CHAP 12

GII THIU BO HIM NHN TH

MC TIU CHNG
Khi bn hon thnh chng ny, bn s c th:
Phn bit hai loi hp ng chnh ca bo him nhn th.
Gii thch c gi tr tin mt pht sinh trong mt s hp ng bo him nhn
th.
Phn bit gia hp ng bo him nhn th trong v ngoi h thng.
Gii thch tm quan trng ca kh nng ti sinh v chuyn i cc tnh nng
trong cc chnh sch bo him nhn th.
M t cc c im phn bit ca bo him nhn th tiu chun, bo him
nhn th c th iu chnh, v bo him nhn th bin i.
Xc nh v m t bn phng thc Marketing ln ca bo him nhn th.
M t cc c im khc bit ca bo him nhn th nhm v gii thch c s
cho li th chi ph ca n.
Chng ti bt u nghin cu ca chng ti v loi hnh c th ca bo
him vi bo him nhn th. Chng ti lm iu ny v hai l do. Th nht, chnh
sch bo him nhn th l mt trong nhng chnh sch n gin nht ca tt c
cc hp ng bo him. Cc tha thun bo him r rng v mch lc, c tnh
tng i t loi tr, vi cc iu kin v quy nh d hiu.
Thm vo , chng ti nghin cu bo him nhn th trc khi i vo
phm vi rng ca cc loi bo him cn thit v nhiu sinh vin i hc s sm
c xem xt vic mua bo him nhn th - mt s mua ngay c trc khi tt
nghip. Ngi ta hy vng rng bng cch nghin cu bo him nhn th ti thi
im ny, mt s hc sinh c th trnh nhng sai lm gy tn km.
MT S C IM C O BO HIM NHN TH
Bo him nhn th l mt k hoch(plan=chng trnh bo him) ri ro tng
hp, mt cng c kinh t thng qua nguy c t vong sm c chuyn t c
nhn n nhm.
Tuy nhin, cc cng c d phng ri ro bt ng c nhng c im nht nh m
lm cho n tr nn c o; t cc hp ng bo him phng ngi ri ro bt
ng khc nhau nhiu kha cnh so vi cc loi bo him khc. Cc s kin c
bo him l mt s chc chn cui cng.Khng ai sng mi mi. Tuy nhin, bo
him nhn th khng vi phm cc yu cu ca mt ri ro c bo him, v n
khng bo him cho ci cht c nh nhng ng hn, ci cht khng ng
c. Cc ri ro trong bo him nhn th khng phi l liu c nhn s cht
nhng l khi no, v nguy c xy ra tng t nm ny sang nm khc. Nguy c
thit hi ca hp ng bo him nhn th cng nh cc cng ty c lin quan
trong nm th hai ln hn trong nm u tin ca hp ng, v nh vy, cho n

khi thanh l hp ng. Tuy nhin, thng qua cc c ch ca lut s ln, nh

chng ta thy, cc cng ty bo him c th ha s tr mt khon tin theo quy
nh cho ngi th hng nu khng c vn khi ci cht n.
Khng tn ti kh nng mt mt phn bo him nhn th, nh l trong trng
hp ti sn v trch nhim bo him. V vy, tt c cc chnh sch l nhng
chnh sch thanh ton tin mt. Trong trng hp mt mt mt xy ra, cc cng
ty s phi tr s tin mt tng ng theo chnh sch.
Bo him nhn th l khng phi l mt Hp ng bi thng
Cc nguyn tc bi thng c p dng trn c ch sa i c s(c bn)
trong trng hp ca bo him nhn th. Trong hu ht cc dng bo him, mt
n lc c thc hin a c nhn tr li chnh xc tnh hnh ti chnh tng
t sau khi mt mt mt nh trc khi mt. V l do r rng, iu ny l khng th
trong bo him nhn th. Thc t n gin ca vn l chng ta khng th t
mt gi tr vo mt cuc sng(mng sng) con ngi.
Nh mt nguyn tc php l, mi hp ng bo him phi c h tr bi mt
quyn li c th c bo him, nhng trong bo him nhn th, cc yu cu
v quyn li bo him c p dng hi khc so vi bo him ti sn v trch
nhim bo him. Khi cc c nhn rt ra khi khi (k) chnh
sch(policy=hp ng bo him) ny cng l ngi c bo him, khng c
vn php l lin quan n quyn li c th c bo him. Cc to n cho
rng mi c nhn c mt quyn li bo him khng gii hn trong cuc
sng(mng sng) ca ring mnh v mt ngi c quyn chuyn giao quyn li
bo him cho bt k ai. Ni cch khc, khng c gii hn php l vi s tin bo
him ngi ta c th a ra v cuc sng ring ca mnh(cho chnh mnh)
v khng c gii hn php l ngi ta c th t tn l ngi hng li.
(mt ai c nu tn l ngi th hng)
Cu hi quan trng ca quyn li c th c bo him pht sinh khi ngi
dng ra khi(k) bo him l mt ai khc so vi ngi c cuc sng c lin
quan. Trong trng hp ny, lut php i hi mt quyn li c th c bo
him tn ti ti thi im hp ng c a ra(k). C rt nhiu mi quan h
c th to c s cho mt quyn li c th c bo him. Nhng ngi chng
v ngi v c quyn li bo him khc nhau(ln nhau); do , lm i tc.
Mt cng ty c th c li ch(quyn li c th c) bo him trong vng i
hot ng ca n( s cc gim c iu hnh ca n). Trong hu ht cc
trng hp, cha m c quyn li c th c bo him trong nhn th(mng
sng) ca con ci, mc d phm vi li ch ny c th c hn ch bi quy ch.
Mt ch n c quyn li c th c bo him trong nhn th (mng sng)
ca mt con n, mc d iu ny qu cng thng b hn ch bi quy ch vi
s n hoc hn mt cht.
Cc cu hi v quyn li c th c bo him him khi xut hin trong bo
him nhn th, bi v hu ht cc chnh sch hp ng bo him nhn th
c mua bi nhng ngi c cuc sng c bo him.Ngoi ra, s ng ca
ngi c bo him l cn thit trong hu ht trng hp, ngay c khi c mt
quyn li bo him. Ngoi l cho yu cu ny tn ti mt s khu vc php l

