BI GING MN HC: CNG NGH SN - VECNI

Gio vin ph trch: DNG TH HY

Khoa Ha - HBK Nng

0C LC
Chng I.
Chng II:
Chng III
Chng IV.
Chng V
Chng VI :
Chng VII :
Chng VIII:

M U
DUNG MI MI -MI TRNG PHN TN
CHT LM KH
BT MU
CHT TO MNG
CNG NGH SN XUT SN
QU TRNH GIA CNG MNG SN
MT S PH GIA DNG TRONG SN

TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Vn Lc - K thut sn - Nh xut bn gio dc - 1999.
Swaraj Paul - Surface Coatings - John Wiley & Sons - 1997.
Zeno W. wicks, JR. Frank, N. Jones, S. Peter Pappas- Organic Coating - Wiley Interscience 1999.
Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitad - Paints, Coatings and Solvents - Wiley - VCH 1998
Gunter Buxbaum - Industrial Inorganic Pigments - Wiley - VCH - 1998
Henry Fleming Payne - Organic Coating Technology - John Wiley & Sons, INC 1960.

Chng I.

M U

I/ Vi nt v lch s pht trin:

Vo thi k trc cng nguyn, ngi Ai Cp bit trang tr tng, hang hc
mnh v cc vt dng trn c s cht kt dnh l lng trng trng, sp ong, nha cy
trn vi bt mu thin nhin.
Vi ngn nm sau ngi Trung Hoa pht hin v dng m cy sn lm sn ph v
keo. Trc y sn c sn xut t cc loi du tho mc, nh du lanh, du tru, du gai, du

da , du hng dng, du ng, du cao su...Cc loi nha thin nhin nh cnh kin,
nha thng, bi tum thin nhin...Cc loi bt nh cao lanh, oxit st.
n th k 20, cng vi s pht trin chung ca ngnh cng nghip ho cht, cng
nghip sn tng hp ra i v pht trin mnh, t bit l nhng nc c cng nghip ho cht
pht trin mnh. Ton th gii nm 1965 sn xut khon 10 triu tn sn, nm 1975 tng ln 16
triu tn.
Trong cng nghip sn ngy nay ngi ta s dng khon 2700 loi nha lm cht to
mng, 700 loi du, 2000 loi bt mu, 1000 loi dung mi v khon 600 cht ph gia.
Trc y, sn du chim u th trong cng nghip ch to sn. Nhng trong vng 10
nm tr li y sn tng hp tin ln chim u th hng u trong cc loi sn.
II/ Sn l g?
Trc y mt s nh nghin cu a ra mt vi khi nim nh sau:
- Sn l huyn ph ca bt mu, cht n trong dung dch cht to mng vi dung mi
tng ng (Lin X).
- Sn l t hp lng cha bt mu, khi ph ln nn thnh lp mng s to thnh mng
ph khng trong sut (M).
Hai nh ngha ny bao gm cc loi sn mu c, men (Pigment Paint)
Dng vt liu sn khng cha bt mu gi l vec ni - l dung dch to mng trong dung
mi thch hp.
nh ngha tng qut: Sn l h phn tn gm nhiu thnh phn (cht to mng, cht
mu... trong mi trng phn tn). Sau khi ph ln b mt vt lin nn n to thnh lp
mng
u n, bm chc, bo v v trang tr b mt vt liu cn
sn.
Nh vy: chc nng ca mng sn l trang tr v bo v vt liu nn.
III/ Phn loi sn:
C rt nhiu cch phn loi :
- Cn c vo bn cht ca cht to mng:
+ Sn du thun tu: Thnh phn cht to mng ch c du tho mcnn t dngdo khng
bn.
+ Sn du nha: thnh phn cht to mu gm du tho mc v nha ( thin nhin, nhn
to). Loi ny c dng ph bin trong i sng hng ngy nhng t dng trong cc nghnh k
thut.
+ Sn tng hp: Cht to mng l nha tng hp (gi tn cn c vo tn ca loi nha:
Sn epoxy, sn alkyd...)
- Cn c bn cht ca mi trng phn tn:
+ Sn dumg mi
mi trng phn tn l dung mi hu c
+ Sn nc
mi trng phn tn l nc.
+ Sn bt
khng c mi trng phn tn.
- Cn c vo ng dng:
+ Sn g.
+ Sn kim loi
+ Men trng gm, s...
+Sn chng h.
+sn cch in
+ Sn chu nhit
+ Sn bn ho cht

+ Sn bn kh quyn.

- Cn c vo phng php sn:

+ sn phun.
+ Sn tnh in
+ trng, m kim loi.
- Cc dng sn t bit khc:
+ Sn dn in
+ Sn cm quang
+ Sn pht sng
IV/ Thnh phn ca sn:
Bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
- Thnh phn chnh:
+ Cht to mng: l thnh phn ch yu quang trng nht quyt nh cc tnh cht ca
mng sn.
Cht to mng bao gm: du tho mc, nha thin nhin, nha tng hp.
i vi du tho mc th ch c loi kh (CI >130) nh du tru, du lanh mi c kh
nng to mng (do trong phn t c nhiu ni i) cn loi bn kh (95 < CI <130) v khng
kh ( CI < 95) th ch dng bin tnh nha tng hp dng lm cht ho do.
Nha thin nhin, nha tng hp c bin tnh thay i tnh cht.
+ cht mu ( bt mu, bt n)
+ Mi trng phn tn
- Thnh phn ph:
+ Cht ho do
+ Cht lm kh, ng rn
+ Cht n nh
Ngoi ra cn c nhng hp cht c bit nh: cht dit khun, dn nhit, dn in, cht
pht sng, cm quang...
Chng II:

DUNG MI MI -MI TRNG PHN TN.

Trong sn, dung mi l hp phn chnh n thng chim khi lng ln hn so vi cht
to mng. Mt s loi sn, dung mi chim n 80%, ch c 20% l cht to mng nh: sn
nitro xenlulo, clo cao su...
Dung mi: l cht lng d bay hi dng ho tan cc cht to mng, cht ho
do...chuyn h sn vo trng thi thun li cho vic ch bin v s dng v s bay hi ht
trong qu trnh to thnh mng sn.
I/ Yu cu i vi dung mi.
1/ Kh nng ho tan.
- Mi dung mi ch c mt kh nng ho tan mt s cht to mng nht nh. Nu dung
mi v cht to mng c phn cc cng ging nhau th cng d ho tan.
V d: Axetat xenlulo l mt este c phn cc tng i nn tan trong nhng dung
mi c phn cc tng t l cc este hoc ceton nh axeton, etyl axetat hoc cao su l hp
cht khng phn cc nn khng tan trong nhng dung mi khng phn cc l cc hidrocacbon
thng hoc vng nh xng.
-Ngoi ra kch thc phn t cng c kh nng ho tan
V d: Xenlulo l hot cht rt phn cc, l ra ho tan trong nc nhng do khi lng
phn t ca n qu cao nn n ch trng trong nc ch khng tan.

- Da vo kh nng ho tan ngi ta chia dung mi lm ba loi:

+ Dung mi tht (dung mi hot ng)
+ Dung mi n: bn thn n khng ha tan cht to mng nhng hn hp ca n vi dung
mi tht lm tng kh nng ha tan so vi ch dng dung mi tht.
+ Cht pha long.
Dung mi tht i vi mt cht to mng l nhng cht lng ho tan tht s cht
to mng . Cn cht pha long t mnh n khng th ho tan cht to mng m ch gp phn
lm gim nht ca dung dch.
T l cht pha long vi dung mi thng c mt gii hn nht nh. Nu vt qu gii
hn s lm keo kt cht to mng, lm dung dch b c. T l s dng thng b hn h s
keo t K (hay ch s c m) sau:

Lng cht pha long

K =
Lng dung mi tht
Trong thc t K c th t n 0,5 0,8. Cht pha long c chn phi:
+ D bay hi hn dung mi tht
+R tin
nh gi kh nng ha tan cht to mng ca dung mi ngi ta dng khi nim lc
dung mi:
Lc dung mi: Lc dung mi ca mt dung mi i vi mt cht tan l kh nng phn tn cht
tan ca dung mi . Mt dung mi c lc dung mi cc i khi n c th phn tn mt cht tan
hon ton trong mt khong thay i nng rng.
Nhiu phng php c th dng nh gi lc dung mi ca cc dung mi nh phng
php im Kauri - butanol, im aniline, phng php dimethyl sulfat i vi hydrocacbon,
phng php t l pha long v hng s nht i vi dung mi lacquer. Mt d cc phng
php ny rt hu dng tuy nhin cn phi nh rng cc phng php ny ch cung cp cc tiu
chun ngu nhin (arbitrary criteria) (ngha l y khng phi l tiu chun thc nh gi).
Chng khng cung cp c gi tr lc dung mi tuyt i ca mt dung mi no khi s
dng ha tan hn hp cc nguyn liu sn m loi nguyn liu c th thay i theo tng loi
sn.
Ch s dung mi l mt tiu chun tt nh gi lc dung mi, c th p dng n i
vi bt k dung mi hoc h sn no.
Ch s dung mi bng t s gia nht ca sn trong dung mi tiu chun v nht
ca sn trong dung mi .
Do nhng dung mi tt thng to ra dung dch c nht thp nn nu dung mi tt
hn dung mi chun th ch s dung mi ln hn 1, ngc li th nh hn 1. Phng php ny
c u im l c th o c lc dung mi ca mt dung mi no c thm (hoc thay th)
vo h sn. Ngi ta c th tin hnh o vi nhiu gi tr nng khc nhau ca cht ha tan
sau thit lp th.
Gi tr Kauri - butanol (k hiu l KB) c xc nh bng cch chun 20 gam dung
dch kauri - butanol 33% bng dung mi hydrocacbon cho n khi hn hp tr nn c n ni
khng th c c mt trang in khi nhn xuyn qua dung dch ny. Mt s gi tr KB cho
bng 4, 5 trang 258.gi tr KB dng nh gi lc dung mi ca hydrocacbon rt tt. Tu
y nhin kh nng ha tan ca dung dch nha kauri trong cc dung mi ny c th khc vi
kh nng ha tan ca cc loi cht to mng khc trong cc dung mi hydrocacbon .

Phng php th dimetylsunphat ch ra phn trm ca hydrocacbon thm hoc

hydrocacbon bo khng no trong dung mi hydrocacbon. Do hn hp hai cht ny c lc
dung mi cao hn hydrocacbon bo no nn th nghim c thc hin nh gi kh
nng ny. Tuy nhin hin ti phng php ny khng dng nhiu do dimetylsunphat rt c.
T l pha long dng ch yu nh gi lc dung mi ca cc cht pha long loi
hydrocacbon c dng trong nitroxenlulo lacquer thinner (cc cht bay hi nhanh). Th
nghim cng c th ch ra lc dung mi tng i ca cc dung mi tht. V d mt dung
mi c th pha long nhiu hn bng toluen s l dung mi tt hn so vi dung mi cho php
pha long bng toluen t hn. Nh bit lacquer l hn hp ca dung mi tht, cht pha
long v dung mi n. Cc hydrocacbon thm c th dng lm cht pha long vi t l cao hn
so vi cc hydrocacbon bo. T l pha long l t l gia cht pha long v dung mi tht
va to ra s c trong dung dch nitroxenlulo c nng cui cng l 10% (tc l ti
im to ra s c th nng ca dung dch nitroxenlulo l 10%). Cc gi tr tiu chun ha
l o nng ny cn thc t c th o cc gi tr nng khc. Nh vy s c nhiu gi
tr v t s pha long ph thuc vo nng dung dch nitroxenlulo. T c th thit lp
th v c th ngoi suy t th v y l quan h ng thng. Trong mt s trng hp
cn dung dch nitroxenlulo c nng 8%. Tt nhin phng php xc nh ch vi
nitroxenlulo l cht tan duy nht. Thc t lacquer thng mi c cha cht ha do v mt s
loi nha khc m loi v lng c th thay i. Do nhiu cht pha long c th l dung mi i
vi cc cht ny nn t l pha long trong thc t c th khc so vi tiu chun. Tuy nhin kinh
nghim cho thy rng c th s dng t l pha long thit lp n s b cho cc lacquer.
Thng thng im dng ca php chun rt kh xc nh, n ph thuc vo s pht
trin ca s c t s kt ta ban u ca cc cu t rn. V vy cn phi hiu rng t l pha
long c xc nh t im cui ca php chun ch khng phi mu sau mt thi gian
mi c kt qu (v khi theo thi gian th s c mt s trng hp kt ta tan ra cn mt s
trng hp th kt ta pht trin mnh hn).
Phng php nht khng i nh gi hn hp dung mi tht v cht pha long thng
qua thng s nht ca dung dch nitrocellulose vi cc nng khc nhau. C th thit lp
th quan h gia nht thay i theo nng ca nhiu cp dung mi - cht pha long, t
y c th chn c gi thnh thp nht to ra mt dung dch c mt nht cho trc. Tuy
nhin cc d liu ny khng ph hp khi dng nh gi lc dung mi.
Trong tt c cc phng php dng o lc dung mi trn, cc kt qu da trn gi tr
nht hoc kt ta ca mt dung mi bit. Khi sn c ng dng sn th t l gia cc
cu t thay i do tc bay hi ca cc dung mi khc nhau. Phng php nht khng i
c xc nh i vi cc hm lng rn khc nhau gn vi iu kin to mng, c bit l ti
gi tr hm lng rn cao. Tuy nhin thi gian cn thit lm th nghim nh vy l rt ln
nn gi tr t s pha long c dng rng ri hn.
2/ im si(nhit si):
- Nhit si ca mt dung mi l nhit p sut hi bng p sut kh quyn. Mi
dung mi c mt im si xc nh mt p sut xc nh. Tuy nhin i vi mt cht lng
gm hn hp cc hp cht ho hc tng t nhau nh xng hoc xilen thng phm s si
mt khong nhit .
- Nhit si khng phi l tiu chun thc nh gi tc bay hi ca dung mi.
Cc phn t c kch thc cng nh th bay hi cng nhanh. iu ny ch ng i vi cc cht
lng khng phn cc nh cc hidrocacbon (cc phn t tn ti c lp nhau). Cn cc cht
lng phn cc th cc phn t kt hp cht ch vi nhau do tn ti cc lc ho tr ph gia
chng. S kt hp ny lm tng nhiu kch thc ca chng. Do vy s bay hi s b cn tr.
Mc kt

hp gia cc phn t s b gim khi nhit tng v im si s kt hp thc t bng 0. Do

vy 2 cht lng c th c im si nh nhau nhng nu mt cht lng c s lin kt mnh gia
cc phn t cn mt cht khng th tc bay hi ca chng nhit thng rt khc nhau.
V d: Cellosolve (tn thng phm ca dung mi ete etandiol C2H5OCH2CH2OH) bay
hi chm hn rt nhiu so vi Butylacetat (CH3COOC4H9) mc d khi lng phn t ca n
thp hn do cellosolve l mt cht lng phn cc v c s lin kt mnh gia cc phn t.
Tng t etyl alcol (C2H5OH) l cht lng bay hi chm hn rt nhiu so vi etyl axetat
hoc benzen mt d im si ca n gn bng vi hai cht
ny.
Ngc li i vi cht lng hu c khng phn cc (benzen, tuloen...) th tun theo quy
lut thng thng, ngha l nhit si tng th tc bay hi nhit thng gim.
3/ Tc bay hi.
Tc bay hi c trng cho kh nng ri khi b mt ca mt cht lng. Tc bay hi
ca dung mi nguyn cht v dung dch ca dung mi khc nhau do vi cng mt din tch
b mt th nng cc phn t dung mi trn b mt dung mi ln hn dung d ch. Ngoi ra cht
tan cn cn tr s bay hi ca dung mi tu thuc vo i lc ca n vi cc phn t dung mi.
- Tc bay hi khng ch b nh hng bi loi v nng cc phn t cht rn m cn
ph thuc vo dy ca mng v s tun hon (lu thng) ca khng kh trn b mt mng.
- Tc bay hi l mt yu t rt quan trng i vi qu trnh to mng t sn dung mi.
Nu dung mi bay hi qu nhanh th s c nhng nhc im:
+ Sn nhanh chng b c li do vy kh gia cng.
+ Cc phn t khng bay hi cha kp sp xp li nhng v tr thun li lm cho tnh
nng c l ca mng b gim.
+ Lp dung mi trn cng bay hi qu nhanh lm cho rn li sm trong khi cc phn t
dung mi cc lp bn di cha kp thot ra ht gy nn hin tng phng rp, nhn
mng.
Vi nhng sn cha dung mi bay hi qu chm th mng s chm kh, lm gim nng
sut.
Do vy khi dng dung mi nn dng dung mi gm 3 loi: bay hi nhanh, va, chm. B
3 ny gip mng sn c chy tt nht, b mt sn u, bng v p.
Ngoi ra trong sn cn c mt mt mt trong nhng dung mi tht bay hi chm hn
nc trnh cho mt sn b c m.
4/ Kh nng c hi v chy n.
Do c im ca dung mi l d bay hi nn khi sn xut v gia cng dung mi s vo c
th con ngi qua:
+ H hp.
+ Ming.
+ Da (hp th qua da)
Hu ht dung mi u c hi: Mt s dung mi gy vim da, chy da, gy m hoc trng
thi khng nhn thc c, mt s nh hng mnh n ni tng nh mu, thn. Cc nh hng
ny tu thuc vo loi da v bn thn mi ngi. Do vy trong nhng nh my, x nghip cn
thng gi tt ngn nga s thm nhp ca dung mi vo c th. Nn trnh tip xc trc tip
vi dung mi, nht l ra tay, chn.
- Vi nhng dung mi c hm lng cho php ti a < 100 ppm rt c hi, 100200
ppm c hi bnh thng.
V d 1: benzen, CS2, cyclohecxan, dioxan...(rt c)
V d 2: metyl acol, metyl clorua... (c bnh thng)
Ngoi ra dung mi cn c c im d chy, hn hp dung mi v khng kh trong gii
hn no c th gy n. Do vy khi s dng dung mi cn phi lu (Bng 6/260)

Dung mi

Gasoline
Benzol
Methyl alchol
Ethyl alchol (99%)
Isopropyl alchol (99%)
Ethyl acetate
Sec-buthyl acetate
Aceton
Methyl ethyl keton
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Process naphtha
VM P naphtha
Varsol # 1
Varsol # 2
Varsol B
Varsol C
Varsol high-flash
H.S.D. naphtha
Solvesso toluol
Solvesso xylol
Solvesso 100
Solvesso 150
High aromatic naphtha

Nhit
Nhit
chp t chy
o
chy
( F)
o
( F)

Gii hn n
(% th tch
trong khng
kh)

Th tch hi T trng
3
(Ft /gallon) hi
(khng
kh = 1)

0
13
52
57
59
26
60
6
24
0
22
45
21
55
105
110
105
105
112
122
45
81
110
149
140

Di
1,3
1,4
6
4
...
...
...
2,15
...
1.2
1
0,9
1
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,3
1
1
1
...

80 F 212 F
...
...
3-4
38
47
2,77
83
107
1,11
58
72
1,59
44
55
2,07
34
43
3,04
25
31
4
27
35
2
37
47
2,41
27
34
2,97
24
30
3,51
23
28
3,65
24
30
3,51
21
26
4,04
19
24
4,76
20
24
4,73
18
23
4,9
18
23
4,9
17
22
5,1
17
21
5,41
31
39
3,17
27
34
3,65
23
29
4,24
21
27
4,8
20
25
5,14

495
1070
1065
1034
1148
1130
...
1340
...
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
500
1026
900
900
900
...

Trn
6
8
36,5
14
...
...
...
13
...
6,9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6,7
5,3
6
6
...

Khi
lng
lng
(pound /
gallon)
60oF
6,15
7,36
6,63
6,61
6,57
7,4
7,22
6,64
6,75
5,77
6,07
6,05
6,1
6,11
6,53
6,67
6,55
6,7
6,46
6,55
7,23
7,25
7,25
7,42
7,53

5/ n nh ho hoc:
- Khi dng dung mi phi lu xem dung mi c cha nhng nhm hot ng c kh
nng phn ng ho hc vi cc phn t khc hay khng, nu c s nh hng rt ln n tnh
nng ca mng sn.
- Dung mi c dng khng nn cha nhng hp cht sunfua v khng c c tnh
axit v n s n mn kim loi hoc phn ng vi mt s bt mu hoc nha trong sn.
+ Tnh axit c xc nh bng vic chun bng dung dch KOH, cht ch th
phenol Phtalein.
+Sunfua c xc nh bng cch nhng ming ng sch vo dung mi, nu ming ng
chuyn sang mu ti
c mt sunfua.
6/ Mi v mu:
- Mi mnh hoc kh chu trong dung mi c nh hng sinh l trm trng n cng nhn
v ngi s dng sn. Mi i lc do lng nh tp cht khng th tch ra c khi ung mi
gy nn hoc do bn cht ca dung mi .

Mi ngi c phn ng khc nhau vi mi. V d butyl alcol khng h g vi mt

s ngi nhng i vi mt s ngi khc th n li gy nn ma => Tt nht nn chn dung
mi khng mi.
- Mu cng nh hng khng tt n cc loi sn trng v mu sng nn cng phi lu .
7/ T tr ng; Gi thnh.
- Trn th trng, c ni dung mi c bn theo khi lng c ni dung mi c bn
theo th tch v gi c s khc nhau. Nn tin vic s dng v theo di gi c th nn ch
n t trng ca dung mi. Mt khc dung mi thng c mua theo khi lng v n phi
liu trong sn xut cng tnh theo khi lng, nhng khi bn sn phm sn th thng bn theo
n v th tch. Cho nn t trng cng l c s thnh lp n v tnh gi thnh sn phm.
- Dung mi c dng phi m bo gi c phi chng, d kim.
- Vic s dng cht pha long lm gim ng k gi thnh sn phm.
Ngoi ra dung mi phi khng cha nc (ht m) v tp cht c hc, tp cht mu,
mi...nh trn. Nu dung mi cha nc s lm mng sn c m, km bm dnh.
II/ Mt s dung mi:
1/ Dung mi terpen: c ly t cy thng.
L dung mi c dng sm nht trong cng nghip sn.
- Trc y ngi ta tch nha thng v du thng t cy thng nhng sau do nhn
thy hiu qu kinh t khng nn ngi ta ch chic t gc cy thng cn thn th ng vo vic
khc.
- Mt s terpen v cc dn xut ca n:
CH3
CH
C
CH3

CH3

_ Pinen
CH3

CH3 _ C _ CH3
( Ter Pinolen )

CH 3

CH2

CH3

CH3

_Pinen
CH3

_
H3C _ C CH 3
OH
_ Ter pineol

_
CH 2 = C CH 3
Di penten
CH3

H 3C
CH

_ CH

( P_ xynen )

Terpen v cc dn xut ca n l cc hidro mch vng, khng no.

2/ Dung mi hidro cacbon:
- Thng
- Thm
- Naphtenic: l cc hp cht mch vng, no hoc khng no, c hoc khng c mch
nhnh alkyl.
V d:

- Dung mi hp hp cht mnh thng:

n- hexan ; 2,2 -dimetyl butan ; 2-metyl pentan.
- Dung mi hp cht thm:
C6 H 6 ;
0- xylen ; p-xylen ; m- xylen ; toluen
- Dung mi naphtenic:
Xiclopentan ; xiclohexan ; etyl xiclohexan.
3/Dung mi c cha oxi.
Thng l nhng dung mi phn cc, gi thnh cao nn trong sn ngi ta thng dng
kt hp vi cc dung mi khc thay i tnh nng ca mng v gim gi thnh.
- Cc loi sn cha oxi:
Alcol:
CH3OH
c nn t dng ; C3H7OH
C2H5OH
ph bin ; C4H9OH
Este: etyl axetat ; butyl axetat
Ceton : axeton ; MEK (metyl, etyl xeton)
Ete:
Ete ca etylen glicol:
CH3OCH2CH2OH
metylcellosolve
C2H5OCH2CH2OH cellosolve
4/ Dung mi cha clo:
C kh nng chng chy, gi thnh cao, thng l c nn hn ch s dng.
Mt s dung mi cha clo thng dng:
Cloroform ; Tricloetylen ; CCl4
5/ Dung mi Nitro Parafin:
Nitrometal ; Ntroetal ; 1- Nitro Propal ; 2- Nitropropal (4 loi thng dng nht)
N dng tt cho cc sn c cht to mng l polyvinyl, xenlulo v cc dn xut
ca xenlulo, t bit l axetat xenlulo.
Cc loi dung mi ny thng khng c, khng c kh nng gy chy n tr nitro metal
6/ Dung mi furan v cc dn xu t:

CHO

O
Furan

Fufuran

Fufuryl Alcol

CH
2 OH

Tetra hidro furan

O
Tetra Hidro Fufuryl Alcol

CH 2OH

Chng III

CHT LM KH.

tng nhanh qu trnh ng rn mng sn ngi ta a vo sn mt cht gi l cht

lm kh hoc cht ng rn.
Cht lm kh gi vai tr lm tng nhanh tc kh cng mng sn gc du, du nha,
sn gc tng hp bin tnh du (sn alkyd, epoxi ...)
I/ Thnh phn cht lm kh:
Trc y cht lm kh ch yu lm bng x phng ch, cobalt, mangan ca axit bo du
lanh hoc axit nha nh: cht lm kh linoleat, cht lm kh resinat.
Hin nay cn c x phng ca mt s axit hu c c dng lm cht lm kh.( cht lm
lm kh l x phng kim loi nng ca cc axit hu c )
Bng sau y l c im ca mt s cht lm kh thng mi:
Loi
% rn
% kim loi
T trng ring Pounds/gallon nht
Linoleates
Pb
100
13
1,05
8,75
Heavy liquid
Pb
100
26,5
1,25
10,45
Solid
Co
100
4,26
0,97
8,05
Heavy liquid
Co
100
8,5
1,03
8,58
Solid
Mn
100
4,35
0,98
8,15
Heavy liquid
Zn
100
8,2
1,03
8,58
Solid
Resinates (acid nh
Pb
100
16
1,27
10,63
Solid
Pb
Solid
100
24
1,4
11,7
Co
Solid
100
3
1,11
9,23
Mn
Solid
100
3,5
1,13
9,4
Zn
Solid
100
1
1,08
9,02
Naphthenates
Pb
8.33
0,5
42
16
1
Pb
9,6
0,5
62
24
1,15
Pb
12
Paste
100
34
1,44
Co
8
0,5
56
6
0,96
Co
9,6
Paste
100
10
1,15
Mn
8,1
0,5
62
6
0,97
Mn
100
10
1,15
9.6
Paste
Zn
8,2
0,5
60
8
0,98
Ca
7,9
0,5
62
5
0,95
Ca
7,76
0,5
58
4
0,93
Fe
72
6
1,01
8,4
1,4
Octoates ( CH3(CH2)3CHCOOH

Pb
54
Co
40
Mn
45
Zn
41
Ca
43
Tallates (acid bo v acid nha
Pb
57,6
Pb
71,3
Co
45,4
Co
74,6
Mn
48,2
Mn
72,4

24
6
6
8
4
thng)
16
24
4
6
4
6

1,12
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9

9,33
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5

0,5
0,5
0,5
1,6
0,65

1.04
1,16
0,9
0,98
0,9
0,97

8,7
9,7
7,5
8,15
7,5
8,1

0,5
1,25
0,5
3,7
0,5
2,5

Cht lm kh c bn trn th trng dng dug dch trong xng pha sn

(mineral spirite ) hm lng kim loi c th v dng khng c dung mi dng trong mc
in v sn khng dung mi.
- bng l c im ca mt vi cht lm kh thng phm tuy nhin chng c th thay
i tu thuc vo mi nh sn xut khc nhau.
- Trn th trng cht lm kh linoleat v resinat c bn vi tn ca n nhng nhng
loi khc c bn vi tn thng mi
tn thng mi ca mt s cht lm kh:
Loi cht lm kh
Hng sn xut
Naphthenate
Octoate
Tallate
Advance Solvent and Chem.Corp. Soligen
Hexogen
Advasol
Ferro Chemical Corp.
Naphthenate
Catalox
Tallate
Naphthenate
Octoate
Fred. A. Stresen - Reuter, Inc.
...........
Nuodex
Octoate
Nuodex Products Corp.
Nuolates
Harsaw Chemical Corp
Uversol
Octosol
Linoresinate
Yu cu rt quan trng i vi cht lm kh l phi duy tr ho tan tt v n nh trong
dung dch, kt hp tt vi cht to mng.
- Cht lm kh linoleat, resinat v tallat c iu ch t cc axit c kh nng b oxi ho
nn c khuynh hng thay i theo thi gian.
- Nhng cht lm kh naphtenat v octoat c iu ch t axit hu c no do khng b
oxi ho nn n nh hn
+ Cht lm kh linoleat c iu ch t axit hn hp ca du lanh.
+ Cht lm kh resinat c iu ch t axit nha thin nhin.
+ Cht lm kh naphtenat c iu ch t nhng axit naphtenic l sn phm ca
qu trnh tinh luyn u m vi cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2O2, CnH2n-4O2,
CnH2n-6O2 v cha c hai n xut cyclopentan v xiclohexan.
R: hidro hoc gc alkyl
R
R2

R2

COOH
R2

R2

11

COOH
R2

R2

R2

R2

R2

Naphtenic l axit no khng nhy vi s oxi ho nn to cc x phng n nh hn.

