131

Chng

BAO VE SO LECH
7.1 NGUYEN TAC THC HIEN
Theo nh luat Kirchoff, tong vect cua tat ca dong ien ra vao cac nhanh cua oi tng
BV bang khong, ngoai tr trng hp co NM ben trong oi tng BV nay. Do o, neu tat ca th
cap cua MBI cac nhanh cua oi tng BV c ghep song song vi nhau vi mot rle dong ien
th se khong co dong ien chay trong rle tr khi co NM ben trong oi tng BV.
Bao ve da vao nguyen tac tren goi la bao ve so lech (BVSL) doc (H.7.1), co tnh chon
loc tuyet oi, phan biet c NM trong va ngoai oi tng BV va nh the cho phep cat s co cua
phan t c BV nhanh chong. Noi cach khac, BVSL lam viec da tren s so sanh trc tiep cac
dong ien tren cac nhanh cua oi tng BV. oi vi ng day lam viec song song, ngi ta dung
so lech ngang so sanh dong chay tren cac nhanh song song. e thc hien BVSL doc ngi ta co
the dung loai s o dong tuan hoan hay s o can bang ap.
I=0

a)

I=0

oi tng
bao ve

oi tng
bao ve

b)

Hnh 7.1 Nguyen tac c ban cua bao ve so lech doc

7.1.1 S o dong tuan hoan

e de hieu ta quan sat v du oi tng BV co hai nhanh (ng day, MF...) (H.7.2).
II
ITI

oi tng
bao ve
ITI

ITII

III

ITII

ITI

III
IN = II + III
ITI

ITII

ITII

Hnh 7.2 S o so lech dong tuan hoan

Cac cuon th cap c noi song song sao cho khi NM ngoai, s th cap cac MBI trong
mach vong hng noi tiep nhau va dong trong day noi co cung hng (neu at cac BI cung mot
quy c cc tnh th cac au cc th cap BI gan oi tng BV ghep noi chung vi nhau va cac au
cc kia ghep noi chung vi nhau). Rle so lech cung noi song song vi cuon th BI. Dong vao rle

132

I& R = I&TI + I&TII . Khi NM ngoai vung BV (gii han bi cac BI) trong che o bnh thng
I&TI = I&TII . Dong th I&TI va I&TII i qua rle oi chieu nhau
I& R = I&TI + I&TII = 0;

I&
I&
I&R = I + II
nI nII

Trong ieu kien nI = nII = n va BI lam viec khong co sai so, ta co I&TI = I&TII va IR = 0 va
rle khong tac ong. Khi co dao ong cung co s phan bo tng t. Nh vay, BVSL ve nguyen tac
khong phan ng theo NM ngoai, dong phu tai va dao ong, v vay co the thc hien tac ong tc
thi va dong khi ong cua no khong can chon theo ieu kien ln hn dong phu tai va dao ong.
Khi NM trong vung BV (H.7.2b) cac dong s cap II va III eu co hng t thanh gop cua
tram ti cho NM.
Dong trong rle
I&
I&
I
I& R = I&TI + I&TII = I + II = N 0
nI nII
n

trong o: IR - lam BV tac ong

IN - dong NM tong tai cho NM.
Tren hnh 7.3, o th vect n gian cua
dong ien th cap cua MBI va dong ien i vao
rle trong s o BVSL tnh trang lam viec bnh
thng hoac NM ngoai (a) va khi NM trong vung
BV (b).

&I
TI

&I
R

&I
TI

&I
TII

&I
TII

a)

b)

Hnh 7.3 o th vect cua dong ien

trong mach bao ve so lech

7.1.2 S o loai can bang ap

Cac cuon th cap cua BI c noi sao cho khi NM ngoai va lam viec bnh thng, s cua
chung ngc chieu nhau trong mach. Rle c mac noi tiep trong mach day dan phu.
- Khi NM ngoai, cung nh khi co dong phu tai chay qua cac s E& va E&
bang nhau,
TI

TII

v du I&I = I& II va nI = nII nen

E& E& TII
I& R = TI
=0
Z
trong o Z la tong tr toan mach vong.

- Khi NM trong toan vung BV (H.7.4b), cac s E& T I va E& TII cong nhau va tao nen dong
trong rle lam BV tac ong.
Hien nay BVSL vi dong tuan hoan, c dung pho bien, sau ay ta ch xet loai nay.