m chng hay v c php m bo ngi bn i m khng cn s ng ca

ngi khc.
Cc loi hp ng nhn th
Cn c vo c im phn bit, c th xc nh su loi hp ng bo him nhn
th khc nhau: (1) bo him t k (k hn), (2) Bo him trn i, (3) Bo him
sinh k, (4) C nh, (5) Chnh sch nhn th thay i, v (6) Nhn th hn hp.
Hp ng Bo him nhn th k hn, trn i, v hp ng cp vn hn hp
l hnh thc truyn thng ca bo him nhn th v tn ti trong nhiu nm.
Bo him nhn th c nh, thay i, v cc hp ng bo him nhn th hn
hp l nhng i mi tng i gn y, c nin i t nhng nm 1970 v u
nhng nm 1980.
Cn c vo c im phn bit ca h, n c th xc nh su loi ring bit ca
hp ng bo him nhn th: (1) bo him hn, (2) ton b cuc sng, (3) cc
khon hin tng, (4) kt chung, (5) Chnh sch cuc sng thay i, v (6) sng
ph bin. Bo him t k, ton b cuc sng, v hp ng cp vn l hnh thc
truyn thng ca bo him nhn th v tn ti trong nhiu nm. kt chung,
cuc sng thay i, v cc hp ng bo him nhn th ph bin l nhng i
mi tng i gn y, c nin i t nhng nm 1970 v u nhng nm
1980.B qua s nhng khc bit nh trong mt s nhng loi chnh sch cho thi
im ny, chng ta c th chia cc sn phm bo him nhn th thnh hai
nhm: bo him nhn th bo v thun ty, c gi l bo him gi k hn, v
bo him c mt khon tit kim hoc u t, gi l chnh sch gi tr tin
mt(hp ng bo him gi tr tch ly). Da trn h thng phn loi ny,
cc sn phm bo him nhn th c chia thnh hai nhm:
Bo Him k hn

Bo Him Gi Tr Tch Ly

(Bo Him Bo H Thun Ty)

(Bo H v Tit Kim)

Bo Him K Hn

- Bo him trn i
- Bo him sinh k, Bo him c nh,
thay i v hn hp.

Mc d c s khc bit quan trng gia cc chnh sch (policy=hp ng bo

him) m chng ti cng nhau phn loi nh chnh sch gi tr tin mt, cc
hp ng tng t nhiu hn l khc nhau. Tip theo trong chng ny, chng
ti s tho lun v cc c im phn bit ca cc hp ng ny, nhng trong
thi im ny, chng ta hy tp trung vo s khc bit gia bo him k hn,
bo v bo h thun ty, v bo him nhn th c gi tr tin mt tch ly (kt
hp bo him vi tit kim). Bi v bo him nhn th trn i l nhng hp ng
gi tr tin mt kiu mu, n phc v nh mt i din trong cuc tho lun ca
chng ti cho chnh sch gi tr tin mt (policy=hp ng bo him) ni
chung.
Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit gia bo him k hn v Bo him Gi Tr
Tch Ly