Tuy nhin chng cha mt lng nh tp cht mang mu v phn no c mi kh chu. Loi
cht lm kh octoat khc phc c nhc im ny. N c iu ch t axit octoit.
2-etyl hexoic axit.
Axit ny khng b oxi ho nn dng lm cht lm kh nhng t hn axit naphteic.
II/ Sn xut cht lm kh:
Cht lm kh c tng hp bng cch nu mui hoc oxit kim loi trong du kh v
nha ri pha long sn phm vi xng pha sn v gi la cht lm kh lng chng c khuynh
hng to cn theo thi gian do s oxi ho lm gim ho tan
- Du thng dng l du lanh hoc du c v nha cy m ch yu l nha thng.
- Trong mt vi cht lm kh ngi ta cho vo mt lng nh vi nhm tng phn tn
v n nh.
_
CH3 ( CH 2 3) _ CH _ COOH
i
C 2H5

Ch c dng ch yu l oxit ch PbO. Ngoi ra cn dng cacbonat v axetat ch

Cobalt c dng dng acetat cobalt v oxit cobalt rt kh tan
Mangan c dng dng oxit mangan hoc Borate (MBO2 ,M3BO3, M2B4O7)
Do oxit Mangan phn ng chm vi du v i hi nhit cao, sn phm c mu ti
do dng loi bt mn MnO2 phn ng xy ra d dng hn nhng t hn. Nu yu cu
mu sng hn nn dng Borat mangan.
-Tin hnh:
Du v nha c gia nhit t 35005000F ph thuc vo mui kim loi c cho vo, mui
ny c cho vo t t v khuy trn mnh. Gia nhit t t n khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton. im dng phn ng rt kh xc nh v hm lng cui ca kim loi khng th ng
nht gia cc m. Lm ngui n 4000F, pha long trong xng pha sn v bm vo thng cha.
ng tho sn phm phi cch y khong 0,3 m cn khng vo thng cha. Cn c
ly ra theo nh k ng ng di y hoc m np.
+Cht lm kh thng phm tiu chun c iu ch bng mt trong hai phng php
nu chy hoc kt ta.
Phng php nu chy:
Lng mui kim loi tnh ton c gia nhit vi axit hu c. Do phn ng vi axit d
dng hn vi du nn nhit phn ng thp hn v mu sn phm p hn. Mui kim
loi c cho vo t t v khuy trn u .Nhit tng ln t t do nhit phn ng to ra. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton tng nhit n 225 3000F tch nc ca phn ng, phi
gia nhit chm trnh s to bt. Nu cht lm kh c bn vi hm lng rn 100% th m
lc c lm ngui v ng gi sau khi iu chnh hm lng kim loi. Nu bn dng
dung dch th lc m sn phm c bm vo thng pha long cha dung mi khuy trn
mnh to dung dch ng nht. Cho vo mt t cht tr lc v lc vo thng trn. Ly mu v
xc nh hm lng kim loi. Hm lng kim loi thng cao hn tiu chun v c iu
chnh bng cch cho thm dung mi vo.
Phng php kt ta:
Cho dung dch nc ca mui kim loi nng vo dung dch nc x phng natri ca axit
bo
( c iu ch bng phng php NaOH + axit bo) to x phng trung tnh (x phng ca
kim loi nng). X phng ny cng sch (khng cha) cacbonat cng tt do cc kim loi ca

12

cht lm kh to cacbonat m cc cacbonat ny khng tan trong du. Dung dch x phng c
lc v thng cho vo lng d axit ci thin n nh ca cht lm kh.
Cc mui kim loi tan trong nc nh axetat ch, nitrat ch, sunfat colt hoc sunfat
mangan c cho t t vo dung dch x phng nng, khuy u n khi kt ta hon ton.
Tch lp nc kt ta ra vi ln bng nc nng ri lm kh bng cch gia nhit
nhit
2103000F tu thuc vo cht lm kh iu ch. N c th c bn dng 100% hm lng
cht rn hoc ho tan trong xng pha sn bn dng dung dch.
Cht lm kh kt ta thng c mu sng hn v hm lng kim loi ng u hn cht
lm kh nu chy .
III/ S dng cht lm kh:
Lng cht lm kh c tnh ton da trn hm lng kim loi bit.
Lng kim loi c tnh da vvo hm lng u. V d: vi vecni yu cht lm kh
da trn % kim loi so vi hm lng du trong vecni.
Vi cc nha tng hp: alkyl, silicol...th lng cht lm kh c dng trn c s % kim
loi so vi hm lng nha rn.
V d 1: 0,6% ch, 0,04 % cobalt, 0,004% mangan so vi
du. V d 2: 0,3% ch, 0,03% cobalt so vi hm lng nha
rn.
- Cht lm kh c dng ph bin nht trong sn oxi ho v ng rn nhit thng
(c mt oxi khng kh). Ngoi ra cn dng trong sn sy nng.
- Trong mi trng hp nn dng cht lm kh vi lng ti thiu va p ng yu
cu lm kh mng.
Nu dng d:
Tng gi thnh.
Tng khuynh hng bin mu ca mng sn theo thi gian hoc khi sy.
Gim mm do ca mng theo thi gian. Nu dng d cht lm kh cobalt v mangan c
th lm nhn mng trong sn sy nng v ngui, c bit nu mng dy hn bnh thng.
VI/ C ch tc dng ca cht lm kh:
Mt d cht lm kh c dng lu nhng c ch tc dng ca n n nay vn
cha r rng.
Tuy nhin, qua kho st ngi ta cho thy rng lc u xut hin giai on cm ng tc giai
on na khng c g thay i xy ra nhng nu thay v du thin nhin ta dng este glixerin ca
axit linolenic c tinh khit cao th thi gian cm ng khng cn. Do vy ngi ta cho rng
trong du thin nhin c cha cht chng oxi ho, cht ny c oxi ho bi cht lm kh trc
khi s oxi ho ca du xy ra to thnh mng.
Khi c mt cht lm kh th tc hp th oxi ca mng u tng do s thay i ho tr
m cht lm kh ly oxi phn t t bn ngoi khng kh bin thnh oxi nguyn t hot ng
hn ri truyn cho du thc y phn ng to mng.
Khi c mt cht lm kh, lng oxi tng cng c hp th bi mng trong qu trnh kh

2(RCOO)2 Mn + O2

4+

2(RCOO)2 Mn O
2Mn(RCOO)2 + 2 _ O _

b hn do cht lm kh lm tng qu trnh phn hu cc peroxit cng nh hidroperoxit lm tng

tc to ni ngang to mng kh.

V/ Cc kim loi dng trong cht lm kh:

Khi kho st kh nng lm kh mng ca 20 kim loi v mt s x phng ca chng,
klebsattel kt lun rng: Cobalt, Vanadi v Mn hot ng nht. Tc dng lm kh ca Ni v Cu
bng khng, khng c kim loi no cn tr tc kh.
Trong cht lm kh thng kt hp 2 hay nhiu kim loi do mi kim loi c mt tc dng
ring trong qu trnh lm kh.
V d: Pb c xem l cht lm kh chiu su.
Co l cht lm kh b mt.
Mn lm kh b mt nhiu hn chiu su.
Zn ngn chn kh b mt nhng thc y kh chiu su bng cch gi b
mt khng kh Oxy c lin tc xm nhp v hp th vo.
Cht lm kh Fe thng c mu rt ti, c bit khng c hiu qu nhit thng
nhng rt c hiu qu nhit cao v c dng rng ri trong sn en sy nng.
Ca nu dng mt mnh th tc dng lm kh khng cao nhng khi c mt Co th rt hiu
qu.
Pb khi c mt hi H2S th s c mu ti v vy trnh dng Pb vi nhng mng sn tip
xc vi hi H2S.
Ca khng c tnh c nh Pb nn c dng trong sn khng c, khng c Pb nhng
bn nc ca mng sn cha cht lm kh Ca khng tt bng Pb. Do vy Ca lun c dng
vi lng ti thiu.
Trong thc t vic dng kt hp cc loi cht lm kh thng lm tng nhanh tc dng
lm kh.
V d: Gi s mng sn khng c cht lm kh s kh trong thi gian 120 n 125 gi.
Nu dng mt mnh cht lm kh Mn th thi gian kh (t) l 12 gi. Nu dng Pb th t = 26 gi.
Pb + Mn th t = 7,5 gi. Pb + Mn + Co th t = 6 gi.
VI. iu kin i vi kim loi trong cht lm kh:
Kim loi dng lm cht lm kh phi dng ho tan trong du, nha v cc dung mi
dng vi n.
Kim loi dng lm cht lm kh hiu qu nht khi n c th tn ti hn mt tng thi
Oxy ho. Chng thng l nhng kim loi nng. Nhng kim loi ny c lp v in t bn trong
cha bo ho nn hot ng hn.
V d: Ni tng t nh Co v nhiu mt (ch ni v tnh cht vt l) v x phng
Naphtenat ca n cng tan tt trong du, nha... nhng khng c dng lm cht lm kh do
in t lp v bn trong ca n bo ho nn n nh vi Oxy trng thi ho tr thp.
Ngy nay ngi ta c bit quan tm sn xut sn khng mi, do vy ngoi vic chn la
dung mi khng mi cn phi ch n mi ca cht lm kh, c bit i vi sn ni tht.
VII/ S ht ph cht lm kh:
Mt s bt mu (mui than, TiO2 ) c kh nng hp ph cht lm kh lm cho cht lm
kh khng cn c sn trong du xc tin qu trnh kh do vy tc kh b gim.
khc phc hin tng ny c cc bin php:
+ X l b mt bt mu sao cho hp ph ca bt mu i vi cht lm kh l b nht.
Tuy nhin vic x l rt phc tp nn tn km v c th nh hng khng tt n mt vi tnh
cht ca bt mu.
+ Dng d cht lm kh sau khi t c hp ph ca bt mu i vi cht lm
kh th vn cn cht lm kh xc tc cho qa trnh kh xy ra. Tuy nhin bin php ny

thc t khng tt v hp ph cht lm kh chm do vy s cn mt lng ln cht lm kh

trong du nu sn c dng trc khi hp ph bo ho.
+ thm vo mt cht c hp ph chn lc bi bt mu. Cht ny thng c cho vo
trong qu trnh nghin. y l bin php tt nht.

Chng IV.

BT MU

Cc vt c mu st khc nhau v chng c kh nng hp th v phn x khc nhau i

vi nh sng nhn thy. nh sng nhn thy l t hp ca 6 mu c bn c bc sng t
400700 A0
Mu
Bc sng (A0)
Tm
400465
Lam
465510
Lc
510580
Vng
560590
Cam
590620

620700
Khi chiu mt chm nh sng trng ln mt cht no c th c cc trng hp sau:
+ Cht phn x hon ton nh sng trng chiu vo s c mu trng.
+ Cht hp th hon ton nh sng trng chiu vo s c mu en.
+ Cht hp th mt vi tia ng vi mt vi bc sng v phn x phn nh sng cn li
th s mang mu ca nhng bc sng phn x.
Do vy mu ca b mt l do s hp th v phn x chn la nh sng trng chiu
vo. Ti sao cc cht hp th v phn x chn lc nh sng trng th c mu ?
Yu t c bn ca s to mu trong cc cht l do s sp xp v dao ng c trng ca
cc in t trong nguyn t v phn t. Nhng yu t ny thay i tu thuc vo cc yu t sau:
dng tinh th , dng ht, kch thc ht, mc phn tn trong mng sn v mt phn ph thuc
vo bn cht ca cht to mng.
Khi cc in t dao ng vi cc tng s tng ng bc sng no th s hp th tia
sng c bc sng v phn x phn cn li to nn mu ca cht .
V d: Cht c cu trc in t dao ng vi tng s tng ng vi bc sng nh sng
mu lc th n s hp th tia sng v phn x cc tia cn li lm cho cht c mu .
Kch thc ht cng lm thay i mu ca bt mu.
V d: khi thay i kch thc ht th Fe2O3 c th c mu t cam n sm.
Nh vy mt cht (hay bt mu) c th c cc mu sc c bn sau: 6 mu, , cam...,
en, trng, ghi (xm) l mu to nn do phi trn hai mu trng v
en.
V mt quang hc: en, trng, xm khng tng ng vi bc sng ring nn gi
l khng mu sc.
V mt cng ngh th cc mt ny vn c coi l c mu. Bt mu ta dng c th mang
mt trong 6 mu c bn hoc phi trn gia cc mu v phi trn mu trng vi en, xm.
Nhng cht hp th hoc phn x hon ton nh sng trng l nhng cht c (khng
trong sut). Nhng cht cho nh sng xuyn qua hon ton l nhng cht trong sut hon ton
(nc ct, ru tinh khit, thu tinh...). Nhng cht trong sut nhng vn c mu l mu ca
nhng tia sng xuyn qua.
V d: Dung dch Fe(CNS)3 c mu do Fe(CNS)3 hp th mnh tia mu xanh, xanh l

cy cn nhng tia khc th cho xun qua.

Khi pha mu, mun bit mu t cha ngi ta dng phng php so mu vt liu sn
vi nhng thang mu tiu chun. Hin cha c thang mu tiu chun chung mang tnh quc t
nhng nhiu nc tin tin hay nhiu hng sn xut ln c nhng thang mu tiu chun gn nh
nhau v lu hnh trn th trng nhng thang mu in sn trn giy nha hay kim loi.
Vic chn v pha mu trn thc t c tin hnh bng thc nghim, tin cy ph thuc
vo kinh nghim ca k thut vin.
-C s k thut pha mu l cc gin phng, tam gic, t gic...nhng ph bin nht
l s cu
I.
Bt mu.
1/ Khi nim:
Bt mu l thnh phn quan trng to mu cho mng sn. Bt mu khng ho tan trong
dung mi hoc du. N c nghin ng u vi cht ho do c tc dng che ph b mt,
chng xuyn thu ca tia t ngoi lm cho mng sn c mu, chu nc, chu kh hu, nng
cao cng mi mn, ko di tui th mng sn...
-Bt mu l nhng cht c mu sc, c nhiu cch phn loi cht mu: Theo mu sc,
theo thnh phn, theo tnh cht, theo lnh vc s dng,...
c tm nhn tng qut ta c th h thng di dng s :
CHT MAU
kh n g h oa ta
n

hoa tan ph m mau

( thu c n hu
m)

( bt mau (Pigm ent )

)

H u c
n ch
t

N gu yn g c
kt

Tac h
- Mc

Tan tron g d u

Bt

Mui t han

Al
Cu
Zn

Tha n nu ng

Azo
a vong

Tha n ch

Phc ni t
rozo

Pb

Tan tron g n

Tan tron g du ng mi
c

Mui k t

Tan tron g cn

- Thu

c
nhum:
x, si, vai, len
bng, t s i

Azo, axit
Mu i k t
phen yl
metal

v i t

Cht m au

t hc phm

tng hp

H p c h
t

Oxit: TiO , Z nO (ZnS

)
2

Fe2 O 3, Pb3O4,Cr2O 3

Mui: Sunfat

Phc c h t:

H n hp:

Ftfa t,ti tan at

Cro mat , Molip
dat

xan h lam (xan hpari)

xan h bin ( ultra m
arin )

Litopon (Zn s BaS O )

Sun fopo n ( ZnS + CaSO )

4

Cng nghip sn s dng phn ln cht mu khng tan (bt mu, Pigment) v mt lng
nh cht mu tan trong du dng sn xut vecni.

Nh vy, bt mu trong sn xut sn l nhng cht mu dng ht mn (mt vi m)c

mu sc khc nhau khng ho tan m c kh nng phn tn trong nc, trong dung mi v cht
to mng.
Tc dng ca bt mu:

- To v m quan cho sn phm sn ( lm cho b mt vt liu sn c mu sc p, nhn)

- To bn nh sng (chng xuyn thu ca tia t ngoi), chu nc, chu kh hu, tng
bn chc, tng kh nng bo v chng n mn, mi mn cho mng sn. Chng gh cho kim
loi nn (bt chng gh).
*. Mt s tnh cht ca b t mu:
- Kch thc ht:
Bt mu dng bt, nu kch thc qu ln th s phn tn trong h khng ng nht dn
n mng sn km bng phng nhng nu qu b th din tch b mt ring ln dn n
hp ph cht to mng ln nn phi s dng t l gia cht to mng v bt mu cao dn n
tn km nhiu cht to mng, ng thi to nhng tp hp nh trong sn gi l vn cc
cc b.
Thng thng kch thc ht nh sau.
Sn lt:
20 40 m ( tiu chun quc t)
40 50 m (tiu chun Vit Nam)
Sn ph:
5 10 m (tiu chun quc t)
20 40 m (tiu chun Vit Nam).
i vi sn lt trong mt s trng hp c th duy tr 60 70 m to cho mng c
nhm nht nh.
- ngm du:
L lng du (Polymer) tnh bng gam cn dng ngm vi 100g bt mu to thnh bt
nho.
ngm du cng b cng tt v tn t du nhng khng c b qu do lc bt mu
kh b thm t bi cht kt dnh lm mng km cht ch, do vy mng s km bn v thm m.
Cn c vo ngm du xc nh lng du cn dng khi sn xut sn mu.
Thc t lng du cn dng gp i ngm du.
ngm du ph thuc vo bn cht bt mu v cht to mng.
- Kh nng che ph:
L lng bt mu cn thit (tnh bng gam) ph ln 1m2 b mt sn.
Kh nng ph ln th s cn t bt mu. Mun vy bt mu khng nn mn qu.
- Cng mu: l lng mu cn thit t n tng mu.
- bn mu: theo thi hoc di tc dng nh sng, cc yu t mi trng.
*. Mt s b t mu v c thng dng:
Tn gi
T.Phn ch yu Trng lng
Tc dng v
ring g/cm3
phm vi s dng
1. Bt mu trng
- Litopon
ZnS + BaSO4
4,18 - 4,20
Bt mu ph bin cho cc loi sn
gy dng trong nh
Dng cho sn bn thi tit
- Cacbonat ch
6,7
6,86
nPbCO3.Pb(OH)2
Bt mu ph bin
- Oxid km
5,66
ZnO
- Sulfat Bary
4,35 - 4,49
BaSO4
Dng ph bin vi nhiu loi sn
- Oxid Titan
3,85 - 3.9
TiO2
2. Bt mu xm
- Bt nhm
- Bt km
3. Bt mu en
- Mui than
- Bt ch

Al
Zn

2,64
7,06

94% C
Pb

1,6 - 2
11,344

Dng cho nhiu loi sn

Lm sn nn chng g

4. Bt mu vng
- Cromat ch
- Bt Cromo km
5. Bt mu , da cam
- Qung st Mumia
- Xuric st
- Xuric ch
6. Bt mu nu
- Oxid mangan
7. Bt mu tm
- Ph phm Pyrite

PbCrO4
m.ZnOn.CrO3
pK2Oq.H2O

6 - 6,12
........

Dng cho nhiu loi sn

Lm sn nn chng g trn nhm
kim loi khc

Qung Fe2O3
Qung Oxid st
Pb 3O4

........
..........
8.3

Dng ph bin. R, bn v sng

Dng php bin, r v bn
Bt mu chng g tt nht

Mn2O3n.H2O

4,2 - 4,4 (n=1) Dng cho sn ngoi tri

Fe2O3

4,95

II/ Bt mu trng.
Bt mu trng l hp phn quan trng trong cc loi sn trng v sn mu sang (kem, ghi
nht, cm thch...). c dng rng ri nht l oxit titan, oxit km, litopon, sunpopon, cacbonat
ch.
- Cc bt mu cng khc nhau nhiu v tnh cht vt l v ho hc. Do vy ngi lp n
pha ch cn nm r c s khc nhau .
Bng: Mt s tnh cht vt l ca cc bt mu trng tiu biu
Bt mu
Gal/100lb
hp ph du* Ch s khc x
Lc ph**
1.94 - 2,09
15 - 25
Basic carbonate white lead 1,78
8 - 15
Basic sulfate white lead
1,9
10 - 14
1,93 - 2,02
13 - 16
Basic silicate white lead
3
15
......
12
Oxit ch
2,08
20
2,14
12 - 25
Sunfit km
3
22
2,37
58
Litopon
2,79
12 - 18
......
27
TiO2 (A)
3,08
20 - 25
2,55
115
TiO2 (R)
2,86
18 - 22
2,76
147
* s g du d thm t 100g bt mu
** n v l feet vung trn 1 puond bt mu. N ch c gi tr tng i v lc ph b nh hng bi nng
(kch thc) ca bt mu

1 gallon = 4,55 lit, 1 pound = 450 gam, 1 feet = 0,3048 met.

1/ Titan ioxit (TiO2):
TIO2 c hai dng th hnh: anataz v rutin. y l loi bt mu trng c cng mu
v lc ph ln nht, trong dng rutin c ch s khc x ln hn, ht mn hn nn lc ph
cao hn nn n c dng nhiu hn.
Trong vng c nh sng nhn thy c hai dng u c kh nng phn x cao nn trng
cao. Tuy vy trong vng sng ngn (tm v t ngoi gn) kh nng phn x gim. dng rutin
gim nhiu (nn khng chng tia t ngoi tt) do dng rutin vng hn.
TIO2 c hot tnh quang ho cao. Di tc dng ca nh sng, c bit l vng sng
ngn b mt b tch oxi lm mng sn b ho phn v c th lm bc mu cc cht hu c khi
tip xc vi chng. Do vy TIO2 cao cp thng c cc ph gia hn ch thp nht kh
nng quang ho ny.
Tp cht kim loi (Fe, Mn...) lm TIO2 c th thay i mu khi chu tc ng ca nh
sng, nhit , khng kh.... Hin tng vng ho ny dng rutin nhy hn dng anataz.
Ph gia chng li hin tng ny l cc cht hunh quang hay c kh nng ty trng
quang hc(tm mangan, xanh bin).

TiO2 bn ho hc: Khng tan trong nc, chu c kim long, axit c, ch ho tan
hon ton trong hn hp sunfat amon v H2SO4 m dc, chu nhit cao (1840 + 100C mi
nng chy) khng b i mu di tc dng ca khi cng nghip.
TiO2 c dng nhiu trong hu ht cc loi sn mu sn men dng dung mi v tan
trong nc. TiO2 loi c mn cao v tinh khit c dng trong mc in.
2/ Ch trng:
C 3 loi c dng nhiu nht hin nay l:
Basic cacbonat white lead ( B. C. W. L), Basic sunfate white lead ( B. S. W. L) v basic
silicate white lead ( B. S. W. L)
a/ Basic carbonate white lead (carbonate ch trng):
C hai dng:
- Dng hn hp:
+ 4PbCO3.2Pb(OH)2.PbO

HO P b O P b O

O
C

Pb _ O

HO

Pb

C
O

O
O

C
O

O
C

O _ Pb _ OH

_ _
_
HO Pb O Pb O
+ 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2

HO

Pb

O P b OH

O
C

Pb

- Carbonate ch PbCO3:
Carbonate ch c cc hot tnh ho hc vi axit trong cht to mng v mng sn b hn
carbonate ch kim do bn mng sn khi dng carbonate ch kim b hn khi dng d
carbonate ch thng.
b/ Basic sunfat white lead (sunfat ch trng):
c 5 dng:
- Tetrabasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.4PbO).
- Tribasic ch sunfat ngm nc (PbSO4.3PbOnH2O)
- Monoobasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.PbO)
- Ch sunfat bnh thng (PbSO4)
Sunfat ch kim cho mng sn c tnh cht tt hn sunfat ch thng do oxit ch trong bt
mu ch c vai tr quan trng quyt ng tnh cht ca mng sn.
c/ Basic silicate white lead (silicate ch trng)
Qu trnh tng hp c tin hnh nh sau:
4PbO.SO3 + SiO2 = 2PbO.SO3 + 2PbO.SiO2

4PbO + H2SO4

4PbO.SO3 + H O
2

Thnh phn sn phm thay i tu theo t l nguyn liu u. thng thnh phn ca n

nh sau:

PbO : 47,9%
SiO2 : 47,9%
SO3 : 4,2%
3/ Oxit km:
Bt mu oxit km c loi cha v khng cha ch. Nu oxit km cha > 5% sunfat ch th
c xem l oxit km - ch.
Oxit km c dng bt mu trng, cu trc tinh th, kch thc ht 0,1 0,5m
Kch thc ht ti u lc ph ln nht t 0,2 0,3m.
Khi ht cng mn th ph cng cao nhng cng nhy vi tc nhn kh quyn, quang
ho, ho hc.
ZnO l bt mu c tnh kim yu phn ng c vi axit bo t do trong du hay sn
phm phn hu ca cht to mng. Khi lng axit t do ny thp th hin tng ny lm tt tnh
thm t ca bt mu, gim sa lng bt mu trong sn, tng cht t tnh chu m ca mng. Nu
lng axit t do ln s lm keo t, mng sn m v km bm dnh.
- Nu lu ngoi khng kh s b carbonat ho lm tng mui tan trong nc v gim
lc ph.
- So vi TiO2, ZnO km v nhiu mt nhng nh c trng kh cao v gi thnh thp
nn c dng nhiu trong cc loi sn, mu, sn men cht lng trung bnh dng sn trong
nh.
4/ Litopon (ZnS + BaSO4):
L bt mu trng kt tinh (thu c bng cch ng kt ta ZnS v BaSO4 theo ng
lng) c ch s khc x 2,0
Khi tng Zn th lc ph tng
Bn kim, km bn axit. ZnS b axit long phn hu y H2S ra. Tuy vy n bn vi
axit bo t do trong du hay cht to mng, bn vi kh cng nghip hn ZnO.
- c dng trong sn c c dung mi v sn pha nc lm vic trong nh, ngoi tri,
ni c kh hu khng khc nghit.(Trong sn long litopon d b sa lng)
- Gi thp hn ZnO.
III/ Bt mu en:
T ngi dng than xng v mui t cc m chy c khi lm nguyn liu mu
en. Hin nay ngi ta vn dng than xng v mui lm bt mu en trong sn v trong mc
in. Ngoi ra mt s hp cht khc cng c dng lm bt mu en.