133
IR = 0

IR = 0
ETII

ETI

ETII

ETI
N

II

a)

III

II

b)

III

Hnh 7.4 S o so lech loai can bang ap

7.2 DONG KHONG CAN BANG TRONG BAO VE SO LECH DONG IEN
Khi khao sat nguyen tac tac ong cua BVSL, chung ta gia thiet mot trng hp ly tng
rang trong trng hp bnh thng va NM ngoai khong co dong ien chay vao rle. Thc te nh
a tm hieu s lam viec cua BI chng 1 th dong ien th cap cua BI bang
I&TI = I&SI I& I ;

I&TII = I&SII I& II

va dong trong rle I& R = I&TI I&T II = I& II I& I = I&kcb , dong ien t hoa I& I va I& II
thng khac nhau ngay ca trong trng hp cac BI giong nhau.
Ngoai dong ien t hoa ra, dong khong can bang con chu anh hng cua ien tr cua cac
day dan phu trong cac nhanh cua mach BV. Neu dung cac BI co ty so bien oi khong giong nhau
(cho cac phan t nh MBA 2, 3 day quan, t ngau, thanh gop...) th dong khong can bang se tang len
nhieu v khi ay dong t hoa khac nhau nhieu.
ac biet dong I&kcb se at nhng gia tr rat ln khi co NM ngoai, khi ay cac mach t cua
BI bao hoa vi mc o khac nhau va anh hng cua thanh phan khong chu ky cua dong NM len
dong th cap cua cac MBI cung khac nhau.
T hnh 1.8 cho dang cua thanh phan khong chu ky I& (ty le vi dong I&kcb ) va hnh 1.9
dong th cap BI khi NM chung ta co the rut ra ket luan sau cho dong I&kcb :
- I&kcb trong tnh trang qua o co the vt qua gia tr on nh cua no gap nhieu lan va co the
ln hn ca dong ien lam viec cc ai
- I&kcb co gia tr ln nhat khong phai thi iem au cua NM ma hi cham hn
- Co gia tr on nh cua I&kcb sau luc NM co the ln hn rat nhieu so vi trc luc NM do t
cam tha trong loi thep
- I&kcb tat tng oi nhanh (thi gian ton tai nhng gia tr I&kcb ln khong vt qua vai phan
mi giay).
Hien nay, cha co phng phap tnh toan mot cach chnh xac va thuan tien dong I&kcb .
Trong thc te, ngi ta dung phng phap tnh toan dong gan ung.

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7.3 DONG IEN KHI ONG CUA BAO VE SO LECH DONG IEN
e BVSL co the lam viec ung, phai chnh nh dong khi ong cua no ln hn dong ien
khong can bang tnh toan ln nhat khi NM ngoai vung BV:
I k K at . I kcbtt max

vi I&kcbtt max la dong khong can bang tnh toan cc ai.

I&kcbtt max = fi max . kn .kkck .Ingoai max

trong o: fi max - sai so cc ai cho phep cua BI trong tnh trang on nh

fi max = 10% = 0,1

kdn - he so ong nhat cua cac BI; kdn = 0 1

kn = 0 - khi cac BI hoan toan giong nhau
kn = 1 - khi cac BI khac nhau hoan toan
kkck - he so ke en anh hng cua thanh phan khong chu ky cua dong NM
Ingoai max

- thanh phan chu ky cua dong NM ln nhat.

Yeu cau ve o nhay cua BVSL

Kn =

I N min trong vung bao ve

>2
I k

Thng v dong ien khong can bang Ikcb kha ln nen, neu khong dung nhng bien phap
ac biet e han che no, BV kho am bao yeu cau ve o nhay a neu.

