 + x)( Z& S + Z& L )

vi

x=

ZT
(Z S + ZT )

Ty so at rle co ac tnh qua tam qua o khac nhau va c chnh nh sao cho khong tac
ong oi vi dong IN2. Bang 8.4 cho cac gia tr r theo cac gia tr khac nhau cua tong tr MBA ZT.
Bang 8.4 Ty so r = I/IN
x=

Qua tam qua o (%)

&
Z
T
& Z
&
Z
S
T

25

50

100

0,25

1,01

1,20

1,44

1,92

0,50

0,84

1,00

1,20

1,60

1,00

0,63

0,75

0,90

1,20

2,00

0,42

0,50

0,60

0,80

4,00

0,25

0,30

0,36

0,48

8,00

0,14

0,17

0,20

0,27

Co the thay rang, vi cong suat MBA cho trc, BV nhay nhat cho ng day at c
bang cach s dung rle co o qua tam qua o thap nhat, can lu y rang vi r > 1, BV se khong
bao phu toan bo ng day.
Bao ve cat nhanh thng c ng dung vi rle qua dong co thi gian tre vi dong chnh
nh thap hn. Trong trng hp nay, BV cat nhanh c cung cap cho ng day vi rle co thi
gian tre e BV toan bo MBA. Khi cong suat chay tren ng dayMBA hai hng, rle qua dong
phai at hai au. Trong trng hp ng day va MBA song song, rle qua dong au day co
ien ap thap phai co hng va ch tac ong oi vi s co co dong o vao MBAng day; ieu
nay can thiet v rle tren ca hai nhanh co cung gia tr at ve thi gian, dong ien nen eu tac ong
oi vi s co mot nhanh khong co s dung bo phan nh hng.
Sau ay gii thieu vai phng an BV bo ng dayMBA tieu bieu.

8.5.1 S o bao ve toan phan

May bien ap c BVSL doc, BVSL cham at pha cuon day MBA noi sao. Khi co s co
ben trong, MBA BV nay cho tn hieu i m MC tai B, thong qua kenh thong tin, BV tai au B
chuyen tn hieu en m MC tai au A va co lap ng day. BVD gom BVSL ng day thong
qua kenh thong tin va BVD. BVSL ng day se cho tn hieu i m hai MC au A va B, khi
BVD lam viec tac ong m MC au A va thong qua kenh thong tin m MC au B (H.8.53).

190

51

87T
MBA

ng day

87L

87L

MC B

87N

Mach
cat

Mach cat
Kenh
thong
tin

Gi
Nhan

Nhan
Gi

Hnh 8.53 Bao ve ng day va MBA dung BV so lech

8.5.2 S o bao ve khong toan phan

Bao ve bo ng day va MBA dung BVKC nh hnh 8.54. Vung BV1 bao gom toan ng
day va mot phan MBA. BVKC tac ong m MC tai A va thong qua kenh thong tin m MC tai B.
BVDT dong ien lam viec m MC tai A va m t xa MC tai B.
Trong s o nay MBA c BVSL doc, chong NM nhieu pha va mot pha cham at pha
cuon day noi sao va BVD co hng. BV MBA lam viec m MC tai B va m t xa MC tai A.
A

ng day

21

51

MC B

MBA

87N

87T

Mach cat

67

Mach cat
Kenh
thong
tin

Gg
i i
Nhan

Nhan
Gi

Hnh 8.54 Bao ve ng day va MBA dung bao ve khoang cach

Trong trng hp, khong dung kenh thong tin e m MC t xa, s o c dung cau dao
noi at tao NM (H.8.55). Khi s co MBA BV MBA lam viec m MC tai B va ong thi cho tn
hieu ong cau dao chong NM ve pha ng day lam BVD tac ong m MC tai A.
Trong s o tren bao ve MBA la BVSL. Bao ve ng day la khoang cach va dong ien la d tr.
87T
A

ng day

21

51

MC B

MBA

87N

Mach cat

Mach cat

Hnh 8.55 Bao ve ng day va MBA dung cau dao ngan mach

191

8.6 BAO VE NG DAY CO TU NOI TIEP

8.6.1 Gii thieu
Muc ch chnh cua viec s dung cac tu noi tiep tren ng day truyen tai la lam giam khang tr
cua ng day, tc lam giam tong tr ng day e tang kha nang truyen tai. Tu noi tiep cung c
dung e ieu chnh dong cong suat trong mang bang cach thay oi so lng tu tham gia. S tang kha
nang tai cung cai thien tnh on nh cua HT. Tu noi tiep cung giup gi ien the au nhan ng
day truyen tai mc hp ly.
Mot bo tu noi tiep tren ng day gom nhieu tu nho ghep noi tiep va song song e co dung
tr ln va dong ien nh mc cao. Tu ien nhay cam vi qua ien ap va tuoi tho thap so vi
ng day nen bo tu phai c bao quan, bao tr thng xuyen. Tu ien nam trong mang ien
cung de gay ra hien tng cong hng vi cac phan t khac co tnh chat cam khang.
Thong thng, ch co mot bo tu tren ng day nhng thnh thoang tu c chia thanh hai
hay nhieu hn, at cac v tr khac nhau cua ng day. Dang pho bien nhat la moi bo tu moi
au ng day. Viec chia nho nhieu bo tu at tai nhieu v tr khac nhau tren ng day se lam cho
ien ap tren toan bo ng day phang hn. Neu tu at gia ng day hoac c chia nho at
cac au cuoi ng day tryen tai th s khac nhau ve ien ap khi hng cong suat khang thay oi
se nho nhat.
Neu cong suat khang phat theo mot hng th nen at tu au nhan cua ng day truyen
tai e co ien ap chat lng tot cuoi ng day truyen tai.
Tu ien chon phai chu c qua ien ap khi NM xay ra trong HT va dong ien s co ln qua
tu. Do o, tu phai c BV chong qua ien ap bang khe h khong kh, hay ngay nay thng dung
la ien tr khong tuyen tnh. Can xac nh ung v tr tu e khe h khong kh khong phong ien
vi s co ben ngoai ng day, nhat la trong trng hp ng day song song. Mat bu cung luc
vi mot ng day song song b cat ra la tnh trang rat nang ne trong HT. Khong the thoa man yeu
cau nay khi bo tu at gan mot au ng day va khe h khong kh ch BV tu noi tiep chong qua
ien ap. Mot vai s o m t ong oi vi MC noi tat tu c dung e nhanh chong a tu vao
mang ien. ien tr BV tu ap ng thuan li trong trng hp nay v toan bo tu khong b ngat ra
khi mot phan dong ien NM i qua ien tr (H.8.56).
MC

MC

R
X11

X12

X12

X11

XC

XC

a)

b)

Hnh 8.56 Bao ve tu bang khe h khong kh A (a) va ien tr phi tuyen (b)

Ty so gia dung tr tu va khang tr ng day c goi la he so bu k

k =

XC
X
= C
X 11 + X12
X1

He so bu thng khoang 40% en 60%.

