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t* r [my@d w
o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*r[mtausmf

t&Sifod&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)
\

pdwf"mwfudkjrifh vkyfydkifcGifh
wdyd#u"& "rvufaqmif (7)
earmAk'

1/ pd w f j rif h r m;aomf pG r f ; tm;ay:

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t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

pl ; pd k u f E d k i f j im;? pd w f j rif h r m; pG r f ; tm;&&d S

orm"d ? tm;jynf h c d k i f r map/
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udk,fem;vnfovdk BudKufESpfouf&mudk vkyfae
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vG
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pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

cGiEhf iS hf xdyw
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jcif;jzpfayonf/
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t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

todcsi;f pyfaeatmifvnf; owdpNJG raJ p&\/ vHv

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onf/
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y"me/
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t"d u ?
vd koavmuf
oavmufom?
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pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

jrifoavmufom? IyGm;yg? udk,fhrSm pGrf;

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pm;Mu/
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onf/ oDv orm"dynm odum (3) yg;udkvnf;

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

]]rQomusihf&rnf}} [k rnfolrQ abmifcwfcsKyf

cs,fydkifcGifhr&dSacs/ rdrdEdkifoavmuf oDvjznfhEdkif
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xJ &[Emjzpfatmif BudK;pm;jycJh\/ udk,fh vkyf
ydkifcGifhudk udk,foHk; pdwfudkjrifhwif BudK;pm;
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&&daS eMuayonf/ ud,
k phf w
d u
f kd ud,
k o
f muefo
Y wf
ydkifcGifh&dSavonf/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

3/ *k P f & nf x G e f ; awmuf vl w pf a ,muf

bk&m;yGifh&m? omoem? BuHKwmb0ajrmuf/
vrf ; T e f a y;jim;? yk * d K vf r sm;? BuH K jim;b0
jrwf /
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Y ,fb0jrwf/
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jrwf /
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avmuf c sD ; rG r f ; tyf /
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;pm;
tyf /

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

,ck rdrw
d &Ykd &daS eaom b0onf pdw"f mwfukd
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w&m;vrf;rSefudk Tefjyay;wwfaom rdaumif;
zaumif;? q&maumif;? orm;aumif; rdwaf umif;?
aqGaumif;wdEYk iS v
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vuf jynfph \
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kd u
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jzpf&um; pdwf"mwfudkjrifh vkyfydkifcGifhudkoHk;um
vrf;zGifhNyD; txl;BudK;pm;&rnfjzpfayonf/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

4/ w&m;ud k c spf vl t ppf

oDvvnf;ysuf? rNidrfoufbJ? touf&Snf
Mum? ES p f w pf & m? rS e f p G m rjrwf u J h & J U tyf /
oDvvnf;&dS? orm"dpif? rSwfod0ifu? wpf
&uf r Q? &S i f & touf j rwf /
wef z d k ; jrif h w uf ? wpf & uf r S m ? 0rf ; om
tm;&? vl Y b 0? rk c s&usd K ;eyf /
w&m;ud k r k e f ; ? vl j zpf I H ; jim;? w&m;cspf r S ?
vl j zpf & ? rk c stppf r S w f /
pdwf"mwfudkjrrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
p m;tyf /
udk,fusifhoDvvnf;ysuf pdwfvnf;rNidrfouf
w&m;t&dSudkvnf; odcGifhr&vQif cHpm;cGifh qHk;IH;

10

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

atmifvyk yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd jzKe;f ypfaeol jzpfaomaMumifh
ESpaf ygif;wpf&mru touf&n
S &f aomfvnf; rjrwf
acs/ vljzpf&usdK; reyfacs? udk,fusifhoDvvnf;
jynfhpHk pdwfvnf; wnfMunfNidrfouf w&m;t&dS
udkvnf; odcGifh&vQif xl;jcm;aom cHpm;cGifhESifh
xdkufwefonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk oHk;aeol jzpf&um;
wpf&ufwnf;rQyif touf&Sif&apumrl jrifhjrwf
vSay\/ vljzpf&usKd ;eyfvaS y\/ pGr;f &nfrygaom
Avmtoufjzifh qif;&JrukefqHk;EdkifbJ w&m;pGrf;
&nfjzifo
h m tylqif;&JNird ;f csr;f omtppfu&kd Edik rf nf
jzpfaomaMumifh vlYtoufwefzdk;udk tcsdefumv
jzifh rowfrw
S b
f J vkyyf ikd cf iG hf w&m;pGr;f &nfjzifo
h m
wdik ;f wm&avonf/ w&m;udck sprf S vltppfjzpfciG hf
&ayonf/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

11

5/ yd k i f w mvk y f r S pd w f a t;&
cE m tiS m ;? tvk y f r sm;vnf ; ? tiS m ;awG
om? vk y f & yg? ud k , f h [ m bmrS r [k w f /
aumif;rIw&m;? udk,fydkifrsm;? BudK;pm;udk,fh
tvk y f /
tydkiftiSm;? ESpfyg;aMumif;&m? qHkaomcg?
yd k i f w mOD ; pG m vk y f /
pdwf " mw
mwffudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
p m;vk y f /
w&m;rsupf jd zifMh unfv
h Qif rdr\
d cEmvnf; wpf
aeYaeYwGif jyeftyfESH&rnfh tiSm;omjzpf\/

12

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

cEmu wm0efay;orQ tvkyrf sm;vnf; w&m;ryg

vQif tiSm;tvkyfcsnf;omjzpf\/ yg&rD tESpf
aumif;rI w&m;tppfonfom oGm;av&mtwl
vdkufygrnfh udk,fydkifrsm;jzpf\/
PftajrmftjrifBu;D ud,
k v
hf yk yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd ydik Ef ikd f
pGm em;vnfxm;olrsm;onf tiSm;tvkyEf iS hf ud,
k f
ydkiftvkyfESpfrsdK; wdkufqdkif awGUqHkvmaomtcg
ud,
k yf ikd t
f vkyu
f o
kd m OD;pm;ay; vkyMf u\/ rvTJ
ra&Smifomaom tiSm;tvkyfudk aeYpOfvkyfae&
ouJhodkY udk,fydkif tvkyfudkvnf; aeYpOf aeYwGuf
udkufatmif rjzpfrae BudK;pm;vkyfMu\/ Pf
tjrif&Sif;vGef;olrsm;um; tiSm;tvkyfudk vkyf
&if;yif udk,fydkiftvkyfjzpatmif vrf;&Sif;NyD;
BudK;pm; jyKvkyfwwfMuavonf/ udk,fydkifr&dSao;
orQ bmawGyJvkyfvkyf pdwfrat;&ao;acs/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

13

6/ ,aeY t vk y f ,aeY v k y f
od u m oH k ; yg;? aumif ; rI r sm;? OD ; pm;ay;
oif h a y/
OD ; pm;ay;&ef ? tvk y f r S e f ? tjref N yD ; atmif
vk y f y gav/
tvk y f a emuf u s? vH k Y v zif h a ES ; ? csrf ; om
a0;? yl a qG ; &wwf a cs/
,aeYtvk
d fat;ap/
tvky?f ,aeYvyk ?f t[kwpf w
pdwf"mmwf
wfudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
pm;av/
odumoHk;yg; aumif;rIrsm;onf OD;pm;ay;
&rnfh udk,fydkiftvkyfrsm;jzpf\/ OD;pm;ay;&rnfh
tvkyfudkvnf; OD;pm;ay;om vkyf&\/ ,aeY

14

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tvkyu
f v
kd nf; ,aeYyif Ny;D atmif vky&f \/ tem
*wfudk udk,frydkifacs/ a&mufqJ ypKyefonfom
ud,
k yf ikd t
f csed jf zpf\/ ud,
k yf ikd t
f csed w
f ikd ;f ud,
k yf ikd f
tvkyu
f kd vkyx
f m;vdu
k rf S pdwaf t; tarmajy&
\/ OD;pm;ay;&rnfhtvkyfrsm; aemufusoGm;vQif
tcsed t
f m;jzifh aESmif;oGm;vQi?f vHv
Yk zifah ES;aevQif
cHpm;cGichf sr;f omrsm; a0;uGmvufvw
G o
f mG ;wwf\/
vkyfydkifcGifhudk ae&mrSefatmif rokH;rdojzifh
cHpm;cGifhrsm; qHk;IH;oGm;vQif wpfzefawG; ylaqG;
&wwfav\/ tcsdefukefHk ylHkrSwyg; tusdK;r&dS
awmhacs/ odjYk zpf vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf aSd omb0udk &cdu
k f
vky&f rnft
h vkyu
f kd em;vnfcu
kd f taMumif;nDcu
kd f
aemufrus&atmif ,aeYtvkyfwdkif; ,aeYNyD;
atmif vkyf&ayrnf/ eufjzefqdkvQif eufjzef
tvkyfu vmayvdrfhOD;rnf/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

15

7/ vk y f o vd k a jym tpOf a csm

vkyfEdkifwmom? ajymqdk&m? nDnmwdusap/

rvk y f E d k i f u ? rajym&? Ed I i f ; qqif j cif a v/
tajymomrsm;? rvkyfjim;? trsm;uJh&JUacs/
ajymqd k N yD ; vQif ? jzpf a tmif y if ? jr i f h w if j yK
vk y f a v/
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;
pm;av/
wu,fvyk Ef ikd o
f nfuo
kd m ajymqdo
k if\
h / rvkyf
Edik o
f nfukd rajymqdo
k ifah cs/ tvkyEf iS t
hf ajymnDrS
ola&mudk,fyg av;av;pm;pm; tm;udk;&rnfjzpf
\/ vkyfovdkajymrSvnf; tpOfacsmayvdrfhrnf/
tajymomrsm; vufawGUwu,frvkyfEdkifvQif

16

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

ynm&dSrsm;\ uJh&JUjypfwif txifao;rIudk rvGJ

raoG cH&ayrnf/ udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; ayghawmh
awmh a&Sm&f w
T &f w
T Bf u;D jzpfaewwf\/ tajymvG,f
oavmuf tvkycf ufcaJ ewwfojzifh wu,fvyk f
Edkif rvkyfEdkif pOf;pm;EdIif;csdefNyD;rSom ajymoifh\/
ajymqdNk y;D vQiu
f m; pdw"f mwfukd jri
hf vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf kd
oHk;NyD; wu,fyifjzpfatmif BudK;pm;oifhayonf/
8/ qG J t m;ES p f c k pd w f u d k v k

o' g wPS m ? ES p f j zm? vl Y & G m qG J t m;awG /

wPSmqGJaomf? tIH;ay:? vrf;acsmfwwfMuay/
vk y f y d k i f c G i f h v J ? I H ; &NrJ ? tqG J r wwf a cs/
yp n f ; cE m ? &S m H k o m? ao&G m rqH k ; acs/
yp n f ; &S m rl ? bH k q d k i f [ l ? xd k u f o l o H k ; Muay/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

17

cE m pk u ? ajrauR;&? 'k u t yl w d k ; yG m ;ap/

abmifausmfvGefu? tyg,fus? 'kuyifv,fa0/
o' g qG J u ? pG r f ; tm;&? rk c scsrf ; omay/
w&m;pk r S ? ud k , f y d k i f & ? rk c spd w f a t;ap/
qGJtm;ESpfck? pdwfudkvk? aumif;rIEdkifygap/

vlESifhwuG owavmuwGif o'gwPSm (2)

yg;onf pdwfudkvk,uf qGJ,laeMu\/ wPSmqGJ
vQif t0dZmygvmojzifh vrf;rrSefbJ tIH;ay:
um vrf;acsmw
f wf\/ tqGrJ wwfojzifh vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
vnf; HI;&wwf\/ ao&GmrqHk;Edkifaom ypnf;
cEmwdk;Hkavmufom &Smay;\/ pnf;urf;abmif
ausmfvGefoGm;atmif &Smjyefu tyg,fus 'ku
yifv,fa0oGm;apwwf\/ w&m;rygbJ &Smxm;orQ
ypnf;um; xdkufoloHk;zdkYom jzpf\/ udk,fydkif[k

18

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

{uefajymr&acs/ w&m;uif;uGm tvdv

k u
kd x
f m;
aom cEmum; ajrauR;zdkYomjzpf\/ tylom
qufwd;k vmrnf/ o'gqGrJ S w&m;pGr;f tm;&rnf/
ud,
k yf ikd &f pdwaf t;&rnf/ {uefcsr;f omaMumif;
jzpf\/ qGJtm;ESpfcku pdwfudk vkaeMu&mwGif
o'gu Edik af tmifqEJG ikd rf S tm;ud;k p&maumif;rIukd
&rnfjzpf\/ aumif;rIEikd af tmifvnf; vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf kd
jrifh&rnf jzpfayonf/
9/ tiwf a b;BuH K Nyd w m bH k

uH t 0,f r S m ;? tyg,f o G m ;? qG J t m;wPS m jypf /

tiwf a b;BuH K ? Nyd w m bH k ? pk N yH K ;'k u j zpf /
a&udkjrif&? Mum;&aomfvJ? iwfaeNrJ? qif;
&J E G H r S m epf /

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

19

trsm;wum? oem;yg? ulvmaomfvJ uHunpf/

tcG i f h q H k ; I H ; ? tG e f Y w H k ; ? toH k ; 0if a tmif
Pf z G i f h v S p f /
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh vkyfydkifcGifh[lonf b0tajc
taeuvnf;ay;rS vkyfydkifcGifhudkvnf; em;vnf
xm;rS &&dSEdkifaom t&mrsdK;jzpf\/ tajctae
uyif ray;ygu bmrQrwwfEdkifacs/ wPSmqGJ
tm; tom&oGm;ol wpfOD;onf uHwkuHvdrfudk
t0,frSm;ojzifh tyg,foGm;&&Sm\/ tiwfab;
pHkaom NydwmbHk jzpf&&Sm\/ iwfvdkufbd jzpf
jcif;? bmqdk bmrS rpm;& raomuf&? a&qm
avmifvGef;vSojzifh wpf,lZemus,faom **Fg
jrpfBuD;xJqif;ajy;vm\/ ta0;rS a&oHMum;
a&udk vSrf;jrif&apumrl teD;odkY uyfvdkufvQif

