MC TIU CHNG Khi bn hon thnh chng ny, bn s c th: Phn bit hai loi hp ng chnh ca bo him nhn th. Gii thch c gi tr tin mt pht sinh trong mt s hp ng bo him nhn th. Phn bit gia hp ng bo him nhn th trong v ngoi h thng. Gii thch tm quan trng ca kh nng ti sinh v chuyn i cc tnh nng trong cc chnh sch bo him nhn th. M t cc c im phn bit ca bo him nhn th tiu chun, bo him nhn th c th iu chnh, v bo him nhn th bin i. Xc nh v m t bn phng thc Marketing ln ca bo him nhn th. M t cc c im khc bit ca bo him nhn th nhm v gii thch c s cho li th chi ph ca n. Chng ti bt u nghin cu ca chng ti v loi hnh c th ca bo him vi bo him nhn th. Chng ti lm iu ny v hai l do. Th nht, chnh sch bo him nhn th l mt trong nhng chnh sch n gin nht ca tt c cc hp ng bo him. Cc tha thun bo him r rng v mch lc, c tnh tng i t loi tr, vi cc iu kin v quy nh d hiu. Thm vo , chng ti nghin cu bo him nhn th trc khi i vo phm vi rng ca cc loi bo him cn thit v nhiu sinh vin i hc s sm c xem xt vic mua bo him nhn th - mt s mua ngay c trc khi tt nghip. Ngi ta hy vng rng bng cch nghin cu bo him nhn th ti thi im ny, mt s hc sinh c th trnh nhng sai lm gy tn km. MT S C IM C O BO HIM NHN TH Bo him nhn th l mt k hoch(plan=chng trnh bo him) ri ro tng hp, mt cng c kinh t thng qua nguy c t vong sm c chuyn t c nhn n nhm. Tuy nhin, cc cng c d phng ri ro bt ng c nhng c im nht nh m lm cho n tr nn c o; t cc hp ng bo him phng ngi ri ro bt ng khc nhau nhiu kha cnh so vi cc loi bo him khc. Cc s kin c bo him l mt s chc chn cui cng.Khng ai sng mi mi. Tuy nhin, bo him nhn th khng vi phm cc yu cu ca mt ri ro c bo him, v n khng bo him cho ci cht c nh nhng ng hn, ci cht khng ng c. Cc ri ro trong bo him nhn th khng phi l liu c nhn s cht nhng l khi no, v nguy c xy ra tng t nm ny sang nm khc. Nguy c thit hi ca hp ng bo him nhn th cng nh cc cng ty c lin quan trong nm th hai ln hn trong nm u tin ca hp ng, v nh vy, cho n
khi thanh l hp ng. Tuy nhin, thng qua cc c ch ca lut s ln, nh
chng ta thy, cc cng ty bo him c th ha s tr mt khon tin theo quy nh cho ngi th hng nu khng c vn khi ci cht n. Khng tn ti kh nng mt mt phn bo him nhn th, nh l trong trng hp ti sn v trch nhim bo him. V vy, tt c cc chnh sch l nhng chnh sch thanh ton tin mt. Trong trng hp mt mt mt xy ra, cc cng ty s phi tr s tin mt tng ng theo chnh sch. Bo him nhn th l khng phi l mt Hp ng bi thng Cc nguyn tc bi thng c p dng trn c ch sa i c s(c bn) trong trng hp ca bo him nhn th. Trong hu ht cc dng bo him, mt n lc c thc hin a c nhn tr li chnh xc tnh hnh ti chnh tng t sau khi mt mt mt nh trc khi mt. V l do r rng, iu ny l khng th trong bo him nhn th. Thc t n gin ca vn l chng ta khng th t mt gi tr vo mt cuc sng(mng sng) con ngi. Nh mt nguyn tc php l, mi hp ng bo him phi c h tr bi mt quyn li c th c bo him, nhng trong bo him nhn th, cc yu cu v quyn li bo him c p dng hi khc so vi bo him ti sn v trch nhim bo him. Khi cc c nhn rt ra khi khi (k) chnh