8.6.2 Cac van e thng gap khi bao ve ng day co tu noi tiep
Tu noi tiep tren ng day a en cac he qua sau:

192

- Khang tr am tap trung cua tu noi tiep vi khang tr dng rai cua ng day.
- Thay oi tong tr bieu kien o c cua rle khoang cach tuy thuoc vao khe h BV tu co
phong ien hay khong.
- ao ngc ien ap va dong ien khi tong tr NM am.
- Dao ong di ong bo trong mach R_L_C do noi tiep tu vi tong tr nguon va ng
day.
- Khong oi xng do cac khe h BV a en xuat hien cac thanh phan th t nghch.
- Qua trnh qua o dong NM cham trong mach R_L_C do xuat hien them thanh phan qua o
di ong bo.
1- Tong tr bieu kien
Hnh 8.57 va 8.58 bieu dien tong tr bieu kien cua rle at tai A khi tu at gia va au
ng day.
Trong hnh 8.57, ng day ACDB la ng tong tr bieu kien o c khi khe h phong
ien (noi tat tu) con ng ACDB khi khe h khong phong ien (tu tham gia noi tiep).
Nhan xet rang, khi co NM sau tu (iem N), neu khong noi tat tu th tong tr bieu kien o
c se nho hn, giong nh s co c di en gan nguon A hn. Trong trng hp nay, se a
en hien tng qua tam. e tranh hien tng tac ong nham cua BV, khoang cach cap I can chnh
nh tr so at cap I nho hn.
Trong hnh 8.58, ng AD la ng o c khi noi tat tu, con ng ACD khi tu tham gia
noi tiep vi ng day. Nhan xet rang, khi NM tai N, neu co tu tham gia (khe h khong phong
ien) tong tr o c co gia tr am, giong nh NM trc tram A (ngc hng). e BV co the
lam viec ung trong trng hp nay can dung bo phan phat hien ngc hng.
A

X11 = 50%

XC= 50%
C

C
B
D
A C
70%

XL= 100% B

RZ

ACDB (co tu noi tiep)

ACDB (tu c noi tat)

XC= 70%

D
C

RZ

X12 = 50% B

ACDB (co tu noi tiep)

AB (tu c noi tat)
R

100%
D

Hnh 8.57 Tong tr bieu kien

o c cua rle at tai tram A
khi tu at gia ng day

Hnh 8.58 Tong tr bieu kien o

c cua rle tren ng day co tu bu
noi tiep khi tu at tai au ng day

Tng t co the bieu dien tong tr bieu kien o c cua rle khi at tu cac v tr khac
nhau cua ng day (H.8.59).

193
XC
XC = 0,6XL

0,4XL

L
3
XC

XL
L

3
XC

XL

XC

XC

= 0,3X1

XC
2

= 0,3X1

XC
2

XC

0,4XL

0,4XL

XC
2

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 8.59 Tong tr o c cua rle theo v tr at tu khac nhau

a) Tu at cuoi ng day; b) Tu at rai; c) Tu at hai au ng day

2- S ao ien ap (ien ap am)

Trong trng hp tu ien noi tiep tham
gia vao ng day, neu |Xs + XL1|>|Xc|, ien
ap o lng tai v tr rle b ao ngc chieu.
ieu nay se gay ra tac ong nham cho rle
nh hng cong suat. Hien tng nay c
minh hoa bang hnh 8.60
|Xs + XL1|>|Xc|
vi: Xs - khang tr nguon
Xc - khang tr tu
XL1 - khang tr ng day.

ien ap

Trc s co
Luc s co

Um
U

XL1

XS

XC

IN

RZ

Hnh 8.60 ao ngc ien the

tren ng day co tu noi tiep

3- S ao chieu dong ien (dong ien am)

Tnh trang dong ien ao chieu cung xay ra tren ng day co tu noi tiep khi khang tr am
cua tu noi tiep ln hn tong khang tr nguon va
+XS
-XC +Xl1
N
ng day tnh en iem NM |Xc| > |Xs + XL
~
(H.8.61).
|Xc| > |XS + XL|
Trong trng hp nay, dong ien NM co
tnh dung, ngha la dong sm pha so vi ap, luc
o bo phan nh hng se anh gia nham. Do o,
lu y hien tng nay. Tuy nhien, dong dung se
tao ien ap tang tren HT truyen tai va lam khe
h phong noi tat tu.

IN

RZ

Um

Hnh 8.61 ao ngc dong ien

tren ng day co tu noi tiep

Nhng ieu a neu tren, yeu cau chnh bo phan o ac khoang cach, phai c chnh nh
rat ngan e tranh qua tam. Hn na, nhng s co gan rle co the xuat hien ben ngoai vung ngat
cua rle khoang cach. Nhng tnh trang nay xay ra trc khi tu bu c noi tat, ma phai ton mot
thi gian e noi tat tu. Mot so HTBVD c thiet ke e ch cho en khi tu bu noi tiep c noi
tat trc luc xac nh ro s co e ngat. Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng hp ng day co bu noi
tiep, thi gian lam tre nay khong c chap nhan. Trong nhng trng hp nay, s o rle phai co

194

kha nang giai quyet mot cach chnh xac bat chap tnh trang cua thiet b noi tat, s xuat hien cua
tan so di ong bo trong cac ai lng o c, s ao dong ien hay ien ap va s thay oi qua
o xay ra v s co va s hoat ong thiet b noi tat.
Tom lai, ng day co tu noi tiep co the dung cac rle khoang cach, nhng moi trng hp
phai khao sat cu the. Cac rle khoang cach c dung phai co cac ac iem thiet ke ac biet, nh
la mach nh. e khac phuc nhng thay oi ve tong tr o ac c gay nen bi s co, phong ien
khe h khong kh va ien tr phi tuyen, nhng chnh nh vung tac ong phai c gi nho hn s
chnh nh a c tnh toan cho ng day vi tu bu noi tiep khong noi tat. Hn the na, tam
chnh cua vung qua tam phai ln hn cai a c tnh toan cho ng day khong co bu noi tiep.
4- Anh hng cua hien tng qua o
Khi co mot s co xay ra tren ng day, a en mot s thay oi ot ngot trong HT, va s
thay oi nay i cung vi mot ap ng qua o. Ngay sau s co cac qua o tan so cao (100 - 1000Hz)
b kch thch v khang tr va dung tr cua HT ap ng s thay oi trong mang. Gia s rang, s co
u ln e tao nen noi tat tu ien, rle se phat hien ra dong ien va ien ap a thay oi khac rat
nhieu. Hn na, qua trnh t ng day khong co s co khong noi tat tu en co s co va noi tat tu,
HT chu s thay oi qua o nhanh. Rle phai c thiet ke e co s quyet nh chnh xac vi trnh
trang HT thay oi nhanh nay, ma co the bao gom cong hng va qua o cua tan so sieu ong bo
va di ong bo. Trong nhng ieu kien nay rle phai lam viec nhanh va tin cay.
ap ng qua o cua HT do s co gay ra co hai loai: qua o tan so cao va qua o tan so thap.
Qua o tan so cao la do tan so t nhien cua s noi tiep khang tr va dung tr cua HT. Bat ky mot
thay oi trong mang, chang han nh mot s co hay noi tat tu bu noi tiep, yeu cau ieu chnh lai nang
lng cha gia cac khang tr ng day va cac tu phan bo, tao nen dong co tan so cao chay trong
mang. ac tnh tieu bieu cua ng day sieu cao ap cho ca s co NM pha va cham at c mo ta
trong bang 8.5.
Bang 8.5 Cac ac tnh cua cac tnh trang s co xay ra tren ng day truyen tai sieu cao ap
S co NM nhieu pha

S co NM cham at

Tong tr ac tnh, ZC

300

600

Toc o truyen tn hieu

3 105 km/s

2 105 km/s

L
= 1 = 35 75 ms
R1

L
o = o 15 ms
Ro

Thi hang

o ln ban au cua dong s co ket hp vi s co NM pha hay s co cham at co the c

tnh toan bang cach gia s rang, song ien ap chay t s co bao gom o ln bang nhau cua song
chay theo moi hng. Sau o, chung ta co the tnh toan gia tr hieu dung cua dong ban au
I = 0,5

2 Vday
3 ZC

(A)

T so cho gia tr nh cua ien ap theo volt, va so hang 0,5 c a vao e ch song chay
theo mot hng. V du, ng day 750kV th o ln ban au cua dong qua o vi s co mot pha
khoang 1000A.