20

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

a&rsm;aysmufoGm;\/ rD;cdk;om xvm\/ jcpfjcpf

awmuf ylavmifaom ausmufjyifay: vrf;
avQmuf&ovdjk zpfomG ;\/ a&&dyS gvsuf tukov
kd f
uHaMumifh raomuf&acs/ wpfaeYvHk; wpfnvHk;
ajy;ygaomfvnf; a&rawGU? eHeufvif;aomtcg
qGrf;cH<uvmaom &[efawmf tyg; (30) ESifh
awGU oem;vGe;f vSojzifh oJjyifay: ttdycf ikd ;f Ny;D
oydwftvHk; (30)jzifh yg;pyfxJodkY a&avmif;
xnfMh uaomfvnf; vnfacsmif;xJoYkd a&wpfayguf
rQ ra&mufacs/ vkyyf ikd cf iG ?hf cHpm;cGihf I;H aecdu
k t
f ajc
taeray;cdu
k f rnfou
l n
l
D rQ t&m ra&mufacs/
xdktjzpfudk PfzGifhvSpfMunfhNyD; rdrd tcGifh vuf
rvGwfrD oHk;rdzdkY ta&;BuD;ayonf/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

21

10/ vrf ; zG i f h w wf o l a':omvl

odum(3)yg;? jrwfw&m;? a,musfm;rdef;r
rcG J y g/
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhxm;
wJ h omoem/
Bud K ;pm;vk y f v Qif ? pG r f ; tm;xif ? rsuf j rif
ud k , f a wG U yg/
a,musfm;jzpfHk? tm;rpHkjim;? rBudK;pm;u
pG r f ; tm;us? bmrS r &yg/
rdef;raomfvJ? tm;ukefcJ? pdwfZGJxufoef
Bud K ;pm;jyef ? {uef x l ; jcm;vm/
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
pm;&m/
vrf;zGifhwwfol? a':omvl? tyluif;&yg/

22

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

odum(3)yg;ESifh w&m;tvkyf0,f a,musfm;

rde;f r[k cGjJ cm;jcif;r&daS cs/ rnforl qdk pdw"f mwfukd
jrifhvQif vkyfydkifcGifhtwGuf tNrJvrf;zGifhxm;aom
omoemawmfjzpf\/ wu,fBudK;pm; wu,f
pGr;f tm;xif&mS ;olawG rsujf rifu,
kd af wGUyif jzpf
\/ um,Avjynfh0aom a,musfm;yifjzpfaomf
vnf; o'g0D&d,paom pdwfpGrf;tm;rpHk rBudK;
pm;jzpfvQif pGrf;tm;usqif; bmrSr&bJ wpf
b0vH;k AvmjzpfomG ;wwf\/ rde;f rom;yifjzpfap
umrl pdwfxm;jrifh ZGJoefoef BudK;pm;vQif
{uefx;l jcm;vm&Nrw
J nf;/ vkyyf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf xdu
k w
f ef
aom cHpm;cGifhqkvmbfudk tHhMozG,f &&dSNrJjzpf\/
w&m;A[kow
k <u,f0aom a':omvl [laom
tzGm;wpfOD;&dS\/ 'kuawGUvQif aumif;rIudk ydk
BuKd ;pm;wwf\/ tvGeyf t
l u
kd v
f o
S nfh aEG&moDa&muf

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

23

vQif ]]vljY ynf aepwfpif;xGuf rkH Qyif rQavmuf

ylvQif i&Jum; tylxuf tqaygif; odef;
oef;uka#ru ylayvdrfhrnf/ i&JylxJ vkyfydkifcGifh
vnf; vHk;0r&dS? cHpm;cGifhvnf; Avmewd? vlY
jynf yltdkufaomfvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhESifh cHpm;cGifh
rIH;? i&JodkY ra&mufzdkY igta&;BuD;\/ 'kuvGwfzdkY
ig ta&;Bu;D \}}[k pdwu
f jkd ri u
hf m 'geudk ydv
k yk \
f /
oDvudk wdk;jrifhay;\/ bk&m;twGuf a&cPcP
vSL\/ cgwdkif;xuf bk&m;ydk&dScdk;\/ arwmydkyGm;
\/ tyl'PfaMumifh azmufjyefonfh kyo
f abmudk
Pfjzifh \
I / 0dyemydyk mG ;\/ ukov
kd yf v
kd yk \
f /
pdwf"mwfudkjrifh vrf;zGifhum BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
NyD;wdkif; udk,fu atmifyGJcHEdkifojzifh a':omvl
aysmf&Tiftm;wwf&NrJwnf;? at;onfhtcg? qm
onfhtcg? emonfhtcgvnf; enf;wlyif ydkBudK;
pm;wwfonf/

24

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

11/ ud k , f h u d k u d k , f , H k rav;vH k

rvd k t yf j im;? uH y d k r sm;? z,f & S m ;ay;&yg/

vd k t yf o nf h u H ? oef Y p if & ef ? {uef a q;aMumyg/
yef ; wd k i f t a&muf ? vrf ; ud k a zmuf ? NyD ; ajrmuf
wwf a pyg/
jzifhxdef;odrf;? tylNidrf;? uHxdef;cvkwf
yg/
ynmr&dS? owdvGwfu? b0yifv,f? c&D;
o,f ? wu,f a Mumuf p &m/
ud k , f h u d k u d k , f , H k ? rav;vH k ? tpH k a umif ;
usd K ;jzm/
vk y f y d k i f c G i f h r sm;? oH k ; wwf j im;? a,musf m ;
jzpf & yg/

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

25

vkyfydkifcGifhudkoHk; aumif;rIjyKonfhtcg uH
xde;f cvkwf todPfwyfqifwwfzYkd txl;ta&;
BuD;\/ uHxdef;cvkwf wyfqifjcif;[lonf
(1) rvdktyfaom uHydkuJrJ (tukodkvfuH) rsm;udk
z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;/
(2) vktyfaom ukov
kd u
f u
H kd oefpY ifatmif aq;
aMumay;jcif;/
(3) edAmef yef;wdkifta&muf vrf;udkazmufum
yg&rDtppfjzpfatmif jrifhwifay;jcif;ay
wnf;/ uHxdef;cvkwf todPf&dSrS tyl
Nidrf;at;pGm vdk&mudk t&,lEdkifrnf/ ynm
vnf;r&dS owdvnf;vGwfvQif b0yifv,f
c&D;onftjzpfonf aMumufp&m tvGef
aumif;\/ yef;wdkif OD;wnfcsuf vnf;r&dS?
vrf;aMumif;vnf;r&d?S vkyif ef; rlvnf;r&dv
S Qif
uHypfcs&m txdef;r&dS arsm&rnfomwnf;/

26

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

bk&m;vufxufawmfu? uydv0wfNrKd U o&P*Hk

oDvvHkNcHKvS aumif;rIw&m; arGUavsmfvS
onfh a*gydum (rav;vHk) trnf&aom trsdK;
orD; (omuD0ifrif;orD;) wpfOD;&dS\/ uHxdef;
cvk w f yef ; wd k i f x m; a,musf m ;qk u d k v nf ;
awmif;\/ &[ef;awmf (3)yg;udk tdrfyifhzdwf
aeYpOfqGrf;avmif;vSL\/ &[ef;awmf (3)yg;onf
oDvvnf;jynfhpHk psmef&atmifvnf; w&m;
tm;xkwfMu\/ odkYaomf uHxdef;cvkwf rnfrnf
&& r&dSacs/ oufwrf;aph rav;vHk uG,fvGef
vQif wm0womewfjynf odMum;rif;\om;
kyv
f
S PfBu;D aom udzk ;kd vHk (a*gyu) ewfom;
jzpf&\/ tppt&m&m jynfhpHk\/ &[ef;awmf (3)
yg;rSm uHxdef;cvkwfrygojzifh uGefvGefumeD;
wGif b0rsm;pGmjzpfcJh&aom pmwkr[m&mZfewf

pd w f " mwf u d k j r i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h

27

jynf pdwfTwfoGm;ojzifh psmefavQmum tnHh

pm; ]]obifonf}} ewfom;rsm;jzpfMu&\/
qGrf;tpfrESifh &[ef;awmf (3)yg; txufatmuf
ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;\/ wpfcsdefwGif &[ef;awmf
(3)yg;b0rS a&mufvmaom ewfom; (3)OD;wdkY
ujyazsmfajz&rnfh tvSnfha&mufcsdef a*gyu
(udkzdk;vHk) ewfom;vnf; yGJMunfhy&dowf ygvm
\/ ewfom; (3)OD;wdkY ujyaeMuaomfvnf;
a`Eodum jynfhpHkrI kyfqif;t*Fg xl;jcm;rIwdkY
udk udkzdk;vHkewfom;u pOf;pm; qifjcifrdojzifh
rdrdqGrf;avmif;vSLcJhaom &[ef;b0rS a&mufvm
rSef; odoGm;\/ csufcsif; tu t&yfcdkif;um
av;eufpmG owday; w&m;udk tjreftm;xkwcf ikd ;f
awmh&m ewfom; (2)OD;rSm rMumrD psmefjyef&NyD;
0dyemudk quftm;xkwf&m tem*grfxd jzpf

28

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

oGm;Mu\/ pkawum jA[mhjynfodkY wufoGm;Mu

avonf/ usefewfom; (1)OD;um; rnfodkYrQ
ajymr&acs/ vuf&b
Sd 0 wyfrufpNJG iu
d m rvGwf
ajrmufbJ use&f pfavawmh\/ qGr;f tpfr rav;vHk
um; ewfjynfa&mufonfxd omoemjyKazmf&yg
ay\/ csD;usL;zG,f aumif;vSygaypG/
odkYjzpf pdwf"mwfudkjrifh vkyfydkifcGifhudk
wu,fxad &mufatmif toH;k cswwfzYkd ta&;onf
rd r d w d k Y t wG u f ta&;tBuD ; qH k ; jzpf a vawmh
ownf;/

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

29

]]wdyd#uq&mawmfb'Eod&dEmbd0Ho\
wd y d # u"epmar;yG J a tmif j rif & ef
Bud K ;pm;tm;xk w f y H k } }
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme TefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf
'g,umBu;D OD;tHah rmifu wdy#d uavmif;vsmrsm;
tm;wuf& enf;,l&atmif wdy#d u tawGUtBuKH
udk (wdyd#u a&T&wktxdrf;trSwftjzpf) a&;ay;
yg&ef avQmufxm;vmygonf/ (avmuwpfae&m
rS wpfae&modkY c&D;oGm;&mwGif a&mufvdkaZmjzifh
oGm;olwpfa,mufonf qEtwdik ;f vd&k mt&yfoYkd
a&mufEikd af omfvnf; ]]vrf;rSmbmawG awGUcJo
h vJ}}
[kar;vQif tukeaf jymjyzdYk rvG,o
f uJo
h Ykd wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif; tawGUtBuHKudk tukefa&;jy&efrSm
rvG,fulay/ odkYaomf xif&Sm;&mavmufudkawmh
a&;jyygrnf/)

30

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

]]ES v H k ; om;0,f bk & m;wnf } }

w&m;pum;? jrwfbk&m;? udk,fpm;jyKavyg/

w&m;wpf p k ? bk & m;[k ? rS w f I a ysmf p &m/
tm*kHaqmifxm;? usufrSwfjim;? bk&m;wnf
ol y g/
ES v H k ; om;0,f ? bk & m;wnf ? wu,f p G r f ;
at;csrf ; yg/
uH x l ; Pf x l ; ? vH k Y v xl ; ? txl ; yk * d K vf y g/
bk&m;a[m w&m;pum;rsm;onf bk&m;udk
udk,fpm;jyKonfjzpf w&m;wpfpkvQif bk&m;wpf
ql[k o'g ynmjzifhMunfhIwwfygu wdyd#u
tvkyo
f nf aysm&f iTG t
f m;wufp&maumif;vSonf/
bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk tm*HkaqmifusufrSwfae
vQif ESpfvHk;om;bk&m;wnfaeoljzpfonf? bk&m;

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

31

wnfwwfolonf &wemt&dSeft0gaMumifh pGrf;

tm; jynf0h xnf0gcefjY im; usuo
f a&&dv
S aS yonf/
wdy#d uavmif;vsmrsm;onf (1) wdy#d uvrf;
aMumif;ay: a&mufvmEdik af vmufatmif yg&rDuH
txdkuftavsmuf&dSxm;&rnf? (2) yd#uoHk;yHk
twGif usufpm;Edkifavmufaom uHt&if;cHonfh
Pfvnf;&dS&rnf? (3) yd#uoHk;yHkudk tuefYvdkuf
ke;f ueftm;xkwf o,faqmifEikd af om 0D&,
d tpGr;f
vnf; &dS&rnf/
]]enf ; vrf ; av;oG , f ynm<u,f } }
jy|mef ; usrf ; pH k ? pG r f ; tm;xH k ? tuk e f B ud K ;pm;&/
tMum;r&dS? pGrf;tm;jynfh&ef? pdwftm;oef?
rS e f r S e f B ud K ;pm;&/
umv&SnfMum? BudK;pm;um? vGefpGmZGJ&dS&/