Mt s loi bt mu en:

Loai
-Mui t ng khoi
-Mui lo
-Mui en
-Graphic (Natural or synthetic)
-Than g
K2CO3
-Than a
-Oxit st (t nhin)
-Oxit st (tng hp)
-Antimon (t nhin)
-Antimon (tng hp)

Thanh phn
83
99
95
80
50

95 % C
99,5 % C
99,9 % C
98 % C
70 % C;
3050%CaCO3,
Fe2O3, SiO2, MgSiO3
Fe2O3, SiO2, t set
99% Fe3O4
khoan 65% Sb2S3
hu ht la Sb S

1/ Than mui:
Mui nh dn khi, mui l thuc loi than mui.
Mui ng dn khi c mu en m.
Mui l c mu en xm.
Than mui c dng rng ri lm bt mu en trong cng nghip sn, mc in. Cng
nnghip cao su dng khon 90% sn lng than mui. N dng vai tr l tc nhn gia cng v
n hn l to mu.
- Kch thc cng b th cng en v lc ph cng ln. Ngc li th c mu en xm.
- Thnh phn C t 83 95 % tp cht l mt lng nh khong
- Than mui c dng ht cu rt nh (bt cc mn) 0,01 0,6m b mt ring ln 5 30
m2/g, thm du cao 50 250g du 100g mui. T trng thc 1,75 2 g/cm3, t trng biu
kin 0,1 0,4 g/cm3 (do xp).
- Mui than hp ph cht lm kh trong sn cha du TV lm gim hiu lc kh.
2/ Mui n:
Mu v kch thc ht ging mui l nhng mm hn v d phn tn trong sn hn. N
c to thnh khi t nhin liu t du m vi khi lng khng kh khng t chy
hon ton, khi thay i lng khng kh th kch thc ht cng thay i. Nu lng kh tng th
sn lng bt mu gim nhng ht mn hn v mu en hn.
Kch thc ht: 0,06 0,1m
hp ph du: 50 150gam du / 100gam mui
T trng: 1,75 1,83
Cng mu v lc ph ln do kch thc ht b v gn nh hp ph hon ton nh
sng nhn thy.
2/ Than ch (graphic):
L loi bt mu en xm, c nh kim.
- Graphic thin nhin loi cht lng cao cha 80 85 % cacbon cn li l hp cht silic
v oxit st. Graphic tng hp t 98% cacbon.

- Trong thin nhin than ch tn ti 3 dng: vy mng, gn l v v nh hnh.

- Cu trc tinh th lc gic, cc tinh th ny sp xp thnh lp nguyn t. Cc lp
cch nhau xa nn d tch lp.
- Rt bn nhit , bn ho cht v nhiu mi trng xm thc, dn nhit, nhit tt.
4/ Than nung:
L sn phm t khng tip xc vi khng kh cc loi c ngun gc t ng vt, thc
vt.
Chng V

CHT TO MNG.

L thnh phn quan trng quyt nh nhng tnh cht ca sn v mng sn.
i vi nhng loi sn v qu trnh to mng do hin tng vt l (bay hi dung mi) th
cht to mng c gi l khng chuyn ho, loi ny gm: cc polimer nhit do, nha thin
nhin ...Cn cc polimer nhit rn, sn phm cha du bo thuc loi cht to mng chuyn
ho nh s tham gia cc phn ng ho hc to mng khng gian lm cho mng bn vng vi
nhng iu kin khc nghit.
C th phn bit cc cht to mng nh sau:
+ Cht to mng thin nhin: du thc vt (du bo),nha thin nhin, bitum
thin nhin...
+ Cht to mng bn tng hp: cc dn xut ho hc ca polimer thin nhin (cao su...)
+ cht to mng tng hp.
1.

DU THC VT V DU C.

Du v du c thuc loi du thin nhin, n c dng trong sn, vecni, nha bin tnh
v lm cht ho do trong sn nitro xellulo. Du c ly t cy, ht, qu hoc mt s loi c.
Ni chung l c th c ngun gc t ng vt hoc thc vt. S dng nhiu nht l du thc
vt hay cn gi l du tho mc.
I/ Du tho mc:
1/ Cng thc chung:
Du tho mc l este ca glixeri vi axit bo v thuc loi triglixeric, c cha thm lng
rt t cht khng bo.
- Cng thc chung ca du:
CH 2 _ OCOR
CH
CH 2

OCOR '

OCOR "

V cu trc c th biu din nh sau:

C
1

22

Cc ng 1, 2, 3 tng trng cho cc gc axit bo.

Nu 1 nm trn t giy, 2 hng ra xa ngi c th 3 hng v pha ngi c.
- Thnh phn ca du bin i tu theo phng php sn xut, iu kin v thi thi gian
bo qun du trc khi s dng.
- Cc axit bo ch yu c trong du l nhng axit mch cacbon c cu to thng no hoc
khng no.
+ Cc axit bo no:
a. capric
C10H20O2
a. Lauric
C12H24O2
a. Myristic
C14H28O2
a. Palmitic
C16H32O2
a. Stearic
C18H36O2
a. Arachidic
C20H40O2
a. Behenic
C22H44O2
+ Axit bo khng no:
a. oleic: CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du lc)
a. linoleic: CH3(CH2)4CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH - (CH2)7COOH
a. linolenic: C2H5 CH = CH - CH2- CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH(CH2)7COOH
a. rixinobic:CH3(CH2)5CH - CH2 - CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du ve)
OH
a. oleostearic:
CH3 -(CH2)3- CH = CH -CH = CH -CH = CH - (CH2 )7COOH (c nhiu trong du
tru >80%).
Nhn vo cc cng thc cu to ta thy gia nhm cacboxyl v cc ni i ca axit
khng no u c 7 nhm -CH2-. Tm quan trng ca cc nhm khng hot ng ny c xem
nh l ho do ni.
-

Cc axit bo phn b trong du theo quy lut phn b ng u:

Nu du c cha % axit bo A

Ton b triglixeric l s gc axit bo A

100

> 60

23

33 66
12
< 33
01
Tuy nhin mt s nh nghin cu khc th cho rng s phn b axit bo trong du khng
tun theo quy lut phn b ng u m n phn b mt cch hn n.
- Ngoi axit bo, trong du cn c cc thnh phn khng bo ( chim khon 0,1 1 %
trng lng ) nh sp, photphatic, cht mu.
+ Sp: l este ca axit bo vi ru cao phn t.
V du: ru xerilic C26H53OH.

23

+ Photphatic: l este ca glixerin trong ngoi axit bo cn c c gc photphatic, trong

gc ny c mt nguyn t H c thay th bng mt baz c N.
V d: kephalin
CH2 _ OCOR1
CH _ OCOR
2

CH

OH
I _
_
_
CH2
NH2
P CH2
II
O

2/ Phn loi du tho mc:

Ngi ta phn loi du tho mc da vo kh nng kh ca chng, kh nng kh do tnh
khng no ca axit bo trong du quyt nh. khng no c nh gi bng ch s Iod CI (CI
l s gam iot phn ng vi 100 g du). Da vo ch s ny ngi ta phn loi du nh sau:
a/ Du kh:
C CI > 130 cha nhiu axit bo khng no c 2 n 3 ni i nn kh nhanh. V d: du
tru, du lanh.
b/ Du bn kh: CI = 95 130
Mng sn chm kh, d nng chy, d ho tan do dng kt hp vi du kh.
V d: Du u nnh, du hng dng, du ng...
c/ Du khng kh: CI< 95 , khng dng sn xut sn c.
V d: du ve, du da
3/ Sn xu t d u:
Du c th c sn xut bng hai phng php: chic di p lc v chic bng dung
mi.
Chic di p sut:
V d: dng tch du lanh t ht cy lanh:
Sau khi ht c lm sch khi tp cht l, v v thn bng phng php thi hoc sng
c a vo nghin trong my nghin ng (3 5 trc). Sau chuyn sang ni nu hnh tr
c cc a nm ngang v cc dao gt quay quanh trc nm trn a. Cc ht nghin c cho
vo gi trn ni ri nh dao gt y chng xung cc a thp hn. Ni c trang b v bc un
nng bng hi nc v mt phn hi nc c cho vo trc tip lm m n hm m yu
cu, khi i n l thot y ni nhit ca bt lanh t 190 2000F.
Trng thi vt l v hm m thch hp l nhng yu t rt quan trng quyt ng hiu qu
ca qu trnh chic di p sut. Ra khi ni nu, bt c chuyn sang thit b chic loi thu
lc hoc loi expeller
Vi loi thu lc, bt phi c to thnh ming, sau bc trong tm c bn bng
lng lc trc khi c gia cc a ca thit b p thu lc (mi thit b trn 20 a). Khi tng
p lc, lc nn tc dng ln bng bt tng, lc u tng chm sau t n cc i (khong
4000 PSi). Thi gian p 1 gi. Du chy qua b phn lc th ri vo thng lng. Bnh bt
c
nghin lm thc n gia sc.
Thit b xpeller khc thit b trn l c vt xon hoc thit b iu ho c p di p lc
ng k qua thng trn (xi lanh) nh trc vt du c chy ra qua l nh c lc v chy vo
thng lng. Bt cha khon 4% du c tho ra dng ming vn.

24

Nhit ca du c tch ra bng phng php trn t 170 180oF. khi lm lnh trong
thng cha, mt vi hp cht c tch ra (sterin, photphatic...) dng kt ta. Cho thm vo
cht tr lc ri tin hnh lc tch tp cht, sau cho vo thng cha. Du ny c bn
dng du th, lc hai ln c th dng lm sn ngoi tht, kho, sn xut linoleum (vi sn) v
nhng ng dng khc.
Chic bng dung mi:
u im ln nht ca phng php ny l hiu sut thu hi du t ht cao (99 99,5%).
u im na l cng nhn lao ng t (hin nay tt c cc nh my u dng thit b lin tc,
iu khin t ng). Du u nnh rt d chic bng phng php ny:
u c lm sch, cn nt, trn vi hi nc, to mnh v c a vo h thng chic
dung mi. Nhng mnh u nnh c cn mng khon 0,008 0,01 inch v vn bn khi
qua x l trong h thng chic. Nh vy s tch c du nhiu m khng to nhng ht mn do
s b, gy ca cc phin mng ny (s b, gy ny lm cn tr tc lc ca du).
Vi cc loi ht khng to phin mng bn nh ht lanh, bng th kt hp vi phng
php chic bng p lc hiu sut chic cao nht v loi b nhng vn do ht mn gy
nn.
Qu trnh chic c thc hin theo phng php ngc dng vi dung mi nng, hn
hp dung mi v du sau c tch bng cch cho bay hi v chng ct. Dung mi cn li
trong nhng ming ny c tch ra nh nhit v hi nc trc tip.
Dung mi l hexan hoc tricloruaetylen.
Yu cu ca dung mi:
+ Gi thnh thp.
+ Gii hn si hp
+ n nhit ho hi b
+ Khng gy c hi
+ Khng chy n
Tricloruaetylen t chy n hn so vi hexan.
4/ Lm s ch du:
L qu trnh tch cc hp cht khng bo dng huyn ph hay dng ho tan, cc acid
bo t do, cc cht mu.
Tc hi ca cc hp cht cn tch i vi mng sn:
- Hp cht khng bo dng huyn ph: lm mng sn km ng nht, km ng nh, d
ht nc v gy kh khn trong qu trnh sn xut nh lm bn thit b ho du.
- Hp cht khng bo dng ho tan c tnh keo nh photphatic, cht nhn lm mng sn
d ht nc do chng l nhng cht a nc, d trng trong iu kin thng nn d lm cho
mng sn b rn nt.
- Cc acid bo t do v sn phm phn hu ca chng l cc acid, andehyd phn t thp
lm gim tc kh ca mng sn, d tc dng vi bt mu ( to x phng) gy ra hin tng
keo ho, lm gim tnh cht ca mng sn.
- Cc cht mu: lm cho du c mu thm, do khng dng sn xut cc loi sn c
mu sng c.
V vy cn phi lm sch du trc khi s dng
a/ Phng php l ng:
lng trong thi gian nm ngy hoc hn, cc tp cht c hc s lng xung.
Phng php ny n gin nhng tn km thi gian nn t dng.Mun rt ngn thi gian
c th:
+ Nng nhit ln 35 405 C
+ Thm vo cc cht rn hot ng b mt nh t hot tnh.

+ Lc
qua
mng
lc.

b/ X l nhit:
un nng du ln nhit 220 3000C tht nhanh, cc cht keo ho tan v cc cht
nhn s keo t li, sau lng, lc hoc ly tm tch chng ra.
lng nhanh c th thm vo mt t t hot tnh (< 3%)
Do x l nhit cao nn s oxy ho d xy ra cc ni i lm nh hng n tnh cht
ca du ( ch s iot gim, ch s acid tng). V vy phi lm ngui nhanh.
c/ Phng php hydrat ho:
Lm cho cc cht keo tan trong du v photphatic tan trong du hp ph nc, trng ln
tch ra khi du dng nh bng ko theo cc tp cht c hc v mt phn cc cht mu.
C th hydrat ho bng cch dng nc hoc hi nc hoc dng dung dch cht in
gii ( mt s dung dch mui, HCl m c, H2SO4 ...).
V d: cho vo du lanh hoc du hng dng 5% nc un ln 70 800C, khuy hn
hp 45 pht.
Ch : vi cc phng php trn, trong cn du c cha kh nhiu du (3035%), c th
thu hi li bng 2 cch:
- Trch ly bng du xng.
- X phng ho du trong cn du thnh x phng ni ln ri em dng.
d/ Ty trng bng cch hp ph:
Dng t hot tnh hp ph cc tp cht c ln trong du. t hot tnh thng dng l
loi silicat nhm ngm nc: mAl(OH)3nSiO2pH2O.
- Mc ty trng t l thun vi thi gian ty nhng nu thi gian qu lu th tc ty
gim.
- Hm lng nc trong t cng nhiu th kh nng ty cng gim. Do , phi sy t
tht k trc khi s dng.
- Phng php ny tiu hao du kh nhiu do t hp ph du t 50 100% so vi khi
lng t. Do phi thu hi du t t bng cch:
+ Trch ly bng du xng (l dung mi ho tan du m khng ho tan cc hp cht khng
bo b t hp ph).
+ X l bng km bin du thnh x phng ri em dng.
+ Dng t sau khi hp ph lm mattit, cht gn ...
Thc hin:
un nng du ln 1001200C, khuy u v cho t hot tnh vo. Sau mt thi
gian dng my lc p tch cc tp cht v t ra. Nn tin hnh trong mi trng chn khng
(khong
0,8 atm) trnh s tip xc ca oxy khng kh (s oxy ho du).
Nhc im ca phng php ny l nhit 1001200C phng php ny khng tch
hon ton cc cht khng bo.
e/ Ty sch bng kim:
Dng dung dch kim trung ho cc acid t do c mt trong du. X phng to thnh
ko theo cc tp cht nh tp cht c hc, cht nhn..
cc tp cht lng nhanh ngi ta thng thm vo mt t nc nng hoc dung dch
mui n. Lng kim dng va trung ho cc acid bo t do (cn c vo ch s acid: s
mg KOH/1g mu).
Du x l bng kim c ch s acid thp nht, ti a khong 0,25 c xem l du tt
nht dng lm vecni v sn xut nh.

f/ T y bng acid:

Cho acid mnh H2SO4 vo du th trong thng cha. Khuy trn u, nn cho acid ch
va than ho cc tp cht v lm cho chng tch ra. Nc c cho vo dng phn
ng, acid c tch bng cch ra vi nc nng hoc hi nc.
Sau khi qua m lp du tch ra v c lm kh bng cch khuy trn cho nc
bay hi.
Du tinh ch bng acid c ch s acid cao do s to thnh mt vi hp cht sunfat. Ch s
acid cao thun li i vi vic nghin mt s bt mu trong sn trong nh nhng khng dng
trong sn c bt mu c hot tnh cao.
Thc t ngi ta thng kt hp mt s phng php trong vic x l lm sch du. V d:
phng php hydrat ho + ty sch bng kim + ty trng bng hp ph: hydrat ho bng cch
dng dung d ch HCl 0,25% vi lng 2% so vi du nhit 30500C, thi gian 30 40 pht.
Trung ho bng dung dch NaOH(150 bomme) nhit 50700C trong thi gian 30 40 pht
vi lng 100150%. Ra sch, tch v sy chn khng x phng to thnh. Ty trng
du trong chn khng vi 2% t hot tnh( t ny c sy k nhit 951000C) trong
khong mt gi. Sau lc ly du sch.
5/ X l du.
tng cht lng v p ng cc yu cu c bit ngi ta tin hnh x l du sau khi
lm sch bng mt s phng php sau:
a/ un:
Thng p dng i vi du lanh hoc du u nnh cng c th dng phng php ny.
- Gia nhit du n 4500F cho PbO vo v khuy trn u. Gia nhit tip n 5000F ri
cho binobat cobalt v mangan vo ri khuy trn.
C th dng axetat cobalt v manborat thay cho linoleat kim loi. Trong trng hp ny
mui kim loi c cho vo t t 4500F v nhit c tng n 5250F. M c gi
nhit ny n khi mui kim loi chuyn ho thnh x phng.
Vi mui axetat, im dng ca phn ng l khi nghe mi ca CH3COOH trong khi t
ni.
Du x l bng phng php un c dng phi hp vi sn mu hoc sn trng m
khng c thm cht lm kh.
b/Trng hp nhit:
Gia nhit du lm sch n nhit xc nh v gi nhit ny trong thi gian cn
thit nht t n gi tr xc nh.
Nhit xy ra trng hp nhit ca cc du nh sau:
- Du lanh: 575 6000F
- Ta t: :
575 6000F
- u nnh: 600 0F
- C:
550 560 0F
Nhit cng cao th tc trng hp cng ln. Tuy nhin khng c cao qu do:
+ im bc chy ca du vo khon 6100F nn phi trnh ph nng gy ho hon.
+ nhit cao du b phn hu to cc axit bo t do v cc hp cht c mu ti lm
gim cht lng ca du khi dng lm sn.
+ nhit cao tc oxi ho du ln lm gim s ni i trong du v xut hin cc
sn phm phn hu lm du c mu ti.
khc phc cc nhc im trn nn tin hnh trng hp du trong ni kn c sc kh tr
hoc trong mi trng chn khng.
- Khi tin hnh trng hp, ch s axit tng theo nhit . Nhit cng cao th ch s axit
cng cao do cc axit t do c to nn bi s phn hu nhit v phn hu oxi ho. Nu tin

hnh trng hp trong mi trng chn khng th ch s axit b hn do trong h phn ng c

mt t khng kh hn v mt vi axit bay hi c tch ra nh chn khng.
- Thi gian trng hp nhit i vi a s loi du thng di nn rt ngn ngi ta
dng cc xc tc nh: PbO, ZnO...Ngc li c mt s loi du c cha nhiu ni i lin hp
(du tru) th phn ng xy ra qu nhanh nn d b gel ho. V vy i vi cc loi du ny th
nhit trng hp thp hoc tin hnh trng hp cc nhit ring bit hoc c th phi hp
vi cc loi du khc c cha cc ni i khng lin hp (V d: du tru/ du lanh = 1/11/2 ).
C ch phn ng nhit trng hp:
+ Du c ni i lin hp th s xy ra phn ng cng hp dien - ander to cc sn phm
cng hp dien, dien - trien, trien.
V d:
R
I CH
CH II
II
CH
I
CH
II
CH
I
R'
'

RI

RI
CH
CH
I
CH

CH
II
CH

CH
I
CH
II
CH
I
R

R
CH = CH

CH
I
R,
Sn phm cng hp ien

R
R

CH

CH
CH
CH

CH
CH

CH
R

CH

CH
CH

CH

CH

CH

CH
CH

CH

CH

CH

,
R

CH

CH

Sn phm cng hp ien - trien

,
R

R'

R
I CH
CH II
II CH
CH
I
CH
II
CH

RI

RI
CH
CH
II
CH
I
CH

I
CH
II

CH

CH

II
CH

I
CH

CH = CH

R'

R
'

CH
I
CH
II
CH
I
R'

II
CH

CH
I

CH = CH

R'

Sn phm cng hp trien.

+ Du cha ni i khng lin kt th c 2 kh nng:
Trong qu trnh phn ng du cha ni i khng lin hp s chuyn sang lin hp v xy ra
nh trn.
Trng hp mch trc tip:
R
I
CH2

RI
CH2

I
CH

I
CH
II

II

CH

CH

I
2 CH2
I
CH
II
CH
I
CH2
I
R'

2 *CH

CH2

CH = CH

CH

CH = CH

CH2

R'

CH2

CH = CH

CH

CH = CH

CH

R'

I
CH
II
CH
I
CH2
I
R'

Cc nhm CH2 nm k cc ni i trong cc phn t du s b kch hot v phn ng

vi nhau (trong du c cc ni i lin hp cng c cc phn ng ny nhng t)
- Qu trng trng hp mch trc tip c xy ra cc phn ng ph nh sau:

* Phn ng phn hu to axit t do:

CH2
I
CH
I
CH2

OCOR1

CH2
II
C
OCOR2
+
I
CH2
OCOR3

OCOR2
OCOR3

RCOOH

* Phn ng lm t lin kt C- C.

R
R

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

R'
R

CH2

R'
CH

CH3

= CH 2

= CH2

R ' CH2 CH3

Cc sn phm ph s bc hi ln (ngi ta gi sai l hi du) cc sn phm ny lm mu sc

ca du b thm li.
- Trong qu trnh trng hp nhit cc ch s ca du s b thay i: Ch s iot gim, ch s
axit tng, ch s nht tng , khi lng ring tng...
c/ X l bng vi:
Trn th trng c bn du vi ho c nht cao (Ngay c hm lng 35% trong
dung mi vn cn nht cao). Du ny c dng ch yu trong sn vi CanxiCoater. Mt
lng nh dng trong sn men kin trc r tin .
Du x l vi thng l du lanh, du c hoc hn hp cc du ny.
- Du trng hp nhit c vi ho bng cch cho vi ti vo nhit 300oF ri tip
tc nng nhit ln 400-450oF .
V d : Vi ho du lanh :
Du lanh trng hp nhit : (148Poize)
90gal
Du lanh trng hp nhit :
10gal
Vi ti :
30lb (Pound)
White spirit
230gal
Gia nhit 90gal du ln 600oF sau lm ngui xung 300oF. Cho qua hn hp vi ti
v 10gal du cn li vo t t v khy trn mnh. Tng nhit n 450 F sau lm ngui
xung 400oF trc khi pha long vi White spirit .
d / Oxi ho :
Thi lung khng kh hoc oxi qua du nhit 160 - 250oF gy nn s oxi ho du
kh nhanh lm tng nht . Khng c gia nhit du ln qu 410oF v qu trnh trng hp
oxi ho to nhit d lm du bc chy .
Vi phng php ny to du c nht cao vi gi thp hn trng hp nhit. Nhng
tnh cht hai loi ny s khc nhau :
* Sn phm trng hp oxi ho c mu vng hn , km bn lo ho hn .
* Do trng hp oxi ho nn s to ra cc nhm -COOH lm cho du c th phn ng vi
bt mu c tnh kim lm keo kt sn v vy loi du trng hp oxi ho khng dng lm sn
mu .
* Trong thnh phn du trng hp oxi ho hm lng oxi ln hn nhiu so vi trng hp
nhit .
Tuy nhin du lanh v du u nnh oxi ho c bng v tnh cht chy tt c dng
trong sn men , sn
e/ Tch dung b ng mi :

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc thay i ho tan theo nhit .

 tch mt cu t trong hn hp cc cu t c tnh cht gn ging nhau c th dng

dung mi ho tan cu t m khng ho tan cc cu t khc. Sau thay i nhit th cu
t tr nn khng tan. thu c mt cu t tinh khit c th tch nhiu ln.
V d : Tch du lanh bng phng php hai giai on :
* Giai on 1:
- Kh mu t 11 xung 1 trong phn tinh
- Tch acid bo t do .
* Giai on 2:
Tch du tinh ch thnh hai phn : phn c ch s iot cao v phn c ch s iot thp tng
ng vi tnh cht kh tt hn v km hn. (Phn c ch s axit b hn dng lm nha alkyd).
Giai on 2
(ch s It)

Giai on 1

Mu
Ch s It
Acid bo (%)
% du

Nguyn
liu u
11
185
0,8
100

Phn
Tinh ch
1
185
0,05
98,5

Phn tch

Cao

Trung bnh

en
170
1,8
1,5

1
210
0,03
48,5

1
160
0,07
50

f/ Thu phn du v este hoa li:

Vi phng php tch trn c th tch du thnh hai phn tng ng vi tnh cht
kh tt hn v km hn. Tuy nhin triglycerid ca hu ht cc loi du l glycerid hn hp c
ngha l trong hu ht cc phn t du ba gc acid bo l khc nhau.
V d: Trong mt phn t du lanh gm:
Mt n hai gc linolenic
Mt n hai gc linoleic
Mt gc oleic
Vi phn t th c mt gc stearic
Do vy mc d tch c phn kh tt hn nhng du cha phi l tt nht do mt vi
phn t cha ti thiu l mt gc acid bo c khng no thp.
Vi phng php ny du c tch ra thnh acid bo v glycerin. Cc acid bo c
tch ra ring l bng chng ct hoc kt tinh ri este ho li vi glycerin to mt lot du t kh
tt nht n km nht.
Cng c th lm tng kh hn na bng cch este ho cc acid bo bng cc alcol
khng phi l glycerin. Thng l cc alcol c chc cao hn glycerin.
V d
HO

H2C
C

HO

H2C

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

Pentaerithrytol
HOH2C
HOH2C

CH2

HOH2C

31

CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

dipentaerithrytol
Sorbitol
OH
HO

H2C

CH2

HO H2C

OH CH2
OH
OH

H2C

CH

CH

OH OH

OH

2,2,6,6

CH

CH

CH2

OH

OH

tetrametylol cyclohexanol

Nc ngot

Hi nc
Nc
Du
- Tch acid bo: Dng phng php chng v kt tinh.

Acid beo

- Phng php tch du: Du c th c tch hoc thu phn bng nhiu cch:
+ X phng ho du vi NaOH sau x l bng acid v c thu li acid bo.
+ Cho du v lng nh nc vo ni chu p sut cao thu phn du thnh acid bo
v glycerin.
Nhng phng php ny nu tin hnh gin on th khng kinh t bng phng php
lin tc. Phng php lin tc gi thnh sn phm thp v sn phm thu c c tinh khit
cao hn. Vi phng php ny, nc v du chy ngc chiu qua mt ct c gia nhit v p
sut, khng c xc tc. Du i ra bn trn ct v nc ngt (l nc c cha glycerin) i ra
y ct.Vng gia ct c thit k sao cho nc ri xung tng git nh qua du nhit
khong 5000F. Hiu sut ton phn khong 9899%.

Vic tch hn hp thnh tng phn ring l khng phi l n gin do tnh cht vt l ca
cc acid bo tng i gn nhau.
- Este ho bng cc acid bo:
Cc acid bo thu c c th em este ho vi cc alcol nhit thp hn im si ca
alcol mt t trong ni kn c sinh hn ngng t. C th dng xc PbO hoc Naphtanatcanci.
V d: Este ho du lanh vi Pentaerythritol.
Acid bo du lanh:
2130g
Pentaerythritol:
255g.
Gia nhit acid du lanh ln 3200F trong 30 pht v cho Pentaerythritol vo. Tng nhit
ti 4660F trong 45 pht v duy tr nhit ny dn khi t ch s acid yu cu (khong 8 n
10).
Pentaerythritol c ly d 10,5% t mc este ho gn nh hon ton.
Du sau khi tng hp c trng hp nhit bng cch tng nhit ln 5500F v gi
nhit ny n khi t nht cn thit.
g/ ng phn ho:
Mc ch ng phn ho l ci thin kh ca du bng cch thay i v tr ni i
trong phn t m khng thay i s ni i.
V d: ng phn ho ni i khng lin hp
R CH =
CH

CH2

,
R

CH = CH

thnh ni i lin hp:

R

CH

CH = CH

CH = CH

,
R

CH2

Ni i lin hp ny lm cho c tnh kh tt hn v trng hp nhanh hn.

Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp ng phn ho du khng tng kh, bn nc v
kim ca mng do ng thi xy ra s ng phn ho theo hng khc:
V d:
R
R

CH

CH = CH

H H
R

C= C

Cis

CH2

CH = CH
H

,
R

C=C

,
R

trans

Dng trans km kh hn v c cu hnh n nh hn.

h/ Kh nc trong du ve (du thu du):
Thnh phn acid bo ch yu trong du ve l acid ricinoleic c mt ni i nn n thuc
loi du khng kh nhng sau khi kh H2O s chuyn thnh du kh. Phn ng xy ra nhit
cao nn c th dng xc tc h nhit phn ng. Xc tc c th l H2SO4 c hoc
long, Dietylsulfat.
H2SO4 c c hot tnh xc tc mnh hn nhng lm mu du ti hn.
C ch
R
H

OHH

13
12

11

R
H
+

H
H2SO4
H

C
C
O

S=

OH
Nhit phn

H2O

33

13
12

10

-H

SO

C
H

11

10

u tin xc tc acid phn ng vi nhm OH ca acid ricinoleic to este, sau nhit cao
s nhit phn xy ra v acid c tch ra.
Qu trnh phn ng khng ch to sn phm kh nc 9,11 m cn to sn phm 9,12.
ng thi vi hin tng kh nc, hin tng ng phn ho cng xy ra to 50% ng phn
cis v 50% ng phn trans.
R
H

H C

H C

H
H
H

C
C

H
H

,
cis 9,1R2

CiRs 9,11

H
,

trans R9,11

tranRs 9,12

Qu trnh kh nc nu tin hnh trong mi trng chn khng th m du hn di p

sut thng.
Do trong trong ng c nc tch ra nn s gay ra hin tng thu phn mt phn du,
tip l phn ng este ho gia nhm OH trn C12 ca du v acid bo t do. Hin tng este
ho ny lm cn tr phn ng tch nc do nhm OH c bo v.
Phn ng kh nc l thun nghch nn ch xy ra n mt mc no (ngay c trong
mi trng chn khng nc c tch ra).
Ni chhung qu trnh phn ng kh nc xy ra rt phc tp do c xy ra cc phn ng
ph.
V d: S trng hp mt phn du kh nc nhit cao.
Kh nng trng hp ca n g phn 9, 11 cao hn 9,12 do du ve kh nc thng
phm ch cha 25% acid linoleic lin hp 9,11 (sau khi kh nc acid linoleic lin hp 9,11 v
khng lin hp 9,12 mi loi chim 40 n 42%).
Ngoi ra ngi ta c th chuyn du c mt ni i thnh du c 2 ni i bng
phng php kt hp Oxy sau kh nc.
V d:
R

R
H

C
R

H
O2

H
,

34

OH

OH

-2H

2O

C th xy ra phn ng tch 1 phn t nc ri sp xp li to ceton. y l phn ng

khng mong mun:
i/ Maleic ho:
R

R
H

H
O2

OH

OH

R
H

-2H

2O

,
R

,
R

OH C
H

C
R

,
R

Thng dng Anhydricmaleic vi hm lng 2 n 10% nhm tng tc trng hp ca

cc loi du cha acid bo khng no. sn phm c to thnh gi l du maleic ho hay cn gi
l Ac. Sn phm ny c th este ho bng Glycerin hoc Pentaerythritol hoc trung ho bng
kim, NH3, amin... to sn phm tan trong nc dng lm sn nc hoc sn nh tng.
- C ch to Ac nh sau:
+ Du c cha ni i lin hp:
R

CH

CH

R,

CH

CH

R
O

,
R
O

+ Du c cha ni i khng lin hp:

R

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

,
R
R

CH

CH

CH

CH
O

CH
O

,
R
O

R
O

CH
O O

O
O

,
R
O

Du maleic ho so vi bn thn n c nhng u im sau : d dng b nhit trng hp

hn, mu sn phm sau khi nhit trng hp sng hn, mng sn kh, chu nc v bn
kh quyn hn.
Do maleic n mn cc loi thp ghnh ng, st nn ni phn ng phi lm bng thp
khng gh nh nhm. Qu trnh x l c tin hnh nh sau:
Du v anhydric maleic c gia nhit trong ni kn c ng thng hi v khuy
trn mnh. Nhit phn ng thay i t 200 n 2800C ty thuc vo loi du c x l.
Sn phm c ra bng nc v xc nh ch s acid.

35

k/ ng trng hp vi Styren:
mt vi kha cnh, du ng trng hp ging vi du maleic ho do chng c to
nn bng cch cng hp cc cu t khc vi phn khng no ca cc phn t du. Tuy nhin
trong du ng trng hp, cu t c cho vo phi c kh nng trng hp. V d: Stiren, (metyl stiren, cyclopentadien l nhng monomer c dng nhiu nht hin nay:
CH3
CH2 = C

CH = CH2

- Khi tin hnh ng trng hp du v styren c th bng hai phng php, dung
mi hoc khi:
* Phng php dung mi: Phn ng d iu khin, xy ra chm hn, nu sn phm i
hi khng cha dung mi th phi tch dung mi.
* Phng php khi: xy ra nhanh hn nhng c khuynh hng n trng hp ca styren
to sn phm khng trn ln do sn phm khng tng hp vi du. hn ch ngi ta dng
hn hp 25(35% (- metyl styren v 65( 75% styren thay v 100% styren s cho sn phm
ng nht vi cc loi du.
tng tc phn ng thng dng xc tc peroxit nh peroxit benzoyl...phn
ng
c tin hnh trong ni kn c thit b hi lu.
- Sn phm c bn kim, nc tt v kh bn lu (tui th), nhy vi dung mi thm
(do c PS). C th c dng trong sn kin trc v cng nghip.
C ch: rt phc tp.
Trong qu trnh trng hp gia styren vi du kh s xy ra mt s phn ng ng thi.
Phn ng no xy ra vi tc nhanh nht s l phn ng chim u th v quyt nh sn
phm to thnh.
(C 6H5COOH)2

....

2C6H6COO

__
C6H5 [ CH2
CH

2C6H5

__
CH n] CH2

(R

Mch PS c th pht trin theo hai hng:

CH2

Mch PS s kt hp vi phn t du:

a)
b)

__

__
R __ R
+

__ __
+

__

2R

R__ __

2CO2

__ __
CH [ CH2__ CH ] nCH2

CH

__

Ni i ccng
) nhiu th xu hng ny cng cao..., nht cng ln v d b gel
ho. Ngo i ra cn+ c2 phn ng trng hp gia
styren v du:

CH
CH2 = CH

CH2__ CH

CH

__ CH
CH

CH

CH
__
CH2 __ CH
HC

CH
R'

R'

II/ S to mng:
Trong qu trnh kh khng kh, mng tip nhn 10 ( 12% oxi, to cu trc peroxit ng
thi to nn cc sn phm phn hu oxi ho. Lin kt ngang gia cc phn t du c hnh
thnh to sn phm polimer khu mnh.
- C ch to mng:
R

CH = CH
R

__

__

O2

R'

CH

__

CH

R
R'

R
CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

+ O2

CH

CH2
*
C H

CH
+ OOH

CH

CH
CH

CH

CH

__

CH

__

CH = CH

R+ R

__

R'

R'__CH __ CH R'
R
R'

CH

CH

OH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CHOOH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH
OH
CH
CH + O

or

CH

CH
CH
*
CH
CH
CH
CH
CHOOH
C
H
CH2
C H
C H
CH2
CH2hp n CH
(To ra hidr o p2eroxit c hu2 yn cc ni i
t khng lin
lin hp, t2o

thun li cho
R'
R'
R'
qu trnh
mch). R'
R'
khRu'
Vi phn ng u: Ch s iot gim.
Vi phn ng sau: Ch s iot khng i.
Trong qu trnh to mng, ch s peroxit, hidro peroxit tng.
+ Tip tc xy ra phn ng phn hu cc peroxit, hidro peroxit to mng li khng gian v
to sn phm ph. Chuyn mng du t dng lng sang rn.
. Sn phm ph c kh nng bay hi: H2o, H2O2, HCOOH, CH3COOH .. .
. Sn phm ph khng bay hi: Axit bo mch ngn, andehyd, xeton.. .
.
__ CH __ R'
R
CH
.
R

CH
O

CH

R'
__
R

R
O

CH = CH
R'

O
CH
_ R'
+

__

__

R __ CH = CH

__

37

R'

R'
__
R
OOH

CH

CH

R'

__ ' O
R

O
R

CH

__

CH
2

__ '
R

R
R__ CH

R'

__

CH =CH

CH2

CH R'
O
R CH =
CH

R'

__

OOH

__

CH

R'

H2 O

H 2O 2

R'

CH

CH = CH

CH

R'

Khi sy nng cn c cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:

( Trng hp nhit ).
R

CH

CH

CH
CH

CH
CH
R'

R'
R

CH

CH

CH
CH

R
CH

''

CH

__ '
R R'

CH

CH

CH

dien _ dien

CH

R
CH =

CH

CH

'

CH

CH

CH

R,

,
R

CH
CH
,
'
R

R
''''
CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

(dien - trien)

R
''

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

'

CH

CH

CH

CH

R,

CH

CH

R,

(trien trien)

, c n i i lin hp th di tc dng ca nhit th s xy ra

NuR,du khngR'
' '' '
hin
tng ng phn ho to ni i lin hp ri xy ra phn ng trng hp nh trn hoc
c th trng hp mch trc tip gia cc nhm metylen:
R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2
CH

CH2

.
CH

CH

CH

38
CH

CH

CH

CH

.
CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

C
H
,

III/ S phn hu v lo ho mng:

Di tc dng ca nh sng, t bit l tia t ngoi, cc tc nhn ho hc (dung
mi hu c, nc,...) s gy ra hin tng phn hu v lo ho mng.
Qu trnh phn hu cng xy ra ng thi trong qu trnh kh mng nhng vi
mc nh hn, Khi qu trnh to mng kt thc th s phn hu xy ra ng k.
* C ch:
OOH
OOH
R C
R1

CH

R2

O
R3

CH

R4

CH

R1

O2

CH
R

HOH

OH

R4

R2

R1 C

H 2 O2

R3 CH

R4

CH
OH
O

O
CH

R2

OH

R2

O
R3

CH

CH

,
R C

,,
,
R

,,
R

RC HO

,
R C HO

CHO

HOC

CHO

O
O

HOC

(Aldehyd mach ngan)

Ngoi ra do mng kh vn cn cha cc lin kt i v mt vi Hydroperoxid c

kh nng hp th Oxy, nc, nh sng. Di tc dng ca cc yu t ny, lin kt i
c th b Oxy ho to 2 nhm Hydroxy hoc tn cng vo nhm Metylen hot ng to
Hydroperoxid. Nhm Hydroperoxid c th bin i to Ceton hoc Hydroxy.
V d: a/
R

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH
+

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

b/

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

CH 2

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH
O2

CH

,
R

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

,
R

CH

CH2

CH

OOH

CH

CH
+

CH

O2

- 2H O
2

OOH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

C H2

39
CH

CH2

,
R

H O

(2 NHA DNG TRONG SN

i vi nha tht kh c mt khi nim c th bi v n c thnh phn ho hc
v tnh cht vt l thay i trong mt gii hn rng. Tuy nhin nu nhn chung th mt
nha c th c nhng trng thi sau:
+ C th thay i trng thi vt l t rn, cng, dn sang lng, nht, khng bay
hi.
+ Mm khi gia nhit, khng c im nng chy xc nh (chng t khng kt
tinh 100%).
+ L hp cht hu c nn phn ln ho tan trong dung mi hu c, tr mt vi
trng hp ngoi l.
+ To mng lin tc khi lm lnh dung dch nha nng chy hoc khi bay hi
dung mi t mt dung dch nha.
+ Mt hn hp gm nhng cht ho tan ln nhau th trong sut (nha - nha
hoc nha - dung mi) cn nu khng tan th s c.
Vi nhng iu kin trn th c rt nhiu cht hu c c xem l nha.
Tuy nhin ch c mt s nha c dng trong cng nghip sn v ngoi cc yu
cu k thut n cn phi p ng yu cu v kinh t.
- Nha dng trong sn c chia lm 2 loi:
+ Nha thin nhin
+ Nha tng hp
I/ Nha thin nhin:
C ngun gc t ng vt hoc thc vt.
1/ Nha c ngun gc t thc vt:
thu c t:
- Nha r t cy.
- Chic bng dung mi
- Khng vt.
a/ Nha thng: c chia lm 2 loi
Gm: l m r ra t cy thng. tng tc r ca nha th sau khi x
rnh pht ln rnh dung dch H2SO4 50 ( 60%.
Thnh phn gm:
Nng:
Nha thng
68%
Nh:
Turpentin
20% (du thng)
Nc
12%
Hn hp thu c em chng ct tch H2O v Turpentin. Nh thng thu
c trng thi nng chy cho qua b phn lc ri vo thng cha. N c mu vng
n en ph thuc vo phng php x l v loi thit b dng chng ct.
Nha thng g: G v r em nghin nh ri chic bng dung mi Naphta
nng.
+ Thnh phn: Trong qu trnh chic c th xy ra mt vi phn ng ho hc nn
thnh phn nha thng sau khi chic l:
Nha thng

40

Turpentin
Dipenten
Sn phm thu c em lc, chng ct phn on tch phn bay hi v
nha thng th. Nha thng th c mu sm v c mt t cht mang mu. C th tch
cht mang mu bng mt trong cc phng php sau:
X l dung dch nha trong Naphta nng bng Fufurol, sau lm ngui,
lng s tch thnh 2 lp: nha trong Naphta v mu trong Fufurol.
a dung dch nha trong Naphta nng qua cc ct hp ph (t hot tnh,
gii hp bng Alcol - Naphta) gi li cc cht mu.
Nha thng g c khuynh hng kt tinh nhiu hn nha thng gm.
c im ca nha thng:
- V thnh phn:
Cha 90% Acid nha v 10% hp cht trung tnh.
Trong Acid nha ch yu l Acid abietic v c th b ng phn ho to Acid
levopimaric:
COOH

COOH
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

a. abietic

CH3

a.levopimaric

CH

CH3

CH3
- C kh nng x phng ho:
+ Nhm -COOH c trung ho bi kim, Oxit km to nha thng kim ho v
Resinat km dng lm cht hot ng b mt.
+ To Resinat Mangan, cobalt, ch dng lm cht lm kh cho du v sn.
Tc dng vi cc Alcol to ra cc ester c th phi trn vi cc
loi nha khc v vi du lm sn hoc Vecni.
V d:nha thng cho tc dng vi Glycerin dng trong keo (cht tng dnh,
bt dnh), mc in, sn phn tn trong nc v mc:
O
H2C

O
CH3 C

CH
CH2 O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH
CH3

CH

im chy mm thp, Acid cao nn thng c bin tnh bng cc

CH
CH3
CH3
phng php ho hc trc khi3 dng lm sn v vecni.
Cc phng php ho hc bin tnh nha thng:
CH
CH3
+ Maleic ho:
Sn phm c to thnh bng cch ester ho Auc abietic maleic bng Glycerin
hoc Maleic ho ester ca Glycerin vi nha thng:
COOH

COOH
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3
CH3

CH3

C OOH
CH3

CH3

O
CH
3

41O

CH3

CH3

H3
O

Sn phm to thnh l ester.

+ Phn ng to nha a tu:
nha thng c kh nng phn ng vi Phenol, Andehit... Sn phm phn
ng gia nha thng v PF gi l nha Copal nhn to:
COOH
CH3

OH
+

CH3

...

CH2

CH2

OH

CH3
..

CH3

CH3
CH3
HO

CH3

CH2

CH2

COOH

CH3

CH2
O

CH2

HO
CH2

CH3
CH3

CH3

.
.

Sn phm to thnh cn nhiu nhm -COOH nn ngi ta cho tc dng vi

glycerin (ester ho) ri trn vi du thc vt lm sn sn hp ng thc phm
b/ Nha m:
CH3COOH
c ly t t v c ngun gc t thc vt. Loi
nha ny c nhiu cc vng
nhit i v c 2 loi: Nha Copal v nha Anta.
Nha Copal:
C thnh phn cha xc nh r, nhit nng chy cao hn so vi cc loi nha
thin nhin khc.
Sau khi x l nhit 280 ( 300oC v chng tch cc cht bc th Copal d ho
tan trong nhiu dung mi hn v kt hp hon ton vi du thc vt.
Nha Anta:
Thnh phn ho hc gm 70% Polyester ca Acid succinic
(HOOC-(CH2)2COOH) nen tnh cht ca n gn ging vi nha Polyester tng hp.
Nhit chy mm xp x 175oC, nhit nng chy 300oC, tan tt trong hydrocacbon
thm, du thng. Hin nay n c dng ch to sn du.
c/ Bitum:
C 3 loi: bitum thin nhin, bitum nhn to v PEC.
Bitum thin nhin: C 2 loi ch yu:

42

Asphaltit: L loi bitum tt nht, cha t tp cht, c nhit nng chy

kh cao (( 980C).
- Asphan:
Cha nhiu tp cht hn do nhit nng chy thp hn Asphaltit, km bng
hn. Loi ny c ly t qung asphan ( tn ti 30% bitum, 70% tp cht).
ly bitum t qung th phi dng dung mi chic bitum ra.
Bitum nhn to:
L sn oxi ho cn du m hay bn thn du m, cracking sn phm du m hoc
bin tnh ho hc du mo, n khc vi bitum thin nhin l cha t tp cht hn
v trong thnh phn c CaSO4, tan nhiu trong du khong hn, cha t lu hunh hn
v lu hunh kt hp khng cht ch nn khi un nng n 2000C th H2S thot ra.
Cha axit asphaltogenic.
PEC:
PEC l sn phm chng kh, cracking hoc nhit phn cc loi du, g, acid
bo,...Do vy ta c cc loi PEC tng ng nh: PEC nha g, PEC stearin, PEC than
, PEC du...
- PEC than :
L cn ca qu trnh chng ct nha than , khng tan trong cn, este, tan mt
phn trong white spirit, du thng, du xng, tan hon ton trong CS2, CHCl3, xylen,
benzen... khng kt hp c vi du do khng th dng lm sn du.
- PEC du:
L cn ca qu trnh chng ct du, tan trong CS2, CHCl3, benzen,...bn vi
kim v acid, dng ch to sn du gy (hm lng du t).
PEC nha g: l sn phm chng ct nhiu loi g. Trong thnh phn ca
n c cha nha, cc oxi acid, alhiric, phenol,... tan trong cc hp cht thm, du
khong, t tan trong hp cht mch thng.
- PEC stearin:
L sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct acid bo bng hi nc qu nhit. Sn phm
ny c nht ln, tan trong C6H6, xylen, du thng, CS2, CHCl3. Thng c dng
lm sn cch in, chiu nhit loi sy nng.
+ thnh phn ca bitum:
- Du khong: l cc hp cht mch thng loi paraphin, naphten,
polinaphten, khng b hp th bi t st, tan trong tt c cc loi hu c, lm tng kh
nng ho tan ca bitum nhng lm chm qu trnh kh ca mng sn.
- Nha trung tnh: l sn phm trunh gian ca qu trnh trng hp cc
cacbua hiro, c khi b hp ph bi t st, lm mng sn trn c s bitum co gin, n
hi.
- Asphalten: l sn phm oxi ho, trng hp, lu ho nha. Lm mng sn
trn c s bitum cng, dn, nhit nng chy cao, tan trong benzen nhng khng
tan trong cn, du xng. Trong bitum th nha trung tnh v asphalten l hai thnh
phn quan trng nh t.
Vi bitum cha cng nhiu nha th cng d kt hp vi du thc vt nn
d dng dng sn xut sn, mng trn c s bitum c tc dng chu nhit, ha
cht, nc, chng g nhng km bn di nh nng v vy thng dng qut ln kim
loi, b tng,... s dng trong mi trng chu ha cht, nhit . Nu dng ngoi
tri th thm vo mt t bt nhm hn ch rn nt.
2/ Nha c ngu n g c t ng vt.
Nha cnh kin :

Nha cnh kin do su cnh kin nh ra. Lc u cnh kin dng thanh
hay dng ht gi l gomme lc. Ngi ta un gm lc vi nc si chuyn ha cht
mu c trong gm lc ri cn thnh tm rt mng, c mu vng gi l shel lc. Nh
vy shel lc l nha cnh kin qua ch bin.
- Thnh phn:
Thnh phn ch yu ca shel lc l ester ca Acid bo m ch yu l
Acid aleiritiric:
CH 3 ( CH2 )2 CH ( CH 2 ) CH
7

COOH

OH

OH

Ngoi ra shel lc cng c cha khong 5% sp.

Shel lc nng chy 110 ( 1150C, ho tan trong C2H5OH, kim, amoniac
v mui ca axit leoric.
Shel lc c dng ch to nhiu loi sn, c bit l sn cch in. c
im ca mng sn c shel lc l c bn c hc cao, khng ht
nc.
II/ Nha tng hp.
Nha tng hp dng ch to sn khng nhng ch c tc dng thay th cho phn
ln cc loi nha thin nhin m ch yu con l sn xut cc loi sn t bit (sn
chu nhit, sn chu ho cht, thi tit ...). Vic s dng nha tng hp cn cho php
tit kim bt mt lng du thc vt dng lm thc phm.
Khi xt n tnh cht ca nha tng hp dng ch to sn cn chu n
nhng tnh cht sau:
+ Kh nng ho tan vo dung mi v kh nng kt hp vi cc thnh phn khc
trong sn (du, nha thin nhin ...).
+ Kh nng bm dnh, co dn, bn kh quyn.
+ Kh nng cch in, n nh ho hc ...
Cc tnh cht ca nha lin quan n vic dng ch to sn:
- Trng lng phn t: Trng lng trung bnh tng do tnh cht c l tng
nhng kh nng ho tan gim.
a phn tn: gim bn nhng tng kh nng ho tan.
Cu trc: Ch c cu trc mch thng v mch nhnh mi c kh nng ho tan
cn cu trc R3 khng nng chy, khng ho tan. Do nha dng ch to sn ch
c th l P mch thng hay P ang giai on chuyn bin dn sang R3 (v d: PF
rezolic).
Qu trnh chuyn t cu to mch thng sang R3 l qu trnh ng rn mng sn.
C th thc hin bng 2 cch:
+ Dng xc tc (cht lm kh) hoc sy nng mng sn.
+ Dng cht ng rn.
Thnh phn ho hc v phn cc: cng c tc dng quyt nh n tnh
cht
ca P.
V d: Mun mng sn khng chy, bn vi axit, kim th nn dng monomer c
tn ti halogen. V d: VC, vinylten clorua.
1/ Nha alkyd:
L nha poli ester c cu trc R3 c ch to t alhiric ca axit lng chc m
ch yu l alhric phlalic v ru a chc m ch yu l glycerin v penta ery thrytric.
CH2

CO
O
CO

CH

OH

CH2OH

OH

CH 2OH

C
(A

CH2

OH

44
CH2OH

CH2O
H

Nha alkyl i t AP + glycerin gi l glyphtal,

AP + penta ery thrytric - penta phtal
- Mng sn trn c s nha alkyd khng bin tnh c c im: bm dnh tt vi
nhiu vt liu, n hi, bng, bn di tc dng ca nh sng nhng li c nht im
l dn, d nt, ht nc, kh ho tan trong dung mi do cu trc cht ch. Do trong
thc t rt t dng nha alkyl khng bin tnh lm sn
- Ngi ta thng bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo hoc du thc vt.
a/ Bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo.
Nguyn liu: glycerin, AP, acid bo c th cho vo mt lc hoc tng hp
monoglyceric ca acid bo trc
CH2

OH

CH

OH

CH2

RCOOH

OH

CH2

OCOR

CH

OH

CH2

OH

Mnoglyceric + AP to ra cu trc nhnh:

CH 2

CO

CO

CH

CH2

CH 2

O
CO ...

CO

CH

CH2

...

O
CO

CO

Tuy nhin, vic tch Acid bo t du thc vt rt phc tp v gi thnh cao nn

phng php ny t s dng.
b/ Bin tnh alkyd bng du thc vt:
Thnh phn:
Triglyceric
Glycerin
AP
i vi phng php ny khng th a nguyn liu vo cng mt lc v nAP +
Glycerin to sn phm khng tan trong du.
Cu to ca nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt c th biu din nh sau:
HOOC

COO

C3 H5

OOC

OOC

C3 H5

COO

OH

...

CO O

OCOR

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng c du bn kh v du kh. Cc gc R ny

cn c cc ni i c kh nng kt hp vi nhau bng nhng cu ni Oxy -O- (trong qu
trnh ng rn) lm cho Polymer c cu to mng li rt thch hp lm sn:
O
HOOC

CO O

C3 H 5
O

O OC

45 C

CO O

H5

O OC

CO
CO

COO

C3 H5

OH

Nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt c th pha thm mt t

nha thng (hm lng nha thng khng nn vt qu 10%) gim nht
nhng lm cho mng sn dn.
Tnh cht ca nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt ph thuc ch
yu vo cc yu t: lng du, khng no ca du.
+ Hm lng nha trong du c nh gi bng % trng lng du (hay Acid
bo) trong nha. N thng dao ng trong khong 30 ( 70%. Cn c vo hm lng
du trong nha Alkyd bin tnh c th phn lm 4 loi nha:
loi nha
hm lng du (%)
bo
> 60%
bo trung bnh
45 ( 59%
gy
35 ( 44%
rt gy
< 35%
Hm lng du ( bo) cng cao th dung dch nha cng t nht, kh nng ho
tan vo dung mi cacbuahydro mch thng cng d dng, sn cng d ngm bt mu v
c kh nng dng chi qut gia cng, mng sn co gin tt, bn vi thi tit nhng
km rn, t bm dnh, km bn vi dung mi du nhn v chm kh.
+ khng no ( kh) ca du:
Du cng kh th mng sn cng kh nhanh nhng n lm dung d ch nha c
nht cao, d b keo ho, mng sn chng b lo ho. Do thng dng kt hp du
kh v bn kh mng sn chm lo ho v c tc dng ho do.
Nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt c bng cao, cng, bn vi nc,
nh sng v thi tit, bm dnh tt vi kim loi v tng i co dn. Ngoi ra n cn c
kh nng phi hp vi nhiu loi nha khc nn phm vi s dng kh rng.
2/ Nha Polyester m ch thng:
c 2 loi: no v khng no
a/Nha Polyester no:
c to thnh t ru 2 chc no v Acid 2 chc no.
Nha ny ch c dng ho do cho cc loi nha khc nh: PVC, UF,
Melamin-formandehit ...
b/ Nha Polyester khng no:
Ru 2 chc v acid 2chc khng no c th dng thm mt t glycerin,
pentaerythric,acid thm,no...
Nha a t xong cho ho tan vo mt loi monomer (thng l styren).Monomer
va l dung mi va l cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng ng trng hp vi nha
to thnh cu tru khng gian .Cu to ca nha sau khi ng trng hp vi styren
nh sau:

46

..
...

OC
CH2

CH

CH

OOC

CH

CH

COO

CH2

CH

CH

COO

CH

...

CH
CH2
...

OC
CH

CH

CH

OOC

...

V dung mi tham gia vo thnh phn cu mng sn nn c th gi sn polyster

khng no l sn khng c dung mi (c th dng khng qu 10% dung mi thc s nh
:acetin metanol ..)
Qu trnh hnh thnh mng sn c xy ra phn ng ng trng hp nha vi
monomen di tc dng ca cht khi .Do vy cc loai bt mu v cht n dng
trong sn UPE phi tho mn cc yu cu sau :
+Khng b phn hu bi proxit
+Khng tham gia phn ng vi nha
+Khngnh hng n tc trng hp
Bt mu thng dng l :TiO2, litopon ...cht n :bt
Mng sn trn c s UPE cc bng rt cao, cng, bn vi mi mn,bn vi
nht , nh sng,noc, du xng ... nhng c khuyt im l bm dnh vi kim loi
thp
3/ Nha phenol-formandehyd
C hai loi :
-Novolc to thnh khi ly d phenol v xc tc l mi trng acid:
OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2O

Trong mi trng acid cc nhm metylol to thnh nhanh chng tc dng vi

nhau hoc vi phenol:
OH

OH

OH
CH2OH

HO

OH

OH
C H

CH2

OH
CH2

H 2O

OH

CH2

OH
CH2

O H

T ha i p2h n +ng trn cho thy cu to ca nha tng i phc tp nhng

c th
gii thch cu to ca nha nomolc nh sau :
OH
+

(m + 1 )

OH

OH
nCH2O

CH2

nH2O

Nha rezolic: to thnh khi ly d fomannehy v xc tc kim

Mi trng kim giai on u s to ra cc mono,tridimetyol, phenol
Nu tip tc a t s c sn phm nha c cu to thng v c mt t nhnh
cha kh nhiu nhm metylol t do:
-

...