195

S qua o khi au tao thanh thanh phan chu ky vi cac tan so dao ong la mot ham so cua
khoang cach en s co va tong tr nguon, tong quat, tan so nay co the tham khao trong bang 8.6.
Bang 8.6 Tan so dao ong qua o
o dai ng day (km)

Tan so (Hz)

o dai ng day (km)

Tan so (Hz)

150

500 -1000

600

125 - 250

300

250 - 500

Cac tan so ln hn 1000Hz co the co o ln hn 15% thanh phan c ban. Cac dong co tan so
cao suy giam nhanh chong theo hang so thi gian trong bang 8.5, nhng van con ton tai trong mot vai
chu ky va ln hn thi gian cat bnh thng cua rle trong cac HTBV tac ong nhanh. Hau het rle
c thiet ke lam viec theo tan so c ban va phai c loc het cac thanh phan qua o tan so cao
bang cach s dung bo loc thong thap. Tren ng day truyen tai dai, cac qua o tan so cao co the
khac nhau hoan toan hai au ng day. Cac rle giong nhau hai au ng day co the nhan
thay dong, ap qua o hoan toan khac. Pham vi cua thanh phan qua o tan so cao rat ln, hn na s
co co the xay ra bat c v tr nao trong mang, nen kho khan e d oan mc o lng chnh xac.
Qua o tan so thap do cong hng xay ra gia tu noi tiep va vi khang tr noi tiep cua
mang va luon co qua o vi tan so di tan so ong bo. Khi mot s co xay ra, HT co tu bu noi tiep
chu qua o chuyen t trc s co en trang thai s co. Nh c mo ta trong mat phang Z, quy
tch cua tong tr bieu kien di chuyen t gia tr trc s co, thng cach xa goc toa o en v tr
mi gan goc va doc theo tong tr ng day. S qua o nay co the gay anh hng en bo phan o
khoang cach ca qua tam va di tam va co the gay phat hien sai hng. S sai lech ve tam co the
khac phuc c bi bo loc thong thap cua cac gia tr o c. S sai lech ve hng co the c lam
ung bi s phan cc cua rle, s dung ien ap pha khong s co hay s phan cc vi mach nh. Tnh
chat qua o tan so thap hoat ong rat giong vi thanh phan khong chu ky, dong NM co the gay ra s
bao hoa trong cac MBI. Tuy nhien, nh tu bu noi tiep, nen khong co thanh phan khong chu ky tren
ng day co bu noi tiep. Mot nghien cu cho thay rang, neu ac tnh cua MBI thoa man thanh phan
mot chieu, th no se thch hp neu co mat cua cac tan so khong ong bo trong cac tn hieu. Theo quy
nh, cac rle BVD phai c thiet ke e lam viec mot cach chnh xac cho du co mat cua cac thanh
phan qua o tan so thap. Qua o tan so thap nay co the cung gay ra cac van e cong hng di
ong bo.
5- Cac anh hng cua cong hng di ong bo
Mot van e khac anh hng en HTBV cua ng day co bu noi tiep la cac hien tng cua
cong hng di ong bo. ay la mot tnh trang cong hng xay ra vi mach LC noi tiep, tan so
cong hng co the c tnh bang
fer =

o
2 LC 2

XC
XC
= fo
fo k
XL
XL

vi: fer - tan so cong hng cua HT

fo - tan so c ban cua HT
XL - khang tr cua ng day tai tan so c ban
XC - dung tr cua ng day tai tan so c ban cua bu noi tiep; K - he so bu.

196

Tan so cua dao ong se nho hn tan so c ban, bi v dung tr luon luon nho hn khang tr
cua ng day. Trong thc te, tan so cong hng di ong bo nam trong khoang t 15% en 90%
tan so c ban cua mang.
ap ng cua tan so di ong bo vi thanh phan di ong bo cua dong ien va ien the
c o ac bi cac rle BVD truyen tai. Bi v tan so tng oi thap, nen kho khan e loc
thanh phan tan so di ong bo mot cach nhanh chong e thoa man toc o nhanh cua rle. V ly
do nay, nen cac rle BVD thng c thiet ke e hoat ong mot cach chnh xac khi dong ien
va ien ap co mat thanh phan di ong bo. Thanh phan tan so di ong bo co the tng oi ln
va cac nh cua dong ien co the vt qua cac nh cua dong ien tren ng day khong co bu noi
tiep do s them vao cua cac gia tr ong bo va di ong bo. Cac dong ien ln hn nay co the
lam cac thiet b qua ap cua tu bu noi tat tu bu.
6- Anh hng cua khong can bang tong tr pha
Khong can bang tong tr pha xay ra do anh hng cua HT noi tat tu khong oi xng.
Mot vai phng thc c dung e giai quyet cac van e nay. Mot phng thc n gian la
yeu cau tu c noi tat trc khi rle cat. ieu nay lam tre i thi gian ngat s co nen khong c
chap nhan trong mot so trng hp. Mot phng thc khac la lap at cac rle rieng le cho moi
pha. Trng hp nay th mac hn, nhng no thng c s dung tren cac ng day sieu cao ap
e khac phuc s co khong can bang tong tr pha.

8.6.3 Khao sat anh hng cua tu noi tiep len cac loai bao ve khac nhau
Cac ng day co tu noi tiep co vai tro rat quan trong trong HT truyen tai va khong cho phep cat
cham s co. ieu nay cho thay s can thiet lap at BV ket hp vi HT thong tin. BV pho bien nhat la
BVKC qua tam cho phep.
Hau het cac van e BV trong cac ng day co tu bu noi tiep xuat hien khi s dung BVKC.
Vi ly do o, ta nen phan tch cac anh hng cua tu noi tiep vi BVKC c ban va tm ra cach BV oi
vi cac BV khac, hoac BVKC bo sung e oi pho vi nhng van e gap phai khi ng day co tu bu
noi tiep vi s o BV khong toan phan va vi s o BV toan phan.
1- Bao ve khoang cach
Vung BVKC phai co gia tr nho hn khang tr cua ng day co tu bu noi tiep (H.8.62). Khi
khong tnh en tu khong b noi tat luc NM, tr so at vung I la
ZI = 0,85 [X11 + X12 - XC]
cap II
Xc
X11

cap I

X12

cap I

cap II

Hnh 8.62 Tam chnh nh bao ve cap I va II cua bao ve

khoang cach tren ng day co tu bu noi tiep

Khi tu b noi tat hoac b co lap ra khoi ng day th tam BV theo cach tnh tren co the nho
hn 50% ng day, phu thuoc vao ty so bu va se co mot khoang G tren ng day s co khong
c cat tc thi (H.8.63).

197
cap II
cap I

X11

X12
cap I

cap II

Hnh 8.63 Tam bao ve cap I va II cua bao ve khoang cach khi tu b noi tat

Chon vung I theo: ZI = 0,85 (X11 + X12 XC)

Chon vung II theo:
tam vung II.