32

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tvk y f a v;pm;? d k a ojim;? pG r f ; tm;vG e f

wuf < u/
enf ; vrf ; av;oG , f ? ynm<u,f ? cef Y x nf p G r f ;
jynf h 0 /
wdyd#uavmif;vsmonf (1) tydkif;vdkufqdkif
&m jy|mef;csuftm;vHk;udk tcsdefrSD BudK;pm;Edkif&ef
vHkavmufaomtcsdef&&dSa&;twGuf tcsdefudkBudK
wifcGJa0xm;&rnf/ (2) a&SUtodESifh aemuftod
qufpyfrad tmif a&SUtodu aemuftodtm; aus;
Zl;jyKaeatmif tqufrjywf raersm; BudK;pm;Edkif
&rnf/ (3) uefYowfcsdef (yef;0ifcsdef) ra&muf
rcsif; &Snfvsm;aom yd#uc&D;udk ZGJ&dS&dSBudK;pm;
Edkifaom owd&dS&rnf/ (4) yd#uoHk;yHktwGif;
pdwfudkESpfjrKyf (tcsdefyif ukefrSef;rod&avmuf
atmif) vkyif ef;tay: pdwyf g0ifpm; av;pm;rI&&S d rnf/

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

33

]]ynmta&mif xG e f ; vif ; ajymif } }

ty r m'? jrwf " r ? yif r cvk w f r nf /
"mwf B ud K ;yrm? quf o G , f u m? o' g aumif ;
&onf /
0D & d , rS m ? cvk w f o m? aumif ; pG m ES d y f & onf /
ynmta&mif ? xG e f ; vif ; ajymif ? jrif h a cgif
vl Y p G r f ; &nf /
yifrcvkwfudkzGifh "mwfBudK;qufoG,fum
teD;&drS ;D cvkwu
f kd ESyd rf rS ;D a&mifvif;Edik o
f uJo
h Ykd (1)
pmayudk pGJNrJpGm usufrSwfEdkifaom owd? usuf
NyD;pmrsm;udk rarhaysmufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
aom owd-[laomyifrcvkwf tm;aumif;atmif
avhusifh&rnf/ (2) w&m;ESifhxdkufwefaom rdrd
pGrf;&nf? rdrdESifhxdkufwefaom w&m;pGrf;&nfudk

34

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

,HMk unfr[
I al om "mwfBuKd ;yrm qufo,
G rf I tm;
aumif;&rnf/ (3) owdtxdef;jzifh tqufrjywf
rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfrI[laom 0D&d,cvkwfudk
ESdyfay;Edkif&rnf/ (4) owdESifhwGJaom 0D&d,onf
orm"dukd jzpfapEdik o
f nfjzpf orm"du ynmtm;
aus;Zl;jyK&onfjzpf&um; ynmrD;a&mifvif;vm
rnf {uefjzpfonf/
rdrdonf touf (18)ESpf t&G,fa&mufrS
y&d,wdynmudk pwifoifMum;cJh&onf/ i,fpOf
tcgup touf (26)ESpft&G,ftxd wdyd#u
vkyif ef;onf ud,
k Ef iS q
hf ikd o
f nf[rk wGucf /hJ wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY pdwful;rQyif ra&mufcJh
udk,fht&mr[kwf[k wGufqcJhonf/ odkYaomf
"rmp&d, pmar;yGJESifh ousoD[ apwd,*FPpmar;yGJrsm; ajzqdkcJhpOf uHaumif;wdkufqdkifrIrsm;

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

35

txdkuftavsmuf BuHKBudKufvmojzifh twdwfuH

aumif;^raumif; odvdkvQif ypKyef Pf 0D&d,
jzifh wl;qGprf;oyfay;&rnf[k today:vmonf/
wdy#d uvrf;aMumif;ay:odYk wufa&mufprf;oyfvkd
pdwjf zpfvmcJo
h nf/
pwkwwdyd#uq&mawmf t&Sifokr*Fvm
vuFm&onf oufawmf (27)ESpt
f &G,f wdy#d u
bGJU&cJhonf/ rdrdrSmum; touf (27)ESpft&G,f
a&mufrS wdyd#uvkyfvdkpdwfay:cJhonf/ wdyd#u
tvkyu
f kd pwifco
hJ nf/ ratmifawmhvnf; bk&m;
pum;awmfrsm;udk EIwfxJ ESvHk;om;xJ xnfhoGif;
cGi&hf jcif;onfyif tjrwf[k oabmxm;um 0denf;
ygVdawmfudk pusufrSwfcJhonf/
rdrdonf 0denf;ygVdawmfudk pwufusufrSwf
csdef pdwfqE&dS usufprf;Munfhaeaomfvnf;
ousoD[pmcswef;ESifh apwd,*FPpmcswef;

36

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

pmar;yGJ ajzqdkqJwef;vef;omjzpfaeonf/ rNyD;

jywfao;yg/ aemufwpfcku pmoifom;rsm;tm;
aeYpOfpmESpf0gydkYcsrI vkyfief;u tNrJ&dSaeygonf/
a[majyma&;wm0efuvnf; ruif;Edik yf g/ wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif;ay:wufvmaomfvnf; tmHkwpfck
wnf;jzifh wnfNidrfpl;pdkufpGm BudK;pm;cGifh&aejcif;
r[kwyf g/
usurf w
S v
f akd om ygVdawmfrS tjzwfaumif; &m
0guswpfckpD ydkif;vdkufonf/ jrefrmvdk t"dyg,f
em;vnfatmifzwfonf/ edosjrefrmjyefpmtkyf
rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkifMunfhonf/ jrefrmvdkem;vnfNyD;
aemuf ygVdawmf0gustpHkvdkuf pdwfxJpGJvm
atmif (5)acgufavmuf rsufpdzGifhMunfhonf/
pm&GufxJrS pmaMumif;rsm;udk pdwfzvifaumfjym;
xJodkY a&mufatmif owd 0D&d, Pfjzifh ul;
,lonf/

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

37

rdro
d nf pmusuaf omtcg toHxu
G
f usuf
avhr&dyS g/ i,fpOftcgup pmudk toHww
d o
f m
usufavh&dSonf/ toHrxGufojzifh rdrdpmusuf
onfudk trsm;urodMuyg/ trsm;twGufvnf;
taESmifht,Suf rjzpfyg/ toHxGufusufouJhodkY
yifyef;jcif;vnf;r&dyS g/ avemjcif;-paom use;f rm
a&; taESmuft,Sufvnf; rjzpfcJhyg/ (5)acguf
avmuf rsufpdzGifhzwfNyD;aemuf aemufxyf (5)
acgufavmuf rsufpdpHkrSdwfNyD; pdwfxJESvHk;oGif;
onf/ pmuodP
k ;f Ijcif;yifjzpfonf/ pmvH;k rsm;udk
pdwfxJ owdjzihfpDwef; odkrSD; xm;vdkufjcif;jzpf
onf/ bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk ESvHk;om;rSm xnfh
oGi;f xm;jcif;jzpf ESv;kH om; bk&m;wnfay;jcif;
vnf;jzpfonf/
]]ighESvHk;om;xJ bk&m;<ua&muf oDwif;oHk;
aeNy}D } [kpmaMumif;rsm; ESv;kH om;xJ uyfxm;rdwikd ;f

38

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

o'gyDwdjzifh MunfEl;rIrsm; wpfzGm;zGm;jzpf&onf/

xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; rdrpd w
d x
f J yifyef;rIrsm; rjzpfc&hJ yJ
0rf;om&Tifvef; at;csrf;rIrsm;om jzpfcJh&onf/
0guswpfckNyD;oGm;vQif aemufwpfckodkY quf
enf;twdik ;f yifusuo
f nf/ aemufwpfpNk y;D wdik ;f
a&SUNyD;cJhonfh wpfpkESifh jyefaygif;pdwfxJ pDuHk;
xm;onf/ wpfrsufESmavmufNyD;oGm;jyefawmh
vnf; xdk wpfrsuEf mS vH;k jyefaygif; todpw
d rf mS
uyf wyfxm;onf/
0gustaetxm; odyfonf; t"dyg,fcufcJ
aomae&mwdkY owd 0D&d,tiftm;udk ESpfq
oHk;qavmuf jrifhwifBudK;pm;ay;&ygonf/ *gxm
rsm;qdkvQif yHkrSefxufq,fqavmuf jrifhwiftm;xkwf
&onf/ *gxmrsm;udk usufrSwf&m rdrdonf pdwf
jzifo
h m usurf w
S o
f nfjzpf pkP,
d ygVdrsm;avmuf
pdwfxJwGif xnfhoGif;oDuHk; kwfw&ufrvG,f

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

39

ulwwfyg/ rdrw
d iG f pmrsuEf mS yHak oowfrw
S cf suf
r&dSyg/ pmtoGm;tvmvG,fvQif vG,fovdk
tukefrsm; cufvQifcufovdk tukefenf;yg;
onf/ ysrf;rQ 10-rsufESmrS 15-rsufESmavmuf
ukefygvdrfhrnf/ tm*Hkrusuf&bJ oabmjzifhom
rSwfom;&aom y|mef;ygVdawmfrsdK; 20-30
avmufuek w
f wfonfvnf;&dw
S wfygonf/ *gxm
rsm;udk oD;jcm;tcsdefay; oD;jcm;usufay;&yg
onf/
okyfrsm;aomae&m pum;vHk;a0g[m& rsm;
aomae&mwdYk pmtkyt
f wGi;f &dS pmrsuEf mS ab;em;
rSm cJwHjzifh oauFwocsFmav;rsm; a&;rSwfxm;
Ny;D usuaf omtcg jyefaomtcgwdYk ta&twGuf
rrSm;atmif vufwpfacsmif;jcif;csdK; owdPf
udk toHk;jyK&ygonf/ ygVdawmfrsm;onf

40

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

pum;toHk;tEIef; ajyjypfnufanm pum;vHk;

txm; todkyHkaoenf;pepfrSefaomaMumifh t|
uxm #Dumrsm;uJhodkY cufcJpGmusuf&onfr[kwf
yg/ tcsdKUaomae&m taMumif;t&macgif;pOf
pum;vHk;av;rsm;udk rSwfom;xm;NyD; pdwfxJwGif
ygVdpDuHk;qdkyif &Edkifygonf/
uH uwm;? 0kw t0kw? 0gp 0gpu? vdif
0kp-f ponfreS u
f efatmif ygVdawmfrsm;udk rSwo
f m;
wwfzYkd txl;vdt
k yfojzifh tenf;qH;k "rmp&d,wef;
(pmcswef;) qdkif&mpmayavhvmNyD;olrsm;? jzpfEdkif
vQif "rmp&d,bGUJ wpfcck &k Ny;D olrsm;om wdy#d uudk
usufrSwfzdkY toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfygonf/ pmoGm;
pmvm pnf;urf;pepfudk em;rvnfbJ tukefvHk;
awGUorQ tmylwdkufatmfae&vQif rvdktyfbJ
yifyef;Ny;D tcsed u
f ek o
f avmuf c&D;ra&mufjzpfae
wwfygonf/ o'gjrif pmaypnf;urf;udk

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

41

tvdkuftavsmufem;vnfrS pmusufoufom
Pfowdjzifh raysmufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
rnfjzpfygonf/
0denf; okweftm;vHk;udk qdktyfNyD;enf;
pepfudk trsm;qHk;oHk; usufrSwfygonf/ tbd
"rm "ro*FPD 0dbif; yk*v
ynwf uxm0wK
wdkYudk 0denf;okwef usufrSwfaom yHkpHenf;pepf
twdkif; usufrSwf&onfhtjyif tbd"rmoN*Kvf
okyv
f nf; aus>yefujJG ym;zdYk vdt
k yfygonf/ "mwk
uxm ,rdkufwdkYudkum; n0grsm;jzpf i,f
vwf Bu;D wke;f u jzwfoef;usupf m;cJ&h onfh n0g
enf;vrf;twdik ;f yif enf;rS;D usu&f ygonf/ tcsKd U
aomae&m okyo
f abmudk pOf;pm;usu
f tcsKd U
aomae&mum; trSwo
f auFw enf;pepfjzifyh if
usu&f ygonf/

42

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

y|mef;yifv,fudk ul;cwf&m t"dutm;jzifh

yxrBuD;wef;wkef;u avhvmcJh&aom ukov
wduu
f kd txl;aus>yefzYkd vdt
k yfygonf/ <uif;usef
aom wduf 'kurf sm;um; rmwdumt&aumufukd
txl;aus>yefatmif avhvm 0db*F0g&ygVdrsm;udk
trsm;tm;jzifh ukovwduu
f kd enf;rS;D jzKwo
f ifh
cGJoifhonfwdkYudk PfjzifhcsifhcsdefNyD; ygVdudk pDuHk;
usufrSwf&ygonf/ y|mef;ocsFm0g&udkum;
oabmPfudkoHk; wGufcsufNyD; usufrSwf&
onfvnf;&dSonf/ onmrSwf oauFwenf;jzifh
rSwfom;xm;&rIonfvnf; tajrmuftrsm;yg0if
onf/ rmwdumt&aumuf aus>yefaezdkYuawmh
ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/
rdro
d nf usurf w
S x
f m;Ny;D onfh ygVdawmfrsm;udk
rarhaysmufatmif xde;f odr;f xm;&mwGif ud,
k [
f m