7.4 NHNG BIEN PHAP THNG DUNG E NANG CAO O NHAY VA TNH
AM BAO CUA BAO VE
Nh tren a noi, dong ien khong can bang co gia tr kha ln va trong mot so trng hp
rat kho xac nh tr so chnh xac cua no, v the e lam tang o nhay cua BV can phai dung nhng
bien phap ac biet e han che dong ien khong can bang. Co rat nhieu phng phap e tang tnh
am bao va o nhay cua BV vi mc o phc tap va hieu qua khac nhau. Cac phng phap thng
gap la:
- Cho BV lam viec cham khoang 0,3 0,5s. e cac gia tr qua o cua Ikcb kp tat en tr so be.
Phng phap nay hien nay t dung v no lam cho BV mat tnh tac ong nhanh.
- Noi tiep cac rle mot ien tr tac dung phu, khi ien tr trong mach so lech tang, dong ien
khong can bang cung nh dong NM th cap giam xuong, tuy nhien mc o giam cua dong
khong can bang nhieu hn v trong dong ien khong can bang thanh phan khong chu ky nhieu
hn trong dong di chuyen mach.
- Noi rle qua cac bien dong bao hoa trung gian
- Dung rle co tac ong ham
- Dung rle co ham hoac khoa bang hoa tan bac cao cua dong ien.
Phng phap dung MBI bao hoa trung gian va dung rle co tac ong ham la hai phng
phap thong dung nhat. Sau ay, ta se tm hieu hai phng phap nay.

135

7.4.1 Noi cac rle qua may bien dong bao hoa trung gian
May bien dong bao hoa trung gian la MBI co o bao hoa t rat sm. Nh ta a biet, trong
dong NM co hai thanh phan la chu ky va khong chu ky (H.1.7). Thanh phan chu ky oi xng qua
truc thi gian. Con thanh phan khong chu ky lech han ve mot pha. Thanh phan khong chu ky se
ri vao vung bao hoa cua ng cong t hoa nen se gay ra mot o thay oi t cam be hay noi cach
khac s th cap cua thanh phan nay be. Trong khi o thanh phan chu ky nam trong vung tuyen
tnh cua ng cong t hoa nen co o t cam ln va s cua thanh phan nay ln, ngha la chuyen
tot sang pha th cap. MBI bao hoa trung gian chnh la bo phan loc thanh phan khong chu ky cua
dong NM. Ngi ta co the dung MBI bao hoa thng hnh 7.5b hay bao hoa manh hnh 7.5c.
RI
ISI

ILS

IR

IR

IN

ISL
a)

b)

c)

Hnh 7.5 S o noi rle qua MBI bao hoa trung gian (a),
MBI bao hoa loai thng (b) va loai tac ong manh (c)

7.4.2 Dung rle so lech tac ong ham

Rle so lech tac ong ham co dong ien
khi ong thay oi khi dong ien trong cac nhanh
cua mach BV thay oi. Bo phan so sanh cua rle
se so sanh tr so tuyet oi hai ai lng.

ITI
II

ITI

ITII
ISL

oi vi BV co hai au ra (MBA hai cuon

day, MF...)
- ai lng lam viec ty le vi dong ien
so lech

ITII

Ilv

= I&lv = I&sl = I&TI + I&TII

- ai lng ham ty le vi hieu cua hai

vect dong ien hay tong so hoc cua hai dong
ien

Hnh 7.6 S o nguyen ly cua bao ve

so lech dung rle co tac ong ham

- Trng hp rle dung ai lng ham ty le vi hieu vect hai dong (H.7.6)
Ih = I& = k I& I&
h

TI

TII

vi k la hang so ty le thng chon k = 1/2.

Rle se tac ong khi Ilv > Ih.
Ta co the dung o th vect e cat ngha cac tnh trang lam viec cua s o trong trng
hp NM ngoai (H.7.7a) va NM trong (H.7.7b).

136

- Khi NM ngoai vung BV. Trong trng hp nay, hai vect dong ien th cap ITI va ITII co
phng ngc nhau nen dong ien
ITI
ham ln hn dong lam viec, rle
ITI
Ilv
khong tac ong hnh 7.7a.
Khi NM trong vung BV, cac
vect ITI va ITII co phng gan trung
nhau (H.7.7b) nen I&lv > I&h . Luc o

Ilv = (ITI + ITII)

Khi NM
&
( ITI = I&TII )

ngoai

vung

BV

Ih

Ih = (ITI - ITII)

rle tac ong.