sch(policy=hp ng bo him) ny cng l ngi c bo him, khng c vn php l lin quan n quyn li c th c bo him. Cc to n cho rng mi c nhn c mt quyn li bo him khng gii hn trong cuc sng(mng sng) ca ring mnh v mt ngi c quyn chuyn giao quyn li bo him cho bt k ai. Ni cch khc, khng c gii hn php l vi s tin bo him ngi ta c th a ra v cuc sng ring ca mnh(cho chnh mnh) v khng c gii hn php l ngi ta c th t tn l ngi hng li. (mt ai c nu tn l ngi th hng) Cu hi quan trng ca quyn li c th c bo him pht sinh khi ngi dng ra khi(k) bo him l mt ai khc so vi ngi c cuc sng c lin quan. Trong trng hp ny, lut php i hi mt quyn li c th c bo him tn ti ti thi im hp ng c a ra(k). C rt nhiu mi quan h c th to c s cho mt quyn li c th c bo him. Nhng ngi chng v ngi v c quyn li bo him khc nhau(ln nhau); do , lm i tc. Mt cng ty c th c li ch(quyn li c th c) bo him trong vng i hot ng ca n( s cc gim c iu hnh ca n). Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cha m c quyn li c th c bo him trong nhn th(mng sng) ca con ci, mc d phm vi li ch ny c th c hn ch bi quy ch. Mt ch n c quyn li c th c bo him trong nhn th (mng sng) ca mt con n, mc d iu ny qu cng thng b hn ch bi quy ch vi s n hoc hn mt cht. Cc cu hi v quyn li c th c bo him him khi xut hin trong bo him nhn th, bi v hu ht cc chnh sch hp ng bo him nhn th c mua bi nhng ngi c cuc sng c bo him.Ngoi ra, s ng ca ngi c bo him l cn thit trong hu ht trng hp, ngay c khi c mt quyn li bo him. Ngoi l cho yu cu ny tn ti mt s khu vc php l
m chng hay v c php m bo ngi bn i m khng cn s ng ca
ngi khc. Cc loi hp ng nhn th Cn c vo c im phn bit, c th xc nh su loi hp ng bo him nhn th khc nhau: (1) bo him t k (k hn), (2) Bo him trn i, (3) Bo him sinh k, (4) C nh, (5) Chnh sch nhn th thay i, v (6) Nhn th hn hp. Hp ng Bo him nhn th k hn, trn i, v hp ng cp vn hn hp l hnh thc truyn thng ca bo him nhn th v tn ti trong nhiu nm. Bo him nhn th c nh, thay i, v cc hp ng bo him nhn th hn hp l nhng i mi tng i gn y, c nin i t nhng nm 1970 v u nhng nm 1980. Cn c vo c im phn bit ca h, n c th xc nh su loi ring bit ca hp ng bo him nhn th: (1) bo him hn, (2) ton b cuc sng, (3) cc khon hin tng, (4) kt chung, (5) Chnh sch cuc sng thay i, v (6) sng ph bin. Bo him t k, ton b cuc sng, v hp ng cp vn l hnh thc truyn thng ca bo him nhn th v tn ti trong nhiu nm. kt chung, cuc sng thay i, v cc hp ng bo him nhn th ph bin l nhng i mi tng i gn y, c nin i t nhng nm 1970 v u nhng nm 1980.B qua s nhng khc bit nh trong mt s nhng loi chnh sch cho thi im ny, chng ta c th chia cc sn phm bo him nhn th thnh hai nhm: bo him nhn th bo v thun ty, c gi l bo him gi k hn, v bo him c mt khon tit kim hoc u t, gi l chnh sch gi tr tin mt(hp ng bo him gi tr tch ly). Da trn h thng phn loi ny, cc sn phm bo him nhn th c chia thnh hai nhm: Bo Him k hn
Bo Him Gi Tr Tch Ly
(Bo Him Bo H Thun Ty)
(Bo H v Tit Kim)
Bo Him K Hn
- Bo him trn i - Bo him sinh k, Bo him c nh, thay i v hn hp.