ZII = 1,2 (X11 + X12), tnh en noi tat tu e am bao khong b di

V co mot oan vung BV cap I khong trung nhau (khoang G) nen khoang nay b cat cham
(cat co thi gian tre), v the khong the dung s o BVKC di tam cho phep ma phai dung s o
BVKC qua tam hay dung cac s o BV khac.
Bao ve qua tam phai c s dung khi tu ien b co lap. BV cap I co the c s dung e
BV tat ca ng day nhng no ch BV d b e ngat s co gan cho at BV. BV qua tam thng
dung vung BV cua BV cap II. Khi tu ien khong ngat th BV cap A va BV cap II se co hien tng
qua tam rat ln, ieu nay khong phu hp vi quan iem BV an toan (H.8.64).
Luc tu ien b noi tat: ZA =1,2 (X11 + X12)
X11

Vung A

X12

Vung A

Xs1

Xs2

Hnh 8.64 Bao ve khoang cach qua tam cho phep

Tong tr rle am, dong s co dng

Gia s [XC] > [X11] va s co ba pha pha sau tu (H.8.65). Tong tr o c rle tnh t iem
at rle en v tr s co se am cho en khi khe h khong kh phong ien e noi tat tu. Phai mat
mot khoang thi gian e phong ien tren khe h khong kh va oi khi o ln cua dong s co khong
u e lam phong ien qua khe h khong kh va tong tr am se c duy tr.

198
X

X1

Tram 1

Tram 3

I3

X3

I
I1

XC .

I
I1

X1
I2

X2

Tram 2

I1

X11 .

XC

X11
I

Zr1

a)

Xr1
R

b)

Hnh 8.65 Bao ve khoang cach cho cac ng day lan can b anh hng bi khang tr am

Quan sat hnh 8.65, gia s [XC] > [X11]

Khang tr o c cua rle tram 1:
XR1 = X1 I/I1 (XC X11)
Khang tr o c cua rle tram 2:
XR2 = X2 I/I2 (XC X11)
Khang tr o c cua rle tram 3:
XR3 = X3 I/I3 (XC X11); I = I1 + I2 + I3
vi XR la khang tr o c cua rle tai cac au tram 1, 2, 3.
Neu [XS1 + X11] > [XC] (H.8.66), dong s co se cung hng vi dong s co nh khi tu c noi
tat, v the neu s dung ac tnh vong tron qua goc O, rle se khong lam viec c. Tuy nhien, neu rle
co mach nh e bao phu vung tong tr th co the s dung e BVNM nhieu pha c (H.8.66).
X
X

X12

X11

X11
R

zs1

MHO
xC

MHO ac biet

Hnh 8.66 ac tnh cua

bao ve khoang cach

X12

X11
R

Zs

X12

XC

Hnh 8.67 ac tuyen

khi ong MHO ac biet

R
ZS

XC

Hnh 8.68 ac tuyen

khi ong hnh t giac

Neu BVKC co phan t chong cham at th tong tr am se xay ra khi [3XC] > [2X111 + X110].
BVKC co ac tuyen ac biet khong qua goc O se phat hien cac s co cham at neu tong tr am nam
trong ng ac tnh khi ong. Vung cat s co cua tong tr am phu thuoc vao o ln cua tong tr
nguon va cac ket qua tnh toan phai c tnh t tng trng hp. Xem hnh 8.67 va hnh 8.68.
Bao ve khoang cach tren ng day lan can c cho trong hnh 8.65 b anh hng bi tong
tr am. Neu xet en nguon s co NM cua ng day khac th ien ap ri am tai XC se tang len va
mot BV pha xa ng day s co co the tac ong nham bi BVKC ngat tc thi cua no neu khong
phong nga trc. Thong thng, vung BV th nhat cua BV nay phai co mot thi gian tre e ngat
s co sau khi khe h khong kh phong ien. Neu thi gian tre khong c chap nhan th mot vai bo
phan so sanh hng c them vao e BV tat ca cac ng day truyen tai lan can. Nh a trnh
bay tren, mot HTBV tot phai co the ngat s co ung trc va sau khi khe h khong kh phong
ien. BVKC co the c dung, nhng phai nghien cu ky cang cac trng hp cu the.

199

Tong tr rle am, dong s co am

Neu {XC}>{X11 +XS1} va s co xay ra pha sau tu bu (H.8.69), tong tr o c cua ng

day se am va dong s co se co hng ngc vi dong s co tren ng day khi khong co tu bu noi
tiep. Tnh trang dong ien ngc hng se duy tr cho en khi khe h khong kh phong ien. oi
khi, khe h khong kh khong phong ien, v gia tr cua dong ien NM nho hn dong toi thieu lam
khe h khong kh phong ien. Dong s co am se gay ra ien ap cao trong mang ien. Trnh trang
nay se giong nhau trong ca hai trng hp khe h khong kh va ien tr khong tuyen tnh c s
dung. Tuy nhien, tuy thuoc vao tam chnh nh cua ien tr, dong s co se phong qua mot thanh
phan ien tr.
11

XS11
XS10

12

XL11
XL10

X L21
X L20

XS21
XS20

Hnh 8.69 Dong ngan mach am

Nhng van e c noi ay lien quan en s co NM ba pha hay hai pha, nhng dong NM
am co the co trong s co NM mot pha cham at. ieu kien e dong NM am trong trng hp NM
cham at la
[3XC] > [2XL11 + XL10 + 2XS11 + XS10]
Mot HT co BV tot phai co kha nang x ly ca hai trng hp dong NM am va dng neu
nhng trng hp tng t xay ra.
Bao ve khoang cach khong the hoat ong tot trong trng hp dong NM am do bo phan
nh hng phat hien hng nham. V vay, s co co ton tai dong NM am th BVKC khong phai la
BV thch hp, nhng s co nay rat hiem khi xay ra. Trong cac mang ien bnh thng th khe h
khong kh se phong ien trong trng hp nay.
Cach xac nh vung bao ve

S o so sanh hng yeu cau o ac khoang cach. oi vi s o di tam, tong tr khi

ong nho hn tong chieu dai ng day. S o qua tam m rong tam cua no vt qua au cuoi
pha xa cua ng day c BV. Nhng s o ac khoang cach nay b anh hng bi tu bu noi
tiep va co the gay ra sai so khi o em cua rle.
S o di tam: BV di tam cua ng day truyen tai cho phep tam cua vung I c ieu
chnh ngan hn so vi chieu dai ng day, vi s chnh nh pho bien la khoang 80% en 90%
cua tong chieu dai ng day. Sai so trong bo phan o ac khoang cach phu thuoc vao s bo tr
cua tu bu noi tiep tren ng day o va s gia nh lien quan en s noi tat tu ien c thc hien
trong viec chnh nh tam cua rle. Hnh 8.70 cho thay ba s sap xep thong dung nhat cho tu noi
tiep va s yeu cau cua chnh nh tam, c mo ta bi gia tr hS
hS =

XS
XL

trong o: XS - gia tr at tong tr khi ong (); XL - tong khang tr ng day ().