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

43

udk,f jyefqdk&m toHrxGufyJ toHwdwfom

jyefqdkavh&dSygonf/ wu,fhyGJBuD; jyefqdkEdkif&ef
avhusi&hf mum; pmaxmufpmr wpfyg;pDtem;rSm
xm; pmtkyfudk tMunfhcdkif;NyD; jyefqdkygonf/
yHkrSefpmrsm;udk wpfydkif;? cufcJaom pmESifh *gxm
rsm;udk wpfyikd ;f tm;jzifh ESpyf ikd ;f cGNJ y;D jyefqykd gonf/
aeYpOfpmtkyfwdkif; PfwdkYjzefYxm;NyD; pmtkyfwdkif;
tcsdK;usydkif; jyefqdkygonf/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;&m
tzGifhcHygVdudk usufrSwfrS pmjrifNyD; pGJNrJygonf/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk rSwpf x
k w
k Ef w
I
f usurf w
S f
avhr&dSyg/ tp tqHk;tukefzwf taMumif;jy?
okyfjy? tqHk;tjzwfpaom txl;rSwfom;zG,f
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cJeDjzifh rSwfom;xm;NyD;

44

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

omrefdk;dk;pmrsm;xuf tacgufrsm;pGm zwfyg

onf/ tcsdKUpmrsm;udk ygVdawmfusufrSwfonfh
yHkpHtwdkif;yif usufrSwfxm;ygonf/
rdrdonf owd orm"dudk trsm;qHk;oHk;um
PfudkxkwfvkyfNyD; BudK;pm;onfjzpf pmjyef&m
vnf; rnfolYudkrQ aMumuf&GHUavhr&dSyg/ a&;ajz
&mvnf; udk,fodwm udk,fa&;&jcif;jzpf r
aMumufwwfyg/ pmwpfBurd jf yefNy;D wdik ;f pmwpfy'k f
ajzNyD;wdkif; tvGefrGefjrwfonfh bk&m;pum;awmf
rsm;udk pdwfxJ ESvHk;om;xJrSm odkrSD;xm;NyD;rS
xkwfEIwfoHk;&jcif;jzpf o'gyDwdjzifh tvGefaysmf
arGUavh&dSygonf/ rdrdonf wdyd#ua&G;cs,fyGJ
tm*Hak &m a&;ajzyg us;HI bl;ygonf/ rdrd pmrvHk
avmufrSef;odygvsuf aysmfarGU jyefqdka&;ajz
aejcif;omjzpfygonf/ usIH;cJhbl;aomfvnf;

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

45

pdwfysufjcif; 0rf;enf;jcif; tm;i,fjcif; SdK;EGrf;

jcif; pdwf"mwfusjcif; vHk;0rjzpfcJhbl;yg/
wpfaeY pmESpfygydkYcs,if;? w&m;a[m,if;
wnfNidrfat;aq;pGmyif jyefqdka&;ajzcJhygonf/
wdyd#u tm;vHk;NyD; ESpfudkvufcsdK;a&wGufvdkuf
aomtcg (16)ESpw
f w
d d Mumonf[k odvu
kd o
f nf/
odkYaomf o'gyDwdjzifh aysmfarGUvGef; 2-ESpf 3ESpaf vmufom Mumjrifo
h nf[k xifaerdcyhJ gonf/
rdrdonf wdyd#upmar;yGJudk BudK;pm;&m pmoif
om;yHkpHjzifh wpfpdkufrwfrwf apmufcsvkyfcJhonf
r[kwyf J pmcswpfzuf w&m;a[mwpfzuf tjcm;
pmar;yGrJ sm;wpfzufwv
JG suf at;aq;pGm vkycf o
hJ nf
jzpf(16)ESpfc&D;udk jrefonf[kyif xifcJhygonf/
(16) ESpfvHk;vHk; ESvHk;om; bk&m;wnfcGifh&
*kPf,l 0rf;ajrmuf MunfEl;aerdygonf/

46

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

aysmfarGUojzifh wdyd#uNyD;aomtcg yPmo

(rZdredum,f) udk qufvufjyefqdk&ef BudK;pm;cJh
ygao;onf/ tcsed v
f
k vH;k 0r&awmhojzifh vuf
avsmhvdkuf&ygawmhonf/ wdyd#uNyD; ylaZmfyGJ
vkyMf uonfuv
kd nf; rESpo
f ufyg/ tylaZmfcv
H
kd
wdyd#uvkyfonfr[kwf? aysmfp&maumif;om
vkyfonf[kajymum trsm;tm;jzifh jiif;y,fcJh
ygonf/ "r&wemudk &wemtodjzifh pdwfESvHk;
xnfhoGif;xm;&jcif;um; avmu rnfonfht&
omESirhf Q rEdiI ;f ,SOEf ikd af vmufatmif aysmaf rGUzG,f
aumif;vS at;csrf;rGefjrwfvSayownf;/
uH&o
Sd w
l ikd ;f wdy#d uvrf;aMumif;ay:a&muf
Pf0D&d,jzifh "r&wemudk wl;azmfoHk;pGJ EdkifMuygap/
wd y d # u a&T & wk p mapmif

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

47

wdyd#u"&(a,m)q&mawmf
b'Eod&dEmbd0Ho\
Mo0g'uxm
]]w&m;pG r f ; tif tmed o if } }
a&m*gaMumif h o m? aq;q&m? pG r f ; wmod E d k i f
onf /
ud a vom[l / tyl a Mumif h o m? aumif ; pG m
usif h w uf ? ol a wmf j rwf \ ? jrif h j rwf x l ; qef ; ?
vl Y t pG r f ; ? jzpf x G e f ; ay:vmonf /
a&m*gtrsm;? &d S a ejim;? aq;0g;pG r f ; tif ?
tmed o if ? ay:vG i f x if & S m ;onf /
ud a vom[l ? tyl t rsm;? &d S a ejim;? w&m;
pG r f ; tif ? tmed o if ? ay:vG i f x if & S m ;onf /

48

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

ES v H k ; om;0,f ? bk & m;wnf ? wu,f p G r f ; tm;

&Ed k i f o nf /
yk x k Z Of & J U txd e f ; vG w f w J h omref p d w f [ m
arm[tarSmifxJrSm avmb a'go &efESpfbuf
Syaf xmif;xkorQ cHae&wmyg/ taumif;ESiahf wGU
&if avmbu axmif;xkESdyfpufw,f? avmb
qdkwm csrf;oma,mifaqmifNyD; avmifaewJh tyl
aiGUyg? tqdk;eJYawGUjyefawmh a'gou axmif;xk
ESyd pf ufwmudk cH&jyefwmyJ? tJ'v
D kd avmb a'go
ESdyfpufcH&if;eJYyJ wpfoufukefoGm;wwfMu&yg
w,f? w&m;udkvufOD;atmif rudkifwG,fjzpf&if
tJ'Dw&m;qdk;rsm;u pdwfudkb,ftcgrS vTwfay;
MurSmr[kwyf gbl;/
udavom tarTcHae&wJhpdwf[m udk,fydkifpGrf;
tm;udk rdrd&& rqkwfudkif raz:xkwfEdkifawmhyJ

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

49

twdwu
f rkd auseyf ypKye u
f v
kd ufvw
T f tem*wf
udk pdwful;,OfNyD; aqmufwnf&mr& csmcsmvnf
atmif arsmaewwfygw,f? udavom0efxkyf
aMumifh pdwu
f rkd Edik w
f myg? udavmom&dw
S t
hJ wGuf
aMumifhyJ pdwfudkqHk;raeMu&wmyg/
udavomaMumifh pdwfnpf pdwfnpfvdkY kyfyif
yef; kyyf ifyef;awmh pdwq
f if;&J&w,f? udavom
&Sif;awmh pdwfpifMu,f pdwfpifMu,fvdkY kyfvef;
qef;awmh pdwfcsrf;om&ygw,f? emrfESifhkyf[m
tcsif;csif;wHkYjyefaus;Zl;jyKaeMuwmyg/
npfnrf;wJhudavomaMumifh pdwfnpfnrf;NyD;
vl n pf a yqd k ; oG r f ; um &ef o l b uf a &muf o G m ;
&w,f/ udavomuif;vdYk pdwpf ifMu,fvm&if vl
aumif;jzpfvmNyD; rdwfaqGbufa&mufoGm;&jyef
w,f? ykxkZOf&JUpdwf[m a&rIwfwpfbuf

50

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

rD;pwpfbuf udik x
f m;wmjzpfvYkd ud,
k w
f pfa,muf
wnf;awmif &efjzpfae&wmyg/
vlaY vmurSmtema&m*g r&dcS &hJ if aq;q&m&JU
t&nftcsi;f pGr;f &nfukd rodEikd o
f vdb
k J udavom
tyleJY qif;&J'kursm;r&dScJh&if w&m;usifhwJh
olawmfaumif;&JU pGrf;tm;*kPf&nfrsm;udk odEdkif
cGifh&rSmr[kwfygbl;? tema&m*g&dSaevdkYom
aq;q&m&JU pGrf;&nfudk odEdkifovdk udavomeJY
tylqif;&JawGaMumifhom w&m;usifhol olawmf
aumif;&JUpGrf;tm;udk twk,ltm;uszG,ftjzpf
odciG &hf rSmjzpfygw,f/
NyD;awmh tema&m*gawG r&dScJh&if aq;0g;pGrf;
tiftmedoifudk rod&ovdk udavomeJY qif;&J
'kuawG r&dS&if w&m;pGrf;tiftmedoifudk rod&
ygbl;? tema&m*gaMumifh aq;0g;pGr;f tif tmedoif
ay:vGi&f ovdk udavomeJY qif;&JtylawGaMumifh

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

51

om tylNidrf;aMumif; w&m;aumif;&,fvdkY
w&m;pGrf;tif tmedoifay:vGif&wmyg/
'gaMumifh tema&m*g[m aq;0g;tmedoifEiS hf
aq;q&mpGr;f tifukd azmfxw
k af y;ovdk udavom
ESihf qif;&Jtylrsm;[m w&m;pGr;f tif tmedoifEiS hf
olawmfaumif;pGrf;tm;udk azmfxkwf *kPfwifay;
wwfwJh wGef;tm;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuygw,f/ vlYavm
urSm awGUBuKH aeMu&wJh vlraI &;'ku tyl jyem
rsKd ;pHak wG[m w&m;ukeaf csm xkwv
f yk af y;Edik w
f hJ vlY
b0ukeMf urf;rsm; jzpfygw,f? roH;k wwfot
l wGuf
udavomaMumifh *kPfysufwwfayr,fh oHk;wwf
oltwGuaf wmh udavom tylawGaMumifyh J *kPf
wwf&ygw,f/
trsdK;rSefwJh ausmufrsuf&wemESifhwlwJh vlY
pdwf"mwfudk usOf;usyfIyfyGylavmifvSwJh udav
om trdu
I o
f du
k f &TUH Geaf usmufcJ oJajrMum;xJrS

52

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

cufcufcJcJ qGJxkwfNyD; oDvESifhoefYpif orm"dESifh

aq;aMumynmeJYaoG;ay;EdkifrS pifMu,f jrifhjrwf
wJh vlYpdwf"mwfay:vm&ygw,f? tzdk;wef vljzpf
cGifh&ygw,f? pdwfxm;wwfvdkY jrifhjrwfNyD; csrf;om
atmifaewwfvmygw,f? wu,fawmh pdwf
aumif; wpfckay:vmzdkY udavomawGvufxJu
cufcufccJ J qGx
J w
k v
f ,
k &l wmyg? o'g? 0D&,
d "gwf
awG trsm;BuD;oHk;&ygw,f/
cEmESifhruif;EdkifwJh pm;0wfaea&; pD;yGm;a&;
vlrIa&; tvkyfawGqdkwm rD;&xm;blwmrSm
acgif;wGJr&dSvdkY &yfxm;&wJh &xm;wGJBuD;eJY wlyg
w,f/ tcsed t
f wdik ;f twm wpfct
k xd avhvmem,l
rS w f o m;wmrsd K ; tcsd e f t uef Y t owf w pf c k e J Y
avhusifhtm;xkwfwmrsdK;awGu rD;&xm;acgif;
wGJESifhwlygw,f? orm'd|d todPf acgif;wGJESifh

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

53

csdwfqufay;vdkuf&if pm;0wfaea&; &xm;wGJBuD;

[m odumoHk;yg; r*if&Spfyg; vrf;aMumif;twdkif;
vdu
k yf gaygif;rdomG ;ygw,f/ jzpf? td?k em? ao blwm
awG u d k ausmf v G e f N yD ; ed A m ef b l w m ta&muf
o,faqmifomG ;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f/ cEmxrf;aqmif
a&;wGJESifh w&m;wGJwpfqufwnf; wom;wnf;
aygif;rdomG ;rSmyg/
Ak'omoemhvrf;pOf vufawGUtusifhvkyfief;
ydkif;rSm owd[m vdk&if;y"me tcsKyfyg? owdqdk
wm toD;wpf&mudk xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifwJh tSm
wpfckozG,f rsm;jym;vSwJh vlYudprsdK;pHkudk &nfrSef;
csufjyKwfrusatmif udkifwG,fxdef;csKyfay;wJh
avmu&JU yifry"me tSmBuD;wpfckjzpfygw,f/
owdtSmESifh wGJrdwJh vlY&JUvkyfief;udptm;vHk;
udk,fydkifw&m;tvkyfjzpfoGm;NyD; toGifoPmef