Mc d c s khc bit quan trng gia cc chnh sch (policy=hp ng bo
him) m chng ti cng nhau phn loi nh chnh sch gi tr tin mt, cc hp ng tng t nhiu hn l khc nhau. Tip theo trong chng ny, chng ti s tho lun v cc c im phn bit ca cc hp ng ny, nhng trong thi im ny, chng ta hy tp trung vo s khc bit gia bo him k hn, bo v bo h thun ty, v bo him nhn th c gi tr tin mt tch ly (kt hp bo him vi tit kim). Bi v bo him nhn th trn i l nhng hp ng gi tr tin mt kiu mu, n phc v nh mt i din trong cuc tho lun ca chng ti cho chnh sch gi tr tin mt (policy=hp ng bo him) ni chung. Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit gia bo him k hn v Bo him Gi Tr Tch Ly
Nh l mt im khi hnh, chng ta hy xem xt s khc bit gia chnh sch
(hp ng bo him) cung cp bo h thun ty v nhng kt hp bo him vi mt khon u t. Hnh thc n gin nht ca bo him nhn th l c th gia hn theo tng nm. Loi bo him ny cung cp bo h cho ch mt nm, nhng n cho php ngi c bo him i mi chnh sch hp ng cho giai on k tip ti mt t l ph bo him cao hn mi nm, m khng cn phi cung cp bng chng v kh nng c bo him ti thi im mi ln gia hn. y l bo h bo him nhn th dng thun ty nht ca n. Cch d nht hiu c hot ng ca bt k c ch l th c ch . Trong bo him nhn th, cng nh trong cc hnh thc bo him khc, may mn l ngi tham gia bo him khng b mt i phn ti chnh trong khi s t ngi b. Trong bo him nhn th, mi thnh vin ca nhm tr mt ph bo him i din cho phn ca cc thnh vin c quyn li c thanh ton cho ngi th hng ca nhng ngi cht. s liu t vong ch ra rng tui 21, trong s 1000 ph n, t l t vong l 0,48. n gin ha ton hc, chng ta hy gi nh rng c 100.000 ph n trong nhm. Trn c s cc s liu qu kh, chng ta c th c inh rng s c 48 trong s h cht. Nu chng ta mun tr mt Quyn li nhn th $ 1000 cho ngi th hng ca mi ngi ph n cht, chng ta s cn 48.000 $. B qua, cho hin ti, chi ph iu hnh cc chng trnh v cc hot ng khc pht sinh ph li nhun kim c t ph bo him thu c, v gi nh rng cc bng t l t vong c chnh xc v s ngi s cht, n s l cn thit thu thp 0,48 $ t mi c nhn trong nhm cung cp cn thit 48,000$ trong nhng nm qua, 48 thnh vin ca nhm s cht v 48.000 $ s c tr cho ngi th hng. Cc nm tip theo chng ta s thy rng c hi ca s mt mt tng ln, cho tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm hin nay ln hn, v kinh nghim qu kh ch ra rng mt t l ngi cht mi nm tng ln. tui 24, mc thu cn thit l 0,54 $ t mi hi vin. tui 30, chi ph s l $ 0,68. tui 40, chi ph cho mi thnh vin s gn nh tng gp ba ln t cc chi ph tui 21, $ 1,30. Khi cc thnh vin ca nhm n tui 40, chng ti s phi thu thp 3,08 $ t mi ngi. tui 60, chng ti s cn $ 8,01, v tui 70, chng ti s cn 17,81 $ t mi thnh vin. Khng mt rt nhiu hiu bit nhn ra rng: khng bao lu na k hoch l s hon tt, nu n khng lm nh vy trc khi thnh vin t tui 70. tui 70, khi xc sut ca s cht t vong l ln hn bao gi ht. cc thnh vin c th thy rng h khng c kh nng chi tr ph bo him ci tr nn cn thit. tui 80, chng ti s cn 43,86 $ t mi thnh vin, v 90 tui, $ 121,92. tui 100, chng ti s cn $ 275,73. T l t vong tng ln khi nhm gi i lm cc hp ng gia hn hng nm tr nn mt phng tin cung cp bo him cc la tui cao khng thc dng. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi mua bo him v h mun bo him tip tc trong sut cuc i ca h. Cng ty bo him tm thy mt gii php thit thc. tng phn cp ph bo him Mt phng php thc t ca cung cp bo him nhn th cho ton b cuc i ca ngi c bo him l s dng mt mc ph bo him. Cc chnh sch bo him nhn th trn i l loi ban u ca chnh sch sut i. N cung cp s
bo v ti mt mc ph bo him cho ton b cuc i ca ngi c bo him.