Trng hp rle so lech dung
ai lng ham la tong so hoc hai dong
th vi cac trng hp NM khac nhau
s lam viec cua rle nh sau:

-ITII

ITI

-ITII
a)

b)

ITII
Hnh 7.7 o th vect cua dong ien trong mach rle
a- Khi ngan mach ngoai; b- Khi ngan mach trong
- goc lech pha gia ITI va ITII do sao so cua BI

Ilv = I&TI + I&TII = I&TI I&TII = 0 ; Ih = k( I TI + I TII )

vi k la hang so.
Neu chon k = 1 th Ih = I TI + I TII = I TI + ITI = 2 I TI ; Ih > Ilv - rle khong tac ong.
Khi NM ben trong oi tng BV co nguon cung cap t hai pha
I&TII = I&TI nen I&TH = I&TI ;

I&lv = I&TI + I&TII = I&TI + I&TI = 2 I&TI

I h = I&TI + I&TII = I&TI + I&TI = 2 I&TI

ai lng lam viec va ai lng ham bang nhau va bang tong dong ien NM.
Khi NM ben trong nguon cung cap t mot pha. Luc o I& = 0
TI

Ilv = I&TI + I&TII = I&TI + 0 = I&TI ; Ih = I&TI + I&TII = I&TI + 0 = I&TI

ai lng lam viec va ai lng ham bang nhau

va bang dong cung cap t mot pha.
Vi k = 1 ta nhan thay Ilv = Ih khi NM ben
trong oi tng BV. Nh vay, ac tnh NM la ng
thang co o doc la 1. Theo nguyen tac nay, e rle
lam viec co mot o nhay nhat nh, ngi ta chon
hang so K khac nhau e thay oi ac tnh ham. Hnh
7.8 cho ta ac tnh lam viec cua rle so lech co ac
tnh ham.

ac tnh NM

5
4

3
Vung tac ong

2
1

a
1

Vung khong tac ong

4

Hnh 7.8 ac tnh lam viec cua

Nhanh a: ac trng cho ngng o nhay cua

BVSL do anh hng cua sai so BI (dong t hoa).

bao ve so lech

Nhanh b: ke en anh hng sai so t ty so BI, s o au day BI, cac au phan ap...
Nhanh c: anh hng ham ln nhat khi ke en bao hoa BI...

137

Trong qua trnh oi tng BV lam viec dong ien Ilv c so sanh vi dong ham Ih, neu
iem lam viec nam trong vung tac ong (NM xay ra trong oi tng BV) th rle se cho tn hieu i
tac ong m MC.
Trong trng hp oi tng BV la phan t co hn hai nhanh (nh MBA ba cuon day, t ngau,
thanh gop...) th ai lng lam viec la tong vect cua cac dong trong cac nhanh rieng biet, con ai
lng ham la tong so hoc cua cac dong cua cac nhanh.
Ilv = I&lv =

I&Tk

k =1

= I&T1 + I&T 2 + ... + I&Tn

Ih = I&h = k I&Tk = K I&T1 + I&T 2 + ... + I&Tn

k =1

trong o: n - so nhanh; k - hang so ty le.

Tong quat phng trnh khi ong cua rle so lech co tac ong ham c viet di dang
Ik = Ik min + kh.Ih
Ik min - dong khi ong cc tieu (Ih = 0); kh - he so ham.
Hnh 7.9a bieu dien phng trnh khi ong cua rle co ham bang ac tuyen 1 va khong
ham ac tuyen 2.
Ta thay dong khi ong Ikd t ong thay oi khi dong ien Ih thay oi. Ngi ta bieu dien
tac ong ham bang he so ham
I
kh = kd = tg = 0,2 0,6
Ih

Trong he thong so sanh bang ien c, do tnh chat bao hoa cua loi thep, ac tuyen khi
ong nhan c thng co dang phi tuyen (H.7.9b).

Ik

Ik

Ikmin

Ik
khong co ham

Ih
a)

Ih
b)

Hnh 7.9 ac tuyen khi ong cua rle so lech co tac ong ham

T o th hnh 7.9a ta co the so sanh ac tnh cua rle loai co tac ong ham (ng 1) chung
ta thay rang khi NM trong vung BV dong Ih giam xuong, dong khi ong Ikd giam theo va BV vung
rle co tac ong ham se co Ikd be hn Ikd cua BV khong co tac ong ham, ngha la o nhay cua no se
cao hn. Ta a biet o nhay cua BVSL khong co tac ong ham ac trng bang he so knh

k nh =

I N min
I kd

138

oi vi cac BV co tac ong ham, he so o nhay khong the xac nh nh tren c v dong
ien khi ong nh tren a noi la mot ham so cua dong ien ham, con dong ien ham lai phu
thuoc vao dong NM. V the oi vi cac rle co tac ong ham dung phng phap o th tnh toan
hnh 7.10 e xac nh o nhay cua BV, ng cong 1 la ac tuyen khi ong cua rle cho bi nha
san xuat. Ikdtt - dong khi ong tnh toan c xac nh tung o giao iem K cua ng cong 1 va
ng thang 2 i qua goc O va iem A co toa o (tnh toan NM nho nhat trong vung BV).
2