54

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tESpfom&a&m tjrifydkif;yg oefY&Sif;oyf,yf

vSywifw
h ,f xnf0gcefjY im; av;eufomG ;ygw,f/
owdtSmjyKwo
f mG ;&if vlu
Y pd t
m;vH;k w&m;
tvkyfESifh tdk;pm;uGJNyD; zdkz&J jyefYjyefYBuJ jzpfoGm;
wwfygw,f/ tSmcdkifrS udk,fydkif&rSmyg/ tSm
jyKwu
f s&ifawmh 'kua &mufwwfygw,f/ pdwt
f pOf
rSm owdryg&if trSeftwdkif; MunfhEdkifwJh tod
w&m; rwdusrjynf0h Edik yf gbl;? owdoiG ;f rS tMunfh
&Si;f Ny;D todw&m; wdusjynf0h Edik yf gw,f/ pGr;f tm;
vnf; tjynfh&Edkifygw,f/
owdqdkwm (1) tmHkudk yHkazmfay;&w,f/ (2)
tmHkESifh pdwfuyfay;&w,f? (3) tvkyfrNyD;rD
tmHkraysmufatmif xdef;xm;&w,f? (4) tvkyf
wpfcv
k yk af epOf tjcm;rqdik w
f hJ tmHak wG Mum;jzwf
0ifrvm&atmif apmifah &Smufay;&w,f? (5)tvkyf

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

55

rNyD;rcsif; tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;odod

aeatmif a&SUaemuftodcsi;f qufpyfxm;&w,f?
owdaumif;&if tvkyw
f pfcNk y;D wdik ;f t&nftaoG;
pHcsed rf NDS y;D pGr;f tm;tjynf&h Edik yf gw,f/ owdtxde;f
ygwJh tm;xkwfrIuom tavtvGifhr&dS wduswJh
pdwfpGrf;tm;udk wdk;wufapygw,f/
owd[m ypKyefwdkif; wefbdk;xm; av;pm;&
ygw,f? pdwfrykyfatmif odkavSmifay;w,f? pdwf
vHNk cKH atmif xde;f odr;f ay;w,f? pdwaf wmufajymif
atmif yGww
f u
kd af y;Ny;D tvkyw
f ikd ;f pdwu
f kd tuGuf
csay;w,f? pdwfrjyefYBuJatmif oDwHBudK;ozG,f
oDu;kH ay;w,f? w&m;wHcg;zGiahf y;wJh pdw&f UJ aomh
wHvnf; jzpfw,f? owd&JU pGrf;tm;[m teEyg/
owdvufvGwfoGm;&if arhavsmhayghqoGm;yg
w,f? arh&if vlzsif;jzpf&w,f? avsmh&if ayghq

56

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

&ifawmh vlnHhjzpfoGm;&ygw,f? arhavsmhayghq

w,fqdkwm trSeftwdkif; w&m;pum;eJY tm;rem
wrf;ajym&&if ]]tl;uav;}} jzpfoGm;wmyg?
tl;uav;jzpfaecdu
k rf mS aqmif&u
G cf sut
f m;vH;k
pGrf;&nfjynfh0 Nidrf;at;atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;
r&dSawmhyJ pdwfpGrf;&nf ,dkifvJoGm;&ygw,f? tl;
uav;csi;f xyfNy;D qufpyfomG ;&if tl;Bu;D vnf;
jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pdwf"mwfBuHUcdkif
rl;Edkifatmif xdef;csKyfxm;wJhw&m;[m owdyg/
pdwq
f w
kd m t0dZm wPSmvufxrJ mS csn;f trsm;
qH;k aecJ&h wmjzpfvYkd tvGeu
f av;uvm; qefveG ;f
ygw,f? owdqdkwm uav;xdef;wJh w&m;yg? tysif;xl
wJhpdwf xHkxdkif;pdwfudk 0D&d,eJY wGef;tm;ay;&
w,f? rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;aewJh pdwfudk ynmu
vrf;TefoGefoif&ygw,f? raumif;qdk;0g;pdwfudk

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

57

aumif;rGeo
f efpY ifatmif o'gw&m;eJY aq;aMum&
ygw,f? tJ'Dav;yg;rSm owdESifhynmu vlYb0
csdefoD;? o'geJY 0D&d,u vlYb0vufwHyg? owdu
pdwt
f mHEk iS hf tcsed u
f kd xde;f odr;f ay;w,f? ynmu
tvkyw
f ikd ;f "mwfcaJG y;Ny;D tvkyw
f pfcNk y;D wdik ;f vkycf
xdu
k x
f u
kd w
f efwefay;ygw,f? o'gutaumif;ESihf
qufoG,fNyD; taumif;&bdkY tmrcHwm0ef,lyg
w,f? 0D&,
d uawmh tm;awGukd ab;rsmxkwrf ypfyJ
twGi;f rSm jynf0h atmif xkw,
f x
l m;vdu
k yf gw,f/
Ak'omoemqdkwm wpfckwnf;aom 'kutyl
xGuaf ygufyg? wpfcw
k nf;aom Pfaumif;xkwf
vkyfwJhpdwf? pdwfaumif;xkwfvkyfwJhpuf? pdwfoefY
pifwJhpdwf? pdwftyludk tat;cHwJhpufyg? avmu
rl;,pfaq;0g;t&ufaopmawGudk raumif;rSef;
odvsufeJY oHk;pGJaeMuwm[m pdwfudkarhaq;xHk

58

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

aq;xd;k ay;wJo
h abmyg? tcuftcJawG rajyvnf
Hrk Qru tylwpfcu
k kd tylwpf&myGm;,lwmjzpfovdk
tylao;ao;udk BuD;xGm;atmifvkyfwmyg? vlY
tcuftcJukd w&m;uvGv
J Ykd b,f[murS ajyvnf
atmif rajz&Sif;Edkifygbl;? oefYpifwdusppfrSefwJh
omoem[m jrefrmjynfrSmom tjynfhtpHk&dSyg
w,f? tpdk;&ESifh jynfolY q&mESifh'um? nDnm
MunfjzLpGm apmifha&SmufEdkifwJh aus;Zl;aMumifhyg/
tm;vH k ; csrf ; omMuygap/
wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

axk y w d t usOf ;

59

axkywdtusOf;
&efukefNrdKU? A[ef;? eE0efvrf;
r[m0dok'gHk a&Tusifwdkufopf
o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*r[mtausmf
wdyd#u"& t*r[my@dw
wdyd#u"& "rb@m*g&du

wdyd#ua,mq&mawmf b'E od&dEmbd0Ho

\

]]b0jzpfpOf aMumif;usdK;xif}}
(axk y w d t usOf ; )
omoem 2542 aumaZm 1360 waygif;v
1999 ckESpf rwfv

(oufawmf 56? odumawmf 37)

60

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

b0jzpfpOf aMumif;usdK;xif
(axk y w d t usOf ; )
zGm;jrifa&mufvm vlwdkY&Gm
b'Eod&dEmbd0Ho (wdyd#ua,mq&mawmf)
onf rauG;wdkif;? *efYa*gNrdKUe,f (a,me,f)
vufyH&Gm crnf;awmf OD;&JEdkif? r,fawmf
a':wkwfcdkifwdkYrS 1304 ckESpf waygif;vjynfh
ausmf 6-&uf (26.3.43) aomMumaeY eHeuf
4em&Dct
JG csed w
f iG f zGm;jrifaom (arG;csi;f 6 a,muf)
wGif om;OD;&wemjzpf i,femrnf (vltrnf)
armifomarmifjzpfygonf/ rdbwdkYxH twdwf
ukov
kd u
f u
H a&;jc,fay;vdu
k af om vlb
Y 0 tkyf
uav; 1 ckay:vmcJhonf/ twdwfukodkvfuHu

axk y w d t usOf ;

61

pdkufysdK;ay;vdkufaom vlYb0cEmtyifuav; 1
yif aygufvmcJhonf/ toHk;0ifaom vlYb0cEm
1-ck jzpfvm&ef twdwfb0u pdwfaumif;
uHaumif; t&if;tESD;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm pdkufxkwf
ay;cJh&onf/

uav;b0 wufvrf;p
i,fpOfup wnfNidrfat;aq;onf? tvGef
tuJ upm;rIudk 0goemryg? upm;vQifvnf;
wpfa,mufwnf;om upm;wwfonf/ vlawm
odkY0if& a&maESm&rnfudk 0efav;wwfonf/
olwpfyg;wdkYESifh cGef;wkefYcGef;jyefjiif;cHk pum;
ajymavhr&dSol wpfyg;u pwifjiif;cHk vmvQif
vnf; udk,fuom tIH;ay;wwfonf/

62

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

rusef;rrmjzpfvQifyif olwpfyg;udk rylqm

wwf? ukd,fh'kuudk udk,fom atmifhtnf;onf;cH
wwfonf? i,fpOfpum;ajymwwfcgp t&G,rf pS
rdcifupmayrsm;udk EIwfwdkufcsay;cJh\/ bdk;bGm;
rsm;u yHk0wKZmwfedygwfawmfrsm;udk rMumrMum
ajymjy yHo
k iG ;f ay;cJMh uonf/ ykxZk Ofvo
l m;wdik ;f
udk,fhudkudk,f rEdkifao;orQ udk,fhtay: MoZm
ajimif;onfh txdef; wGef;tm; vrf;TeftNrJ
&daS e&pNrjJ zpfonf/ ud,
k u
hf u
kd ,
kd v
f nf; rxde;f wwf
ab;u txdef;aumif;vnf; uif;vGwfcJhvQif vlU
b0wdrf;yg;cRwfacsmfum 0dkif;y,fcH&onfh vlY
trdu
I jf zpfomG ;wwfonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; okwyGm;
1314-ckESpf 10ESpfom;t&G,f rdbrsm;u
vufy&H mG ausmif;q&mawmf OD;wdxH ynmoif

axk y w d t usOf ;

63

Mum;&eftyfESHMuonf/ q&mawmf OD;wdESifh

OD;&D;awmf OD;armifoef; (xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;Bu;D )
wdkY\ pepfwus *kpdkuf oifjyay;rI oli,f\
ynmvdkvm;BudK;pm;rIwdkYaMumifh 1-ESpfcGJtwGif;
q&morm;rsm;\ csD;usL;rIudk tzefzef&&dSum
ygVdjrefrmpmay *Pef;ocsFm tajccHESifhwuG?
Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rI tajccHwdkYudk tajcusus
&&dScJhonf? pmaynHhzsif;rI pm&dwysufjym;rI
wdkYaMumifh q&morm;rsm;\ tjypfay;jcif;udk 1
Budrf 1 cgrQrcHcJh&bl;ay/ rsdK;aphaumif;onf
tyifaumif;udk aygufay; tyifaumif;onf
toD;tyGifhaumif;udk oD;yGifhay;ouJhodkY rdb
aumif;onf om;orD;aumif;udk arG;zGm;ay;
q&maumif;onf wynfhaumif;udk az:xkwfay;
Edik pf rG ;f &do
S nf/

64

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

rlvwef;ausmif; wpfqifhajymif;
1315-ckEpS f ewfawmfv q&mawmf OD;wd
&efukefNrdKUodkY <ua&mufoDwif;oHk;cdkuf rdbrsm;u
oli,f\ ynma&;vpf[if;aESmifah ES;rnfukd pd;k &drf
Moojzifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufap vufyH&Gm
tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif; tyfESHMuonf/ ausmif;
q&mrsm;u oli,f\t&nftcsif;udk t-3-vHk;
pepfjzifh prf;oyfppfaq;Munfhaomtcg &J&J
awmuf ajzjyEdik o
f jzifh ]]tm*bke;f Bu;D ausmif;om;}}
pk tHhMocsD;usL;um yxrwef;rS pwif oifMum;
apMuonf/ OD;&D;awmfq&mBuD; OD;bpef? q&m
OD;cspfausmf? q&mOD;yk wdkYxH ynmoifMum;cJh&m
tepfemcHr?I ynmvdv
k m;BuKd ;pm;rI ponfwaYkd Mumifh
ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;\pHjytjzpf cspfcifav;pm;

axk y w d t usOf ;

65

ta&;xm;rIudk cH,l&&dSum q&mrsm;\ csD;usL;

rIukd xyfum xyfum&&dv
S suf yxrwef;rS pwkw
wef;xd ESpfpOfxdyfqkH;eHygwf (1) ucsnf;om
atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ tdro
f aYkd &mufvQiv
f nf; om;Bu;D
1-a,mufjzpfojzifh rdcif\ tdrfrIudptm;vHk;
atmufajcodrf; ulnDvkyfudkifay;& zcif\
awmifolvkyfief;udkyg 0ifa&mufulnDay;&onf/
pnf;urf;BuD;aomrdbrsm;u rtm;vyfatmif
tvkyfjzifh pnf;urf;abmifcwf xdef;uGyfay;xm;
Muojzifh tjcm;uav;rsm;uJhodkY vnfywfcsdef
upm;csdef r&dSoavmuf tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/
armifomarmifonf i,fpOfup ykykydefydef ao;
ao; uav;omjzpfonf/ odaYk omf rdbrsm;u om;
udpa&m orD;udpyg tukeftm;udk;Muonf/ rdb
aumif;aMumifh trsm;uav;pm;Muonf/

66

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

omraPjyK pmayrI
pwkwwef;atmifNyD;aemuf 1318ck? aESmif;
wefcl;v 14-ESpfom;t&G,f rdbwdkYu rlv q&m&if;
q&mawmf OD;wdxH &Sijf yKr*FvmjyKvyk Mf uonf/
cPomouFef;0wfcGifh&aMumif; od&ojzifh q&m
awmfrsm;u udk&ifbGJUemrnfray;Muacs/ ]]cP
om0wfwmqdkawmh udk&ifomarmifayghuGm}} wJh
&Sio
f mraPb0 baxG;awmf (crnf;awmf\ nD
awmf) bkef;BuD; OD;eEu u avmukwfavmuD
ynm&yfrsm;udk tcsdef&orQ pepfwusoifjyay;
onf/ omoem aysmfydkufvSojzifh wpfoufvHk;
ouFef;0wf omoemhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk
aMumif; rdbrsm;xH cGifhawmif;tcg oabm
rwlMuacs/ omraPb0 wpfvomae

axk y w d t usOf ;