200

Tong tr co the c s dung tnh toan, luc o tam chnh nh la mot so phc, nhng oi vi
nhng ng day cao ap th ch can tnh theo khang tr X.
XS phu thuoc nhieu vao s co mat cua mot hay nhieu tu bu noi tiep va nhng tu ien nay
c gia s la van hien dien hay b noi tat. e tnh toan cho nhng s thay oi nay, chung ta bieu
dien Xs bang mot ham
XS = fS (XLi, XCK, mS, b)
vi: XLi - khang tr i c noi bi XS; XCK - dung tr k c noi bi XS
mS - khoang cach (vt) t tu cuoi cung en iem cuoi tam at
b - bieu dien chc nang ong ngat nh phan cua bo phan noi tat tu bu.
hs
R
a)

ms

b
XL1

Q
Xc

XL2

hs
R

ms

b)

XL2
(A)hs
B(hs)

ms

ms
Q

R
c)

XL1

Xc

XL2

Xc

XL3

Hnh 8.70 Cac trng hp khao sat theo v tr tu

Cong thc cho thay rang XS co the ln hn mot oan ng day va cac oan nay c bieu
th bi ch so i. Tng t XS co nhieu bo tu noi tiep c mo ta bi bang ch so k. Thong so mS la
mot khoang cach c o ac t tu cuoi cung en ngng cua tam. S o ac nay khong b anh
hng bi s noi tat tu ien. Thong so b la mot thong so nh phan the hien ong m, cho biet mot
so tu bu noi tiep co b noi tat hay khong. Chc nang nay co the c mo ta bang cong thc toan
hoc nh sau:
hoac

XC = bXCO = XCO neu b = 0 (bo phan noi tat m)

XC = bXCO = 0
neu b = 1 (bo phan noi tat ong)

vi XCO la dung khang luc bnh thng cua bo tu bu.

Xet tong tr o bi rle at ni s co cho s co v tr ngng cua tam iem cuoi cung BV.
Tam nay co the cung c mo ta bi ham
XR = fR(XLi, XCK, m, b)
XR - ham giong nh ham XS
m - khoang cach t tu cuoi cung ti iem NM.

201

Tai ngng tac ong

fS(XLi, XCK, mS, bS) = fR(XLi, XCK, m, bR)
Phng trnh nay co the c giai tm thong so m c o bi rle e nh ro theo cac gia tr
khac nhau cua mS.
oi vi nhng ng day truyen tai cho trc, chung ta co the tnh chnh nh tam nh sau
XS = mSi

NN

NC

i =1

K =1

X Li X CK

V du, xet en mot tnh trang HT trong hnh 8.70 trng hp mot, vi mot tu bu gia
ng day. Trong trng hp nay, chung ta co the chnh nh tam at phu thuoc vao s gia nh
lien quan en s noi tat tu bu noi tiep
hS

XS
XL

(S1) Tam at vi gia s tu noi tiep b noi tat (b = 1)

hS1 =

X
X L1
+ mS L3
XL
XL

(S2) Tam at vi gia s tu bu noi tiep khong b noi tat (b = 0)

hS2 =

X L1 X C
X
X
X
+ mS L3 = L1 k + mS L3
XL
XL
XL
XL

vi k la he so bu.
Bay gi, vi s co tai ngng cua tam (m = mS) chung ta cung co the viet ra vung BV thc
te cua rle bang hai cach, phu thuoc vao s hoat ong noi tat. Sau o, chung ta co the so sanh tam
cua rle BV vi tam a chnh nh s dung.
(b1, s1) chnh nh s1, s co tai m = mS va tu c noi tat (b = 1)
X
X
X
X
hR = L1 + mS L3 ; hS1 = L1 + mS L3
XL
XL
XL
XL
hoac

hR = hS1
(b1, s2) chnh nh s2, s co tai m = mS va tu c noi tat (b = 1)
X
X
X
X
hR = L1 + mS L3 ; hS2 = L1 k + mS L3 hR = hS2 + k
XL
XL
XL
XL
Chung ta cung co the tnh cho hai trng hp tu khong c noi tat luc s co.
(b0, b1) chnh nh s1, s co tai m = mS va khong noi tat tu (b = 0)
X
X
X
X
hR = L1 k + mS L3 ; hS1 = L1 + mS L3 hR = hS1 k
XL
XL
XL
XL
(b0,b2) chnh nh s2, s co tai m = mS va khong noi tat tu (b = 0)
X
X
hS2 = L1 k + mS L3 hR = hS2
XL
XL
V vay, chung ta co the tom tat cac tnh huong cho hR, cho bang 8.7.

202

Bang 8.7 Tnh toan m cho s co tai ngng cua tam ngat trong trng hp (a)
S noi tat c gia s cho s

Gia tr hR khi s co tai ngng tam

chnh nh cua rle

Noi tat

Khong noi tat

Co: S1

hR = hS1

hR = hS1 k

Khong: S2

hR = hS2 + k

hR = hS2

T bang tren, ta thay tam o c tai rle bang vi s chnh nh khi gia s lien quan en s
ong ngat noi tat la ung, nhng tam se khong ung khi s gia s khong khp vi tam o c. Neu
he so bu ln, s sai lech cua tam o c co the ln. Trng hp vi hR = hS1 k dien ta mot tnh
trang qua tam. Hn na, neu s chnh nh c tnh toan vi gia s la khong noi tat (b = 0), th tam
BV rle co the qua ng day BV, mot tnh trang ma khong the chap nhan c v a en tac ong
nham. V the, vi BV di tam th tot hn la chnh nh tam cua rle cho vung mot vi gia s s noi
tat cua tu bu xay ra. Tu bu khong nen b noi tat trong suot mot s co, mau thuan vi s gia s chnh
nh, tam se ln hn mong muon. ieu nay co the a en khoang gia ng day b NM se b cat
vi thi gian vung 2 tre, nhng tac ong nham se c tranh. Tuy nhien, o ln chap nhan c cua
s sai so phai c xem xet.
That la quan trong khi xet en s co the noi tat tu bu trong viec chnh nh tam rle. S noi
tat tu ien phu thuoc vao v tr s co cung nh ty so bu. Mot tnh toan co the hu ch trong viec
c tnh kha nang noi tat cho cac s co tai ngng cua tam ngat, giong vi s co gia ng
day. Cung co the co nhng xem xet khi thiet ke, oi vi nhng s co v tr nao o, mot tu bu co
the b noi tat va cac tu khac khong b noi tat. ieu nay phu thuoc vao ty so bu, mot v tr at tu bu
tren ng day truyen tai va phu thuoc vao o ln cua dong ien gay nen s co.
S o qua tam: c thiet ke vung I keo dai qua au xa cua ng day truyen tai co bu noi

tiep. Mot v du cho s o qua tam c mo ta trong hnh 8.71. o qua tam khoang 20 - 50% cua
tong tr tren ng day. S tnh toan tam phu thuoc vao c va v tr at cua tu bu noi tiep tren
ng day N, cung nh tren ng day L va v the nhng tu bu noi tiep nam trong tam. Ca tam
chnh nh va tam o thc phu thuoc vao s noi tat cua tu ien tren ca hai ng day. S qua tam
phai ln u e no van bao phu thanh cai Q khi tu bu b noi tat v ly do nao o.
XS
b
R

XL1

b
XL2

Xc1

XC2

XL3

ng day L

XN1

XCN

XN1

XCN

XN3

ng day N

Hnh 8.71 Bao ve theo phng phap BVKC qua tam cho phep

Chung ta co the viet mot cong thc tong quat tam chnh nh n v tng oi cho trng
hp qua tam nh sau
hS = 1 kL +

N XN

i =1

mi

X Ni

XL

NCN

k =1

X CNk
XL

203

vi kL la ty so bu cua ng day L. Nh trong trng hp di tam, co ba trng hp c quan tam,

phu thuoc vao so lng va v tr at cua tu bu tren ng day N nh c mo ta trong hnh 8.72.
Chung ta xem xet en trng hp 1 cua hnh 8.72 e tnh toan s chnh nh qua tam. Trong
trng hp 1, tam at n v tng oi co the c viet nh sau
hS = 1 kL +

X N 1 kN X N
X

+ mS N 1
XL
kL
XL

vi: kL - he so bu cho ng day L; kN - he so bu cho ng day N.