Ik

IlvA

IA
I
Il = Nmin
n1

IB
IC

Iktt

Io
IN
Rle so lech
th t khong

Ikmin
O

IhA

Ih

Hnh 7.11 Nguyen ly bao ve

so lech th t khong

Hnh 7.10 o th xac nh o nhay

cua bao ve so lech co tac dung ham

IVA = INmin, IhA c tnh tng ng vi INmin khi rhq = 0.

He so nhay c xac nh
knh =

I N min
I ktt

oi vi MBA, MF co trung tnh noi at trc tiep noi at, e BV cham at mot iem trong
cuon day co the dung BVSL th t khong co ham. Hnh 7.11 cho s o nguyen ly cua BV nay.
Bao ve so sanh dong chay day trung tnh IN va tong dong ien ba pha (Io). Chon IN la thanh phan
lam viec va luon luon xuat hien khi co cham at trong vung BV. Khi cham at ngoai vung BV
dong th t khong tong dong cac pha I&o co tr so bang nhng ngc pha vi dong qua trung tnh
I& . Cac ai lng lam viec va ham nh sau
N

Ilv =| I& N |
ai lng ham

Ih = k I& N I&o I& N + I&o

vi: I& N - la dong trung tnh

I&o I& A + I&B + I&C ; k - hang so ty le.
Khao sat cach lam viec cua rle

Khi cham at ben ngoai, I&o ngc pha vi I& N va bang tr so I&o = I& N
Gia thiet chon k = 1, luc o Ilv = I& N ; Ih = I& N + I& N I& N I& N = 2 I& N ; Ih = 2Ilv

139

Khi cham at trong, ch co thanh phan qua trung tnh:

I&o = 0; Ilv = I& N ; Ih = I& N 0 I& N + 0 = 0

Khi cham at ben trong:

I&o = I& N ; Ilv = I& N ; Ih = I& N I&o I& N + I&o = 2 I& N ; Ih < 0

T phan tch tren ta thay rang, khi cham at ben trong thanh phan ham khong xuat hien, v
luc o ih bang khong hoac am. Nh the ch can dong cham at nho trong vung BV rle, se cho tn
hieu tac ong. Ngc lai, khi cham at ben ngoai tac dung ham rat manh, BV chong cham at
dung nguyen tac so lech th t khong co ham cho o nhay cao. Hnh 7.12 cho ac tnh lam viec
cua BV nay. Nhan thay rang, tac ong ham cang ln ty so Io/IN cang ln, trong trng hp MBI
ly tng Io/IN = 1.
+Io

IN/Ik
5
o

130

120

110

o
o
100 4 90

-Io

Vung tac ong

IN

Ih

3
2

Vung khong tac ong

Io/IN

1
-0,5

-0,4

-0,3

-0,2

-0,1

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

I N -I o

IN+Io

0,5

Hnh 7.12 ac tuyen lam viec cua bao ve so lech th t

khong co ham I: tr so at; I o < 0 : cham at ngoai
IN

Hnh 7.13 Gian o vect khi

ngan mach cham at ngoai

Nh tren a noi, khi cham at ben ngoai dong s cap I&o va I& N ngc pha nhau. Dong
vao rle qua cac MBI b bao hoa lam cac dong lech pha nhau se gay anh hng en thanh phan
ham. Neu goc lech pha ( I&o , I& N ) = 90o th tac ong ham bang khong. ieu nay co the hieu bang
gian o vect hnh 7.13. ai lng ham cung b anh hng bi hang so k va goc limit ( gii han)
quan he vi nhau. Goc limit xac nh goc lech pha gia I&o va I& N , tr so khi ong tien en vo cung
khi I& = I& , ngha la khong co tac ong. Tac ong ham ln nhat khi limit = 90o; k = .
o

Khi 90o < < 90o ch co ai lng lam viec xuat hien, oi vi cac khac, ai lng lam
viec tien en vo cung.
Hnh 7.14 cho ac tuyen lam viec cua BV phu thuoc vao goc lech pha gia I&o va I& N khi
I&o = I& N .

