The Globalization

of World Politics
An introduction to
international relations
Second Edition
Edited by

John Baylis and Steve Smith

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

Detailed contents

Introduction

From international politics to world politics

Theories of world politics

The three theories and globalization

Globalization and its precursors

Globalization: myth or reality?

The globalization of world politics

Introduction: a globalizing world

13

Globalization: a definition

14

Globalization and the states-system

20

Post-sovereign governance

24

The challenge of global democracy

28

Conclusion

30

The evolution of international society

35

Origins and definitions

35

Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy ,

38

European international society

42

The globalization of international society

45

Problems of global international society

46

International history 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 5

51

Introduction

52

The origins of World War One

53

Peace-making, 1919: the Versailles settlement

56

The global economic slump, 1929-1933

60

The origins of World War Two in Asia and the Pacific

63

The path to war in Europe

66

Conclusion

71

International history 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 0

74

Introduction

75

End of empire

76

The cold war

79

The bomb

84

Conclusion

88

xiv DETAILED CONTENTS

5

The end of the cold war

92

Introduction

92

Internal factors: the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union

94

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe

99

External factors: relations with the United States

102

The interaction between internal and external environments

105

Conclusion

107

International history since 1989

111

Introduction

111

Competing visions of the post-cold war world

113

Global trends in the post-cold war era

119

Conclusion: a farewell to arms

135

Realism

141

Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism

141

One Realism or many?

147

The essential Realism

150

Conclusion: Realism and the globalization of world politics

155

Liberalism

162

Introduction

163

Varieties of Liberalism

164

Three Liberal responses to globalization

171

Conclusion and postscript: the crisis of Liberalism

177

Contemporary mainstream approaches: neo-realism

and neo-liberalism

182

Introduction

183

Neo-realism

185

Neo-liberalism

188

The neo-neo debate

191

Neo-liberals and neo-realists on globalization

194

Conclusion: narrowing the agenda of international relations

196

10 Marxist theories of International Relations

200

Introduction: the continuing relevance of Marxism

200

The essential elements of Marxist theories of world politics

203

World-system theory

205

Gramscianism

209

Critical theory

214

New Marxism

216

Marxist theories of International Relations and-globalization

220

DETAILED CONTENTS xv
11 Reflectivist and constructivist approaches to
international theory
Introduction

224
225

Explanatory/constitutive theories and foundational/anti-foundational

theories
Reflectivist theories

226
229

Bridging the gap: social constructivism

242

Conclusion

246

12 International and global security in the post-cold war era

253

Introduction

254

What is meant by the concept of security?

254

The traditional approach to national security

256

The difficulties of co-operation between states

258

The opportunities for co-operation between states

259

Alternative views on international and global security

265

The continuing tensions between national, international, and global

security
Conclusions

271
273

13 International political economy in an age of globalization

277

Introduction

278

The post-war world economy

278

The rise of IPE in the study of international relations

283

Traditional approaches to IPE: liberal, mercantilist, and Marxian

285

New approaches to IPE

287

The globalization debate in IPE

290

International institutions in the globalizing world economy

294

Conclusions

297

14 International regimes

299

Introduction

299

The nature of regimes

302

Competing theories of regime formation

306

Conclusion

313

15 Diplomacy

317

What is diplomacy?
Diplomacy and world politics

317
319

Diplomacy and foreign policy

325

Conclusion

329

16 The United Nations and international order

A brief history of the United Nations

331
332

xvi DETAILED CONTENTS

Problems within the state and problems between states

335

The United Nations and conditions within states

336

The United Nations and maintaining international order

339

The United Nations and intervention within states

340

The United Nations and forms of involvement within states

343

Sovereignty and the competence of international organization

345

A typology of the roles of the United Nations in 2000

347

Conclusions

350

17 Transnational actors and international organizations in

global politics

356

Introduction

357

Problems with the state-centric approach

359

Transnational companies as political actors

362

Non-legitimate groups and liberation movements as political actors

367

Non-governmental organizations as political actors

369

International organizations as structures of global politics

375

Issues and policy systems in global politics

377

18 Environmental issues

387

Introduction: international environmental issues

387

Environmental issues on the international agenda: a historic outline

389

Issues and challenges in international environmental politics

393

The development and implementation of environmental regimes

398

The Rio Conference and its outcomes

Conclusion

404

19 Nuclear proliferation

410
415

Introduction

416

The nature of nuclear weapons and their effects

418

The global diffusion of nuclear and ballistic weapon technology

419

Theorizing nuclear proliferation and non-proliferation

422

Will more nuclear weapons be better or worse?

428

The evolution of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime

429

Conclusion

434

20 Nationalism

440

Nationalism and globalization

441

Nationalism as ideology

443

Nationalism as a movement

445

Nationalism and international relations

446

Four debates

448

The effects of globalization: towards a post-nationalist age?

453

DETAILED CONTENTS

21 Culture in world affairs

'

456

Culture in human affairs

456

The counter-revolutionaries of the global age

460

The counter revolution at the civilizational level: the case of Islam

463

Conclusion

468

22 Humanitarian intervention and world politics

470

Introduction

471

What is humanitarian intervention?

472

Objections to legitimizing humanitarian intervention

473

The Solidarist case for humanitarian intervention

475

State practice during the cold war

476

Post-cold war humanitarian interventions

479

Globalization and non-forcible humanitarian intervention

488

Conclusion

490

23 European a n d regional i n t e g r a t i o n

xvii

494

Introduction

495

The evolution of the European Union

495

Conceptualizing European integration

498

The role of the European institutions

501

The EU in world politics

507

The global context to European integration

510

Beyond Europe: the global rise of regionalism

513

Conclusion

516

24 Global trade and finance

519

Introduction

519

A globalizing economy

520

Global trade

526

Global finance

528

Limits to economic globalization

533

Conclusion

537

25 The communications and Internet revolution

540

Introduction and historical backdrop

541

The Internet and World Wide Web revolution

544

The impact of the information revolution on actors

549

The information revolution and challenges for government policies

551

The impact of the information revolution on international relations

553

Conclusion

556

xviii

DETAILED CONTENTS
26 Poverty, d e v e l o p m e n t , and h u n g e r
Introduction

559
559

Poverty

561

Development

562

Hunger

574

Looking to the future: globalization with a human face?

578

27 Gender issues
Introduction

582
582

Gendering international politics

583

Feminisms

586

Gender in the global political economy

589

Gender and nationalism

592

Globalizing gender issues

594

Conclusion

597

28 Human rights

599

Introduction

599

On rights in general

602

The modern liberal synthesis on human rights

604

1948 and the modern agenda

606

The politics of human rights promotion

607

Universalism challenged

610

Conclusion

29 Globalization and the transformation of political community

612
617

Introduction: what is a political community?

618

Nationalism and political community

620

Community and citizenship

622

The changing nature of political community

624

The dangers of new forms of political community?

629

Conclusion

631

30 Globalization and the post-cold war order

634

Introduction

635

A typology of order

636

The elements of contemporary order

639

Is there a post-cold war order?

642

Globalization and the end of the cold war

643

An international order of globalized states

645

Conclusion

647