Hai s thay oi cua trng hp 1 co the c xet en la: 1(A) tam chnh nh nam gia
thanh cai Q va tren ng day N, hoac 1(B) tam chnh nh nam vt qua tu bu. Trong trng hp
1(A) th tu bu tren ng day N c bo qua.
Trng hp 1: mot tu gia ng day at tren ng day N.
Trng hp 2: mot hay hai tu au cuoi ng day at tren ng day N.
Trng hp 3: mot hay hai tu gia ng day at tren ng day N.
(B)hS
mSB

(A)hS
b

a)
R

XL1

mSA

b
XC 1

XL2

XC 2

XL3

XN 1

XN2

XCN 1

ng day L

ng day N
hS
mS

b)
R

XC 1

XL1

XC 2

XL2

XL3

XCN 1

ng day L

XCN 2

XN2

ng day N
(B)hS
mSB

(A)hS
b

c)
XL1

mSA

b
XC 1

XL2

ng day L

XC 2

XL3

XN 1

b
XCN 1

b
XN2

XN3

ng day N

Hnh 8.72 Cac trng hp qua tam c quan tam

oi vi moi gia thiet lien quan en s noi tat tu noi tiep tren ng day N, chung ta co the
tnh toan hai tam chnh nh khac phu thuoc vao tnh trang noi tat a c gia s cua tu bu tren
ng day L. ieu nay lam co hai gia tr khac cua hs, mot vi k tai gia tr cua no luc bnh thng
va mot vi k c chnh nh tng ng vi khong. Mot kha nang th ba co the ton tai, ni mot
trong cac tu cua bo tu tren ng day L c gia nh a c noi tat va cac tu khac khong b noi
tat. Mac dau kha hp ly, trng hp sau cung nay khong c xem xet.

204

Nhng trng hp nay yeu cau mot s khao sat cho ba tam chnh nh khac nhau, tng ng
vi ba ieu kien noi tat tu sau ay:
- S1: noi tat tu tren ca hai ng day
- S2: noi tat tu ch tren ng day L
- S3: khong co tu nao b noi tat tu tren ca hai ng day.
Mot ieu cung c xem xet en la tu ien noi tat ch tren ng day L, nhng ieu o
khong co the xay ra v s co tren ng day N. Ba ieu kien tren phai c khao sat e nh ra
tam o c cua rle khi o ac khoang cach en s co tai ngng ca cua tam. ieu nay em lai
chn tnh trang c xem xet, dan en ket qua la mot ma tran 3 3. Vi trng hp 1(B), cac ket
qua c cho trong bang 8.8.
Bang 8.8 Tnh toan tam quan trong trng hp 1(B) vi ba gia s chnh nh
S chnh nh qua tam

Tam o c ta rle R cho cac s co ngng = hRB

bL = 1, bN = 1

bL = 0, bN = 1

bL = 0, bN = 0

hSB1

hSB1

hSB1 - kL

k X
hSB1 kL N N
XL

hSB2

hSB2 + kL

hSB2

k X
hSB2 N N
XL

hSB3

k X
hSB3 + kL + N N
XL

k X
hSB3 + N N
XL

hSB3

2- Bao ve so sanh hng song chay

Loai BVD nay goi la BV so sanh hng. BV co the cat MC rat nhanh ngay khi s co NM
xay ra, sau o BV khoa lai. No o s thay oi cua ien ap U va s thay oi cua dong ien I.
Nhng gia tr nay co the c tnh toan trang thai xac lap, khi o gia tr ien ap cua nguon c
gia s at tai v tr s co e tnh toan cho phu hp vi nh ly Thevenin. Chnh nh U va I e
a ra tam BV, trong khi so sanh tn hieu cua U va I e a ra hng BV. Rle c chnh nh
che o qua tam trong tat ca cac s o so sanh hng. Neu cac tn hieu co gia tr tng ng th
s co xay ra chieu ngc lai. Neu cac tn hieu co gia tr khac nhau th s co xay ra pha trc
ng day. Noi chung, BV nay tot hn BVKC va co the x ly cac van e c trnh bay trong
phan BVKC nh la: di tam, tong tr am va dong s co am. Tuy nhien, tren ng day truyen tai
song song th cung co cac van e xay ra giong vi tat ca cac BV qua tam. Hnh 8.73 cho thay
nguyen tac BV khi cac s co cac iem khac nhau tren ng day.
Khuyet iem cua BV nay la ch hoat ong trong mot thi gian ngan sau khi s co xay ra va
khoa lai sau mot thi gian nhat nh. ieu nay co mot so yeu iem vi s co dien ra lien tuc.
Loai BV c thiet ke theo kieu nay se khong tac ong khi cac thiet b chong set phat ien.
BV nay co cac bo phan o khac nhau cho cac s co cham at va hai pha cham nhau va cung luc
vi mot bo phan la chon pha s co.

205
R

+I1

N
NM trong
cat

XS

+I1
NM ngoai

XS

khoa

+I1
NM trong

XS

cat

i1
NM trong

+IS

XS

+ U

cat

Hnh 8.73 Nguyen tac cua bao ve song chay

3- Bao ve qua dong th t khong so sanh hng

Bao ve nay cung ch hoat ong vi thanh phan th t khong, va v the no ch co the tac
ong khi co s co cham at. Phan t co hng
hnh 8.74 vi tn hieu cung cap la Uo va Io co
nguyen tac lam viec giong vi phng thc BV
song chay.
I>

Bao ve nay c chnh nh che o qua

tam va co mot so u so vi BVKC. BV nay co

RWo

iem bat li la vung BV thay oi ang ke theo

tong tr nguon.
Hnh 8.91 cho thay cach cua BV nay
nhan biet cac s co tai cac iem tren ng day
khi khong co va co bu noi tiep.

3Io

tn hieu

3Uo

Hnh 8.74 Phan t phat hien hng

cua bao ve so sanh dong th t khong

206
Ti mang th t thuan hay nghch
pos
NM trong
Mang th t khong

cat

ISO. XSO
Ti nguon tng ng
Ti mang th t thuan, nghch

Mang th t khong

NM ngoai
khoa

.XSO
Ti nguon
Ti mang thuan, nghch
pos
Mang th t khong

NM trong
cat

.XSO
Ti nguon
Ti mang thuan, nghch
nog
Mang th t khong

NM trong
cat

.XSO
Ti nguon

Hnh 8.75 Nguyen tac cua bao ve dong th t khong so sanh hng

4- Bao ve qua dong th t nghch

Bao ve nay co cung chc nang vi BV qua dong th t khong so sanh hng, no co the phat
hien s co tot hn bang cach s dung cac gia tr th t nghch thay v s dung cac gia tr th t
khong khi ng day song song co ho cam. Viec dung cac gia tr th t nghch co cac iem thuan
li trong cac ng day truyen tai song song ni ho cam ton tai trong mach th t khong. BV nay
co the thch hp vi ng day truyen tai song song co tu bu noi tiep, no cung co iem khong
thuan li giong vi trng hp BV dong th t khong vi t ong lai mot pha.