140

IN/Ik
4

o
o
o
130 120 110 100 3
4
1 1,4 2

limit
k~
~

Vung tac ong

Vung khong tac ong

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

(Io,IN)

Hnh 7.14

Bang di cho ta quan he gia goc at gii han va he so ham k:

13

Limit

12

0o
1

11

0o

0o
1,4

10

90o

0o
2

7.5 BAO VE SO LECH NGANG

Bao ve so lech doc la BV thuoc loai n gian va tin cay. Bao ve khong phan ng theo dao
ong, qua tai va tac ong khong thi gian khi NM xay ra bat ky iem nao trong vung BV. oi vi
ng day tai ien dai, nhc iem cua BV la viec truyen tn hieu, ton ph cho day dan phu cao.
Ngoai ra, BV co the tac ong sai khi day dan b h hong. e BV cho ng day song song, dai co
ien tr day nh nhau, hay MF co hai cuon day quan song song, ngi ta co the dung BVSL ngang.
Nguyen ly tac ong cua no da tren s so sanh trc tiep dong ien chay tren cac nhanh song song.
V ien tr cac nhanh lam viec song song bang nhau nen khi bnh thng va khi NM
ngoai, cac vect dong ien tren cac nhanh bang nhau, I& I = I& II (H.7.15a). Khi NM xay ra tai mot
trong hai nhanh, cac dong nay khong con bang nhau na. Tai au A cac dong II va III trung pha
nhng bien o khac nhau, con tai B cac dong khac ca pha lan bien o (H.7.15b).
II

~
a)

~
III

III

A II

II

III

b)

Hnh 7.15 Phan bo dong tren cac ng day song song

a) Khi bnh thng va NM ngoai; b) NM tren mot ng

III

141

Nh vay, s mat can bang cac dong tren cac nhanh song song ve mat bien o cung nh
goc pha la dau hieu phan anh s co tren mot trong hai ng day. Co hai loai BVSL ngang: tai cac
phan t co hai nhanh song song, c noi vao mot may cat chung th dung BVSL ngang dong ien.
Tai cac ng day song song co may cat rieng moi ng day th dung BVSL ngang co hng.

7.5.1 Bao ve so lech ngang dong ien

a)

III
N

II

III
II
b)

L1

L2

INB

II

m
IR = II + III
III

IKCB
A
a)

lAB

IN
2
m

b)

Hnh 7.16 Bao ve so lech ngang dong ien

Hnh 7.17 Vung chet cua bao ve

so lech ngang dong ien

Khi ch co mot au ng day co nguon cung cap, BV ch at mot pha co nguon, con oi vi
cac ng day co nguon cung cap hai au th at ca hai pha ng day song song. Hnh 7.16 gii
thieu s o BV ve cho mot pha. MBI vi cung he so bien oi n c at tai cac pha cung ten. Cac
cuon th cua chung c au vi nhau bang cac cc oi ten, con cuon day cua rle th au song song
vi chung.
Khi bnh thng va NM ngoai (H.7.11a), dong qua rle I& R = I&TI + I&TII = 0
Bao ve khong tac ong. Thc te IR co dong khong can bang Ikcb do sai so cua BI va do ien
tr cac ng day khong hoan toan nh nhau. e rle khong tac ong nham can chon IK > Ikcb.
Khi NM xay ra, v du ng L1 tai iem N hnh 7.11b, ta co II > III, do o trong rle co
&
dong I R = I&TI + I&TII 0
Neu IR > Ik th BV tac ong cat may cat chung ng day. Dong II va III i en iem NM N
theo hai nhanh song song va ty le nghch vi tong tr cua chung (H.7.17).
Neu chuyen dch iem N dan ti tram B th II giam con dong trong rle I&R = I&TI = I&TII
giam. Khi NM tai thanh gop B th I&R = 0. De dang thay rang, gan thanh gop tram B co ton tai mot
oan ng day ma khi NM trong o, dong trong rle nho hn gia tr khi ong. iem bien cua oan
nay co IR = IkR va nam cach thanh gop tram mot oan m. Nh vay, vung c BV khong the bao gom
toan bo ng day. oan m cua ng day nam gan thanh gop tram oi dien ma khi NM trong o
BV khong the tac ong v khong u nhay c goi la vung chet cua BV. S ton tai vung chet la
nhc iem quan trong cua BVSL ngang. e cat NM trong vung chet can at them BV khac.