67

vl0wfvJcJh&onf/ avmuqGJtm;ESifh "rqGJtm;

2-rsKd ;wdw
Yk iG f tprxifoo
H &mup xHv
k mcJah om
avmuqGJtm;u tom&wwfpNrJom jzpfonf/
ud,
k u
f vufcEH ikd af omfvnf; trsm;u raxmufcH
vQif taumif;udkyif vufvTwf&wwfonf/

tv,fwef;ausmif; wpfqifhajymif;
1319 ck? e,kefv rdbwdkY\ qEtwdkif;
*efYa*gNrdKUe,f? uef&Gmtpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;
(,cktxufwef;ausmif;)odaYk jymif;a&TU OD;&D;awmf
OD;jynfhxGef;? a':aygcifwdkY\ apmifha&SmufrIjzifh
tv,fwef;ynmudk qufvuf oif,lcJhonf/
q&mBu;D OD;cifarmifaX; q&mOD;ode;f armf OD;&mNrKd U
OD;wifvS OD;cifarmifoed ;f a':cdik v
f S a':pef;cif

68

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

wdx
Yk H ynmoifMum;cJ&h m wnfNird rf I ynmvdv
k m;
BudK;pm;rIwdkYaMumifh q&m q&mrrsm;\ tm;&
ESpo
f uf trTr;f wifru
I kd cH&onft
h jyif ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;\ cifrifav;pm; ta&;xm;rIudk
cH,l&onf/ vufyH&Gm OD;&D;awmf q&mBuD;
OD;bpdk;uvnf; aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;
tdrfodkYac: BudK;pm;oifjyay;cJhonf/ yrwef;?
q|rwef;ESihf owrwef; Ak'b
mom pmar;yGw
J u
Ykd kd
eHygwf (1) ucsnf;om atmifjrifcJh 1321 ck
(1960 ck) tpdk;&ppf owrwef; pmar;yGJudkum;
NyKd ib
f ufr&dS wpfausmif;vH;k wpfa,mufwnf;om
atmifjrifcahJ vonf/ uHPfqE vHv
Yk use;f rm
a&; q&maumif;ESifh tm;ay;olpaom twGif;
ty taMumif;aumif;rsm; jynfhpHkcdkuf tm;pdkuf
oavmuf aygufa&mufwwfpNrJwnf;/

axk y w d t usOf ;

69

omoema&muf ESpfBudrfajrmuf
armifomarmif uef&Gm ynmoifMum;pOf
uefawm&ausmif;wdkufodkY rMumrMum a&mufcJh
onf/ uefawm& q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;udk
rMumcPzl;awGU&? tqHk;trrsm;udk rMumcP
Mum;&onfrSm at;jrMunfEl; wefzdk;BuD;rm;vS
onf? omoem"mwf wpfpwpfp ul;pufpdrfh0if
vmcJo
h nf/
owrwef; ajzqdak tmifjrifNy;D aemuf omoem
abmifodkY0if&ef rdbxH cGifhawmif;aomfvnf;
oabmrwlMuay/ OD;&D;awmf OD;jynfx
h eG ;f u w&m;
jyum em;csay;aomtcgrSom rdbrsm; oabmwl
auseyfcJhMuonf/

70

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

xdaYk Mumifh 1322ck e,kev

f qef; 8-&uf (18)ESpf
om;t&G,f rdbwdkY\ yp,mEk*[udk cH,lum
*efaY *gNrKd Ue,f uefawm&ausmif;wdu
k f yxruef
awm&q&mawmf OD;auwkudk OyZm,fjyKvsuf
'kwd,tBudrf &SifomraPtjzpfodkY a&mufcJhjyef
onf/ uefawm& pmcsq&mawmf OD;eEdrmu
]]&Sifod&dE}} [k bGJUrnfay;avonf/
uefawm& yxrq&mawmfOD;auwkESifh wwd
,q&mawmf OD;0dow
k u
Ykd &Sio
f &d Ed u
kd rMumrMum
tem;odaYk c: at;jrMunfE;l zG,f tqH;k trrsm;udk
ay;oem;um tm;ay;csD;ajrmufawmfrlMuonf/
wwd,q&mawmfOD;0dokw pwkwq&mawmf
OD;auvmo? pmcsq&mawmf OD;eEdrm? OD;omudE
("rmp&d,) wdx
Yk H o'g? o*F[? ygwdarmuf? ucFg?
lyodEd? rmwdum? "mwkuxm? ygVda&;enf;?

axk y w d t usOf ;

71

*gxmvuFmpDuHk;enf;? wdkYudk &SifomraPb0 2ESpftwGif; tajcusus &&dSatmif oif,lcJhonf/

arw ukPm todynmjynfh0aom ynm&dS
olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkcGifh&jcif;onf
rnfonfh ypnf;ESifhrQ rvJEdkifonfh wefzdk; rjzwf
Edkifaom taumif;jrwfqHk;aom vmbfBuD; 1-ck
jzpfonf/ ynm&dSolawmfaumif;ESifh 1-Budrf 1-cg
1-cPrQ aygif;oif;qufqcH iG &hf vQiyf if 1-ouf
vHk; apmifha&Smuf wwfpNrJjzpfonf/ wufvrf;
yGio
hf mG ;wwfonf/

&[ef;tjzpf b0opf
1324-ck uqkefvjynfhausmf 8-&uf paeaeY
*efaY *gNrKd Ue,f? uefawm&ausmif;wdu
k f c@odr0f ,f

72

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

wwd, uefawm& q&mawmf OD;0dokwudk

OyZ,fjyKvsuf vufyH&Gm crnf;awmf OD;&JEdkif
r,fawmf a':wkwfcdkif? ab;awmf a':NcHK (tzGm;
\rdcif)? bdk;bGm;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;ausmfxdkufa':pdk;csKyf? a':a&TzHk; (tzdk;OD;ompdef\ZeD;)wdkY\
yp,mEk*[udk cH,lum jrifhjrwfaom &[ef;
tjzpfodkY a&mufcJhonf/ bGJUtrnfrSm OD;od&dEm
yifjzpfonf/ rdrd\ &[ef;cHyGJ rdrdudk,fwdkif
w&m;udk pwifa[mcJ
h rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f &wky'kd pf EkH iS hf
*gxmrsm; a&;om;du
k Ef ydS f jzefaY 0cJo
h nf/ olaY rwm
udk udk,fharwmjzifh wkefYjyefrS wm0efausonf[k
cH,lum t&JpGefY BudK;pm;jcif;om jzpfonf/

axk y w d t usOf ;

73

odrfxyfr*Fvm tcgcg
uav;NrdKU? ompnfprf;acsmif; q&mawmf
OD;pm&dw? rEav;NrdKU r[m0dok'gHkwdkufopf
t*r[my@dw a&Tusifomoemydkif ajrmif;jr
q&mawmfwdkY\ csD;ajrmufrIjzifh ('umrygbJ)
odrfxyfcJhonfhjyif? NrdKUpHk? e,fpHk? tqifhpHk 'um
'umrrsm;pGmwd\
Yk yp,mEk*[
udk cH,u
l m tBurd f
(200)ausmx
f d ('um'umrwd\
Yk apwemudik
hJ )
tBurd Bf urd f tcgcg odrx
f yfr*Fvm jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/

pmayoifMum; a&SUodkYoGm;
&[ef;cHNy;D aemuf ynm qufvufoifMum;&ef
twGuf 1324 ck? e,kefvqef; (11)&ufaeYwGif

74

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

*efYa*grS rEav;odkY av,mOfpD; oGm;&m

]]"rgp&d,ratmifrcsif; *efYa*gESifh arG;ajrudk ajc
racsawmhNyD}} [k qHk;jzwfcsufcJhonf/ (6-ESpf
ywfvHk; ae&yfodkY rjyefbJ pGJpGJNrJNrJ BudK;pm;cJhonf/
1330 ck? "rmp&d, ygVdyg&*l t*r[mtausmf
atmifNyD;rS ae&yfodkY jyefjzpfcJhonf/)
rEav; 0dZmvuFm&wdkuf wpfywfcefY
wnf;cdkonf/ 0dZmvuFm&wdkuf aexdkifpOf ,ck
NrdKUomq&mawmf OD;e&dE ,ck 0dZmvuFm&
q&mawmf OD;aumovwdkYonf nDt&if;uJhodkY
txl;yif apmifha&SmufulnDMuonf/ 0dZmvuFm&
q&mawmf OD;acrmpm&? Muufzeufq&mawmf
OD;aumov xdrk mq&mawmf OD;ynm0HowdYk ud,
k f
wdkif r[m0dok'gHkwdkufopfodkYvkduf ulnDtyfESH
ay;Muonf/ OD;y@dp (,ck uef&Gm OD;baomf)\

axk y w d t usOf ;

75

tultnDu&kd aomaMumifh rEav;NrKd U a&Tusief u

d m
, A[dXk mecsKyf r[m0do'k g Hw
k u
kd o
f pf atmifajr
ompnfausmif; vG,fulacsmarmpGm aecGifh&cJhonf/
omoemydkif ajrmif;jrq&mawmf oHawmfqifh
q&mawmf olaX;wef;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;*k"r
atmifajrompnfausmif; q&mawmf OD;Ow&mZD0
ESihf pmcs OD;y@0Howd\
Yk qH;k rTeMf um;rIukd cH,u
l m
ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/
r[m0dok'gHkwdkufopfrS rpdk;&drfausmif;wdkuf
odkYoGm; rpdk;&drfq&mawmf OD;0dpdwmbd0Ho
OD ; paE m bmombd 0 H o OD ; aumov (av;)
OD;od&dEmbd0Ho OD;aum0d'gbd0Ho OD;&mZ"rm
bd0Ho OD;0dyk OD;Empm& OD;"rmeE wdkYxH
vnf;aumif;? awmifxD;vif;wdkufodkYoGm; n0g

76

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tausmf q&mawmf OD;0ZD&Ak'dxH vnf;aumif;

y&d,wdynmrsm;udk avhvmoifMum;cJhonf/
i,fpOfup q&mrdb bdk;bGm;aumif;wdkY\
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufru
I kd EGeH matmif cH,cl &hJ aom
t&dSefaMumifh NrdKUBuD; ae&aomfvnf; taygif;
toif;rrSm;&? rrsm;&atmif tmHrk sm;pGm qGaJ tmif&m
odkY rvdkufrdatmif xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;&dSonf/
qGrf;cHtdrfzdwf&Jaom owdvHk;0r&dS/ 'um
'umrrsm;u xdkifqGrf;yifhonfudkyif pum;ajym
&Jaomowdr&dS vufrcH? vufyH&[ef;trBuD;
tzGm; a':a&Tz;kH u xrif;qdik f vcay;xm;rnf[k
qdkonfudkvnf; pmoifom;b0ESifh rwefojzifh
tvdkufododjzifh jiif;y,fcJhonf/ qif;&JcufcJ
yifyef;rSom ynmwefz;kd &drS nfjzpf &do
S rQ &orQ
jzifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jauseyfum ajzmifhrwf

axk y w d t usOf ;

77

pl;pdu
k pf mG BuKd ;pm;onf/ tpDtpOfygaom qif;&J\
aemufrmS csr;f omapmifBh uKd aeonf[v
k nf; pdwu
f kd
tm;oGi;f xm;onf/
rEav; 5-ESpfaeNyD; r[m0dok'gHk oHawmf
qifq
h &mawmf OD;wdavmu\ wdu
k w
f eG ;f TeMf um;
tyfESHay;csuft& 1329 ck? e,kefv &efukefNrdKU
A[ef;? eE0efvrf;? r[m0do'k g Hk? a&Tusiw
f u
kd o
f pf
q&mawmf t&Sif0go0gbd0Ho\ ajcawmf&if;odkY
a&mufcJhonf/ 0dok'gHkq&mawmf OD;0go0gbd0H
pmcsq&mawmf OD;odvmpm&mbd0Ho (4-bGJU&)
(,ck OD;omaX;jrifh) tv,fawm& q&mawmf
Od;ol&,mbd0Ho wdkYxH pmayynmudk oif,l
vsuf rdrduvnf; pmoifom;rsm;tm; aeYpOf
pm0g (2)0gpD oifjyydkYcsay;um BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
cJhonf/ 1329 ck pmcswef;rNyD;ao;aomfvnf;

78

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

t&nftcsif;udk ,HkMunfpdwfcs auseyfojzifh

0do'k g Hq
k &mawmfu pmcsbek ;f Bu;D wm0ef tyfEiS ;f
csD;ajrmufawmfrlonf/ pmoifwpfzuf pmcs
wpfzuf wm0ef 2-csuu
f kd tm;wufoa&m txl;
BuKd ;pm;&onf/
atmifyGJqifhqifh ETJwdkif;wifh
rEav; r[m0dok'gHkaecdkuf tcsdefrukef
vlryef;bJ 1324-i,f? 1325-vwf? 1326-BuD;
1327-pmcswef; yg+eD? 1328-0de,ygVdyg&*lESifh
apwd,*FPpmoifwef;wdkYudk ESpfpOfatmifjrifcJh
onf/ apwd,*FPpmoifwef; atmifjrifojzifh
]]tbd0Ho}} bGJUwdk;um ]]t&Sifod&dEmbd0Ho}} bGJU
jzpfvmonf/

axk y w d t usOf ;