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2 OH

47 CH

OH

CH2

...

CH2 OH

Nh cc nhm metylol t do nn khi un nng n 1700C hoc cho thm xc tc

acid th nha s ng rn v c cu trc khng gian .
OH
...

CH2

CH 2

CH2

CH2

...

CH2

OH

...

CH2

CH2

CH2
OH

...

OH

Novolac rezolic rt t dng lm sn v chng kh ho tan vo cacbuahydro v

khng trn hp c vi du thc vt. khc phc c hai nhc im trn ngi ta
tin hnh bin tnh nha phenol formandehyd hoc ch to nha phnol c nhm th
v para gi l nha phenol c nhm th hoc nha phenol 100%.
a/ Nha phenol 100%:
y l nha khng c bin bin tnh nhng c kh nng ho tan trong cc
cacbuahydro v trn hp c vi du .Cc c im ny ph thuc vo bn cht ho
hc, kch thc nhm th.
+ Nu l nhm th alkyl th nha d dng kt hp voi du; tan trong cacbuahydro
thng v thm. Nu nhm th alkyl th kh trn hp vi du v ch tan trongcc
cacbuahydro thm do thng dng phenol c nhm th alkyl
+
Kch thc nhm th cng ln cng d trn hp vi du nhng cng ca
nha gim .
tng hp nha trc tin phi ch to alkyl phenol , thng l
para butylphenol bt 3 t ru izobutylic vi phenol c xc tc H2SO4, c ch:
CH3

CH3
CH3

OH

H2SO4

CH3

OSO2 OH

CH3

CH3
C

H2O

CH3

CH3

CH3

OSO2OH

OH

CH3

C
CH3

CH

OH

H2 SO 4

Sau 3 tin hnh a t alkyl phenol vi formalin. Nha alkyl phenol c dng
ch ti sn nn dng cho cc dng c, thit b s dng vng nhit i v m kh
cao.

48

b/ Nha PF bin tnh:

C th bin tnh PF bng mt s cht sau:
- Acid nha thng.
Ru (thng dng butanol).
Du thc vt.
Bin tnh bng nha thng:
Loi nha ny dng trong sn xut sn du thay cho nha copal thin nhin nn
thng c tn l nha copal tng hp. Khi pha trn vi du ch to sn th thng
gi l sn albertol.
- C ch tc dng ca nha thng vi PF (xem phn nha thng).
- Sn xut nha copal nhn to, c hai phng php:
+ a t c hn hp gm phenol, formalin, nha thng. Sy nha tch ht nc
ri cho glycerin vo ester ho nhm -COOH ca nha thng 2500C. Sau cng nng
nhit ln 280 - 3000C tch ht glycerin khng phn ng ri ngui nghin.
+ un nng chy nha novolac vi nha thng theo t l:
Novolac
nhu. a thong

1
2

nhit 280 - 3000C trong thi gian 10 - 12 gi.

C rt nhiu loi nha copal nhn to, iu ph thuc vo loi phenol, t
l gia phenol vi formondehyd, t l gia PF vi nha thng, loi ru a chc dng
ester ho v mc ester ho (sn phm sau khi bin tnh phi ester ho h ch
s acid do acid c trong nha thng gy ra).
- ng dng: ch yu phi trn vi du tru sn xut sn, du ry nng
dng sn hp.
Bin tnh bng ru:
Dng ru ete ho cc nhm metylol va to thnh trong qu trnh a t phenol
vi formondehyd. Mc ch l gim phn cc ca nha lm cho n kt hp c vi
du v tan trong cacbua hiro.
Thng dng ru butylic (v ru c t cacbon hn th t c tc dng cn
ru c nhiu cacbon hn th nha s b mm.
- Cc phn ng:
OH

OH
CH2 OH
+

CH2 OH

C4 H9OH

CH2 OH

CH2

C 4H 9

Trong qu trnh sy nng. S xy ra phn ng cc nhm metylol cha b ete

ho hoc b ete ho (y C4H9OH ra) to sn phm c cu trc R3.
Bin tnh bng du thc vt:
tng kh nng ho tan ca nha PF vo du ngi ta tin hnh a t s b PF
to PF phn t thp sau cho tc dng vi butanol ri mi bin tnh bng du thc vt.
Nha to thnh c cu to nh sau:
OH

OH
CH2

CH2 OH
n

- C ch:

CH2 OC4 H9

CH2 OC4 H9

OH

...

H2O

CH2OH

CH2

O
...

CH2

(metylen quynon)

...

CH2
+

...

...

CH2

O
...

CH2
.
..
.

.
O
CH2

Nha PF bin tnh bng du thc vt cho mng sn tng i co gin, bn nc,
dung mi, thi tit nn thng dng sn xut sn men bn vi xng du, sn nhp
chu acid.
4/ Nha ure formonehyd:
UF dn, bm dnh km, tan trong mt s dung mi hn ch nn mun dng sn
xut sn phi bin tnh n bng ru (thng dng butanol). Sau khi bin tnh nha c
th tan trong rt nhiu dung mi tr du xng v du thng v c kh nng to thnh
mng sn tt. Tuy nhin t khi dng nguyn nha UF bin tnh m dng phi hp vi
cc loi nha khc nh glyphtal lm tng tnh n hi v bm dnh kim loi ...
Bin tnh UF:
To monometylol ure v dimetylol ure (nhit < 400C, mi trng kim yu
PH = 7 8,5).
NH2

NH

CO

CH2

CO

CH2O

NH

OH

OH

CH2

OH

CO

NH2

NH2

CH2

NH

Cho butanol vo v tin hnh ete ho trong mi trng acid yu (cho alhyric
photphoric hoc acid khc). imetylol ure ete ho khng hon ton to butaxymetyl ure.
NH

CH2

OH

CO
NH

NH
+

C4H9 OH

CH2OH

CH 2

CO
NH

OC4 H9

NH

CH 2

NH

CH2

OH

NH

OC4 H9

CO
CH 2

OH

CO

Sn phm ny tip tc a t to nha.

NH

CH2

CH 2

OC4 H9

CO
CH2

CH2

OH

- Trong qu trnh bin tnh ch :

+ Nn dng ru izobutylic v butanol bc 2 v bt 3 phn ng rt chm. C th
thay mt phn butanol bng xylen (r tin).
+ Dng t l phn t gam gia F/U = 2,5/1. ( to dimetylo ure to kh nng
ete ho cao hn).
5/ Nha epoxy:
Nha epoxy l sn phm a t t hp cht c cha nhm epoxy CH CH2 hay
t hp cht c kh nng to thnh nhm epoxy.
O
- C 3 loi nha epoxy ph bin:

+ Nha epoxy i t epiclohyrin v iphenylolpropan (bic phenol- A), (epoxy

ian).
CH 3
HO

OH

CH 2

CH2

CH

CH 2

Cl

O
CH 3

CH 3
Cl

CH

C H2

OH

C H2

CH

CH 2

Cl

OH

CH 3

Di tc dng ca kim diclo ridrin chuy(dnictlho

rnidhrind)iepoxy.
Cl

CH 2

CH

CH2

CH 3
C

OH

2 NaOH

CH2

CH

CH 3

CH 2

Cl

OH

CH 3
CH 2

CH

CH 2

CH

CH2

CH

CH2

+ 2 NaCl + 2 H2

Cc nhm epoxy nli tip tc tc d ng vi iphenylolpropan to nha epoxy.

CH 3
n CH2

CH

CH2

CH 2

CH

CH2

(n - 1 ) (Bic phenol A)

CH 3
CH 3

CH 2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

O
( 2n -1 )

OH

CH 3
CH 3

CH

CH

CH

2
2
Cc phn ng ph:
O
+ Thu phn epiclohirin to glycerin (do
d).
kCiHm3
+ Thu phn nhm epoxy cui mch to mhm hiroxyl.
+ Trng hp mhm epoxy to ra cu trc khng gian (phn ng trng hp cn
c th xy ra gia nhm epoxy v nhm OH.

CH2

...

...

CH

CH2

CH

...
CH2

CH

...

CH2

CH
O

...
CH2

CH
.

CH 2

CH

...

...

CH 2

CH
OH

...

CH 2

CH

...

51

CH2

...

...

CH 2

CH
OH

CH2

...

+ Nha epoxy i t PF v epiclohyrin (polyepoxy).

OH
CH2

CH2

CH2 O

CH2

CH2 O

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

Cl

CH

...

CH2

CH2

CH
O

OH

OH

OH

CH

CH2

CH2 O

...

CH2

+ Nha epoxy i t sn phm epoxy ho cc hp cht khng no.

Phn ng epoxy ho tin hnh nhit 25 ( 600C trong dung mi hu c
(benzen, toluen, clorofrom).
+ u tin cho peroxit hiro tc dng vi acid hu c (xc tc l acid) to
peraxit:
H +
RCOOH
RCOOOH+

H2O2

H2O

+ Cho peroxit tc dng vi hp cht khng no to mhm epoxy.

RCOOOH

CH

CH

,,

CH

,,
R + R COOH

CH

+ Phn ng ph ng ch l phn ng m vng.O

R

CH

CH

,
R

,,
R + RCOOH

CH

CH

OH

OCOR

,,

1/ ng rn nha epoxy:
Nha epoxy l nha nhit do nn khng th chuyn sang trng thi nng chy,
khng ho tan. Do mun cho nha c tnh cht c l tt ta phi thm vo cc cht
ng rn. Thng dng 3 loi cht ng rn: Cht ng rn loi amin, cht ng rn
loi axit v cc cht ng rn khc.
a/ ng rn bng amin v poliamid (ng rn ngui):
r ' _ c h _ c h2
o

r nh2

ch
I
oh

c h2 nhr

_c h _ c h r
2
'
o

ch
I
oh

ch 2

r
I
n
I
c h _ c h2
I
oh

*/
ng rn bng amin mch
thng:
(v d hexametylen iamin NH2- (CH2)6- NH2 ).
- Qu trnh ng rn xy ra rt nhanh ngay nhit thng v to nhit . thi
gian ng rn 1 ( 2 gi. Nu pha thm mt t dung mi loi ceton th thi gian s
dng lu hn (24 ( 48) gi.
- Lng amin cho vo phi tnh ton chnh xc sao cho mt nguyn t hir
hot
ng ca nhm amin tng ng vi mt nhm epoxy v nu d amin th cc nhm

52

epoxy s kt hp vi cc amin v hn ch kh nng to thnh cu trc khng gian

(tc l cc nguyn t hir hot ng trong mt phn t amin khng phn
ng ht). Cn nu thiu amin th cu to mng li tha tht, km cht ch.
- Do cc amin thp phn t c (bay hi) n mn kim loi. khc phc ngi ta
thng dng loi ac l sn phm ngng t gia nha epoxy v amin.
V d hexametylen diamin c cu to:
h2n
nh

(ch 2)6 _

nh 2 _ (ch 2)6_ nh

ch 3

I
ch 2 _ ch c h2 o _
I
h
(cnogi
l amin

I
_
cI
ch3

I
ch 2 _ ch c h2
I
oh xy ra
phn ng

_o

Khi dng loi ny

bin tnh) th
va phi, t to
nhit v lng cht ng rn t nh hng n phm cht sn phm (v trng lng
phn t ln nn t sai s khi chn t l v do trng lng phn t ln nn t nh
hng n tnh cht c l ca nha).
* Cht ng rn l amin thm (v d : phenylen i
amin).
nh2
I

I
n h

Qu trnh ng rn x 2y ra chm hn v ch xy ra nhit cao, mng sn

chu
nhit, bn c hc , cch in tt hn so vi mng sn ng rn bng amin mch
thng nhit thng.
* Cht ng rn l nha polyamid phn t thp (v d sn phm a t ca amin
thm hoc thng vi imer, trimer ca axit bo du kh (- NH- CO-).
- C th ng rn nhit thng hoc nhit cao. Lng polyamid thm
vo t 40 ( 100% lng nha epoxy. Hm lng ny c nh hng n tc
ng rn v tnh cht ca mng sn. Nha polyamid lm cho mng sn co dn,
bn va p, nha epoxy lm mng sn cng, rn, bm dnh tt.
b/ ng rn bng axit.
Thng dng axit lng chc ng rn. Qu trnh ny xy ra nh sau: u tin
i axit tc dng vi nhm epoxy. Sau iaxit s phn ng vi cc nhm hyrxyl
trong mch epoxy v cc nhm hirxyl mi to thnh to mt s cu ni v gii
phng nc.
_

ch2 _ ch _ o

_
o _ ch2 _ ch ch2 o

c h2 ch

h2
I
oh

o
+

_
_
r ' hooc r ' _ cooh
_
2

ch_c

ch3
I
_c _
I

r :

ch

c h_

_ _
o c
h

ch 2

_
ch
h

c h2 _ o _ r _ o _ c h 2

c
r h
I
oh

ch_ o

ch

c h_ c h_2 o
I
oh

r_

o_ c h_2 c h
I
oh

ch

I
oh

ch
2

I
oI
co
I
r'
I
co
I

ch 2

r (c o o h)2

ch2 _ c h

_ _
ch 2 o r

53
_

_ _

_
_
_ _
_
ch c h2 o r o c h2 c h c h 2
I
I
o co
oh
o co
I_
r ' co
I
r'
o
I
_ ch _
_
_ _ _
_

ch 2

Phn ng xy ra 200oC. Giai on u nhanh hn giai on sau v c khuyt

im l tch nc. khc phc ta dng anhiic ca axit.
co
r'

C ch:
I _
ch oh
I

co

co

r'

I _
ch o c o _ r '_ c o o h
I

o
co

I
c h _ o c o _ r '_ c o o h + c h 2 _ c h
I
o
I _
_
_
c h o c o r_' c o o
I
+

I
ch
I

oh

c h2

ch

_
ch 2

ch
I
oh

I
I

ch

c h2

ch
I
oh

(Phn ng ny xy ra do anhiric hoc axit khng tham gia phn ng lm xc

tc)
- ng rn anhiric cng xy ra nhit ( 200oC. Trong c hai trng hp
xy ra qu trnh ng rn nhanh hn ngi ta dng xc tc 1 ( 3% amin bc 3.
Thng dng 0,6 (0,8 mol anhydric cho mt nhm epoxy. Khi nhit ng
rn cn 120oC.
c/ Cc loi cht ng rn khc:
Ngoi hai loi cht ng rn ph bin l amin v axit ngi ta cn dng mt s
cht sau:
- Nha PF hm lng 50 ( 70% lng epoxy (nha PF dng dung dch 10%
trong butanol). Phn ng ng rn 175oC (phn ng ng rn do nhm epoxy +
hirxyl ca phenol).
- Nha UF, melamin formandehyd. ng rn 150 ( 200oC.
2/ Bin tnh nha epoxy.
Thng bin tnh nha iepoxy MP cao (2900 ( 3800) hay polyepoxy
v dng axit bo du kh, bn kh hoc khng kh. Lng axit bo dng 1 (1,5
phn t vi mt nhm epoxy.
Qu trnh bin tnh qua hai giai on:
+ Giai on 1: axit nbo + nhm epoxy nhit 130 (160oC.
rcooh

... _ c h _ c h 2

_
r _ c o o _ c h2 _ c h ...
I

54

o
oh

55

+ Giai on 2: axit bo + nhm hirxyl 200 ( 220oC:

r c o oh

_h o
2

r co o_ c h_2 c _h...
I
oh

rcoo

ch 2 ch _ ...
I
oc or

Nha bin tnh c c im:

- C kh nng ng rn m khng cn cht ng rn.
- Nha dnh tt v co dn nhng km bn ho hc v km chu nc do c tn ti
cc lin kt este.
3/ Phi hp nha epoxy vi cc nha khc
Thng thng c cc trng hp trn ln sau:
- Epoxy - Alkyd:
Cc nhm cacboxyl ca nha alkyd bin tnh tc dng vi nhm epoxy v
hirxyl ca epoxy to cu trc khng gian m khng cn dng cht ng rn.
Thng thng hay trn epoxy phn t thp vi gliphtal bin tnh bng du kh cn
tnh axit.
- Epoxy - PF loi nhit rn: chu nhit tt c th trn vi UF.
- Epoxy ng trng hp vi styren v nhiu hp cht vinyl khc: VC, VAX lm
sn, keo, ngm vi, giy...
- Epoxy trn vi cao su butaien - nitril co dn nhit kh rng.

Chng VI : CNG NGH SN XUT SN.

sn xut mt loi sn no th phi qua cc cng on sn xut sau:

Chun b
va phn
tch
nguyn
liu

Ph
i
trn

Nghi
n mn

Loc

Ph gia.

Pha
trn

Sn
ong
goi

Kim tra

Cht lm kh.
Bt mu.
Dung mi.
Cht to mng.
1/ Chun b v phn tch nguyn liu:
Trc khi a cc nguyn liu vo s dng phi kim tra li cht lng.
V d : i vi cht to mng phi kim tra li cc ch s nh: TLPT, nht,
ho tan...
2/ Phi tr n.
* Nguyn tc:

- Khi phi trn cht lng v cht rn ngi ta cho cht rn vo cht lng km theo
khuy trn.

- Nu phi a mt lng nh cu t no (khi lng ( 1% so vi tng khi

lng cc cu t) thng ngi ta khng a trc tip vo m ly mt phn hn
hp cc cu t trn u vi cu t ny to hn hp trung gian, sau phi trn
li thnh mt khi ln.
- i vi cc cu t c kh nng b bc hi, b bin i ho hc cng on sau
th c ho tan hoc phn tn s b trong mt phn dung mi v ch a phn
ny vo cng on sn bn thnh phm (sn trc khi ng hp).
* Cch phi trn: dng thit b c cnh khuy hoc dng phng php khuy tay:
- Trong thc t khng a hon ton cht to mng vo giai on phi trn m
ch a mt phn t n c thch hp vi tng phng php nghin (3
trc, bi) (sau khi nghin 3 trc, iu chnh c ri nghin bi).
Cht
tao
mang

Pha loang

Bt
mau.
-

anh paste

Nghi
n

- Dung mi.
- Phu gia.

Phi trn

Dung dch cht tao

mang

Lo
c
3/ Nghin:
Kim tra
to phn tn ng nht trong ton b th tch sn.
- My nghin: Dng my nghin 3 trc hoc nghin bi:
+ My nghin 3 trc:
Vong goiV
1

V3= 3V2 = 9V1

V2

Khong cch 2 ( 3 ( 2 ( 1.
* Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu nghin:
( Khong cch gia 2 trc.
( Vn tc v t tc ca cc trc.

( nht ca past (past qu c hoc qu lng cho hiu qu km).

* c im ca my nghin 3 trc:
( nhim mi trng , c hi.
( Thao tc nng nhc.
( Khong cch gia 2 trc d b thay i trong qu trnh lm vic. Do mn
ca sn thay i.
( Nng sut cao hn my nghin bi.
+ My nghin bi:
Khi s dng my nghin bi th phi ch ti vn tc quay ti hn.
Vn tc quay ti hn (Vth): L vn tc m trong lc li tm bng lc hng tm
(c ngha l bi s b dnh ln thnh thit b).

(vng/ pht) D: ng knh thit b

Vn tc ca my nghin bi bng = 50 ( 60% Vth s cho hiu qu nghin cao
nht.
-Hiu
qu
nghin
ph
thuc
vo:
( Vn tc quay.
( nht: Ln, b: Mn bi.
( T trng ca mt nghin : Bi thp d = 1,6 cm. Bi s d = 3,7 cm.
( Th tch bi: Bi thp: 45 ( 50% Vt/b. Bi s: 50 ( 50% Vt/b.
u im ca thit b ny l khng cn theo di.
4/ Lc:

Gi li nhng phn t c kch thc ln nh cc ht bt mu cha b nghin nh,

nhng mnh v ca bi, cc cht rn l c th ri vo. tng nng sut, thng
lc di p sut. Li lc c th l vi hoc li kim loi.
5/ Pha tr n:
Mt s phn li nh dung mi, cht to mng c a vo cng on ny.
Vic pha trn nhng hp phn cn li vo hn hp c thc hin ch yu nh
khuy trn,
6/ Kim tra cht lng:
Tin hnh kim tra ln cui cc thng s k thut cn thit trc khi ng gi sn
phm nhm m bo an ton v cht lng cho sn phm khi a ra th trng

Chng VII : QU TRNH GIA CNG MNG SN.

X L B MT
Trong phn trc ch ra rng cc phng php c s dng thnh lp n v sn xut
sn s to ra nhng tnh cht cn thit ph hp vi s a dng ca cc thit b c s dng.
Tuy nhin cho d vic lp n v sn xut c cn thn n u i na nhng mng sn cng s
khng t c nng tnh cht mong i nu b mt vt liu cn sn khng c chun b tt v
sn c c chn s dng khng ng. V d mng sn khng th bm dnh tt nu trn
b mt vt liu nn b nhim bn bi t, m (grease: m ng vt), hoc cc loi vt liu l
khc. M khng nhng lm nh hng n bm dnh m cn c th b hp th vo trong sn
lm gim cng v gim chng chu mi mn v ho hc. S quan trng ca vic loi b s
nhim bn b mt c tha nhn trong cng nghip sn, nhng tht khng may nhiu loi
sn kin trc li c s dng ph ln cc b mt b nhim bn v xu x.
Mi loi sn khi s dng s c mt chiu dy mng thch hp nht. nu sn mng hn
hoc dy hn u gy ra h hng. S khng ng nht v b dy cng cn phi trnh v n c
th l nguyn nhn gy ra s ph hu sm mng sn hoc lm gim kh nng chu mi trng.
Cc loi sn c gia cng bng chi qut phi loi b s chy ("flowed out") v nu gia cng
bng phng php phun phi c nghin nh v khng c qu t (wet) hoc qu kh. Cc
bin php phng nga vi cc ng dng khc nhau c trnh by phn tip theo.
Mi loi vt liu nn cn c nhng phng php chun b khc nhau. Trong a s
trng hp nu vt liu nn c lm cng bng phng trc khi s dung th cng kinh
t v khng cn phi lp y cc l hng bng sn ri nh bng sn kh c c b
mt bng phng. Hai trng hp ngoi l l g c th m v kim loi c (metal
casting and open grain wood). Mt lp sn nng lt b mt hoc n c th c
dng lp y cc l hng trn b mt v cht gn c th s dng lm y cc vt
lm su hn. Tuy nhin vic s dng cc loi sn ny cng khng th lm phng b mt
hon ton.
C s lin quan gia g s dng v loi n dng cho g c th m nh Si, c
ch, o hoa. Trong trng hp ny th n g l thch hp do cu trc t nhin ca
n c cc l xp su cn phi c lm y trc khi sn. Vic loi b bi g cng l
cn

thit v n lm gim lc lin kt gia g v sn. Bi ny c th loi b bng

chn khng hoc thi kh.
S bm dnh ca sn nn vi b tng c th c ci thin nh s n mn bng
dung dch acid long nh HCl, 3% phtphoric hoc 2% ZnCl2 trong nc.
B mt ca b tng v va Stucco (loi va nh thch cao nhn trt vo tng
ngoi hoc mt tin ca to nh) c xp thay i trong phm vi rng th cn phi c
mt lp sn lm kn. Cc loi sn c s dng i vi cc loi vt liu ny trong cc
kin trc ngoi tri c th b ho phn hoc b bin cht nghim trng trc khi sn li.
Nu s ho phn nh th c th c gia c hoc c lin kt bi mt lp sn ph kn
(cch ly), nhng a s trng hp cn loi b bi phn bng cch thi.
B mt ca nhiu loi giy c chun b sn bi cc nh sn xut giy. H
s dng cc loi c ho hc (chemical :"sizes") iu chnh xp ca giy hoc kh
nng tip nhn sn v mc. Giy cng c th c lm phng bng phng php ho
hc nh cn.
i vi kim loi vic x l khng nhng lm sch kim loi m cn loi b g v
x ng thi th ng ho b mt chng s n mn. Trong mt s trng hp cc
kim loi khc nhau cn cc phng php x l khc nhau nh thp, nhm, magi v cc
loi hp kim. Mt s phng php x l kim loi nh sau:
- Ty bng dung mi
- Kh du m bng hi
- Lm sch bng kim
- Lm sch bng nh tng
- Lm sch bng ho cht v th ng ho
- Kh m bng hng ngoi khong 5500F
- t bng ngn la trc tip hoc trong l khong 6000F
Lm sch bng ngn la Oxy - Acetylen
Lm sch vy thp cun nng
Lm sch c hc bng tay hoc dng c in
Phun ct hoc si
Tch mng sn c
I. Ty bng dung mi:
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm kim loi nh thn t, cc b phn ca t
lnh, sn phm gia dng v nhng chi tit nh nh bulng, ai c kim loi c bi trn
thun tin cho vic to mu, thnh hnh v cc vn hnh c kh. Cc loi du bi trn
c s dng nh: du, m, cc stearat. Cc loi cht bi trn ny cng vi bi v cn
cn phi c loi b khi kim loi trc khi sn. Phng php n gin nht v cng t
hiu qu nht l ty bng dung mi.
Trong phng php ny ngi thc hin dng mt ming d thm t dung mi
thng l Naphta hoc Stoddard solvent (sn phm naphta du m c khong si tng
i hp dng ch yu lm sch kh (khng nc)) ty nhng cht bn sau
ty kim loi vi mt tm d kh. Cc tm d v naphta s sm bo ho cht bn v
phi thay th thng xuyn, iu ny t xy ra trong thc t v cc x vi thng mc
li trn b mt kim loi. V vy phng php ny khng th to ra b mt sch c
ng thi dn n nguy c chy n. Mt s dung mi khc v hn hp dung mi
cng c s dng loi b cc cht bn c bit, nhng nhn chung phng php
ny khng thch hp to ra nhng b mt kim loi hon ton sch.
nng cao hiu qu v nng sut ty, ngi ta dng nhiu bin php khc nhau
nh:

Kh m bng hi:
Theo phng php ny cc chi tit kim loi c t trong hi dung mi nh
tricloetylen, hi dung mi ngng t v chy khi b mt kim loi ko theo m. Phng
php n gin ny rt hiu qu loi b cc loi du v m ho tan trong dung mi,
nhng n c th khng loi b c cc loi t khng ho tan. V vy phng php ny
thng c ci tin. V d kim loi c th c cho qua Zn hi sau c phun
dung mi lng v tip theo qua Zn hi khc. Nhng ci tin khc bao gm nhng kim
loi trong dung mi m sau qua zn hi hoc nhng trong cht lng si sau qua
cht lng m v hi. Vic sp xp th t nhm kch ng kim loi khi c nhng trong
cht lng thun li cho vic loi b cc cht bn rn. Cc phng php ny c th
vn hnh bng tay hoc t ng mt phn.
Hai loi dung mi c s dng rng ri nht l tricloetylen v percloetylen.
C hai loi dung mi u khng c kh nng gy chy trong Lu kin s dng kh m,
nhng Lm si ca chng khc nhau v nh vy nhit vn hnh kh m ca chng khc
nhau. V Yy tricloetylen c dng nhiu hn percloetylen v Lm si ca tricloetylen l
1880F, ca percloetylen l 2500F

S mt mt dung mi cn phi c hn ch v nhng l do sau:

- cc dung mi ny c gi thnh cao
- cc dung mi hydrocacbon clo ho thng c
- hi dung mi nng s tp trung di sn v c th b ht bi cc dng i
lu n cc n kh ca l nung gn . Dung mi c th b phn hu bi nhit v
v vy to ra HCl, HCl c th i vo l nung. Nu sn trong l c cha nha amino
th acid s thc y s ng rn ca chng b mt v to ra np nhn trn b mt.
Nu vn hnh ng th kh m bng dung mi s to ra b mt kim loi rt sch,
ngoi ra kim loi cng rt kh v khng s dng nc trong qu trnh ng thi nhit
v thi gian ttrong thit b c kim sot m bo s bay hi hon ton ca dung
mi t kim loi nng.
Qu trnh lm sch v sn lin tc:
Mt ci tin c nhiu u im ca phng php kh m bng hi dung mi
l qu trnh lm sch v sn lin tc. Qu trnh ny i hi sn phi c lm long vi
tricloetylen nh l dung mi bay hi duy nht. Thit b bao gm mt trong s cc thit
b ci tin ca qu trnh lm sch bng dung mi v i theo sau l qu trnh sn ln kim
loi lm sch bng phng php nhng, phun hoc flow-coating. Ton b qu trnh l
h thng kn v vy tricloetylen c thu hi s dng trong cng on lm sch. S
vng mt ca khng kh trong h thng ngn nga s to mng trn b mt (skinning)
ca sn v lng sn b phun ra ngoi (overspray paint) c thu hi s dng li.
Khi tricloetylen c s dng, nhit trong thit b thay i t 190 n 2100F. V vy
cc loi sn kh khng kh s kh hon ton v sn sng cho vic ng gi cc
sn phm c sn sau khi ra khi thit b. Lp sn nn sy nng (baking primers) s
sch dung mi (solvent-free) v c th b ng rn hon ton (set) khi chng ri khi
thit b to iu kin cho vic sn v ng rn cc lp sn tip theo trong dy
chuyn.
Nu sn cn nhit vn hnh thp trong thit b th metylen clorua vi im si
1040F c th c s dng. Khi tricloetylen khng p ng c yu cu ho tan sn
th c th thay bng Percloetylen nhng nhit vn hnh cao hn.
Cc h thng 2 pha:
Cc chi tit kim loi c th c lm sch, cng nh cc chi tit kim loi c
sn hoc phi sn li v mt cc li trong qu trnh sn c th c tch lp sn ra bng
cc h thng 2 pha: mt pha c cha nc v mt pha cha dung mi hu c. Cc

hydrocacbon clo ho thng c s dng rt tt trong cc h thng nh vy do chng

khng chy, nng hn nc v khng trn ln vi nc v vy chng hnh thnh mt

lp thp hn trong h thng. H thng 2 pha loi c cc cht bn ho tan trong nc
(cht bn ny khng th loi b bng dung mi hu c. Do a s cc h thng 2 pha vn
hnh nhit phng nn kim loi khi ra khi thit b s dnh nc v cn phi loi b
bng cch gia nhit v thng dng khng kh nng.
Metyl clorua hoc tricloetylen c th c s dng trong pha hu c v chng c
hot tnh tch tt i vi nhiu loi sn. Khi dung mi b nhim bn chng c thu hi
bng chng ct trong ni chng ct. Tricloetylen ngng t cc gi tr nhit bnh
thng ca nc lnh nhng Metyl clorua nhit ca nc lm lnh phi nh
hn
700F. ngc li cc thit b dng tricloetylen cn nhit vn hnh 1440F thun
li cho qu trnh tch trong khi cc thit b dng Metyl clorua thng c vn hnh
nhit phng trnh si hn hp dung mi - nc.
lm sch v tch mng sn c, cc chi tit kim loi u tin a a
su xung di nhng vo lp dung mi nm di lp nc, sau c nng ln
nhng trong nc. Cc chi tit c th c khuy o thc y vic tch cc cht
nhim bn. Chi tit kim loi sch c treo pha trn lp nc v c phun nc
loi b cc git dung mi v cc ht rn c th dnh theo. Sau cc chi tit ny c
sy kh, thng bng khng kh nng. H thng ny c th vn hnh bng tay hoc lin
tc.
Cn phi ch trnh khng nhim bn thit b bi cc ha cht nh NaOH.
NaOH phn ng vi tricloetylen to thnh sn phm c kh nng gy chy.
II. Lm sch bng ha hc:
Cc kim loi b nhim bn c th c lm sch bng dung dch kim nng cha
cc cht nh kim, x a khan (Na2CO3), Na3PO4, natri tripolyphosphate, tetranatri
pyrophosphate, borax, natri metasilicate, v natri orthosilicate. Hiu qu ty sch s
c nng cao khi dng thm tc nhn thm t. Nu nc s dng l nc cng th tc
nhn cng ha (sequestering agents) hoc tc nhn to chelat (hp cht hu c to vi
ion kim loi hn 1 lin kt phi tr) (chelating agents) gim s to thnh x phng
khng tan.
Dung dch kim loi b du v m bng s x phng ha v nh ha ch khng
phi bng s ha tan nh dung mi. V vy cc dung mi du m c nh ha c th
c thm vo dung dch ny hoc kim loi b nhim bn c th c ra bng
cc dung dch nh tng trc khi dng dung dch ha cht trn. Do a s cc dung mi
v cht lm sch kim khng loi b c g v vy thp nn c th thm cng on x
l acid loi b cc cht bn ny. Mt s dung dch lm sch bng kim cha cc
tc nhn chelating c th loi b g v vy kim loi mc thp nn c th khng cn
x l acid. Cn ch l cc dung dch lm sch c tnh kim mnh khng nn s dng
lm sch cc kim loi nh nhm.
H2SO4 long thng hay s dng nht ty g v vy nhng cc acid khc nh
aicd muriatic, phosphric, hydrofluoric, v nitric cng c s dng. Acid sulfamic c
s dng rt hiu qu v an ton hn cc acid khc x l thp khng g austenitic. Cc
cht c ch c a vo ngn chn s ha tan kim loi sau khi loi b vy. Sau
khi kh vy, kim loi c ra trong nc sch v sau c ra trong kim long
trung ha acid cn li.
III. Th ng ho hoc x l photphat
Vic x l bng photphat km hoc photphat st th ng ho b mt thp l
mt thnh cng ln v mt kinh t. Hng triu la c tit kim mi nm t vic s

dng mng photphat trn cc vt liu kim loi. Thp c nhng trong dung dch
H3PO4 cha km photphat bo ho. Mt vi acid c dng tn cng thp sau
mui km photphat kt tinh ln b mt ca thp to thnh mt lp ph tng i c
kht. Tnh cht ca lp ph c quyt nh bi thi gian v nhit ca qu trnh v
bi vic thm cc cht xc tc v cc cht ci bin khc.
Mng photphat st c to ra bng cch x l thp trong b H3PO4 c cha cc
mui nh amoni v nitrat acid photphat. Ngi ta cho rng do photphat st c to ra
bi s tn cng ca cc mui acid ln thp to ra mui khng tan trong b dung dch, t
to thnh mng ph trn b mt thp. Mng ph hnh thnh nh vy s ngn cn s
tn cng tip theo ca dung dch, v vy mng ph photphat st thng mng hn mng
ph photphat km.
Vic s dng mng ph sm nht vo nm 1869 nhng n nm 1908 mi a ra
thng mi vi pht minh ca Thomas Coslett. Sau vo nm 1929 Tanner v Darsey
pht hin rng thm mt lng nh ng vo b gia cng s gim thi gian gia cng t
1 gi xung cn 10 pht. thi gian gia cng c rt ngn hn na khi nm 1931 ngi
ta thm tc nhn Oxy ho oxy ho hidro c gii phng thnh nc, v vy loi b
c hidro trn mt phn chia gia kim loi v dung dch photphat. Sau ngi ta
rt ngn thi gian gia cng cn 2 pht bng cch tng t l ho cht ph trn hm lng
photphat cha trong dung dch x l. Gim thi gian cho vic photphat ho cho php
vic s dng n trong h thng bng chuyn v mng ph c to ra bi phng php
phun hoc nhng. Kim loi phi c lm sch bng mt trong cc phng php nu,
trong vn hnh quy m ln th cng on lm sch v cng on sy kh cui
cng c st nhp vo cng on photphat ho (to ra mt mun). Nhng cng
on ny thay i trong mt khong rng ph thuc vo yu cu x l. Cc ho
cht c bit c s dng x k st, thp nhm, km, cadimi cng nh cc dung
dch x l n l photphat ho thp, km nhm v cc hp kim ca chng.
Mng vi tinh th photphat hn ch s n mn vt kiu v to ra mt b mt m sn
dnh bm tt hn l b mt kim loi. Mng ph photphat cng ngn cn s n mn lan
to ca sn nu sn b ph hu bi phn ng ho hc.
Kt qu tng t cng c th t c bng cch lm sch v x l kim loi vi
dung dch H3PO4 nh m t trn nhng kt qu khng tt nh x l photphat. Khi
lm sch bng dung dch H3PO4 cn dung dch c nng t 15 n 20% v vi nng
nh vy khng th to mng ph photphat vng chc trn kim loi. Vi phng php
ny ch to ra 5 n 10 mg mng ph trn 1 ft2 trong khi phng php x l photphat
to ra 50 n 3000 mg/ft2 b mt kim loi.
I.4 Lm sch bng c hc:
Vic lm sch bng tay dng ba, bn chi, chi thp nhanh chng tr nn lc
hu v khng hiu qu i vi cc b mt ln khi xut hin cc dng c in, kh nn.
Vic lm sch bng tay ch thch hp i vi cc vt liu c kch thc nh v trong bo
tr (sa cha cc ch hng nh). Vy v g c th c loi b bng bn chi v chi
thp v sau thi bng kh nn. Tuy nhin vic lm sch bng tay kh loi b ht ccc
vy bm dnh cht.
Loi thit b in s dng rng ri nht l chi qut quay (ging nh chi qut
ng). N c nhiu hnh dng v kch c vi cc loi lng cng khc nhau. Thp vi
cht lng cao c th dng thng, xp gp hay dng n. Chi in loi b g v vy
khng bn (loose scale) d dng nhng phi c thit b in khc loi b nhng vy
bm chc. Nu b mt b nhim bn du hoc m nhiu th cn phi loi b chng bng
dung mi trc khi sng chi thp v chi c xu hng phn phi cc vt liu ny nhiu

hn l loi b chng. Cc chi qut khng nn vn hnh vi tc quay qu cao hoc

gi c nh ti mt ch trn b mt nn vi thi gian ln v n c th nh bng b mt
v v th lm gim s bm dnh ca sn. Cc a mi cng c th thay th cho chi thp
khi cn thit.
Cc dng c to ra va p bng in cng c s dng, mt vi dng c c s
kt hp gia v p v qut. Ba in dng rt tt loi b cc vy bm chc v cc
lp sn c dy. Tuy nhin phng php ny tn thi gian v khng kinh t bng
phng php phun ct, kim loi (dng ht) hoc cc cht chu mi mn khc Blasting
cleaning).
IV. Lm sch bng phun ct:
G v vy thp hoc mng sn c c th c loi b khi b mt thp bng
phng php phun ct, si kim loi hoc cc loi vt liu chu mi mn tng hp khc
to ra b mt hon ton sch cc tp cht ny (white metal). Trong cc loi vt liu
dng phun th ct c dng rng ri khi phun ngoi tri v cc loi vt liu khc
phi thu hi sau khi phun cn ct th c th khng cn. Bn cnh gi thnh ca ct
cng r hn. C 3 mc lm sch khi phun ct: white metal finish, comercial finish v
brush-off finish. White metal finish l lm sch hon ton g, vy g, vy thp, sn v
cc cht nhim bn khc v l iu kin tt nht sn. Comercial finish th b mt vn
cn mu do cc vt g v mt t vy thp cha b loi b. Brush-off finish c mc
sch km hn Comercial finish.
Ct s dng phi cha hm lng silic oxit ln v phi c ra sch v sng
c kch thc n g u. Loi qua sng 12 mesh c xem l c kch thc ln,
qua sng 18 mesh l trung bnh, qua sng 40 mesh l loi nh, v 80 mesh l rt nh.
mm b mt hoc dng b mt (profile pattern) (khi phun th v tr b m t no chu
tc ng ca h t ct s ln vo, v tr cn li s nh ra) ca thp c lm sch nh hng ln
ti vic chn kch thc ct v p sut kh nn. Liebman a ra chiu cao ti a ca
profile c to ra ng vi cc kch thc ca ct: 1,5 mil ng vi 80 mesh, 1,9 mil ng
vi 40 mesh, 2,5 mil ng vi 18 mesh, 2,8 mil ng vi 12 mesh (1 mil = 1/1000
inch). Nu profile qu th th s hnh thnh cc peak trn lp sn nn v hin tng g
s xy ra (v nu b mt c li lm ln th lp sn nn s khng che ph ht b mt.
Nhng ch l i ln cao s trng ra v b g (s n hoa r: g xut hin ti nhng v tr nh v pht
trin (rust bloom)). Nhn chung, chiu cao ca cc profile khng ln hn
1/3 chiu dy tng cng ca mng sn. Tuy nhin, Bigos li kt lun rng quy
lut
chung trn khng c cn c. T cng trnh nghien cu nh hng ca profile ln tnh
cht ca sn ng ngh tng thm chiu dy mng sn 1 mil trn cc b mt c profile
bnh thng so vi b mt hon ton phng, tc l nu b mt thp bng phng cn
lp sn dy 5 mil th b mt thp c lm sch bng phng php thi cn b dy
mng sn l 6 mil. Bigos ch ra rng cc profile cao di 4 mil khng c nh hng
ln n tnh cht ca mng sn trong iu kin bnh thng.
Ct t bi bin c cha mui trn b mt, nn nu n c s dng th mui s
bm trn b mt thp lm thc y s to g bn di lp sn. V vy ct phi
c chn la cn thn trnh nhn g s nhim bn nh vy v phi c ra.
Thit b phun gm thng cha ct c l y ct i qua l ny vo ng ng
c ni vi kh nn. Ap sut kh nn t nht l 90 psi y ct qua vi phun ti b
mt cn lm sch. Thng vi phun c t cch b mt 6 inch v vung gc vi b
mt. y l gc ct to ra lc va p ln nht. Tuy nhin trong vi trng hp kt
qu lm sch tt hn khi nghing mt gc 450. Cht lng ca qu trnh lm sch bng
phng php ny ph thuc nhiu vo k nng v kinh nghim ca ngi vn hnh.

B mt thp sau khi lm sch bng phng php phun rt d b n mn nn cn

phi tin hnh sn ngay. Nu khng lm c nh vy th phi dng cc cht ph c
ch, thng ngi ta dng dung dch acid cromic 2% trong nc. C th thay th acid
bng natri cromat, dicromat hoc kali dicromat. Dung dch gm 1,28% amoni phosphat
v 0,32 % natri nitric cng c s dng.
Dung dch c ch c th c s dng trong khi thi v nguy c v bi t ct kh
c loi b bng cch s dng mt vi phun cho php dung dch nc c trn vi
ct khhi n thot ra khi vi hoc s dng mt loi vi khc trong dung dch bao ph
bn ngoi dng ct khi phun ra. Mt loi thit b khc s dng nc p lc cao v
nhit cao (khong 2000F) thay v khng kh nn, iu ny s loi b c bi v cc
tia la in do tnh in, nhit cao lm cho b mt mau kh.
1/ cc phng php t y mng sn c: C 3 phng php:
a/ Phng php c h c:
- Dng co bng thp, chi hay mt s vt liu mi mn ty cc mng sn
khng bm cht vo b mt.
- i vi cc mng sn bm chc c th dng my phun ct ty.
b/ Phng php nhit:
Dng nhit lm cho mng sn ho mm, sau dng dung mi hay chi co ty
i. Nhit c th dng n hn hoc n c bit.
c/ Phng php ho hc:

Dng cc ho cht: v d dung dch kim, dung mi hu c...lm cho mng sn

b phn hu trng,...mm nhn sau dng chi st co sch, ra ht vt ho
cht cn li trn b mt vt liu sn, tht kh ri mi sn.
V d: Mun ty sch b mt thp v gang c th dng dung dch gm:
75 100 g/l H2SO4 (d =1,84).
110 150 g/l HCl (d = 1,19)
200 250 g/l NaCl
3 ( 5 cht lm chm.
Cho ty nhit 20 ( 60oC trong 5 ( 50 pht hoc dng dung dch sau:
H2SO4 15 20%
NaCl 7 10%
Nc m 1 ( 3%
Nc 77 ( 67%.
Ty 50oC trong 5 ( 45 pht.
Trong trng nhp ty g nh ch cn dng dung dch long 3 5% HCl hay
H2SO4 hoc dng hn hp sau va c tc dng ty g va c kh ,nng to mng
pht pht ho.
H3PO4 74%
C2H5OH 20%
C4H9OH 50%
Hirquynol 1%
Hn hp dung mi dng tch mng sn trn g:
Thnh phn
Metylene chloride PRG
Methanol
0
Paraffin wax (122 - 124 F ASTM)

Hm lng
90 gal
10 gal
16,5 lb

Methocel PRG - 4000 cp

11 lb
Methocel: Methyl cellulose
Cch phi trn: cho paraffin nng chy vo methylene chloride trong khi khuy
trn mnh. Cho methocel vo trong khi khuy trn. Cho methanol vo trong khi khuy
trn. Tip tc khuy n khi ng nht.
Hn hp dung mi dng tch mng sn trn b mt thp:
Thnh phn
Hm lng
Metylene chloride (tech.)
71 gal
Toluene
3 gal
Methanol
12 gal
Di - triisopropanolamine PRG
9,5 gal
Nc
1,5 gal
Methocel PRG - 4000 cp
13 lb
Areskap 100
33 lb
Oleate kali
22 lb
0
Paraffin (122 - 124 F ASTM)
16,5 lb
Triethyl amoni phosphat (40% trong etylic - 0,5 lb
monsanto)
Cch phi trn:
Cho Paraffin nng chy vo hn hp ca Metylene chloride v dung mi paraffin
trong khi khuy trn mnh, khuy cho n khi ng nht.
Cho methocel trong khi khuy
Cho methanol trong khi khuy
Cho ln lt cc phn cn li trong khi khuy
Khuy cho n khi ng nht
Trong thc t, tng hiu qu kinh t th phi chn hn hp cc cht ty ph
hp.
Kh du m : Dng dung dch kim long hoc dung dch mui.
Dung mi: Du thng, xng, dicloetan...
Phng php sng hi nc rt hiu qu v c s dng i vi cc chi tit qu
ln khng th dng phng php ngm. Dung dch cht tch c cho vo ng hi
nc nh mt vale v mt ng dn ni vi thng cha tc nhn tch. Sau khi qu trnh
tch kt thc, chi tit c th c ra bng nc nng bng cch khha vale dn
tc nhn tch vo sng.
CC PHNG PHP SN
Chn sn v k thut sn rt quan trng. Nu chn loi sn khng thch hp s
gy lng ph hay mng sn s km phm cht.
V d: Sn gy dng sn cc dng trong nh, c c im chng kh bng.
Sn bo sn cc dng c, vt dng ngoi tri c c im: chu thi tit, khng
bng, lu kh, t tin hn. Do khng th em sn gy sn ngoi tri (do km
co gin) v sn bo sn trong nh (t, lng ph).
* Sn:
Khi sn trc tin phi khuy u sn, iu chnh nht cho thch hp vi tng
phng php sn (thm dung mi). i vi cc loi sn 2 thnh phn phi
trn cht ng rn ngay trc kho s dng vi t l c hng dn khi mua
sn.

Lng sn c trn cht ng rn phi c gia cng ht trc khi cc ch tiu

k thut b thay i ng k.
- Tin hnh gia cng mng s theo th t cc lp nh sau:
+ Sn nn: l lp sn u tin, tip xc trc tip vi b mt vt liu sn do n
phi t cc yu cu sau:
( Bm dnh tt vi vt liu sn v lp sn bn ngoi.
( C kh nng chng g (nu sn kim loi).
( bn c hc cao.
+ Sn lt:
Nhm mc ch lm phng b mt c lp sn trc khi s ph ch khng lm
tng tc dng bo v ca mng sn. (Do vy nu b mt bng phng th khng
cn sn lt).
+ Sn ph:
y l lp sn hon thin nn thng i hi phi c bng tt. Do vic gia
cng lp sn ny phi tin hnh cn thn va m bo tnh nng k thut va
to c v m quan tt.
Mt s phng php c s dng gia cng mng sn nh sau:
Brushing
Preesure curtain coating
Spraying
Knife coating
Flow - coating
Roller coating Dipping
Calender coating Fluidized bed coating
Silk screen coating Sluch coating
Tumbling barrel Centrifugal coating
Mt s phng php trn c ci bin ng dng sn t ng trn dy chuyn
cng nghip.
Cc c tnh ca mt s phng php c tm tt trong bng di y:
Loi
c tnh thit b c tnh sn
Chiu
dy Tc ng
mng ((m)
dng (lt/pht)
Dng trng lc phn
tn - nht thp
10 - 65
0,5 - 0,8
hoc ht
khng kh
- long pot - life
- D s dng
Cung cp bng - p lc + - nht mi 45 - 100
0,7 - 1,5
p lc
khng kh
trng thp
- d s dng
- long pot - life
1 cu t, khng - p sut thu - nht mi 80 - 100
1,5 - 2,0
dng kh nn
trng cao
lc
- ngi vn - long pot - life
hnh phi c k
nng
2 cu t, khng - cung cp ng - nht cao
150 - 200
3,0 - 8,0
dng kh nn
thi 2 cu t - short pot - life
(twin feed)
- Ngi vn
hnh phi c k
nng
- t

I. Phng php dng chi qut v con ln:

Phng php ny s dng ch yu i vi sn kin trc. Vic s dng chi qut
s cho cht lng v v m quan ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t tay ngh ngi th sn.
Vt liu lm chi qut cng nh hng khng nh n mng sn hnh thnh.
Lng ln thin l tt nht nhng s lng t do ngi ta thay n bng tc nga
hoc si tng hp nhng loi ny khng tt bng lng ln thin. Trong mt vi loi chi
c c lng v si tng hp (thng l nylon). Mi ng dng s c mt loi chi vi
kch thc v hnh dng ph hp.
S ra i ca con ln ng dng cho din tch ln c b mt bng phng lm rt
ngn thi gian sn, nhiu ci tin ra trong thit k v kiu ca lp bao bn ngoi con
ln. Da cu (lambskin) c dng rng ri lm lp bao, nhng vt liu tng hp tr
nn ph bin hn. Chiu su ca lp lng mn trn v bc rt quan trng trong vic gi
sn trn v s bng phng ca lp sn to thnh. V bc bng nhung cho bng
phng cao nht. V bc c th ly ra lm sch.
II. Phng php phun:
S pht trin ng dng phun l t dy chuyn sn xut t t hp.
ng dng qut qu chm vi h thng bng chuyn v nhiu cng on nh
bng cui cng l qu nhanh khng th s dng chi qut. Nguyn tc c bn ca
phun sn l phn tn sn thnh cc dng phun bi nh v phun thng vo vt cn sn.
Thit b phun sn nguyn thu s dng khng kh nn nh l mi trng phn tn.
Hin nay n vn cn s dng rng ri nhng mt s phng php khc v cc ci tin
vn ra i, v d cc loi phun sn:
Compressed air spraying
Two - component spraying
Electrostatic spraying
Aerosol application
Hot - spraying techniques
Airless spraying
Steam - spraying
C 2 phng php chung cho sn phun vi khng kh nn: phng php cc ht
v phng php thng p sut. Cc ht c s dng cho quy m nh. Mt cc kim loi
cha sn c vn vo sng phun v sn c ht vo sng phun bi khng kh chy
qua mt l trn mt ng thng vi cc.
Trong phng php thng p sut sn c cho vo thng v khng kh c
nn vo thng. Sn c dy qua vi bn trong sng phun. Sn ri sng phun thng qua
mt van iu chnh, s lng sn c kim sot bi mt c sng (nt bm) trn sng
v p sut trong thng. Cc dng sn nh ri sng c phn tn bi dng kh nn thi
qua u sng. Dng phun c th c iu chnh to ra dng phun phng c s
dng rng ri hoc to dng hnh trn hoc hnh nn cho cc ng dng c bit. Loi
sng ny bao gm trn bn trong v trn bn ngoi. a s cc loi sng c thit k
c th tch ring u, dy cp, vi. iu ny cho php dng cc loi sn phm sn
khc nhau. Tuy vy vn c mt s loi sn phi thay i ton b sng. V d cc
sng c bit dng phun cc loi sn rt nht hoc cc loi sn nng t nha cy
nh hng. Mt loi sng c bit khc c s dng phun cc cht rn nh bt
thu tinh cho cc mng sn bng v dng cho cc si dt cht khc nh len. Khi hi
nc qu nhit c dng nh l mi trng phn tn th mt loi sng c dng hi vo
u sng c s dng v vy nhit ch cung cp cho phn ny ca sng.
phun sn th th tch kh nn cng cn phi . Ap sut ti sng phun thay
i t 30 n 70 Psi v thng p sut t 10 n 35 Psi. th tch kh cn thit cc p
sut khc nhau v vi cc sng phun tiu chun c cung cp bi nh sn xut.

 phun lp sn ng nht v chiu dy th phi gi u dng phun mi khi sng

phun di chuyn lui ti trn vt liu cn sn. iu ny ngha l bao ph hon ton th
dng phun phi vt xa hn thnh ca vt cn sn. V vy mt phn sn s b mt mt,
do phi loi lng sn ny ra khi mi trng hoc thu hi n thng qua h thng
thu hi.V l do ny nn phun sn cng nghip c tin hnh trong cc bung phun.
Bung phun c nhu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau v n c th l mt phn ca h
thng dy chuyn. i vi quy m nh bung phun c th l mt m trm ni vi qut
ht loi sn d. Nhng loi bung sn nh vy th sn tha s tch t li trn tng
(bt) v cc chi tit gy nn nguy c chy. hn ch s bm dnh trn cc thit b
ngi ta dng m bi ln tng, qut ht v ng dn hoc sn ln chng mt lp sn
c kh nng bong ra.
khc phc nhc im d gy ho hon ngi ta a ra bung phun ra nc
(Water wash spray booth). Vi loi bung phun ny th dng kh ht ra c cho qua
mt mng nc c to ra t vi phun. Dng nc ny s a lng sn tha vo mt
thng thu hi. Cc git nc trong khng kh ra b gi li (loi b) bi cc vch ngn.
Do dng kh ra s khng cn sn v nc.
Nhng ngi sn phun c kinh nghim c th to ra mt mng sn c chiu dy
rt u n. Nhng do h l con ngi v phi mt mi nn chiu dy mng sn phi
c kim tra nh k. Sn phun t ng rt hiu qu v kinh t i vi quy m sn
xut ln. Mt hoc nhiu sng phun c b tr phun sn. Mt thit b khi ng t
ng cho sng khi vt cn sn i vo v tr sn sng cho vic phun sn v tt sng khi
vt i ra khi vng sn.
Lm sch v sn trong lng ng dn s lm dng vt liu di chuyn tt hn v
gim gi thnh bo tr. Mt loi my c trang b i xuyn qua lng ng, n
c nhim v ty r, cn bn trn thnh, thi sch cc vt liu ri ra v sau phun sn
ln trn b mt ng khi n i ngc tr li. u quay ca my c trang b chi qut
cng, ba lm trc vy, vi kh v cc sng phun. Sn c th kh trong khng kh
hoc gia nhit bng l, kch thc ca mt l di 70 Ft, rng 37 Ft, cao 19 Ft. Nhit
gia nhit khong 250 n 4500F v khng thay i trn di 20F.
Ngc li c nhng sng phun t ng rt nh cho php a vo trong lon bia
phun nha vinyl hoc sn nhng vt rt nh.
Sn tnh in: Phng php sn ny do cng ty Ransburg Electro-coating
Coporation a ra. Vi phng php ny hn 99% vt liu c phun ra bm vo vt
c sn. Phng php ny loi b gn nh hon ton lng sn tha (over spray) v
tit kim sn ng k. Hu ht cc vt liu kim loi v phi kim u c th c sn vi
nhiu loi sn khc nhau bng phng php ny.
Qu trnh cn mt t in p ni vi thit b phun sn to mt trng tnh in
gia thit b phun v vt cn sn. C nhiu loi thit b phun hoc thit b phn tn
c s dng nhng c hai loi c s dng nhiu nht l loi hnh qu chung v loi
hnh a. Sn c cung cp cho thit b phn tn thng qua mt trc nh hng
rng. S quay ca thit b phn tn lm sn phn b u trn thnh ngoi ca thit b
phn tn. Khi sn ri khi thit b phun n c phn tn bi trng tnh in v cc
ht sn b ht ln vt cn sn do tc dng ca trng.
Cc thit b phun tnh in kiu chung v kiu a rt thch hp cho vic sn cc
chi tit trn dy chuyn t hp. mt nhm cc thit b phun kiu qu chung c th c
dng phun cc chi tit ln hoc c hnh dng phc tp, v mt chi tit c th quay
trn trn bng chuyn khi n i qua thit b phun