142

Chieu dai cua bao ve m c xac nh bang m =

I kbv
lAB
IN

vi: Ikbv - dong khi ong cua BV; IN - dong NM tai B; LAB - chieu dai oan AB.
Bao ve c coi la hieu qua neu vung chet cua BV khong vt qua 10%. Khi cat mot
trong cac ng day song song, BVSL ngang tr thanh BV qua dong tac ong tc thi oi vi
ng day. V vay, tac ong khong chon loc; e tranh ieu o can khoa BV nay khi cat mot trong
cac ng day song song.

7.5.2 Bao ve so lech ngang co hng

Bao ve so lech ngang co hng dung cho cac ng day song song co MC rieng tren
tng ng day. BV ch cat ng day h hong. e lam c nh vay can co bo phan nh
hng cong suat bo sung cho phan so lech ngang a xet tren. Bo phan nay co the la phan t
nh hng cong suat tac ong hai hng, hoac hai phan t nh hng khac nhau, moi cai dung
e cat mot ng day.
Hnh 7.18 cho s o cau truc so lech ngang co hng rieng biet at tai tram A. tram B
cung at bo BV tng t.

MC1

MC2

RW

L1
MC4

RW

L2
MC3

RI1

th1 cat MC2

AND

AND

Cat MC1

AND

AND

Cat MC2

th2 cat MC1

N2

Hnh 7.18 S o cau truc so lech ngang co hng hai ng day song song

Tren s o, phan t RI e phat hien dong so lech co NM mot trong hai ng day, con
RW1 hay RW2 xac nh NM tren ng day nao e i cat MC tren ng day o. ng day phai cat
t hai pha. Muon vay, hai au ng day phai co hai bo tng t. Tn hieu i cat MC c khoa bang
cac tn hieu phan anh v tr MC (th1, th2) MC1 va MC2 at tren ng day 1, 2. Khi cat mot trong hai
ng day song song, BV con lai ng day kia bien thanh BV qua dong co hng tac ong khong thi
gian. No co the tac ong sau khi NM ngoai, v vay can khoa lai trong trng hp nay.
Do co trng hp hien tng khi ong khong ong thi se c xet sau.
Khi NM tren ng day, v du L1, may cat MC3 cat sm hn may cat MC1. Luc o van con
dong NM i qua ng day L2, lam cho BV co the i cat sai ng day khong h L2. e loai tr trng
hp cat sai nay can tn hieu phan anh trang thai MC.
T s phan bo dong trong rle khi co NM tai N1 tren ng L1 va L2 c cung cap tr mot
nguon ta thay hng cua dong ien qua rle at tai tram A va B thay oi khi NM tren ng day
khac nhau (H.7.19). Cung phan bo tng t cho trng hp ng day co hai nguon t hai pha
cung cho ket qua tng t. Bo phan nh hng cong suat RW1, RW2 se phan ng theo hng cong
suat e i cat MC cua ng day b NM. Dong khi ong cua RI cung c chon tng t nh

143

trng hp so lech ngang cua dong ien.

A

N1

L1

RB

RA

L2

a)

L1

ISL

RA

N2

RB

L2

b)

Hnh 7.19 S phan bo dong trong rle so lech khi NM mot trong hai ng day

Cung giong nh BVSL ngang dong ien, moi bo so lech ngang co hng tai au tram A va
B, eu co oan m ma khi NM trong oan o IR < Ik, v vay bo o khong the tac ong c. Tuy
nhien, BV au kia se cat may cat au ng day h hong va sau o BV au nay se cat may cat
con lai. V du, khi NM tai N trong vung chet cua BV A (H.7.20), BV A luc au khong tac ong sau
khi L1 c cat t au B (MC so 4) (ISL = 2I), toan bo dong IN t A en cho NM gi ay ch i
theo ng L1, lam cho dong IR = IN tang vot len va BV tai A cat may cat con lai cua ng day L1
(MC so 2). Khi NM xay ra gan thanh gop tram A cung co hien tng tng t: thoat au BV gan
cho NM la BV A tac ong, sau o en BV B.
A
1