Nh l mt im khi hnh, chng ta hy xem xt s khc bit gia chnh sch

(hp ng bo him) cung cp bo h thun ty v nhng kt hp bo him
vi mt khon u t.
Hnh thc n gin nht ca bo him nhn th l c th gia hn theo tng nm.
Loi bo him ny cung cp bo h cho ch mt nm, nhng n cho php ngi
c bo him i mi chnh sch hp ng cho giai on k tip ti mt t
l ph bo him cao hn mi nm, m khng cn phi cung cp bng chng v
kh nng c bo him ti thi im mi ln gia hn. y l bo h bo him
nhn th dng thun ty nht ca n.
Cch d nht hiu c hot ng ca bt k c ch l th c ch . Trong
bo him nhn th, cng nh trong cc hnh thc bo him khc, may mn l
ngi tham gia bo him khng b mt i phn ti chnh trong khi s t ngi b.
Trong bo him nhn th, mi thnh vin ca nhm tr mt ph bo him i
din cho phn ca cc thnh vin c quyn li c thanh ton cho ngi th
hng ca nhng ngi cht. s liu t vong ch ra rng tui 21, trong s 1000
ph n, t l t vong l 0,48. n gin ha ton hc, chng ta hy gi nh
rng c 100.000 ph n trong nhm. Trn c s cc s liu qu kh, chng ta
c th c inh rng s c 48 trong s h cht. Nu chng ta mun tr mt
Quyn li nhn th $ 1000 cho ngi th hng ca mi ngi ph n cht,
chng ta s cn 48.000 $. B qua, cho hin ti, chi ph iu hnh cc chng
trnh v cc hot ng khc pht sinh ph li nhun kim c t ph bo
him thu c, v gi nh rng cc bng t l t vong c chnh xc v s
ngi s cht, n s l cn thit thu thp 0,48 $ t mi c nhn trong nhm
cung cp cn thit 48,000$ trong nhng nm qua, 48 thnh vin ca nhm s
cht v 48.000 $ s c tr cho ngi th hng.
Cc nm tip theo chng ta s thy rng c hi ca s mt mt tng ln, cho
tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm hin nay ln hn, v kinh nghim qu kh ch ra
rng mt t l ngi cht mi nm tng ln. tui 24, mc thu cn thit l 0,54
$ t mi hi vin. tui 30, chi ph s l $ 0,68. tui 40, chi ph cho mi thnh
vin s gn nh tng gp ba ln t cc chi ph tui 21, $ 1,30. Khi cc thnh
vin ca nhm n tui 40, chng ti s phi thu thp 3,08 $ t mi ngi.
tui 60, chng ti s cn $ 8,01, v tui 70, chng ti s cn 17,81 $ t mi
thnh vin. Khng mt rt nhiu hiu bit nhn ra rng: khng bao lu na k
hoch l s hon tt, nu n khng lm nh vy trc khi thnh vin t tui
70. tui 70, khi xc sut ca s cht t vong l ln hn bao gi ht. cc
thnh vin c th thy rng h khng c kh nng chi tr ph bo him ci tr
nn cn thit. tui 80, chng ti s cn 43,86 $ t mi thnh vin, v 90 tui,
$ 121,92. tui 100, chng ti s cn $ 275,73. T l t vong tng ln khi nhm
gi i lm cc hp ng gia hn hng nm tr nn mt phng tin cung cp
bo him cc la tui cao khng thc dng. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi mua bo
him v h mun bo him tip tc trong sut cuc i ca h. Cng ty bo him
tm thy mt gii php thit thc.
tng phn cp ph bo him
Mt phng php thc t ca cung cp bo him nhn th cho ton b cuc i
ca ngi c bo him l s dng mt mc ph bo him. Cc chnh sch bo
him nhn th trn i l loi ban u ca chnh sch sut i. N cung cp s

bo v ti mt mc ph bo him cho ton b cuc i ca ngi c bo him.

