EXPERIMENT 1

Traverse
Position
(mm)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36

Pitot Tube at 54mm

Static Pressure Reading
40 (mm)
x
p
(mm)
(N/m)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88

Velocity
(m/s)
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09

Table 1

Traverse
Position
(mm)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38

Pitot Tube at 294mm

Static Pressure Reading
40 (mm)
x
p
(mm)
(N/m)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44

Velocity
(m/s)
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01

Table 2

Traverse
Position
(mm)

0
10

Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)
36
36

Pitot Tube at 774mm

Static Pressure Reading
42 (mm)
x
p
(mm)
(N/m)
4
4

30.88
30.88

Velocity
(m/s)
7.09
7.09

20
30
40
50
60
70

36
36
36
36
36
36

4
4
4
4
4
4

30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88

7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09

Table 3

Traverse
Position
(mm)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36

Pitot Tube at 1574mm

Static Pressure Reading
42 (mm)
x
p
(mm)
(N/m)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88
30.88

Velocity
(m/s)
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09
7.09

Table

Traverse
Position
(mm)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Stagnation
Pressure
Reading
(mm)
39
38
38
38
38
38
38
38

Pitot Tube at 2534mm

Static Pressure Reading
40 (mm)
x
p
(mm)
(N/m)
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Table 4

7.72
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44
15.44

Velocity
(m/s)
3.54
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.01

Traverse Velocity Profiles

8
7
6
Pitot Tube at 54 mm

5
Velocity (m/s)

Pitot Tube at 294 mm

Pitot Tube at 774 mm

Pitot Tube at 1574 mm

Pitot Tube at 2534 mm

2
1
0
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Traverse Position (mm)

Graph 1: Velocity against traverse position

Sample Calculations
1. Difference of level of fluid used in manometer, x
x=( x1 x2 ) cos
Where x1 = static pressure, x2 = stagnation pressure
For Pitot Tube at 54 mm, traverse position 10 mm;
x=(4036)cos 0=4 mm

2. Pressure difference, p
p= k g x
Where

= 787 kg/m, g = 9.81m/s

For Pitot Tube at 54 mm, traverse position 10 mm;

p= (787 )( 9.81 )( 0.004 )=30.88 N / m

3. Velocity
v=

2 p
air

Where

air

= 1.23 kg/m

For Pitot Tube at 54 mm, traverse position 10 mm;

v=

2(30.88)
1.23

= 7.09 m/s

EXPERIMENT 2
Damper Openings (% Openings)
25%
50%
75%
mm of kerosene
34
34
34

0%
100%
Points
Room
39
34
pressure
After nozzle
40
41
42
42
42
54mm
39
41
42
42
42
294mm
39
42
43
43
44
774mm
39
44
45
46
47
Before Orifice
40
45
47
47
48
After Orifice
56
116
133
140
142
1574mm
51
98
102
116
118
2534mm
49
87
97
101
102
Table 5: Static Pressure Readings when using Standard Nozzle (80mm)
Parameters

Damper Openings (% Openings)

25%
50%
75%
4.478862
5.118699
5.118699

0%
Pressure Head
0.639837
Drop (inlet), hi (m)
Discharge, Qi
0.017275
0.045706
0.048861
0.048861
(m/s)
10.2374
45.42846
55.02602
59.50488
Pressure Head
Drop (orifice), ho
(m)
0.620793
0.779698
0.75736
0.7283
Discharge
Coefficient, Cd
3.271188
8.654751
9.252318
9.252318
Mean Pipe
Velocity, v (m/s)
18431.96
48766.38
52133.45
52133.45
Reynolds Number,
Re
Table 6: Calculated Parameters for Standard Nozzle

0%
Points
Room
pressure

36

Damper Openings (% Openings)

25%
50%
75%
mm of kerosene
34
32
32

100%
5.118699
0.048861
60.14472
0.724415
9.252318
52133.45

100%
32

After nozzle
48
70
54mm
48
72
294mm
46
58
774mm
44
60
Before Orifice
44
60
After Orifice
56
118
1574mm
52
104
2534mm
50
92
Table 7: Static Pressure Readings when

Parameters
0%
Pressure Head
Drop (inlet), hi (m)
Discharge, Qi
(m/s)
Pressure Head
Drop (orifice), ho
(m)
Discharge
Coefficient, Cd
Mean Pipe
Velocity, v (m/s)
Reynolds Number,
Re

76
78
62
64
64
130
114
102
using Small

78
78
80
80
62
62
64
64
64
64
136
136
118
120
106
106
Nozzle (50mm)

Damper Openings (% Openings)

25%
50%
75%

100%

7.678049

23.03415

28.15285

29.43252

29.43252

0.059843

0.103651

0.11459

0.117166

0.117166

7.678049

37.11057

42.22927

46.06829

46.06829

2.48317

1.956337

2.0275

1.984811

1.984811

11.33173

19.62713

21.69861

22.18628

22.18628

63850.18
110591.8
122263.8
125011.6
Table 8: Calculated Parameters for Small Nozzle

125011.6

Discharge Coefficient vs Reynolds Number

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Discharge Coefficient

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000
Reynolds Number

Graph 2: CD against Re for Standard Nozzle

Discharge Coefficient vs Reynolds Number

3
2.5
2

Discharge Coefficient

1.5
1
0.5
0
60000 70000 80000 90000 100000110000120000130000
Reynolds Number

Graph 3: CD against Re for Small Nozzle

Kerosene height vs Tapping Position

140
120
100
0%
25%

80
Kerosene height (mm)

50%
60

75%
100%

40
20
0
0

10

Tapping position

Graph 4: Longitudinal Pressure Profiles for Standard Nozzle

Kerosene Height vs Tapping Position

0.16
0.14
0.12
0%

0.1
Kerosene height (mm)

25%

0.08

50%
75%

0.06

100%

0.04
0.02
0
0

10

Tapping position

Graph 5: Longitudinal Pressure Profiles for Small Nozzle

Sample Calculations
1 Pressure Head Drop (inlet), hi
hi=

k
( x)
air

Where

= 787 kg/m,

air

= 1.23 kg/m

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

hi=

787
( 0.040.039 )=0.639837 m
1.23

4. Discharge, Qi
Q i = A i C D 2 g hi
Where

CD

= 0.97, g = 9.81m/s

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

Ai =

d
4

( 0.08)
4

= 5.026510-3 m

Qi=(5.0265 10 )( 0.97) 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.639837 )

3

= 0.017275 m/s

For Small Nozzle, 0% opening;

Ai =

d2
4

( 0.05)
4

= 1.963510-3 m

Qi=(1.9635 103)( 0.97) 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.639837 )

5. Pressure Head Drop (orifice), ho

= 0.059843 m/s

hi=

k
( x)
air

Where

= 787 kg/m,

air

= 1.23 kg/m

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

ho =

787
( 0.0560.04 )=10.2374 m
1.23

6. Discharge Coefficient, Cd
CD=

Qo
A o 2 gh o
d
4

Ao =

( 0.05)2
4

= 1.963510-3 m

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

CD=

0.017275
=0.6207934
(1.9635 10 ) (2)(9.81)(10.2374)
3

7. Mean Pipe Velocity, v (m/s)

Qi
Ap

v=

Ap =

d2
4

(0.082)2
4

= 5.281010-3 m

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

v=

0.017275
=3.271188 m/ s
5.2810 103

8. Reynolds Number, Re
=

vd

For Standard Nozzle, 0% opening;

=

(1.23)(3.271188)(0.082)
=18431.96
(1.79 105 )