79

&efukefr[m0dok'gHkodkY a&mufvmaomtcg
1329 ck tpdk;&"rmp&d,pmar;yGJwGif usrf;&if;
3-usrf; wpfEdkifiHvHk; eHygwf 1-trSwftrsm;qHk;
& atmifjrifojzifh ]]t*r[mtausmf}} bGJU ESifh
]]omoe"Z"rmp&d,}} bGJUudk&&dSonf/
1330ck rEav; ousoD[ pmoifwef;udk
eHygwf 1-trSwftrsm;qHk;jzifh atmifjrif 1331
ck &efuek f apwd,*FPpmcswef; 3-usr;f Ny;D ojzifh
]]od&dEmbd0Ho apwd,*FPy&d,wd "rmp&d,
*P0gpu}} bGJUudk &&dSonf/

wdyd#u vrf;tp
t&Sifod&dEonf 1324 ckESpfu ]]"rmp&d,
atmifvQif udk,fh&yf udk,fhe,fajrodkY jyef

80

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

awmbkef;BuD;uav;wpfyg;taejzifh omoemjyKrnf}}
[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh NrdKUodkY ynmoif&ef
vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ NrKd UBu;D rsm; tjypfuif;atmif
aexdik zf Ykd cJ,Of;ojzifh tNraJ exdik &f ef qEr&dcS ahJ cs/
q&m rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;uvnf; NrdKUBuD;rsm; tNrJ
raeapvdkMuay/ xdkYaMumifh "rmp&d, dk;dk;NyD;zdkY
wpfckavmufom pdwf OD;wnf&nfrSef;cJhonf/
ousoD[ apwd,*FPwdkYudk cufvSonf[k
Mum;zl; pdwful;rQyif rxnfhcJhacs/ wdyd#u"&
[lonfuu
kd m; rdrEd iS hf xdu
k w
f efonf[yk if r,lq
cJhacs/ odkY&mwGif aus;Zl;&Sif 0dok'gHkq&mawmf
OD;0go0gbd0Ho\ tm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;? bk&m;
a[m yd#uygVdawmfrsm;udk tpGrf;&dSoavmuf
avhvmvdkjcif;? ESvHk;om; bk&m;wnfvdkjcif;

axk y w d t usOf ;

81

paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh taMumif;tm;avsmf

pGm wdy#d u"&vrf;podYk a&mufreS ;f rod a&mufvm
cJo
h nf/

toHrxGuf pmudkusuf
t&Sifod&dEm\ pmusufenf;onf &Sm;&Sm; yg;
yg;xl;jcm;aom enf;jzpfonf/ pmudktoHxGuf
rusu?f yg;pyfvyI
f usuo
f nft
h cgyif tvGeef nf;
onf/ rsufpdudkzGifhvdkuf rSdwfvdkufMunfhI ESvHk;
oGif;NyD;usufonf/ pmowdy|mef tvkyfoabm
rsdK;yifjzpfonf/ usufNyD;pmudkvnf; toHxGuf
rjyefbJ rsufpdxJ pdwfxJ xifHkom rsufpdrSdwfNyD;
pdwjf zifEh v
S ;kH oGi;f onf/ pdwv
f iG w
hf wfonft
h cg vuf
acsmif;rsm;udkcsdK; trSwfay;NyD; ESvHk;oGif;onf/

82

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

olwpfyg;a&SU tprf;jyefjyonft
h cgrsKd ;om toH
xGuo
f nf/
toHwdwfenf;onf pmayvkyfief;aMumifh
udk,fcEm ryifyef;jcif;? avemxjcif;paom
a&m*grS uif;a0;jcif;? rdrdtoHaMumifh olwpfyg;
taESmift
h ,Surf jzpfjcif;? pdwx
f J pGNJ raJ eojzifh ajz
qdk&m ydkrdkc&D;a&mufjcif; paom tusdK;rsm;pGmudk
&apEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifvQif toufomqHk;
taumif;qHk;yif jzpfonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h y if ousoD [ pmoif w ef ; a&m
pmcswef;yg eHygwf 1-jzifhcsnf;om atmifcJhpOf
tcgu &efukef0dok'gHk q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
]]'DpmawGb,ftcsdefrSm b,fvdkvkyfusufxm;
wmvJ? pmusufwmvJrawGU&? pmtHov
H rJ Mum;&
ygvm;? olrsm;awG ouso[
D pmar;yGJ vkyNf yDq&kd if

axk y w d t usOf ;

83

toHxGufrwwf usufEdkif? tHEdkif? BudK;pm;

Edik rf S atmifwwfMuygw,f/ ud,
k af wmh[muawmh
wpfrsdK;ygvm;}}[k csD;usL;tHhMooHjzifh ar;jref;
aomtcg ]]rSefyg bk&m;wynhfawmfvJ BudK;pm;
oifo
h avmufawmh BudK;pm;&wmygyJb&k m;? 'gay
r,hf bk&m;wynfah wmfenf;u pmusufayr,fh pm
usufrSef;udk trsm;urodEdkifwJh toHwdwfenf;
pdwfrSwfenf;ygbk&m;}} [k jyefavQmuf&m
q&mawmfu ]]Mo ... 'Dvdkvm;? 'Dvdkqdk udk,f
awmhenf;eJYomqdk&if yd#u 3-yHkudk usuf&if
awmif ryifryef; oufoufomomeJY NyD;oGm;Edik f
w,f? jzpfEikd &f if yd#u 3-yHu
k kd qufNyD;usufyg
tHk;}} [k 0rf;omtm;& tm;ay;csD;ajrmufpum;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/

84

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

1331 ck ouso[
D pmcswef;ESihf apwd,*FP
pmcswef;udk BuKd ;pm;&if; pmoifom;rsm; tm;vnf;
pm 2-0gyd k Y c s&if ; 0d e nf ; 5-usrf ; ygVd a wmf u d k
pwif u suf r S w f wd y d # u"& a&G ; cs,f y G J
jyefqdkcJh&m tcsdefrDatmif rusufvdkuf&aom
plV0gO'gef;pOf ygxmtcsdKUrSwyg; tm;vHk;acsm
armpGm jyefqdkEdkifcJhonf/ pm ukefatmif rusuf&
ao;ojzifh ratmifEdkifrSef;odaomfvnf; o'g
w&m; oufoufjzifh Munfvifaysmf&TifpGm jyefqdk
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ousoD[ pmcswef; 1-usrf;pGJ
apwd,*FPpmcswef; 3-usrf;NyD;um 0denf; 5usrf;awmh ratmifcJhyg/

axk y w d t usOf ;

85

tcuf 2 yGJ 1 ESpfxJ

1332 ck rNyD;jywfao;aom ousoD[
pmcswef;udv
k nf; BuKd ;pm;vsuf pmoifom;rsm;tm;
aeYpOfpm0g 2-0gudkvnf; csydkYum 0de,yd#uudk
vnf; wGJzuf usufrSwfBudK;pm;cJh&m ousoD[
pmcswef;udk eHygwf 1-trSwf trsm;qH;k jzifh atmif
jrif ]]od&dEmbd0Ho y&d,wd omoe[dw"rm
p&d,}} bGUJ ud&k &do
S nf/ tbd0o
H 2-rsKd ;jzpfvmonf/
xdkESpfyif 23Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"&a&G;cs,f
yGw
J iG f 0denf;5usr;f udk jyefqakd &;ajzcJ&h m tm*Hak &;ajz
2-rsKd ;vH;k atmifjrifojzifh ]]0de,"&0de,aum0d'}}
bGJUESifhvpOfqGrf;qefawmfp&dwf ukef;a&c&D;oGm;
vmcGihf txufwef;vufrw
S f td;k 0g ueu'Pf
xD;jzLawmf 1-vufwHqdyfyg&dSaom omoemh
atmifvHawmfwdkYudk cH,l&&dScJhonf/ 1-ESpfwnf;
tcufq;kH 2-yGu
J x
kd yd q
f ;kH ucsn;f atmifjrifco
hJ nf/

86

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

t&d S e f r ysuf quf wuf

1333 ck tbd"rmyxrydkif;tm*Hk 1334 ck?
rEav;edum,fov
D ueEf iS hf y#dor'd gr*ygVdyg&*l
(ygVd yg&*l 2-rsdK; jzpfvmonf/) 1335 ck
ok0Pblrdtmbd"rduwef;ESifh 0db*Fg'd jrefrm
*k P f x l ; atmif j rif o jzif h omoe"Zod & D y 0&
"rmp&d,bGJU? 1336ck tw0dom&' rlvtmbd
"rdubGJUESifh tbd"rm yxrydkif;a&;ajz? 1338ck
"r 0dom&' rZdrtmbd"rdubGJUESifh wdyd#u"&
a&G;cs,fyGJ tbd"rm 'kwd,ydkif; tm*Hka&;ajz 2&yf vH;k atmifjrifojzift
h mbd"ru
d tbd"raum0d'
bGJUudk &&dSonf/ yd#u 2-yHkNyD;ojzifh tdk;0g
ueu'PfxD;jzLawmf 2-vufwHqdyfyg&dSaom
omoemhatmifvHawmfudk vufcH &&dScJhonf/

axk y w d t usOf ;

87

1340 ck? edum,kaZmwu tw0dom&' 'DC

bmPubGUJ ESihf wdy#d u"& a&G;cs,yf JG 'DCbmPu
bGUJ oif;kd yd#u 3yHt
k m*HNk y;D qH;k ojzifh wdy#d u"&bGUJ
ESifh tdk;eD ueu'PfxD;jzLawmf 3-vufwHqdyf
yg&daS om omoemhatmifvaH wmfukd cH,&l &do
S nf/
wd y d # u atmif y G J &
1341 ckrS 1345 ckxd 5-ESpyf wfv;kH wdy#d ubGUJ
tay: t"dywdrwyfao;bJ pmcsvyk if ef;ESihf w&m;
a[mvkyfief;udkom BudK;pm;aecJhonf/ pmudk 1acguf a yguf a tmif rzwf r d a wmh b J wd y d # u
pmar;yGu
J kd ajzHo
k majzaecJo
h nf/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm
raerem; t&dSeft[kefjzifh csDwufBudK;pm;vmcJhNyD;
tayguf0a&mufvmcgrS ajcwpfvrS ;f vufwurf;
avmufomusefcgrS at;pufpufvkyfaeonfudk

88

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

rnfolrQ rauseyfMu/ ]]wdyd#ubGJUrvdkcsifao;

vdyYk g}} ]]wdy#d ubGUJ &oGm;&if 'kuw
m0efawG rsm;rSm
aMumufvdkYyg}} ponfjzifh acsyonfh ra&&m rcdkif
vHkonfh tajzpum;udkvnf; rnfolrQvufrcH?
ol w d k Y u um,uH & S i f x uf yd k u J a eMuonf /
]]rif;uGe;f wdy#d uq&mawmfBu;D vJ oufawmf 40
ausmrf S wdy#d ubGUJ &cJw
h mjzpfvYkd t&G,Ef iS *hf P
k f odyf
xdu
k w
f efwmbJ? OD;yi;f vJ touf 40 ausmaf wmh
jzpfvmrSmaygh}} ponfjzifh wkefYjyefonfudkvnf;
rnforl Q oabmrwl? wGe;f tm;rsKd ;pHk ay;Muonf/
trSeftm;jzifh t"dywdrwyfao;onfrS wyg;
tjcm; enfonft
h aMumif;rQr&dyS g? tcsed rf wefao;
vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf/ 1346ckum; tcsed u
f pum;
ajymvmonfjzpfojzifh wefaqmifrkef;vuG,fxd
pmoifom;rsm;twGuf pm 2-0gudk BudK;pm;

axk y w d t usOf ;

89

oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhNyD; ewfawmf? jymodk 2-v wdwd

rif;uGe;f awmif;kd &wem*lacsmifoo
Ykd mG ; q&mawmf
OD;umkPdu\ ulnDapmifha&SmufcsD;ajrmufrIjzifh pmudk
t"dywdwyfqifum BudK;pm;usufrSwfvdkufonf/
xdkESpfwydkYwGJv 37-Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"&
a&G;cs,fyGJ 'DCedum,fudk ajzqdkcJh&m atmifjrifojzifh
'DCedum,aum0d'bGUJ udk &&do
S nf/ oif;kd yd#u 3yHt
k m;vH;k Ny;D qH;k onf/ yxr wdy#d u"&q&mawmf
bk&m;BuD; OD;0dpdwom&mbd0Hoonf oufawmf
42-ESpf odum awmf 23-0g wdy#d ubGUJ udk &&do
S uJh
odYk yr wdy#d u"& t&Sio
f &d Ed m bd0o
H onfvnf;
42-ESpf 23-0gyif wdyd#ubGJUudk &&dSavonf/
1346 ckESpf 42-ESpf 23-0gwGif oifdk; yd#u
3-yHkNyD;qHk;ojzifh wdyd#uaum0d'bGJU? vpOf qGrf;
qefawmfp&dwfESifh rdbtwGuf vpOfaxmufyHh

90

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

p&dw?f wynfh 2-OD;ESit

hf wl uke;f a& av 3-Xme
tcvGwfc&D;oGm;vmcGifh txufwef; vufrSwf?
tdk;0g ueu'PfxD;jzLawmf 3-vuf wHqdyf
yg&dSaom omoemhatmifvHawmfwdkYudk cH,l&&dS
onf/
pmcsvnf;rysu?f w&m;a[mvnf; rvpf[if;?
udk,fydkifudpudkvnf; Mum;Syf? usef;rma&;vnf;
rxdcu
kd b
f J at;at;rSerf eS f wufvmcJ&h m i,fpOfu
vHk;0pdwfrul;cJh rarQmfvifhcJhaom tNcHt&HbGJUrsm;
ESiw
hf uG wdy#d ubGUJ udk omoemhusuo
f a& jrefrm
usufoa&udkaqmifum &&SdcJhavawmhonf/
wdyd#ua&G;cs,fyGJ tm*Hka&m a&;ajzyg usIH;
bl;onf/ rdrd pmrvHkavmufrSef;odygvsuf aysmf
arGU jyefqakd &;ajzaejcif;omjzpfonf/ us;HI cJb
h ;l

axk y w d t usOf ;