Vic s dng sn tnh in tit kim c mt lng sn rt ln khi sn

cc chi tit bn ngoi. Bung sn nh khung, gm xe, cc chi tit trang tr ni tht bng
kim loi. Nu sn tnh in th s sn c nhiu hn t 50 n 100% vt phm/ gallon
so vi sn phun khng kh.
Phun khng c khng kh :
Trong qu trnh phun khng kh nn, mt t sn s i vo khng kh do khng kh
trong dng phun ra. iu ny s gp phn lm tng thm lng sn phun tha
(overspay) v gy mt mt sn. Phng php phun khng c khng kh khng cn
khng kh nn cho s phn tn nhng n ph thuc vo p lc tc ng ln sn hoc b
phn gia nhit v p sut i vi cc thit b c ci tin.
Thit b ca cng ty Nordson bao gm mt bm, mt b gia nhit, mt sng, mt
b phn iu chnh nhit v p sut. Dng sn vo c tun hon lin tc trong h
thng thm ch khi sn khng c phun. Tc tun hon c kim sot bi mt van
kim, van ny cho php mt lng sn cn thit i ngc t sng phun v li cng ht
ca bm. Khi sng c khi ng phun sn th bm t ng tng tc v vy duy tr
c p sut khng i trong h thng. Sn c gia nhit gim c v thc y
s phn tn. Nhit c kim sot t ng. H thng c th c lm sch bng cch
ly que xiphng t b phn cung cp sn v c n vo thng dung mi (ng ht sn
c nhng vo thng dung mi), dung mi s thay th sn trong h thng v sn c th
c loi b nh van tho.
S phn tn ca sn c to ra bi p lc v nhit. Ap lc cao s to lc y
sn lng qua vi sng vi tc cao hn tc ti hn ca cht lng v vy n s b v
thnh nhng git nh. Thng thng vn tc khng ln so vi nht ca cht lng
to ra cc git nh cn thit nhm to b mt bng phng nn nhit s h tr vn
ny theo 2 cch: gim c v tng p sut hi ca dung mi.
Sng phun c th vn hnh bng tay hoc t ng.
Hng Gray a ra thit b cho sn phun p lc cao khng cn nhit cao v
p sut lng c to ra rt cao v u vi phun nh. Ap sut cao c to ra bi mt
bm c bit, c th to ra p sut ln gp 20 ln so vi p sut thng, n cn khng
kh cung cp p lc ln n 100 psi. s dng khng kh p lc 80 psi, bm s to ra
p lc 1600 psi ti vi phun phn tn sn.
Cng ty Cleanola cng a ra my phun sn da trn nguyn tc hot ng
khng c khng kh sn mt ngoi ca ng. My c trang b mt bm np liu, b
gia nhit v mt b thu hi hi thu hi cc phn bay hi c ngng t t sn (dung
mi). Mt b pin pin u vi phun s khi ng t ng khi ng c sn sng v
tr phun. My c th s dng phun tt c cc loi ng thng thng vi tc sn
nhanh. My c trang b di chuyn trn mt ng ray sn cc ng ang hot
ng trn dy chuyn hoc c tho ra.
Phun nng (hot spraying application)
Qu trnh phun nng hin nay c s dng cho nhiu vt liu phun khc nhau.
Cc thit b ca cc hng sn xut ch khc nhau v phng php gia nhit cho sn.
Tt c cc cc loi thit b u c trang b my iu nhit trnh hin tng qu
nhit. Trong a s trng hp nhit ca vt le sn sng phun 140 - 160oF nhng
mt s ngi vn hnh th thch phun nhit 100 - 1200F. Nhit cao hn thng
s dng phun cc loi sn c hm lng rn cao nhng n cng gy ra nguy
c "phun kh" lm tnh cht chy khng tt ( do nhit d cao qu th trn ng dn n
b mt vt liu phn ln dung mi bay hi)

Qu trnh phun nng s cho kt qu tt i vi cc sn c cha cht to mng c

trng lng phn t cao (coating based on high polymer film former). Nhng loi sn
nh vy thng cha hm lng rn thp v cn cc dung mi tng i t. Gia nhit
sn lm gim t ca n v vy c th phun vi hm lng rn cao hn. Nh vy c
th tit kim c c mt na dung mi.
Phun 2 cu t
Cc loi sn cha cc nha nh Epoxy th cn phi thm cht xc tc ngay trc
khi s dng. Do ngi ta thit k thit b trn sn v cht xc tc b ng.
Ni chung sau khi cc thng s p sut v tc dng c thit lp th thit b
ny hot ng ging nh sng phun bnh thng.
Thit b phun 2 cu t khng dng kh ca hng A Gusmer nh sau:
Hai cu t c bm qua hai ng mm ring bit sng phun. Chng c trn
s b trong sng trc khi c phn tn bi p lc. Khng kh nn khng c s
dng cho qu trnh phn tn do vy c rt t overspray. Sng c thit k c thit b
lm sch trnh hin tng ng rn trong sng
Thit b c th phun dung dch hoc cht lng 100% khng bay hi. t ca
vt liu c phun ph thuc khng nhiu vo nht cu chng hoc kh nng to
thixotropy. Nu l nht tht th n c th c phun nht 50s (o trn cc
ford, s 4) ti nhit phun. Nhit phun c th thay t nhit phng n 2500F,
p sut thay i t 100 - 500 Psi. Thit b rt tch hp phun Epoxy, UPE, Uretan v
lm gim mnh overspray v c hi.
III. ng dng Aerosol:
Vt liu sn c cha trong cc thng p sut gi l Aerosol. Trong a s cc
trng hp p sut c to ra do florua cacbon nh CFCl3 ( tr Cloflometan) v
CCl2F2 . Hn 2 hp cu t ny l kh iu kin nhit v p sut thng nhng c
th b ho lng v dng dng lng vi sn trong cc thng p sut y v phn tn
sn. Khi hn hp sn v tc nhn y ri khi thng cha th s bay hi nhanh chng
ca tc nhn y s phn tn sn.
u im duy nht ca sn aerosol l tin li, nhc im ni bt ca n l gi thnh trn
mt n v din tch cao. Sn c th dng n gin bng cch n nt trn thng cha m khng
cn chi qut hay cc thit b khc lm sch sau khi s dng. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng
hp tc nhn y v sn chim th tch gn bng nhau trong thng cha, do din tch
cph rt t so vi th tch ca thit b cha. Mt d khng c li v kinh t nhng
sn Aerosol thch hp cho nhiu trng hp : v d dng sn nhn g ch b ph hng trn g
hoc kim loi trong khi s dng hoc vn chuyn nh cc my bn thc phm t ng, cc
thit b vn phng. Sn aerosol c th thay th cho cc can (thng) sn nh bn trong cc ca
hng. S thay th ny da trn quan nim d s dng quan trng hn gi thnh ( v s
lng nh nn khng ng k).
IV. Phng php nhng:
Phng php nhng l phng php n gin nht trong gia cng mng sn. Phng
php ny c s dng rng ri i vi sn lt (lp sn lt) v i vi sn ny dy v tnh
cht khng quan trng. N c bit hu dng i vi vt liu thp nh thn t v cc dng c
trang tr ni tht bng kim lai m cc dng c ny cn chng n mn c b mt bn trong ln
bn ngoi. Nhng trng hp nh vy th b mt bn trong khng cn lp sn hon thin.
Trong trng hp vn hnh quy m nh cc chi tit c th c nhng bng tay
v treo ln gi sn tha nh i v kh. Nu quy m ln c th thc hin nhng v ly
ra trn h thng bng chuyn.

Tc rt vt liu nn ra khi thng sn c xc nh bi tc ca bng

chuyn v gc nghing ca phng rt ra so vi phng thng ng. Vi tc bnh
thng th chiu dy ca lp sn kng ng nht v tc ny nhanh hn tc m ti
sn ng cng hoc ngng chy. mng sn t c ng nht th tc rt
ra khong 2 ( 4 inch/ pht nhng tc ny li rt chm so vi a s cc bng chuyn
v nu gc nghing ca thng ln th thng phi di hn rt nhiu so vi lng sn
cn sn vt liu

Mt trong nhng nhc im ca sn nhng cc vt liu ln l s d tha mt

lng ln sn lm y thng. Cc thng sn ln cng gy nguy c chy ln. V vy
sn nh thng trong nc v sn nc thng c s dng theo phng php ny.
Do cc loi sn nhng thng l loi Oxy ho (kh nh Oxy ho) nn chng c
xu hng tng c do qu trnh Oxy ho xy ra din tch tip xc vi khng kh v
vng nhng v rut ra ca vt liu khi sn. V vy, n nh ca sn trong khi
s dng l mt vn cn ch , thm ch khhi khng t tiu chun th ton b lng
sn c th b loi b.
Tc chy ca sn c th c kim sot bng mt s dung mi bay hi v
nht ca sn. Do nht cng thp th hin tng chy cng mnh nn dung mi phi
c bay hi ln m bo dy ca lp sn. Thng, lun c s chy xy ra
sau khi rt vt liu cn sn ra v dng chy ny to thnh cc git hoc ch hng (tear)
phn di ca thanh vt liu, iu ny lm nh hng n sn phm. Cc l hng c
th c loi b bng tnh in ging nh trong sn tnh in. Vic loi b cc l ny
cn cn thn vi cc loi sn sy nng v nu cc l c loi b trc khi vt
liu nhng i vo vng nhit th cc l c th c to ra tr li v s chy xy ra do
nhit ca sn tng ln nhng cha kp ng rn.
Mt phng php sn nhng s dng h thng kn dung mi Tricloroethylene
c m t phn u ca chng ny. Vt cnn c gia nhit t cng on
lm sch, sn cng nng; v vy tc bay hi ca dung mi hu nh bng vi tc
rt vt ra nn mng sn ng nht hn v t xut hin tears.
Mt phng php sn nhng khc ci tin c s dng vi mt s loi sn
Vinyl. Cc dung dch nha ny thay i t giai on chy t do sang dng gel
khng chy rt nhanh do nhit thay i v do s bay hi ca mt lng dung mi
tng i nh. Nu vt c gia nhit trc khi nhng, mt t dung mi s bay hi
nhanh chng khi rt ra v mng sn chuyn sang trng thi gel khng chy. Vi cch
ny c th s dng nhng sn nng m khng c s ln (sag) hoc tear trong vn
hnh nhng n (nhng mt ln).
Sn nhng cc nha Vinyl c th c h tr bng cch gia nhit vt liu nn
n mt nhit no ph thuc vo khi lng ca kim loi trong vt liu nn v

chiu dy ca mng sn cn sn. Vt liu nn c nhng v rt ra vi mt tc m

ti nha b gel ho lp tc sau khi rt ra v s chy b dng. Nha sau c gia
nhit lm nng chy cc ht nha to mng lin tc.
Mt phng php ci tin khc ca sn nhng l ng dng tng si. Phng php
ny c ng dng rng ri chu u v c pht trin bi cc cng ty nh Polymer
Processes, Incorporated. Qu trnh cn vt liu sn dng bt c kch thc nh.
Khng kh nn hoc kh nn bn trong c thi xuyn qua lp vt liu bt
chuyn chng sang iu kin tng si. Vt liu nn c gia nhit n nhit xc
nh v nhng vo vng tng si. Vt liu sn s dnh ln kim loi nng v sau khi rt
ra sn s kh do lm lnh hoc c th c ng rn bi cc phng php thng thng
khc.
Chiu dy ca mng sn c quiyt nh bi nhit ca vt liu nn v t l
gia khi lng v b mt ca kim loi v cng bi thi gian nhng trong vng tng si.
Phng php ny c bit hu dng i vi cc nha nhit do nh cc nha vinyl, PE,
nylon v cc Polymer khc. Neu khng ch iu kin sn tt s khng c s chy xy
ra sau khi rt ra v mng sn c th kh ngay sau khi lm lnh n nhit thng.
V. cc khuyt tt trn mng sn:
Vai tr ca mng sn l : bo v vt liu nn v to v m quan. c c hiu
qu ti a cn phi loi b cc khuyt tt c th nh hng xu. Bng di y nu
ra mt s khuyt tt c th xut hin khi s dng sn. Trong a s trng hp
nhng khuyt tt ny c th b loi b nu chon c dung mi thch hp.
Khuyt tt
nh ngha
Air entrapment
Khng kh c th b gi li trong mng sn
khi dung mi b mt nhanh, ng rn nhanh
hoc nht ban u ca sn cao. Vn
ny c th gii quyt bng cch thm t
dung mi bay hi hoc cht ph bt
Bnard cells ( becna)
L cc n 6 cnh c hnh thnh do
nhng kiu xoy tun hon cc kiu tun
hon ny c to ra do dung mi bay hi.
S cn bng dung mi km (khi dung mi
bay hi vi tc khc nhau c th s tch
pha), s khc nhau v t trng, nhit v
sc cng b mt l cc nguyn nhn.
Blistering (phng rp)
Cc bong bng do cc git nc b hp ph
bi mng sn hoc ln trong sn c hnh
thnh trong qu trnh phi hoc nhng
Blooming (s phai mu)
S hnh thnh mt lp mng, m trn b
mt mng sn ging nh du hoc wax.
iu ny lm gim bng v b mt
mng sn xut hin cc chm lm m.
Blushing (s c mng sn)
S hnh thnh mt lp trng m c trn
hoc trong mng do s hp th m trong
qu trnh kh hoc ng rn. Hin tng
ny c th loi b bng cch gim m
tng i ca mi trng v (hoc) gim
tc bay hi ca dung mi
Chalking (ho phn)
S xi mn oxy ho ca lp sn khi chu
tc ng trc tip ca nh nng mt tri.

To thnh b mt mu trng c th c
washed off
Cissing (
Xut hin nhng din tch nh ca b mt
vt liu nn khng b ph sn
Craters (Cc h)
Nhng ch b ln xung dng hnh ging
trong mng sn. C th do cc ht gel, cht
bn, cc si, silicon khng ho tan, cc git
du.
Crawling and dewetting (s b v s khng Mt thi gian hoc ngay sau khi sn xut
thm t)
hin s co ca mng sn trn b mt vt
liu nn. Phn din tch b mt b trng ra
do mng sn co li gi l crawling.
Fat edges (mp ra)
Sn tch t ra ca b mt c sn
Fish eyes (mt c)
Cc Crater m tm ca n cha vng sn
ng nht dc bao quanh bi phn ln
xung c theo sau bi mt nh. Nguyn
nhn l do s thay i sc cng b mt
xung quanh ht bi v (hoc) s nhim bn
Floating (s ni)
S thay i mu sc hoc xut hin cc vt
m trn b mt sn sau khi mng sn hnh
thnh, kt qu l mng sn khng ng
nht v mu sc, xut hin cc sc hoc cc
vng trn trn b mt. Thng thng
nguyn nhn ny l do s tch ring ca
cc loi bt mu lm xut hin cc vng
mu khc nhau c dang bec na trn
Flooding (S lng)
L s thay i ng nht v mu sc trn
b mt ca mng sn sau khi c sn. S
khc nhau v kch thc, t trng, hnh
dng bt mu hoc s keo t to ra cc tc
lng khc nhau. S lng xy ra mnh
trong cc h thng c nht thp, cc h
thng kh chm v mng dy hn bnh
thng.
Haze (sng m)
Xut hin mt lp trn b mt lm gim
bng biu kin ca mng sn. Sng m c
th do: cc ph gia cha hiu lc
(sightly incompatible additives), cc cht
ny lm thay i sc cng b mt (v d
cht chng to bt, cht ci thin chy),
lm cho b mt tr nn x x do s ng t,
cc bec na li ti...
Orange peel (v cam)
B mt ca mng sn b nh ln v to
sng ging nh v qu cam. iu ny
c th do nht ca mng cao ngn cn
vic to s bng phng ca mng hoc do
sc cng b mt lm gim s chy. Thm
tc nhn kim sot chy, hoc dung mi c
tc

73

 bay hi thp hoc trung bnh c th

trnh c hin tng ny.
Peeling (bong, trc)
Mt kt dnh do s tch v cun li ca
mng sn
Popping (s nt n)
Cc khuyt tt xut hin khi dung mi b
gi thot ra mnh t mng lc mng d b
gel. Hin tng ny c th to thnh cc
h, crater, lm ng tin. S nt n do
dung mi c th loi b bng cch tng thi
gian kh b mt, chn dung mi c bay
hi chm hn, t chc li vic gia nhit,
hoc lm gim tc ng rn ca sn
Sagging (chy xung hoc chy lch sang Sn b chy xung v tr thp hn do trng
mt bn)
lc. iu ny c th xy ra khi sn v s
dng sn c nht thp
Telegraphing (
L s xut hin cc khuyt tt trn b mt
v khuyt tt v cu trc ca vt liu
nn bn trong mng sn ng rn.
Nguyn nhn thng thng l do gradient
sc cng b mt tng ln do gradient nhit
hoc nng trn vt liu nn. C th
lm gim hin tng ny bng cch s dng
silicon.
Water spotting
L s thay i ngoi quan b mt (surface
apprence) do s ng nc trn mng
sn hoc vt liu nn. Cc khuyt tt l do
sn nhy cm vi nc nhng cng c th
do s lng ca cc vt liu ho tan khi nc
bay hi
Wrinkling
L khu yt tt khi ng rn b mt (to mt
lp mng mng trn b mt) v tr thnh
qu c so vi linh ng cn thit cho
s chy trong qu trnh dung mi thot ra.
Lp c trn b mt hp th dung mi hoc
cht lng b gi bn trong mng sn lm
xut hin b mt gn sng x x.

74

Chng VIII: MT S PH GIA DNG TRONG SN

Ph gia c s dng trong n pha ch sn v mt s l do nh sau: d sn xut,
ci thin tnh lu bin v vic s dng sn, gip cho qu trnh to mng. Chng cn ci
thin bn lu ca sn. V vy ph gia c vai tr nht nh trong mng t hoc trong
mng kh. Di y l mt s ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh chun b sn, qu
trnh to mng v ci thin tnh cht ca mng kh cng nh n nh ca sn khi bo
qun.
Sn xut sn:
- chng to bt: cc cht ci thin sc cng b mt ngn nga s to
bt trong khi gia cng sn
- tc nhn phn tn: ci thin s phn tn v s n nh ca cc ht bt mu
trong sn.
- Tc nhn thm t: cc cht ci thin sc cng b mt nhm ci thin
tnh thm t cht to mng ca cc ht bt mu v v vy ci thin c
tnh n nh ca h phn tn.
- Tc nhn thixotropy: cc cht ci thin lu bin nhm mc ch to ra c
mng sn c dy ln m khng cn tng nht qu cao. iu ny m
bo s nghin bt mu tt trong qu trnh sn xut sn
n nh sn v duy tr cht lng:
- tc nhn chng sa lng: cc cht ci thin lu bin nhm ngn chn s sa lng
ca cc ht bt mu nng khi bo qun trong thng.
- Cc cht chng vi khun v nm mc: chng s phn hu sn trong thng
cha bi vi khun v nm mc.
- Tc nhn chng to kh: cc cht c ch hoc cht ht m dng c ch
nhy ca km hoc ht m trnh phn ng gia km vi nc v acid lm
sinh kh H2 trong cc sn c hm lng km cao.
ng dng sn, to mng v cc tnh cht ca mng t:
- tc nhn chy v to bng phng: cc cht ci thin sc cng b mt loi
b du ca chi qut, v cam (orange peel) v cc hin tng khng bnh
thng khcc ca mng.
- Tc nhn ng t: cc cht ho do nhm lm gim Tg ca Polymer cho
php cc ht phn tn lin kt (kt dnh) v to mng trong sn phn
tn. (ngha l lm cho Polymer trng thi chy nhit thp lin kt
cc ht phn tn li vi nhau).
- Cht kh bt (defoamers): cc cht ci thin sc cng b mt c tc dng ph
hu cc bt kh xut hin trong mng sn t.
- Cht c ch to g (Flash rusting inhibitors): c thm vo cc loi sn
water - borne ngn chn s n mn vt liu nn.
cc tnh cht ca mng sn kh:
- cc cht hp th UV (UV absorbers): l cc cht n nh nh sng v cht
chng Oxy ho hp th nng lng cc tm v chuyn n sang dng
nhit hoc cc gc km hot ng ngn chn s ph hu cht kt dnh.

75

- Ph gia chng ni v chng lng (floating and flooding additives): l cc cht

thixotropy nhm lm gim linh ng ca cc cu t trong mng sn t v
ngn chn s ni ca bt mu v s tch mu.
- Cht lm chm chy (fire retardants): cc ph gia lm cho sn n ra khi tip
xc vi ngun nhit (flame), chuyn t dng mng sang dng bt cng, dy.
- Tcc nhn lm mm do (toughening agents): lm gim cng ca sn khi
nha ho chng.
Cc ph gia c s dng vi hm lng thp, c loi ch s dng vi
hm lng nh hn 1% tng khi lng theo n.
I. Cht kh bt:
1.
Gii thiu: trong nhiu qu trnh gia cng, cc cht hot ng b mt
rt cn thit to ra cc hiu qu c bit. V d s nh ho cc ht nha a nc
to sn aqua cn phi c cc tc nhn b mt v tc nhn thm t. Sn aqua cng
phi cha bt mu thm t v cc ph gia phn tn cng nh cc tc nhn kim sot
chy.
Mt c trng ca tc nhn b mt l chng c xu hng tp trung ti b mt phn
chia nh khng kh/ nc, ti chng t nh hng v vic t nh hng ny ph
thuc vo kh nng ho tan v cu trc ho hc ca chng. Mt u im v s c mt
ca tc nhn b mt trong sn nc l chng c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca
h thng. Tuy nhin li c nh hng ph khng mong mun l cc tc nhn ny cng
gi khng kh v trn ln vo sn trong qu trnh sn xut v s dng dng n nh.
II. Bt l g?:
Bt c th nh ngha l kh n nh trong mi trng lng. Nu mt dng kh
c a vo mt cht lng, cc bong bng c to ra c dng hnh cu. Nu cht lng
l tinh khit, tc l khng c tc nhn b mt th cc bong bng s di chuyn ra b mt
v v ra. Kh t bong bng s b tiu tan v cht lng bao bc bong bng s chy li vi
nhau.
Trong cc cht lng c cha tc nhn b mt, cc bong bng hnh cu to bt n
nh. Mc d ccc bong bng i n b mt tip xc vi khng kh nhng chng
c bao bc bi tc nhn b mt v to thnh lp mng b mt gi l lp
mng (lamella). B mt phn chia vi khng kh cng cha mng b mt, mng ny to
thnh mt mng li n nh khi cc bong bng tp trung dy c trn b mt.
Trong sn cc bt dng cu c chiu dy cc phin ln n nhiu (m. cc phin
bao quang cc bong bng hnh thnh mt m bt. S n nh ca bt do nhiu yu t
nh: chiu dy ca cc phin n nh, cht lng khng th chy ra v mt i
nhanh chng. S ph hu bt cng b ngn chn do lc y tnh in gia cc phn t
tc nhn b mt b ion ho nm trong cc phin. Mt l do na gp phn lm cho bt
n nh l tnh n hi Gibbs ca cc phin. Hin tng ny xy ra do s ko cng
mng mng trong c ho tan cc cht hot ng b mt.
Khi hin tng ny xy ra, b mt ca phin b gin rng ra lm cho nng tc
nhn b mt b gim cc b, iu ny li lm tng sc cng b mt. Do t c
sc cng b mt nh nht c th c cc mng b ko cng s ko ln nhau (pulls
together) ging nh mt lp da n hi.
Bt c to ra trong khi sn xut hoc ng dng cc loi sn aqua v mc. m
bt to ra trong giai on trn v phn tn ca qu trnh sn xut hoc khi ng thng c
th ko di thi gian sn xut v lm gim th tch hiu dng ca h thng (do bt to ra
lm tng th tch). Trong qu trnh s dng bt n nh tp trung b mt phn chia vi
khng kh s to ra cc khuyt tt thng gp khi mng sn kh.

76

L thyt mi v bt nu ln s khc nhau gia s kh mng bt v s kh mng

kh. Cc cht kh bt ph hu trc tip cc bt c kch thc ln ti b mt phn chia
vi khng kh, cn chc nng ca cc cht kh kh trong khi v sau khi sn thnh mng
l lm tng vn tc ni ln b mt ca cc bt c kch thc nh (microfoam).
2. cht kh bt hot ng nh th no:
kh bt c hiu qu th cht kh bt phi c hm lng cn thit no trong
h sn (tc l phi t nng ti hn). Lc n mi c th thng c c ch n
nh bt trn. lm c iu ny cht kh bt phi ho tan gii hn trong sn v di
chuyn ti b mt phn chia vi khng kh. Tt nhin phi khng c hiu ng
ph khng mong mun nghim trng no xy ra nh to thnh cc crater khi s dng
cht kh bt.
ph hu bt, cht kh bt c nh ho thnh cc git nh trong sn phi
lin kt vi cc lp b mt n nh v thm vo bn trong phin bt. Tip theo cht
kh bt phi dn tri ra (ph) nhanh chng trn ton b lp tc nhn b mt b ph v.
Kt qu lm cho tnh n hi ca mng b yu i v cc phin b ph.
Hot tnh ph cao v sc cng b mt thp l 2 yu t quan trng nh gi
cht lng ca cht kh bt.
Hot tnh kh bt c th c tng cng khi a thm vo h cc cht k nc
dng phn tn vi mc phn tn thnh cc ht c kch thc rt nh nh silica.
Hiu ng ny c th gii thch nh l qu trnh kh thm t do cc ht rn k nc
thm vo mng tc nhn b mt n nh ca phin lm to ra cc vng khng n nh
cc b, t lm cho phin b rch ra.
3. cc loi cht kh bt trong sn aqua v mc:
C 2 loi cht kh bt c s dng rng ri l trn c s hydroccbon du
m v silicon. Cc dn xut du m bo v thm c s dng nh l cht ph trong
n pha ch cht kh bt. Trc y cc du thm c s dng rng ri tuy nhin hin
ti do mc c hi ca chng ln nn t s dng. Cc du bo t c hn nhng do
chng t tng thch vi mi trng aqua nn lm gim bng ca cc loi sn c
bng trung bnh v cao.
Trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip, du silicon nguyn cht c hiu qu cao,
nhng vic s dng chng trong sn thng em n nhiu khuyt tt trn b mt nh
crawling v cratering (s b v cc h). tng tng thch, ngi ta tin hnh bin
tnh polysilosan bng cc polyether k nc. Phng php ny to ra cht kh bt c
hot tnh ph rt cao trong khi vn th hin c tnh tng thch vi nhiu h thng
mang (dung mi). Ngoi ra loi cht kh bt ny khng gy nh hng xu n bng
hoc vic xc nh bng.
ci thin khuyt im ngi ta tin hnh a cc on polyether k nc vo
polysilosan (bng phng php ghp)
Khi silosan ci thin hot tnh b mt trong khi tng thch c
quyt nh bi khi Polyether. Ho tnh ca mi trng c kh bt quyt nh ho
tnh ca cht kh bt (tc l tu thuc vo ho tnh ca mi trng m chn cht kh
bt thch hp). rt kh gii thch r rng mi quan h gia cu trc ca cht kh bt
v s thay i nh hng ca chng do s phc tp ca hn hp aqua (cng thc pha
ch aqua). Do c s khc nhau rt ln v yu cu i vi cc n khc nhau cho nn
khng th c gii php chung cho vn bt.
4. a cc cht kh bt vo h sn nh th no:

77

Cn phi hiu rng hm lng v hiu qu ca cht kh bt trong sn nh tng

ph thuc vo cng thc sn xut (n), c biot l loi Polymer, khong pH, mu
cng nh cu trc ho hc ca ph gia c s dng. Quy trnh sn xut v ng dng
cng nh hng n loi v lng cht kh bt cn thit.
Khi a cht kh bt vo h sn cn phi phn bit nh tng ca cht kh bt
(chun b dng nh tng) v cht kh bt 100%. dng nh tng khi a vo h
s t gp rc ri hn (n gin hn) do kch thc l tng cc ht cht kh bt c
tc dng ti u c sn trong nh tng ri.
Nu cn tinh khit c th dng nh tng khng c cc ht k nc (cc ht
ny a vo s lm tng hiu qu kh bt nh silica cp trn)
Vi hn hp cht kh bt 100% th hiu ng kh bt b nh hng mnh bi lc
trc trong cng on nghin (shear force) hoc sn, cn thit phi m bo kch thc
ht kh bt c to ra phi tt. Nu lc trt qu ln c th lm gim hiu qu kh bt
do to ra cc git cht kh bt c kch thc qu nh khng th m bo chc nng.
S nh ho cht kh bt khng trit c th gy ra s tn hi. Nu trong qu
trnh a cht kh bt vo ta s dng ng sut trt tng i thp th th ch to ra kt
qu tt nht thi, trong qu trnh bo qun, s hp ph tng phn (tng phn: partial)
cht kh bt ln b mt cht rn c th xy ra v tng ln lm tng xu hng to bt ca
sn v cc khuyt tt b mt.
5. mt s phng php th nghim i vi cht kh bt:
Hiu qu kh bt trc tin oc xc nh trong phng th nghim. Thng
thng khng th ly kt qu trong phng th nghim p dung trong thc t
m khng c hiu chnh. Do vy ngi ta lun c gng tm cc phng php sao cho c
th nh gi c hiu qu ca cht kh bt trong sn xut v ng dng.
Mt trong nhng phng php sng n gin nht l khuy. Khng kh c a
vo nh tng di nhng iu kin nht nh, cnh khuy s dng l cnh khuy tua
bin (turbine blade). Tin hnh cn nh tng trc khi v ngay lp tc sau khi
a khng kh vo s xc nh c chnh xc lng khng kh c a vo v t
o c hiu qu ca cht kh bt. Phng php ny cng c s dng xc nh
thng trn ti u cho cng on sn xut cui cng.
Mt s cht kh bt cng c th gy ra cc khuyt tt trn b mt nh cc vn
v thm t, cratering v khng kh ln vo sn. Vic o dng chy (flowout test)
cho php nh gi hiu qu ca cht kh bt. Mu c s dng trong th khuy em
trng ln mng Polyester (Hostaphan film, hoc in North America Hecules Polyester
film) ngay sau khi trn. Mng c t nging 250 so vi phng thng ng.
Ngoi ra hiu qu tch kh ca cht kh bt c th c nh gi sau khi mng
kh.
B mt ca cc vt liu nn khng phi bao gi cng bng phng (b tng, g,
kim loi). Mc to bt thay i ty theo xp v cu trc ca vt liu nn. Trong
nhng trng hp c th, s lng cht kh bt c ti u ha trong iu kin
th

78

khuy v th dng chy khng th p dng c, nht l vi cc b mt vt liu nn c

cha khng kh (c xp ln). V vy lng cht kh bt ti u phi c xc inh
trong iu kin ng dng c th (do n lin quan n kinh nghim).
Phn ln cc loi sn nh tng c sn bng phng php ln. Trong phng
php th nghim bng con ln, ngi ta s dng con ln c lp lt xp tri 40 gam
sn ln b mt khng c tnh hp ph (card test) c din tch tng cng l 500 cm2. Con
ln c lm m bng nc trc khi s dng m bo lng sn bm ln trong khi
nhng v thi gian kh. Mng t to thnh c t l khong 300 gam/m2. Cc tm card
c em so snh sau khi kh. Trong khi sn ang kh, thi gian hu dng c tnh
bng giy cho n khi tt c cc bong bng b v ht, trong cc iu kin m thp
hoc nhit cao, thi gian v ht bong bng phi ngn.
Cc th nghim trn gip ta c th xc nh cht kh bt tt nht v t l ti u
cho mt loi sn c th, vt liu nn v iu kin s dng.