Bo v cuc i ny l c th bi v ph bo him c quy nh mc l cao hn mc cn thit ti tr cho cc chi ph ca thanh l hp ng trong nhng nm u ca chnh sch, v ph bo him vt qu c s dng p ng cc yu cu thanh l hp ng ngy cng tng l nhm bo him ang gi ha. Mc Ph bo him cho mt chnh sch nhn th bnh thng ca l 1000 $ mua bi mt ngi ph n tui 21 v mt cho bo him gia hn hng nm bt u tui 21 c minh ha trong hnh 12.1. ng biu din c hiu l ph bo him mc tng ng vi ton hc chnh xc ca ng ph bo him gia hn hng nm. iu ny c ngha rng cc cng ty bo him s thu c cng mt lng thu nhp t ph bo him v li tc t mt nhm ln c bo him theo mt trong hai phng n, gi nh rng c hai nhm khng t b khon thanh ton ca mnh. K Hoch mc ph bo him gii thiu cc tnh nng m khng c i tc trong bo him t k. T mt ci nhn vo hnh 12.1 r rng l theo k hoch mc ph bo him, ngi c bo him tr tin nhiu hn so vi chi ph ca bo v bo him nhn th thun ty trong sut nhng nm u chnh sch c hiu lc. Khong np tha ny c ch ra bi s khc bit gia thi hn v mc ph bo him ln n im m ti cc ng ct nhau. Thng d np tha l cn thit cc phn d tha, khi tch ly li sut kp, s b p s thiu ht trong nhng nm cui ca hp ng. Cc khon tin d tha trong nhng nm u ca hp ng to ra mt qu c t chc nm gi bi cng ty bo him cho li ch v tn dng ca ngi mua bo him. Cc qu u t, thng l trong cc khon u t di hn, v cc khon thu nhp c b sung vo qu tch ly gip p ng cc ngha v trong tng lai cho ngi mua bo him. Cc cng ty bo him thnh lp d phng hoc ngha v v bo co ti chnh phn nh nhng ngha v trong tng lai. Mt ln na t hnh 12.1, n xut hin r rang rng d tr nn s tng trong mt thi gian v sau gim dn. N cng xut hin r rang cc khu vc ph d phng trong nhng nm u ca hp ng s khng bao gi l cn bng s bt cp thiu ht trong nhng nm sau . Trong trng hp ca mt c nhn duy nht, iu ny s l s tht, nhng nhiu ngi c bo him c lin quan, v cc lut ca trung bnh cho php mt d tr tng lin tc cho mi chnh sch c hiu lc. Mt s c bo him s cht trong nhng nm u ca hp ng, v ,cc ph d tha m h tr b tch thu vo nhm. Ph bo him tha b hy b bi nhng ngi cht, cng vi ph bo him tha tr bi nhng ngi sng st, s khng ch b p s thiu ht trong nhng nm sau , nhng, vi s h tr ca li kp, cng s tip tc xy dng d tr v cc chnh sch ca nhng ngi sng st cho n khi h i mt vi ,cc hp ng tui 100. Ci cht l rng buc xy ra ti mt thi gian, v trong mt chnh sch trn i ,cc cng ty bo him bit rng yu cu bi thng ci cht cui cng phi c thanh ton. d tr tng hp cho ton b nhm c bo him gia tng v sau gim dn, nhng chnh sch d tr chnh sch c nhn tip tc leo thang, ch yu l v d tr tng hp c phn chia gia mt s lng nh hn ca nhng ngi sng st mi nm. Hnh 12.2 cho thy s tng trng trong khu d phng trn mt chnh sch Nhn th tiu chun mua tui 21.