91

aomfvnf; pdwfysufjcif;? 0rf;enf;jcif;? tm;i,f

jcif;? d;I EGr;f jcif;? pdw"f mwfusjcif;? vH;k 0 rjzpfcb
hJ ;l
ay/ wpfaeY pm 2-0gcsif,if;? w&m;a[m,if;?
wnfNidrfat;aq;pGmyif jyefqdka&;ajzcJhonf/
wdyd#utm;vHk;NyD; ESpfudk vufcsdK;a&wGuf
vdkufaomtcg 16-ESpfwdwd Mumonf[k odvdkuf
onf/ odkYaomf o'gyDwdjzifh aysmfarGUvGef; 4-5
ESpf avmufom Mumjrifhonf[k xifaerdcJhonf/
wdyd#upmar;yGJudk BudK;pm;&m pmoifom;
yHpk jH zifh wpfpu
kd rf wfrwf aZmufcsvyk cf o
hJ nfr[kwf
bJ pmcswpfzuf? w&m;a[mwpfzuf? tjcm;pm
ar;yGrJ sm;wpfzuf? wGv
J suaf t;aq;pGm vkycf o
hJ nf
jzpf 16-ESpfc&D;udk jrefonf[kyif xifaerdcJh
onf/ 16-ESpfvHk; ESvHk;om; bk&m;wnfcGifh&
*kPf,l0rf;ajrmuf MunfEl;rIom jzpfaecJhonf/

92

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

aysmfarGUojzifh wdyd#uNyD;aomtcg yPmo

(rZdredum,f)udk qufvufjyefqdk&ef BudK;pm;cJh
ao;onf/ tcsdefvkvHk;0r&awmhojzifh vuf
avQmhvdkuf&awmhonf/ wdyd#uNyD; ylaZmfyGJ
jyKvkyfMuonfudkvnf; rESpfoufyg/ ]]tylaZmfcH
vd
k wdy#d uvkyo
f nfr[kw?f aysmpf &maumif;
omvkyfonf}} [kajymum trsm;tm;jzifh ylaZmf
yGJrsm;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/
"r&wemudk &wemtodjzifh pdwfESvHk; xnfh
oGi;f xm;&jcif;um; avmu rnfonft
h &omESihf
rQ rEIid ;f ,SOEf ikd af vmufatmif aysmaf rGUzG,af umif;
at;csrf;rGefjrwfvSayonf/

axk y w d t usOf ;

93

blrdeufoef ajraumif;rSef
t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho\ arG;zGm;cJh&m vufyH&Gm
aexdik cf &hJ m *efaY *gNrKd Ue,f uefawm&ausmif;wdu
k ?f
rEav;NrdKU r[m0dok'gHkwdkufopf atmifajrom
pnfausmif;BuD;? &efukefNrdKU A[ef; r[m0dok'gHk
wdkufopf? oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;cJh&mjzpfaom
rEav;NrdKU rpdk;&drfausmif;wdkuf? rpdk;&drfwdkufopf?
awmifxD;vif;wdkuf? &efukefNrdKU tv,fawm&
ausmif;wdkuf? oGm;a&muftem;,l pmusufcJh&m
jzpfaom uav;NrKd Ue,f NrKd UvS&mG ausmif;? rEav;NrKd U
r[m0dok'gHkwdkufopf oHawmfqifhausmif;?
rEav;NrKd U pdeyf ef;wdu
k o
f pf? u0NrKd Ue,f ouv&Gm
awmifausmif;? rif;uGef;awmifdk; &wem*lacsmif?
wdo
Yk nf blred ufoef ajraumif;rSev
f aS yawmhonf/

94

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tom;vGwfpm; aoG;om;pifMu,f
t&S i f o d & d E m bd 0 H o onf usef ; rma&;ud k
taMumif;jyK 1377-ck? touf-33ESpft&G,frS
p om;ig;pm;aomufjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfum tom;
vGwb
f Ok ;f ay;cJo
h nf/ tom;vGwf bkO;f ay;jcif;jzifh
tcsdKUa&m*grsm; vHk;0aysmufuif;jcif;? pdwfMunf
vifjcif;? aoG;om;pifMu,f usef;rmjcif;? tpm;
taomufwm0efayghjcif;paom aumif;usKd ;rsm;pGm
wdu
Yk kd &&dcS o
hJ nf/ tusix
hf ;l Bu;D 1-ckvyk
f usiahf e
jcif;um; r[kwfay/

axk y w d t usOf ;

95

pmayydkYcs a[mTefjy
1329 ckEpS rf pS ,aeYtxd aeYpOf pm0g (2)0g
(3)0gpD yHrk eS f ydcYk soifjyay;vmcJo
h nf/ txl;tm;jzifh
n0gusrf;rsm;ESifh pmcswef;qdkif&m t|uxm 3usrf;vHk;udk enf;pepf&atmif csydkYoifjyay;vsuf
&dSonf/ wdyd#u"& avmif;vsmrsm;? ousoD[?
apwd,*FP? tpdk;&"rmp&d,? t*r[mtausmf
wynfhrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmay:xGef;cJhonf/ 'um
'umrrsm;twGufvnf; umva'oudk csifhcsdef
(pmoifwdkuf ,E&m; rxdcdkufr&yfwefY&atmif
EdIif;csdef) arwma&SUxm;um vufawGUtoHk;cs
w&m;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,v
f suf w&m;udv
k nf;
pdwfyg vufyg xufxufoefoef a[mMum;ay;
aeonf/ omreftaMumif; udpaMumifh pm0g

96

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

tysufrcHwwfyg/ pm0gxdcdkufatmif ysufatmif

vnf; w&m;yGJudk vufrcHwwfyg/ wm&SnfcHrnfh
omoemjyKtvkyfudkom OD;pm;ay;wwfonf/

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axk y w d t usOf ;

97

jrwfw&m; 17/ udk,fhudkudk,fcspf vltppf

18/ todreS u
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aus;Zl;&Sif q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D OD;0go0gbd0o
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ESiw
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98

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

q&mawmf OD;aum@nESihf t&Sio

f &d Ed m bd0o
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txl;tqef; 1-ck[k todtrSwfjyKcJhMuonf/
nDGwfrIaMumifhyif ausmif;wdkufBuD; wpf[kefxdk;

axk y w d t usOf ;

99

wd;k wufpnf;um; Bu;D yGm;vmcJo

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odrf; apmifha&Smuf omoemjyKvsuf&dSonf/
1351-ck awmif z D v m awm&q&mawmf
OD;aumov\ ylqmwdkufwGef; vTJtyfrIaMumifh
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D m awm&ausmif;wdu
k u
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vufcH pmoifwdkuftjzpf wnfaxmif zGifhvSpf

100

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

ay;cJ&h jyefonf/ wynfBh u;D OD;&mZdEt

m; wm0efay;
udk,fwdkifrMumrMum oGm;a&mufvrf;Tefum
apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f omoemjyKvsu&f ySd gonf/
1357-ckrpS Adv
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wynfhBuD;rsm;tm; wm0efay; udk,fwdkifvnf;
vrf;Tefapmifha&Smuf omoemjyKay;aeonf/
1359-ck q&mawmf OD;aum@n b0ewfxH
ysHvGefawmfrloGm;ojzifh &efukefNrdKU A[ef; r[m
0dok'gHkwdkufopf\ y"me em,u tjzpf

axk y w d t usOf ;

101

qufvuf wm0ef,&l onf/ wynfBh u;D rsm;ESit

hf wl
vufwGJ ta&twGufxuf t&nftcsif;udkyif
OD;pm;ay;vsuf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf csD;ajrmuf
um omoemjyKaeonf/
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trsm;qH;k ok;H odraf rGUpGm tkycf sKyo
f nf/ (1)rwnfh
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tqifhrrDao;ol tcuftcJBuHKae&olrsm;udk ukPm
jzifh at;jrpGmt&dyaf y; az;rulnD apmifah &Smufa&;
(3) wu,fawmfol aumif;ol rsm;udk vufraES;bJ
rk'w
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f ifcs;D ajrm ufa&;
(4) rawmfraumif; wdr;f apmif;oGm;ol tjypf&o
Sd rl sm;udk

102

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

Oayumjzifh at;jrpGm jypf'Pfay;a&; [laom

jA[0d[m&vrf;pOf 4-csufjzifhom tkyfcsKyfonf/
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y&d,wfukd toufoiG ;f um tvSqifay;aeonf/
ta&twGurf sm;zdx
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Yk m
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ay;vsuf&dSonf/
omoema&; aqmif&u
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tm;jzifh 1351 (1990 jynfhESpf) touf 47-ESpf

axk y w d t usOf ;

103

t&G,fwGif EdkifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmuf

a&;tzGUJ tpd;k &u t*r[my@dw bGUJ wHqyd af wmf
udk qufuyfvSL'gef;cJhygonf/

OD;aqmifvrf;jy yg0if&
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hJ 1346ckrSp a&Tusifedum, *dkPf;vHk;0efaqmifjzpfcJh
onf/ xdaYk emuf qufvuf Edik if aH wmfA[dk oHCmh
0efaqmif? wdy#d u"&a&G;cs,af &;tzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,?
edum,fomoemawmf xGe;f um;a&;toif; Mo0g'g
p&d,? "romupmtzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,? wuov
kd rf sm;
Ak'b
momtoif; Mo0g'gp&d,? ql;avapwDawmf
a*gyutzGJU Mo0g'gp&d,? tbd"rmjyefYyGm;a&;

104

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

toif;Mo0g'gp&d,? "rAsL[mpmapmifMo0g'g
p&d,? "rAsL[m omoemrmrutzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m ax&0g' Ak'w
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p&d,? wdy#d u"r&uw
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toif;\Mo0g'gp&d,? jrwfr*Fvmpmapmifem,u?
rd;k ukeNf rKd U edum,fomoemawmf Bu;D yGm;a&;toif;
\ Mo0g'gp&d,? r*FvmAsL[mtoif;\ Mo0g'gp&d,?
y#duAsL[mtzGJU\ Mo0g'gp&d,? Ak'omoemjyK
tzGJUcsKyf\ Mo0g'gp&d,paom wm0efrsm;udk
xufoefaus>yefpGm xrf;aqmifvsuf&dSygonf/

csD;jrifhay;urf; arwmpGrf;
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Ykd kd

axk y w d t usOf ;

105

aqmufvyk jf yKjyifwyfqifay;cJo
h nf/ r,fawmfBu;D
twGu(f crnf;awmf&pSd Ofu crnf;awmfBu;D twGuyf g)
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aus;Zl;qyfaeonf? w&m;tm;xkwfEdkifatmif
tvSLvky
f ukov
kd jf yKEikd af tmifvnf; txl;aqmif
&Guaf y;cJo
h nf/ ,cktcg r,fawmfBu;D udk (OD;av;OD;armifoef;ESit
hf wl) &efuek Nf rKd UodaYk c:,loD;jcm;
aetdrf wdkufcef;ay;NyD; tmrdo"rjzifh teD;uyf
aus;Zl;qyfaeonf/ touf(70)ausmf tbd;k tbGm;
rsm;ESihf *dvmersm;tm; ESppf OfaxmufyhH vSL'gef;cJ
h
ynm&nfcReu
f av;rsm;tm;vnf; qkcs;D jri chf o
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&efuek -f rEav;a&muf a,me,fZmwdjzpfaom
y&d,wpd mar;yGEJ iS hf omoema&;pmar;yGrJ sm;udk ajz
qdak tmifjrifMuaom &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif vl
yk*Kd vrf sm;tm;vnf;aumif;? uav;NrKd Upmoifwu
kd f
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rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? ESpfpOfqkay;yGJusif;yum

106

t&Sif od&dEmbd0Ho (a,m)

ouFef;ponfudk vSL'gef;csD;jrifhaecJhonf/ rdrd

ausmif;om;b0u aexdik cf &hJ m uef&mG Bu;D aq;Hk
opfBuD;aqmufvkyf&ef odef;aygif;rsm;pGm pGefYBuJ
vSL'gef;ulnDay;cJhonf/ rdrdausmif;om;b0u
ynmoifMum;cJ&h m uef t.x.uESihf omraPb0
u ynmoifMum;cJh&m uefawm&wdkuf vdktyf
onfrsm;udk vSL'gef;ay;cJo
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wdkuftwGif;um; tedrfhqHk;pmar;yGJrS tjrifhqHk;
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pmar;yGrJ sKd ;pHu
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pmcsbek ;f Bu;D rsm;tm;vnf; umva'o yk*v

axk y w d t usOf ;

107

tm;avsmpf mG 'ge ay,s0Z (yd,0gpm) twp&d,m

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ay;csD;ajrmuf apmifha&Smufavh&dSonf/ arG;aeY
tvSLudk vpOfjyKvkyfay; ygwd armuK a'ou
(ygwdarmufjy&[ef;) tm; Oykofwdkif; csD;jrifh
vSL'gef;onf/ wdu
k o
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y&d,wyd nmjynfph akH &;? ud,
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rsm;zdx
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onf/ wdyd#u"ruxdu jzpfa&;xuf wdyd#u
pmcsjzpfa&;twGufom t"duxm; BudK;pm;onf/

apwemrSef udk,fhxHjyef

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