Name

Synonym

SN & Fam Part Used

Active
Constituents
fructose

Uses

1. Fructose

Levulose
Fruit Sugar

Most sweet fruits

Anona squamosa
(Anonaceae)

Fruit for diabetic (diabetic acidosis)

Ing in infant formula
Ing in fructose inj, NaCl and fructose
inj

2. Glucose

Dextrose

Naturally in grapes & other

fruits
Vitis vinifera
- fruit
(Vitaceae)

dextrose

Nutrient
Ing in dextrose inj, alcohol and
dextrose inj, dextrose & NaCl inj

3. Sucrose

Saccharum
sugar
Table sugar

Saccharum officinarum - stem

(Poaceae)
Beta vulgaris - fleshy roots
(Chenopodiaceae)
Acer saccharum
-fruits
(Aceraceae)

sucrose

Pharmaceutic necessity for syrups

Demulcent
Nutrient
Bacteriostatic
Preservative
Masks disagreeable taste ( sugar
coating)

4. Lactose

Milk sugar

Bos Taurus
(Bovidae)

lactose

Nutrient in infants food

pharmaceutic necessity
Inert diluent for other drugs

5. Starch

Corn starch

Zea mays
-kernel
(Poaceae)
Triticum aestivum
-grain
(Poaceae)
Solanum tuberosum -tuber
(Solanaceae)

starch

Ing in dusting powder

Pharmaceutic aid (tablet filler, binder,
disintegrant)
Antidote for I2 poisoning
Starting material from which liquid
glucose (corn syrup), dextrose,

Wheat Starch
Potato Starch

- fruit

-milk

dextrins, and high fructose

sweeteners are made

6. Acacia

Gum arabic

Acacia Senegal
(Fabaceae)
-gummy exudate from stems
and branches

7. Tragacanth

Gum Tragacanth
Vermiform
Tragacanth
Tragacanth Sorts

Astragalus gummifer
(Fabaceae)

8. Agar

Japanese isinglass

9. Pectin

10. Citric Acid

-Arabin
(Ca, Mg, K salts
of arbic acid)
-enzymes
(oxidases,
peroxidases,
pectinases)
Gummy
exudate

Suspending agent
Demulcent
Emollient
Adhesive and binder in tablets

Suspending and emulsifying agent

adhesive

Gelidium cartilaginium
(Gelidaceae)
Gracilaria confervoides
(Sphaerococcocaceae)
Red algae
(Class Rhodophyta)

Hydrophilic
colloidal
substance

Citrus spp. (Rutaceae)

Pyrus malus (Rosaecae)

methoxylated
polygalacturoni
c acids

Laxative
Suspending agent
Emulsifier
Gelating agent
Surgical lubricant
Tablet excipient, disintegrating agent
Culture media
Protectant
suspending agent
anti-diarrheal preparations
colloidal solutions

Buffer system
Acidulant in effervescent
formulations

-inner portion of the rind

-natural hydrophilic colloid
Citrus limon
(Rutaceae)
Ananas comosus
(Bromeliaceae)

-agarose
-agaropectin

-fruit juice

11. Althea

Marshmallow with
Plant/Root
Raiz de Althea

Althea officinalis
(Malvaceae)

12. Ipecac

-Roadside Golden
Plant/Root
Panama/Nicaragu
a Ipecacuanha

Cepahelis ipecacuanha
Cephaelis acuminata
(Rubiaceae)
-rhizome or roots

Mexican/
Honduran/
Ecuadorian
sarsaparilla

Smilax regelli
S. aristolochiafolia
S. febrifuga
(Liliaceae)

13. Sarsaparilla

-root

Emollient for mouth ulcer & gargles

Expectorant

Emetine
psychotrine
cephaeline

treatment of drug
overdosage/poisonings (syrup)
emetic

Sarsapogenin
smilagerin

Alterative
Antirheumatic
pectoral, tonic
blood purifier
flavoring agent

glycyrrhizin

flavoring agent
demulcent
expectorant
mask taste of bitter drugs

-root

14. Glycyrrhiza

licorice root
Spanish licorice
Russian licorice
sweet wood

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glandulifera
(Fabaceae)
- root
- rhizome

15. Elm wood part (dark

brown outside, dirty
white inside)

16. Thyme

elm bark
slippery elm
red elm
American elm
ulmus
English thyme
:

Ulmus fulva
Ulmus Americana
(Ulmaceae)
-bark
Thymus vulgaris
Thymus zygis
(Lamiaceae)
-leaves

Thymol
carvacrol

Emollient
flavoring agent
demulcent

Antiseptic
flavoring agent
expectorant