207

5- Bao ve so sanh pha

Bao ve so sanh pha cua dong hai au ng day. Trong trng hp s co ben ngoai ng
day th goc lech se nho. Neu xay ra s co ben trong th goc se ln. BV nay hoat ong khi o lech
goc ln hn gia tr at I1 I2 = 0
Bao ve so sanh pha thng c s dung trong ng day co tu bu noi tiep, khong gap phai
van e di tam va tong tr am, khong b anh hng bi ho cam. Tuy nhien, no se khong tac ong
trng hp dong s co am trc khi khe h khong kh phong ien.
Vi tu bu co BV la khe h khong kh va ien tr phi tuyen, trong mot so trng hp s co ben
trong th goc cua hai cuon day s co se lech hng i 180o bi v co mot ien tr trong mot mang.
6- Bao ve so lech doc
Bao ve nay hoat ong khi dong so lech at en mot gia tr khi ong. Dong so lech c
nh ngha la tong cua cac dong tai cac au cua phan t c BV xet en ca ve bien o va pha
Id = I1 + I2
Trong suot thi gian hoat ong bnh thng th gia tr Id gan nh bang khong va oi vi s co
ben ngoai cung nh the. BV nay co the c dung trong cac ng day truyen tai co tu bu noi tiep
bi v BV nay khong b anh hng hien tng di tam va tong tr am. Khi dong s co am th goc
se gan bang nhau tai hai au ng day truyen tai, nhng o ln cua dong ien se khac va BV
nay tac ong.
Ngay nay, cap quang hay day truyen tin bang song radio c s dung trong BVSL ng
day truyen tai dai. Neu viec chon pha can thiet th BV c thiet ke vi BV rieng cho tng pha.

8.6.4 Bao ve ng day truyen tai song song co tu bu noi tiep

Bao ve hai ng day song song se gap van e ho cam trong mang th t khong. Hien
tng ao dong se gay ra anh hng cho cac BV, ac biet khi ng day ngan va khi s o qua
tam c dung.
Xem hnh 8.76 ta thay s o thay the tr nen phc tap hn khi ng day co tu bu noi tiep.
Tu ien se bu vao phan khang tr trong mang th t khong trong khi tong tr ho cam cung giong
nh trong trng hp ng day khong co bu noi tiep. Anh hng cua tong tr ho cam se xau hn
so vi trng hp ng day khong co bo bu oi. Neu van ton tai tong tr am va dong NM am
cung mot luc th can thiet co bo phan chon pha s co cho t ong lai mot pha.
XaO XOM XC

XaO

XaO

XC

XOM

XOM
XaO XOM XC

Hnh 8.76 S o thay the th t khong cua ng day truyen tai song song co tu noi tiep

Neu HT co BVKC qua tam cho phep c s dung nh trong hnh 8.77 va s co xay ra
pha cuoi cua mot ng day, hai BV thanh gop A se gi nhng tn hieu en thanh gop B. BV
tren ng day b s co tai B a phat hien ung hng se cat s co au tien. Khi MC a c m th
dong tren ng day khong b s co se b oi hng va neu tn hieu s co van con phat ra t thanh

208

gop au kia th ng day khong s co se b cat nham. Phai chu y rang, dong ien ao chieu se tang
len rat nhanh vi o ln phu thuoc vao ho cam va bo tu bu noi tiep.
B

L1

L1
XC

L2

L2

Hnh 8.77 Hien tng ao dong

e tranh trng hp ngat khong mong muon, mot vai nha san xuat trang b rle BVKC e
phat hien ra dong s co b oi hng va tc thi khoa BV lai.
Nhng rle khac se khoa tam thi cac tn hieu s co nhan c ng day khong b NM
khi BV cua ng day song song co s co bat au cat s co.
Bao ve khoang cach c dung trong ng day co bu noi tiep phai co qua tam cao bao phu
toan bo ng day e ngat s co khi tu ien b noi tat. Khi tu ien khong b noi tat, qua tam se
tang len nhanh chong va HT se rat nhay oi vi nhng tn hieu khong ung. Nhng van e dong
ien ao chieu se c quan tam v ty so gia tong tr ho cam vi tong tr ng day khi co bu
noi tiep se rat ln hn so vi trng hp ng day khong co bu noi tiep.
Noi chung, mot BV toan phan rieng biet va BVSL doc c xem la BV tot nhat trong trng
hp ng day ngan co bu noi tiep. No khong gap phai cac van e nh qua tam, tr khang am va
dong s co am.
Neu s o BV khong toan phan c dung vi phng thc BV so sanh co hng, th co the
dung cho cac trng hp chong NM mot pha cham at va NM hai pha cham at, con trng hp NM
ba pha th phai dung BV khac.

8.6.5 Bao ve tu
1- Gii thieu ve tu bu
Bo tu co the chia thanh nhieu cum noi tiep (H.8.78), moi cum co khe h, MC noi tat va BV
rieng. Khi mot cum nao b h hong th ch can co lap cum o thoi. Trong nhieu trng hp, cong
viec sa cha bao hanh tien hanh mot cum con cac cum khac van lam viec bnh thng.
Khe h phong ien moi pha lam viec oc lap vi cac pha khac, con MC lam viec ba pha.

Hnh 8.94

Hnh 8.78 Bo tu co ba cum

2- Bao ve tu vi tu c bao ve bang khe h khong kh

S o khoi chc nang BV tu co BV khe h phong ien c mo ta trong hnh 8.79. Bao ve

209

quan trong nhat la khe h khong kh chong qua ien ap tu ien. Tu ien c thiet ke vi ien ap va
dong ien nh mc. Theo thiet ke tu ien co the chu c vai phan tram qua ien ap trong mot thi
gian ngan. Khi dong ien NM ln i qua tu lam ien ap tang cao, khe h khong kh se phong ien co
ien ap thap hn ien ap chu c qua ap cua tu, thng khoang 2 3 lan ien ap nh mc.
Dong ien NM qua khe h c cat sau 0,1s bi MC ng day (BVD tac ong). Khe h
khong co kha nang chu dong NM lau dai, nen can mot bao ve qua dong ien (BVQD) at noi tiep
vi khe h va tac ong noi tat khe h bang MC noi tat. Neu s co ng day b cat cham, th
BVQD khe h se tac ong sau 0,4s. Neu khe h co the phong ien khi NM ben ngoai, th BV nay
se tac ong tc thi.
Bo tu thng c at tren be cach ien vi at, mot hay cum co the at tren mot be. Khi co s
phong ien gia tu va be, BV ro se tac ong tc thi va bo tu se c noi tat.