II. ph gia kim sot b mt

a s cc loi sn, du bng v mc in c ng dng di dng lp mng trn
nhiu loi vt liu nn. Cc mng ny c din tch b mt tng i ln so vu th tch
ca n, v mt din tch tip xc vi vt liu nn ln.
Trong khi to mng c nhiu vn c th xy ra nh s thm t khng m
bo ca b mt c sn, tnh cht chy kem, to thnh cc crater v bt mu b ni ln.
Ngoi ra, b mt mng c th b m hn so vi d kin v nhy cm vi tc nhn n
mn.
*. Th no l bn cht ca hot ng b mt
?:
cc hin tng xut hin ti b mt ca mng ng vai tr qan trng trong vic
to thnh cc khuyt tt, v c th nh hng n tnh cht mng. Nhng hin tng ny
c th b nh hng ln khi thm mt lng nh cc cht hot dng b mt, khc
phc nhiu vn v ci thin b mt sn.
Cc cht c xem l hot ng b mt nu chng lm gim sc cng b mt
ca mt cht lng, v d, bi s tp trung ti b mt phn chia vi khng kh. Nhiu
cht l cht hot ng b mt trong nc (Nc c sc cng b mt rt ln: 73
mN/m). mt phn t tc nhn hot ng b mt cha c phn phn cc v khng phn
cc. Phn t c kh nng hng phn khng phn cc vo khng kh v phn phn cc
vo cht lng ti b mt phn chia pha. Do c im ca cc loi sn dung mi l
sc cng b mt thp nn v nguyn tc, ch c cc fluorocarbon, cc du silicon v cc
siloxan bin tnh l cc cht hot ng b mt i vi chng.
1. Siloxan bin tnh l g ?:
Siloxan bin tnh l mt nhm th c bit ca cc compound, v c tm thy
nhiu dng khc nhau.

Siloxan bin tnh hu c c cc c im rt khc so vi polymer gc ca n l

polydimetylsiloxan. Loi ny c lin quan n s to thnh cc crater do silicon v cc
khuyt tt b mt khc do silicon. Cc compound l cc dn xut t polydimetylsiloxan
trng lng phn t thp (PDMS hoc cc du silicon). Trong cc nhm metyl c
thay th bi cc gc hu c khc nhau to tng hp tt vi sn v mc in. cc
phn hu c cuc phn t c th l polyether, polyester hoc mt gc alkyl di.
Dn xut quan trng nht l polyether. Thng Etylen v (hoc) Propylen
oxit nhn c t Polyether c s dng, tng hp vi nc tng ln do c cha
nhm etylen oxit. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh cht ca Siloxan bin tnh l
hm lng silicon, loi v v tr ca cc nhm hu c trong phn t.
2. Cc ph gia b mt c tc dng g ?:
a s cc ph gia b mt c nh hng ti hn mt trong cc c im sau y:
- Ci thin chy (lm gim v cam, khng c crater, ci thin bng)
- Kim sot s to thnh hiu ng sng (rt hu dng trong ng dng sn
t).
- Chng li s ni ca bt mu (cc bnard)
- Gim h s ma st (ci thin s trt b mt)
- Ci thin s chng x rch.
-

Ci thin s thm t vt liu nn (ngn chn crater, fisheyes, l inh)

Ph gia trt v chy c sn xut t siloxan bin tnh hon ton ging nhau, v
hiu qu ca chng cng ging nhau. Thng, trng lng phn t ca nhng ph gia
ny thay i t 1.000 n 15.000. c hiu qu vi mt h thng cho sn, ph gia phi
tng thch vi cc dung mi, bao gm c nc. Cc ph gia cn phi tng thch tt
vi cht to mng s chy ri rm hoc s chy km khng xy ra trong sn lng
hoc mng kh.
3. S chy c ci thin nh th no?:
s chy l tng trong mng sn c th c xem nh l s to thnh mt b
mt ng nht, bng phng, b lp cho cc khim khuyt do cc ng dng c bit
nh du chi hoc gn sng do con ln. C th tng tng rng sc cng b mt ln
l nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng trn.
S chy tt hay xu khng ch ch ph thuc vo sc cng b mt ca sn m
quan trng hn l s ng nht v sc cng b mt trn ton b din tch b mt. Ph
gia chy hot ng b mt gip to c gradient sc cng b mt ny.
S bay hi ca dung mi t mng sn l nguyn nhn gy ra s khc nhau v sc
cng b mt, do s thay i nng ca dung mi theo hng vung gc vi b mt
phn chia pha vi khng kh. S di chuyn ring l ca cc phn t (khuch tn) cng
nh s di chuyn ca mt din tch ln lp sn xy ra nhm b vo s khc nhau ny.

Do sc cng b mt dc theo chiu dy mng sn thay i nn tc chy cng thay

i to ra b mt khng bnh thng.
Vic a cc compound siloxan bin tnh vo h sn s lm cho sc cng b mt
ca mng sn thp v ng nht ng thi t thay i trong khi dung mi bay hi. Do
loi b c s thay i sc cng b mt nn s kh v s chy t c ng nht.
`
vic to ra sc cng b mt thp khi dng ph gia trn c s siloxan bin tnh cn
lm tng tnh thm t vt liu nn v to s chy tt, c bit i vi cc loi sn aqua.
Ngoi ra cc ph gia trn c s siloxan bin tnh cng c th to cho b mt
bng phng trong khi chng khng hot ng b mt. Trong trng hp ny chng c
th l cht ha do cho Polymer. V vy vic s dng phu gia ny c th cho php s
dng cht to mng c trng lng phn t cao.
4. Chng s ni ca bt mu nh th no?:
dng chy xut hin trong qu trnh kh c th to ra s xoy c cc b ring
bit. Khi cc vng xoy ny c hnh dng l lc gic u, n c gi l Bnard. Ti
tm ny, nng dung mi cao trong khi phn c nng dung mi thp di
chuyn xung t b ca . Do vy sc cng b mt ti tm ca vng xoy thp hn ti
b. S chy ca vt liu t ni c sc cng b mt thp n ni c sc cng b mt cao
xy ra lm to thnh cc thung lng (vng trng) ti tm ca vng xoy v cc vng nh
cao (ni) ti b.
Bnard c th nh hng rt mnh i vi cc loi sn c cha hn hp bt
mu. Khi 2 loi bt mu trong sn c linh ng khc nhau, chng c vn chuyn
trong vng xoy vi mc khc nhau, bt mu linh ng hn s i ln v b lng ng
trn nh (ni) hoc b ca . iu ny dn n s tch ring cc bt mu, v thng l
nguyn nhn to cc cu trc t ong trn mng sn kh. Trong sn c cha bt mu lm
gim bng, cc ht bt mu c kch thc ln hn b y khi khu vc chy cao hn
n tm ca . Nu b mt oc sn c treo thng ng th s ph hy cc to nn
cc vt di. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng to vt hay to si t.
Bnard c th c ngn chn bng ph gia chy trn c s Siloxan bin tnh.
Dng chy xoy c ngn chn theo c ch tng t nh s ngn chn dng chy b
mt do ph gia chy v trt. Mt s ph gia phn tn c th to ra hiu qu ny (nhng
ph gia phn tn nhng c a thm vo cc nhm c chc nng ngn chn Bnard)
5. S ma st c lm gim nh th no?:
Ph gia trn c s Siloxan bin tnh c th lm gim ma st bng cch:
- thng qua tc dng ln s chy, b mt ca mng tr nn bng phng hn, s v
chiu cao ca cc v tr khng ng u trn b mt c gim ti thiu.
- Trong khi kh, nng ph gia ti b mt tng ln. Mt mng ngn chn c
to thnh to ra s bi trn thy ng hc tt khi vt rn trt trn b mt.
6. Ti sao hiu qu ca phu gia trt li ph thuc vo thnh phn sn?:

Cc ph gia trt c bit c hiu qu trong cac h thng sn dung mi. Cc ph

gia c vn chuyn nhanh chng n b mt phn chia vi khng kh trong qu trnh
kh, ti y chng to thnh mt mng bi trn. Trong cc h thng khng dung mi,
ph gia tr nn khng ha tan trong qu trnh to lin kt ngang v di chuyn ln b
mt. C ch ny c bit hiu qu trong cc loi sn ng rn bng tia UV. Yu cu (v
lng) ca ph gia trong h thng khng dung mi cao hn trong h thng dung mi.
Trong sn water - borne, hiu qu ca ph gia trt ph thuc mnh vo cht to
mng. Cng nh trong h thng khng dung mi, yu cu ca ph gia t c hiu
qu tng ng cao hn so vi h thng dung mi. Mt l do lm tng lng ph gia
trong h thng water - borne l do cht nh ha cn li trong mng sn kh co kh nng
ha tan (tng thch) ph gia trt.
7. Hiu qu chng Crater:
Crater c nh ngha l cc ch ln nh, nh trn mng sn, nghuyn
nhn xut hin l do tnh thm t ca mng b xo ng. Crater thng xut hin
khi sn tip xc vi cc b mt c sc cng b mt nh hn sc cng b mt ca
sn. Sn khng th thm t b mt ny v b y ki bi phn ny. Cc b mt kim
loi khng c kh m hon ton, cc vt liu nn b bn, b tng c cha du rt d
xut hin crater khi sn.
S nhim khng kh cng l nguyn nhn to crater. Cc ht bi hoc ct c th
bm vo cc b mt c chun b sch sn, khi sn khng th thm t cc ht
ny, din tch tip xc b gim to thnh crater.
Mt nguyn nhn khc lm xut hin crater l s c mt ca cc vt cht
kh thm t, khng ha tan trong n sn xut sn. V d nh cc git du, cc ht
gel, silica.
Nu sn c th c ng dng vi sc cng b mt thp th thm ch khi c
cc tc nhn l nguyn nhn (thcc y) to crater ta cng thu c mt mng sn hon
ho. Ph thuc vo bn cht ca crater, cc ph gia thm t b mt (cc hydrocacbon
flo ha, hoc hn hp cc silicon c bit nh TEGO( Flow ATF) c bit c hiu qu.
Trong trng hp cc crater to ra do s la chn cc ph gia silicon khng thch hp
th phi s dng polydimetlsiloxan trng lng phn t thp vi hm lng tng i
cao.
8. Cc ch khi thc hnh (thao tc):
m bo chnh xc liu lng v ng nht ca ph gia chy v trt khi
a vo h thng sn th thch hp nht l pha long ph gia trong dung mi,
nc, hoc cc cht pha long hot ng mnh. i vi h sn khng dung mi, nu s
pha long s b l khng th th phi tin hnh khuy trn lu m bo rng s
phn tn cc ph gia l hon ton. Mt s loi sn water - borne, khng dung mi,
v sn ng rn bng bc x cn thi gian phn tn ph gia rt ln.
Khi mt mng sn c ng dng c cha ph gia kim sot b mt th tnh bm
dnh ca lp sn ph phi c kim tra xc nh. C th phi a ph gia vo sn ph
m bo c tnh thm t vi nn.

III. ph gia phn tn

Cc ph gia thm t v phn tn to thun li cho vic phi trn bt mu v bt
n vo sn. S mu ha (pigmentation) thnh cng quyt nh cc tnh cht quang hc,
lc ph ca mng. S phn tn bt mu ti u s to ra s phn b bt mu trong sn
ng nht khng ch khi mi sn xut m c trong thi gian bo qun v ng dng. Mt
s vn lin quan n s phi trn bt mu:
-

phi trn cc ht kh thm t.

nht ca hn hp nghin cao.

Sa lng bt mu

S nh hng bt mu khng t

Sagging (s chy xung do trng lc (khhi nht thp)

Flding (s sa lng vi cc tc khc nhau).

Floating ( Bnard)

bng khng ng u

Lc ph km

Chnh mu khh

Phn ln cc vn ny c th b loi b khi s dng cc ph gia phn tn v

thm t thch hp.
1. Cu trc bn ngoi ca Bt mu v n:
cc nghin cu ch ra rng cng mu ti u, bng, lc ph v kh nng
chu thi tit c th c ci thin khi khi s dng cc ht bt mu c kch thc thay
i t 0,05 - 0,5(m. a s cc bt mu thng mi c kch thc nm trong khong ny.
Hnh dng bt mu rt a dng, t a din (titan di oxit), phng (mica), dng cu khng
hon ho (nodular: xit km) hoc v nh hnh (than en). Ngoi s khc nhau v loi
bt mu, cn c s khc nhau v kch thc, thm ch trong cng loi bt mu. S khc
nhau v kch thc cng do bt mu dng ht n, kt hp (agglomerate) v t hp
(aggregate).
Cc ht nh nht to ra trong sn xut bt mu l ht n. Cc ht n to ra
dng cc tinh th ring bit hoc trong cc chm tinh th, cc chm tinh th ny ln ln
cng nhau. Cc ht bt mu tip xc b mt vi nhau to nn mt nhm c gi l t
hp. cc nhm ht bt mu c kch thc ln nht l mt tp hp ca cc ht bt mu
n v cc t hp, chng lin kt vi nhau bi cc lc yu (lc vandecval), nhm ny
c gi l kt hp (agglomerate).
Khi b mt ca cc ht bt mu n, t hp, kt hp b bao bc bi cht
to mng hoc ph gia phn tn th s keo t c th xy ra. Nu cc phn t b hp
ph

tng tc vi mt phn t khc th cc ht bt mu lin kt li vi nhau trong mt iu

kin c bit nh l s keo t.
Kch thc v dng ca cc ht bt mu, cc t hp c quyt nh bi nh sn
xut. Cc kt hp to thnh trong tt c cc loi bt mu nhng chng l cn thit trong
khi sn xut sn v kch thc ca chng ln. Tht ngc nhin, s keo t li l mt hiu
ng tt i vi mng sn, tc l n duy tr s ng u v mu sc. Trong qu trnh sn
xut sn, cc kt hp b ph v. S kt hp tr li phi c loi b, v nu cn, vic
keo t c kim sot phi c tin hnh.
Vic phn tn bt mu, tch cc ht bt mu v to s phn b ng nht ca n
trong pha lng c gi l s phn tn.
2. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong khi phn tn:
qu trnh phn tn l mt trong nhng cng on phc tp trong sn xut sn. Cc bt
mu thng c phn tn trong cng on nghin hn hp c ca bt mu, mt
t cht to mng, dung mi, ph gia phn tn v thm t. T l bt mu v cht to
mng cao thc y s thm t tt v to thun li cho s lng ng ca ph gia phn
tn v thm t trn b mt bt mu. S phn tn xy ra theo 3 bc k tip:
Bc 1: Thm t:
Trong khhi thm t, khng kh t b mt ca bt mu oc thay th bng cht
lng trong hn hp nghin. iu ny thng xy ra khi phn cc ca bt am v sn
nh nhau, v d trong trng hp bt mu hu c k nc trong sn dung mi hay b
mt bt mu a nc trong sn nc, nu bt mu vi b mt khng phn cc c a
vo sn nc th phi dng ph gia thm t.
Bc 2: ph v cc kt hp, thm t cc b mt mi to
ra:
ph v cc kt hp cn to ra cc lc trt. Trong thc t, iu ny xy ra
trong cc thit b c bit (thit b ha tan, ngin ct, nghin bi...). trong cc thit b ny
ht bt mu b nh hng bi lc trt khng ng k do vic s dng ph gia. trnh
d to cc kt hp tr li, cc b mt mi c to ra cn phi opc thm t.
Bc 3: n nh phn tn:
Mt khi bt mu rn c phn tn tt nht, cc iu kin phi c n nh.
Tt nht l duy tr thng qua s keo t c kim sot. Bng cch lien kt ph gia phn tn
ln trn b mt bt mu, cc lc hp dn gia cc ht bt mu c th b trung ha. C 2
c ch n nh khc nhau:
-

n nh tnh in, c bit quan trng trong cc h thng aqua.

n nh khng gian, phng php chun i vi sn dung mi.

n nh tnh in xy ra khi cc ht rn mang cng in tch. Cc ht y ln

nhau do ngn chn s to thnh cc kt hp. n nh tnh in rt hiu qu v lng
ph gia cnd dng t. S bt li chnh ca n nh tnh in l n nhy vi s ph hy.

Vic thm cht to mng, s c mt ca cation, s thay i gi tr pH c th dn n s

keo t tr li.
Trong n nh khng gian, mt phn ca phn t ph gia thm t v phn tn
lin kt vi b mt bt mu, phn cn li ca phn t nm trong mi trng lng xung
quanh phn ny phi ha tan rt tt trong h thng dung mi/ cht to mng. Khi 2 ht
bt mu b thm t tip cn nhau, on polymer li (phn d ra ny) s p ln nhau,
lm chuyn di cc phn ca lp solvat (tc l di tc dng ca lc p, mt s phn d
ra b solvat ha s b di ch). linh ng ca cc phn t polymer b hp th s b
hn ch bi s tip cn v cc ht y ln nhau, s keo t khng xt ra v s phn tn
c n nh.
c c hiu qu n nh khng gian cn mt lp solvat n nh dy (0.01
- 0.1(m) v nng ca cc nhm lin kt trn b mt bt mu ln. i vi mt s
bt mu c th cn mt lng ph gia c khi lng n 30% so vi khi lng
bt mu.
3. Thnh phn ca phn t ph gia phn tn:
Phn ny ch gii hn trong phm vi sn dug mi, trong cc ph gia lin kt
n nh lu di vi b mt bt mu to s phn tn n nh. Cng c th khng kh
trn b mt bt mu c thay th bng dung mi nhng hin tng ny khng ta ra
c s phn tn n nh. c c s phn tn n nh, cc ph gia phn tn
v thm t phi cha cc nhm anionic v cc nhm ny khng th thay th b
dung mi. Cc ph gia cha cc nhm acid lin kt tt vi cc bt mu v bt n v
c nh lc phn cc, trong khi cc ph gia cha cc nhm amino lin kt vi b
mt bt mu hu c nh lc vandecval. Cc cht c cha hn mt nhm lin kt trn
mt phn t c bit c hiu qu v vic tch mt nhm lin kt trn b mt bt mu
khng dn n s thay th ton b phn t ph gia trn b mt (tc l vn cn nhm
lin kt khc gi phn t ny li trn b mt bt mu).
vic n dnh khng gian t hiu qu, mt phn t ph gia phi cha mt s
lng ln cc gc hu c tng thch vi dung mi. Cc gc ny thng l cc nhm
alkyl mch di. Polyester, Polyacrylat, Polyether vi khi lng phn t t nht l
1000/ mt nhm lin kt cng c s dng. Mt phn t ph gia c th cha nhiu
nhm lin kt gn nhau trn phn t.
Cc loi ph ph c s dng rng ri v c hiu qu l:
-

Loi acid, thng cha cc nhm acid lin kt vi khung k nc.

- Cc mui (cc mui trung ha v in) ca cc acid cacboxylic hoc acid

polycacboxylic c trung ha bi cc amin mch di.
-

Cc polymer khng in ly c nhiu nhm th amin (tn ten), phn cn li

ca phn t l cc dy di c th ha tan trong dung mi.

*. ng dng:

Vic phn loi ph gia thm t v phn tn da vo cu trc ca n ch gii hn

ch nu ln c cc hiu qu c bit ca n. Mt cch phn loi khc tt hn l da
vo chc nng ca chng. Theo cch phn loi ny th ph gia thm t v phn
tn c chia thnh 2 loi: l tc nhn chng keo t v tc nhn ng keo t c kim
sot (coflocculatant).
IV. Ph gia chng keo t:
s chng keo t t ti u khi cc ht bt mu n l v cc t hp b tch ra
ring l. iu ny s dn n:
-

tnh cht chy tt.

bng cao.

Lc ph t cc i.

Cng mu ti u.

trong sut cao (nu cn trong sut).

Nhc im ca trng thi chng keo t l bt mu c xu hng b lng (settl

out).
TEGO( Dispers 700 v TEGO( Dispers 705 c bit thch hp i vi vic phn
tn by mu v bt n v c. Ngoi ng dng trong sn, cc gel bentonic v past bt
mu cng c th s dng ph gia ny.
1. Ph gia cho ng keo t c kim sot:
kim sot n keo t gip cho ngi thnh lp n c th pht huy c ti a
mu sc v iu chnh dc linh ng ca bt mu cho thch hp. Tc sa lng bt
mu l mt hm ca s khc nhau v t trng v kch thc ht. Cc ht c kch thc
ln s sa lng nhanh hn cc ht c kch thc nh.
Cc dng chy xy ra trong mng sn ang kh c th vn chuyn cc ht vt
cht (trong h thng c cha dung mi) ln b mt. Cc ht bt mu nh hn, t linh
ng hn b vn chuyn bi dung mi do kh nng chng li s chy ca chng tng
i ln. Kt qu l cc ht bt mu c kch thc nh hn s tp trung trn b mt v
nh vy s lm thay i mu sc. Hin tng ny c xem nh l s tch bt mu theo
hng ngang hay cn gi l flooding. S khc nhau v khi lng ring s thc
y hin tng flooing. Bng cch kim sot s ng t ca cc ht bt mu c kch
thc nh, hin tng flooding c th c ngn chn.
S to thnh cc Bnard cng c th gy ra s tch bt mu khi linh ng
ca cc ht bt mu khc nhau. Cc ht bt mu nh hn c th tp trung ta b ca
Bnard - ni c dng chy mnh nht. Cc ht bt mu c kch thc ln hn th tp
trung ti tm - ni c dng chy yu. Hin tng ny gi l s tch bt mu theo
hng thng ng hay cn gi l floating.

Khi sn trn b mt thng ng, cc Bnard c th b ph hy, to thnh cc

ng ch hoc si t. Cc cht hot ng b mt nh silicon bin tnh c th ngn chn
s to thnh cc Bnard, chuyn hin tng floating sang flooding. Ch khi s klhc
nhau v kch thc trung bnh ca cc ht bt mu c kim sot bng s ng
ng t (coflocculation) th hin tng floating v flooding mi c loi b.
Chc nng ca ph gia kim sot ng keo t thng qua s iu chnh tng tc
gia cc ht bt mu. iu ny c thc hin thng qua cc nhm chc trn phn t
tc nhn phn tn, cc nhm chc ny s gii hn kh nng ha tan ca tc nhn phn
tn trong h thng dung mi/cht to mng mt mc no . Do cc bt mu
c thm t s tip xc vi cc ht khc nh lc hp dn ca cc on polymer
ca ph gia phn tn. Tuy nhin cc tng tc ny yu hn so vi tng tc gia
cc b mt t do ca bt mu trong cc kt hp. s ng t tng i yu c to ra
bi cc ph gia c bit c th b ph v bi mt lc trt thp. Trong cc sn khng
phn cc, cc nhm phn cc ca ph gia phn tn c th tng tc mnh vi nhau lm
cho sn c tnh thixotropy, vi tnh cht ny hin tng chy xung ca cc mng sn
dy trn b mt thng ng c th c kim sot.
IV. nh gi hiu qu ca ph gia thm t v phn tn nh th no?:
nhn chung, ph gia phn tn v thm t c nh gi da trn c s:
-

Mc rt ngn thi gian cn thit cho s phn tn.

bng c ci thin.

S lng ph gia cn thit.

Mc keo t.

Kh nng kim sot floating v flooding.

Ph gia phn tn phi khng lm tng m hoc gim bng. Kh nng ha

tan ca ph gia trong dung dch m c cht to mng thng c xem l tiu chun
la chn. Tnh hi c ca ph gia trong cht to mng c th l do cc nhm lin
kt trn phn t ph gia. iu ny khng c ngha l mng sn kh s gim bng.
Hin tng settling ca bt mu khng phi lun lun c loi tr khi s dng
ph gia phn tn v thm t. Tuy nhin cn phi phn bit settling cng v settling
mm. Settling cng l do s hp ph ph gia khng dn n s hnh thnh tr li cc
kt hp do tng tc b mt bt mu. Cac bt mu bo settling cng c th c phn
tn tr li bng qu trnh trn vi ng sut trt cao. Settling cng c th trnh c khi
s dng mt lng ln ph gia phn tn hoc s dng ph gia khc thch hp hn.
Ngc li, settlinng mm xy ra c th do s keo t cac ht bt mu b thm t hon
ton xy ra yu. Nh ni trn, cc th keo t ny c th b ph v trong iu kin
khuy bnh thng, v bt mu c th d dng tp hp tr li.

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