L2

3
RB

RA
2

N
mB

L1

mA

Hnh 7.20 Vung khi ong khong ong thi cua bao ve so lech ngang co hng

Hien tng tac ong noi nhau cua BV neu tren c goi la hien tng khi ong khong
ong thi, con vung mA va mB la vung khi ong khong ong thi.
Vung khong ong thi c xac nh tng t nh vung chet cua BVSL ngang dong ien.
Khi cac BV khi ong khong ong thi, thi gian cat NM tang gap oi, o la nhc iem cua BV.
BV co dung phan t HCS nen se co vung chet gan cho at BV do rle cong suat khong the tac
ong c, o cung la nhc iem. Dong khi ong cua rle dong c chon theo cac ieu kien sau:
- Rle dong khong c tac ong oi vi dong khong can bang khi NM tai thanh gop tram
oi dien
Ik = kat.Ikcbmax
- Khi mot trong cac ng song song c cat ra t au kia, rle dong khong c tac ong
Ik = kat.Iptmax
- Bo phan khi ong khong c tac ong oi vi dong trong cac pha khong h hong khi NM
hai pha va mot pha Ik = kat.Ikh = Kat.(Ipt KIN)

144

o nhay cua BV c ac trng bang gia tr cua khi ong khong ong thi va vung chet
cua rle HCS. Vung khi ong khong ong thi c tnh cho moi bo BV tng au ng day va
khong c qua 25% chieu dai ng day.
o nhay cua bo phan khi ong c kiem tra vi hai trng hp (H.7.21).
N2

~
a)

~
N1

RA RB

lB

b)

Hnh 7.21 S o tnh toan e kiem tra o nhay cua bao ve so lech ngang

a) Che o khi ong khong ong thi, khi NM pha oi dien a cat (H.7.21a)
,
I
knh = R
I kdR
vi IaR la dong qua rle ng vi iem NM tai iem bien vung khi ong khong ong thi
khi MC tai B cat, yeu cau: knh > 1,5
b) Trng hp tat ca cac may cat ng day eu ong (H.7.21b).
,
Xac nh knh khi NM tai iem ma ca hai bo co o nhay bang nhau
I RA
I
= RB
I kd A
I kd B

trong o IRA, IRB la dong trong cac rle cua BV A va B khi NM tai iem N2.
Neu at khoang cach t iem N2 ti BV B la lB th co the xac nh c
I kd B
IB =
I AB
I kd A + I kdB
Sau khi xac nh v tr iem N2, tnh dong NM va dong trong cac rle cua BV A va B, co
,,
,,
I
I
the tm o nhay knh = RA = RB , yeu cau knh 2 .
I kd A
I kdB

7.6 ANH GIA BAO VE SO LECH

Bao ve so lech doc thuoc loai n gian, tin cay, BV khong phan ng theo dao ong, qua
tai, NM ngoai va tac ong tc thi khi NM xay ra bat c iem nao trong vung BV. Nguyen tac cua
BV c s dung rong rai e lam BV chnh chong NM ben trong cua MF, MBA, thanh gop, ong
c, ng day.
Bao ve so lech ngang thuoc loai n gian, tin cay khong phan ng theo dao ong, viec
chon tham so n gian. Nhc iem cua no la vung chet, hien tng tac ong khong ong thi lam
tang thi gian cat NM, co vung chet theo ien ap, phai khoa BV khi cat mot ng day, v vay can
phai co bo sung BV cho ng day con lam viec. Bao ve c dung e BV cho ng day lam
viec song song, MF co hai cuon day tnh lam viec song song.

145

Cau hoi chng 7 :

1-Xac nh vung bao ve va thi gian tac ong cua bao ve so lech.
2-Tai sao co xuat hien dong khong can bang trong r le cua nhanh so lech?
3-Giai thch cach lam viec cua r le co tac ong ham.
4-Giai thch ac tuyen lam viec cua r le so lech co tac ong ham.
5-Nguyen tac lam viec cua bao ve so lech ngang,giai thch tai sao bao ve so lech ngang co hien
tng tac dong khong ong thi cua may cat hai au ng day.
Websides tham khao
www.abb.com
www.areva-td.com
www.GEindustrial.com/pm
www.gemultillin.com
www.schneider-electric.com
www.tde.alstom.com
www.toshiba.co.jp