1- bao ve qua dong, phat hien dong

phong qua khe h khong kh;
2- bao ve dong ro, phat hien dong
phong qua tu ien vi be ;
1

3- bao ve cong hng ong bo;

6
7

4- bao ve bat oi xng, phat hien

phan t h hong trong bo tu;
5- ieu khien cua may cat;
6- bao ve khi may cat khong hoat
ong;

He thong ieu khien va bao ve

7- be c cach ien vi at

Hnh 8.79 Bao ve tu co bao ve bang khe h khong kh

e BV cac phan t tu, BV khong can bang c dung. BV so sanh ien ap cua cac phan t
tu trong mach cau. oi khi BV co hai cap, mot cap at tr so cao va mot at tr so thap. Tr so thap
c c ham bang dong tai. BV nay lam viec co thi gian e tranh tac ong nham do qua o
ong ngat tu.
Cac tu ien trong HT co the gay nen hien tng cong hng. Mot BV phat hien hien
tng cong hng sat t c dung. Ngay nay, oi vi HT co turbine may phat ln can at bo phat
hien cong hng do tu vao may phat. Hien tng cong hng sat t thng gap mang ien the
thap va trung.
Neu MC noi tat cum tu hong, khong noi tat c tng cum tu th dao cach ly IS se noi tat
toan bo cum tu.
Thong thng, tat ca cac BV t lam viec khong can kenh thong tin vi BV ng day tai
cac au ng day. Thiet b BV va ieu khien at tren at can vai thong tin cua be at thong qua
kenh thong tin cap quang.
Neu mang cat noi tat tu h hong, th mot dao cach ly se noi tat MC va tu (sau vai giay). oi
khi MC noi tat tu c lien ong vi MC ng day.

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3- Bao ve tu co bao ve khe h khong kh va ien tr phi tuyen

A
R
IR
XC

IC

I
IC

Hnh 8.80 Tu ien c bao ve bang khe h va ien tr phi tuyen

Mot phng phap mi BV qua ien ap tu ien la dung ien tr khong tuyen tnh ghep song
song vi tu ien.

1- bao ve qua dong, phat hien dong

phong qua khe h khong kh;
2- bao ve dong ro, phat hien dong
phong qua tu ien vi be;

3- bao ve song hai, phat hien dong

cong hng ong bo;

4- bao ve bat oi xng, phat hien

phan t h hong trong bo tu;

7
8

5- ieu khien cua may cat;

6- Bao ve khi may cat khong hoat
ong;
7- bao ve va phat hien s tang nang
lng cua ien tr phi tuyen;

He thong ieu khien va bao ve

8- be c cach ien vi at;

Hnh 8.81 Bao ve bo tu co khe h khong kh va ien tr phi tuyen

Khi ien the qua tu tang len, ien tr se giam xuong va phan ln dong ien NM se i qua
ien tr thay v qua tu. Khe h khong kh co tr so at se phong ien khi ien ap qua tu that cao
luc co NM gan tu. Khe h khong c phong khi co NM ngoai. Nang lng nhiet sinh ra trong
ien tr c kiem soat, neu qua gii han nhiet cua ien tr th ieu khien nhiet cho khe h phong
ien. S dung phng an nay mot phan tu bu van tiep tuc lam viec khi s co xay ra tren cac ng
day lan can. Khi s co c cach ly, bo tu tc khac c a vao lam viec tr lai.

8.6.6 V tr at cua cac BU, BI

Neu bo tu noi tiep c at tai au ng day truyen tai th co cac cach at may bien ap va
MBI khac nhau. Cac hnh sau cho thay cac cach la chon thong dung nhat.
Trong hnh 8.82, BU, BI c at gia thanh cai va bo tu. Vi v tr at nh the nay th co
the co tong tr am va cung co the co dong am. BVKC se co nhng kho khan neu yeu cau BV phai
ngat trc khi khe h khong kh phong ien. Mot ieu thuan tien la tu bu nam vao ng day

211

truyen tai va trong trng hp s co cua tu ien th BVD truyen tai se tac ong. BV so sanh
hng hay BV toan phan c a ra. Neu mot BVKC c dung th s co tren ng day lan can
can c xet en.
CB

BI

BI CB
BU

BU

BV

BV

Hnh 8.82 BU, BI at ben thanh cai

CB

BI

BI
BU

CB

BU

BV

BV

Hnh 8.83 Thiet b chuyen oi c at ben canh ng day

Trong hnh 8.83, MBI va MBU c at tren ng day truyen tai ben canh tu bu. Trong
trng hp nay, BVKC se khong co tong tr am. No ch o tong tr ng day. Tuy nhien, neu
mot s co ng day ke tiep c xet en, th tam chnh nh cua vung I se b gii han. BV
thanh cai can thiet phai bao gom tu bu hay co mot BVSL e bao phu tu bu. BVKC co the c
trang b phan t e co the phat hien s co v tr nam gia thanh cai va tu ien. Neu co ng day
thong tin tan so cao th BV nay se de dang hn vi khe h khong kh phong ien giong vi hnh
8.82, ni MBU c at ben pha thanh cai.

CB

BI

BI
BU
BV

CB

BU
BV

Hnh 8.84 May bien dong at canh thanh cai,

CB
BV

Hnh 8.85 He thong hai may cat

may bien ap at canh ng day

Trong hnh 8.84, MBI c at ben thanh cai, MBU c at ben ng day. S o nay
c pho bien khi co HT hai MC. Xem hnh 8.84 th ta thay no co u iem hn so vi s o hnh
8.83 la BV toan phan thch hp se bao phu ca ng day va tu bu.

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8.7 CAC S O BAO VE NG DAY TIEU BIEU

a- Bao ve phat tuyen trung the phoi hp vi bo t ong lai (H.8.86)

Y
50N / 51N

52
50
/51

52

46

51

51N

46

51

51N

46

51

51N

46

79

T ong
lai

Cau dao phan nhanh

Cac nhanh
khac

Cau ch

Hnh 8.76
8.86
Hnh

Hnh 8.87

b- Mach hnh tia trung va ha the (H.8.87)

c- Bao ve cap va ng day tren khong ngan co nguon t hai pha (H.8.88)

52

52
52

79

52

79

52

87L

87L

51

51

51N

51N
87L

52

87L
52

79

79

52

52

52

52

Hnh 8.88

52

79

213

d- Bao ve day cap dai va ng day tren khong co nguon t hai pha (H.8.88)

52

52
52

52

52

67N

67N

21

21

21N

85

79

21N

85

79

21

85

79

21

85

79

21N

21N
67N

67N

52

52
52

52

52

52

52

Hnh 8.89

e- Bao ve ng day cao the (H.8.90; H.8.91; H.8.92; H.8.93; H.8.94)

Phng an 1

Phng an 2

110kV

220kV
220kV

52

50 BF

50 BF

52

21

52

67N
21

50
51
50
51

51

67

87

21

79

79

Hnh 8.90
8.106
Hnh

Hnh 8.91

21

51

67

87

21

79

79

214
Phng an 2

Phng an 1
220kV

220kV

220kV

220kV

52

52

87L

21

79

85

21

67

21

79

85

67

67N

67

67N

67

Hnh 8.109
8.93

Hnh
Hnh 8.92
8.108

27

21
21V

32

67
67N

50
51

59

50
51V
27

59

59
59

Hnh 8.94

Cau hoi chng 8:

1-Trnh bay yeu cau bao ve cho ng day dai,cong suat ln .ien the cao.
2-S khac nhau cua bao ve khoang cach truyen thong va bao ve khoang cach co ket hp
vi kenh truyen thong tin.
3-S khac nhau cua bao ve truyen cat va truyen khoa.
4-Nhng lu y g khi bao ve cac ng day song song lap at gan nhau.
5-Nhng lu y bao ve ng day co tu noi tiep.
Websides tham khao
www.abb.com
www.areva-td.com
www.GEindustrial.com/pm
www.gemultillin.com
www.newage-avkseg.com
www.schneider-electric.com
www.tde.alstom.com
www.toshiba.co.jp