So snh Ph Bo Him Rng trn 1000$ Hp ng gia hn hng nm v Trn i
K hoch mc ph bo him gii thiu cc tnh nng ca ph bo him d phng
trong nhng nm u ca hp ng v vic to ra cc qu d phng. Ngi c bo him c quyn theo hp ng c nhn mt phn d tr ny trong trng hp chnh sch hp ng ny chm dt, theo mt quy nh chnh sch nh hp ng gi l gi tr khng b tch thu (c tho lun trong chng 15). Quyn theo hp ng c nhn mt phn ph bo him vt mc c thanh ton theo phng n mc ph bo him, do , i din cho mt yu t u t trong hp ng cho ngi c bo him. Khi ch mt hp ng bo him qua i, quyn li ca ngi cht c th c xem nh l bao gm hai phn, mt phn ca qu d tr m ngi c bo him c iu kin th nhn v mt s tin bo him thun ty. Theo quan im ny, s tin mt ca chnh sch mc bi thng trong trng hp ngi c bo him cht xem nh l mt s kt hp ca mt s lng gim dn s tin ca bo him
(gi tr thun c nguy c: phn chnh lch gia s tin ca hp ng bo
him v d tr tch ly c di hp ng bo him ny) v tng dn cc yu t gia tng u t (d tr pht trin). Gim dn s tin hp ng Bo him gim dn v tng dn yu t gia tng u t lun cn bng vi b mt ca chnh sch. mc bi thng trong trng hp ngi c bo him cht. (on ny vn kh hiu qu, bn tm hiu li ri dch xem) Cn nhn mnh rng chnh sch d tr khon d tr trch nhim khng ch l ti sn ca ngi c bo him. y l ch nu v khi chnh sch ny ng ng c bo him chm dt. Nu iu ny xy ra, ,cc hp ng khng cn tn ti, v ,cc cng ty bo him c min tt c cc ngha v v chnh sch hp ng. Min l ,cc hp ng c hiu lc y , d tr thuc v cng ty bo him v phi c s dng gip tr tin theo yu cu bi thng t vong nu ngi c bo him qua i. Nh cp, ,cc d tr phi c tch lu bi cng ty chm sc b p cc thiu ht trong mc ph bo him trong sut nhng nm cui ca hp ng. Cc phn tch trn cho thy rng c hai li th khc bit trong vic s dng mc ph bo him. u tin, bng cch tr mt s tin vt mc chi ph ca bo him nhn th thun ty trong nhng nm u ca hp ng, ngi c bo him trnh c mt mc ph bo him tng ln trong nhng nm sau; iu ny s lm cho n c kh nng v mt ti chnh c th duy tr bo him cho n khi ci cht ca ngi th hng theo ch hp ng bo him, mc d n xy ra tui cao. Th hai, nu ngi c bo him sng st, anh ta hoc c ta tch ly c mt qu tit kim m c th c s dng cho thu nhp trong tui gi (hoc bt k mc ch no khc ngi c bo him quyt nh).