Bo v cuc i ny l c th bi v ph bo him c quy nh mc l cao
hn mc cn thit ti tr cho cc chi ph ca thanh l hp ng trong nhng
nm u ca chnh sch, v ph bo him vt qu c s dng p ng cc
yu cu thanh l hp ng ngy cng tng l nhm bo him ang gi ha.
Mc Ph bo him cho mt chnh sch nhn th bnh thng ca l 1000 $ mua
bi mt ngi ph n tui 21 v mt cho bo him gia hn hng nm bt u
tui 21 c minh ha trong hnh 12.1. ng biu din c hiu l ph bo
him mc tng ng vi ton hc chnh xc ca ng ph bo him gia
hn hng nm. iu ny c ngha rng cc cng ty bo him s thu c cng
mt lng thu nhp t ph bo him v li tc t mt nhm ln c bo him
theo mt trong hai phng n, gi nh rng c hai nhm khng t b khon
thanh ton ca mnh.
K Hoch mc ph bo him gii thiu cc tnh nng m khng c i tc trong
bo him t k. T mt ci nhn vo hnh 12.1 r rng l theo k hoch mc ph
bo him, ngi c bo him tr tin nhiu hn so vi chi ph ca bo v bo
him nhn th thun ty trong sut nhng nm u chnh sch c hiu lc.
Khong np tha ny c ch ra bi s khc bit gia thi hn v mc ph bo
him ln n im m ti cc ng ct nhau. Thng d np tha l cn
thit cc phn d tha, khi tch ly li sut kp, s b p s thiu ht
trong nhng nm cui ca hp ng. Cc khon tin d tha trong nhng nm
u ca hp ng to ra mt qu c t chc nm gi bi cng ty bo him
cho li ch v tn dng ca ngi mua bo him. Cc qu u t, thng l trong
cc khon u t di hn, v cc khon thu nhp c b sung vo qu tch ly
gip p ng cc ngha v trong tng lai cho ngi mua bo him. Cc cng
ty bo him thnh lp d phng hoc ngha v v bo co ti chnh phn nh
nhng ngha v trong tng lai.
Mt ln na t hnh 12.1, n xut hin r rang rng d tr nn s tng trong
mt thi gian v sau gim dn. N cng xut hin r rang cc khu vc ph
d phng trong nhng nm u ca hp ng s khng bao gi l cn
bng s bt cp thiu ht trong nhng nm sau . Trong trng hp ca mt
c nhn duy nht, iu ny s l s tht, nhng nhiu ngi c bo him c
lin quan, v cc lut ca trung bnh cho php mt d tr tng lin tc cho mi
chnh sch c hiu lc. Mt s c bo him s cht trong nhng nm u ca
hp ng, v ,cc ph d tha m h tr b tch thu vo nhm. Ph bo him
tha b hy b bi nhng ngi cht, cng vi ph bo him tha tr bi nhng
ngi sng st, s khng ch b p s thiu ht trong nhng nm sau ,
nhng, vi s h tr ca li kp, cng s tip tc xy dng d tr v cc chnh
sch ca nhng ngi sng st cho n khi h i mt vi ,cc hp ng tui
100. Ci cht l rng buc xy ra ti mt thi gian, v trong mt chnh sch trn
i ,cc cng ty bo him bit rng yu cu bi thng ci cht cui cng phi
c thanh ton. d tr tng hp cho ton b nhm c bo him gia tng v
sau gim dn, nhng chnh sch d tr chnh sch c nhn tip tc leo thang,
ch yu l v d tr tng hp c phn chia gia mt s lng nh hn ca
nhng ngi sng st mi nm. Hnh 12.2 cho thy s tng trng trong khu d
phng trn mt chnh sch Nhn th tiu chun mua tui 21.

So snh Ph Bo Him Rng trn 1000$ Hp ng gia hn hng nm v Trn i

K hoch mc ph bo him gii thiu cc tnh nng ca ph bo him d phng

trong nhng nm u ca hp ng v vic to ra cc qu d phng. Ngi c
bo him c quyn theo hp ng c nhn mt phn d tr ny trong
trng hp chnh sch hp ng ny chm dt, theo mt quy nh chnh sch
nh hp ng gi l gi tr khng b tch thu (c tho lun trong chng
15). Quyn theo hp ng c nhn mt phn ph bo him vt mc c
thanh ton theo phng n mc ph bo him, do , i din cho mt yu t
u t trong hp ng cho ngi c bo him. Khi ch mt hp ng bo
him qua i, quyn li ca ngi cht c th c xem nh l bao gm hai
phn, mt phn ca qu d tr m ngi c bo him c iu kin th
nhn v mt s tin bo him thun ty. Theo quan im ny, s tin mt ca
chnh sch mc bi thng trong trng hp ngi c bo him cht
xem nh l mt s kt hp ca mt s lng gim dn s tin ca bo him

(gi tr thun c nguy c: phn chnh lch gia s tin ca hp ng bo

him v d tr tch ly c di hp ng bo him ny) v tng dn
cc yu t gia tng u t (d tr pht trin). Gim dn s tin hp ng
Bo him gim dn v tng dn yu t gia tng u t lun cn bng vi b
mt ca chnh sch. mc bi thng trong trng hp ngi c bo
him cht. (on ny vn kh hiu qu, bn tm hiu li ri dch xem)
Cn nhn mnh rng chnh sch d tr khon d tr trch nhim khng ch
l ti sn ca ngi c bo him. y l ch nu v khi chnh sch ny ng
ng c bo him chm dt. Nu iu ny xy ra, ,cc hp ng khng cn
tn ti, v ,cc cng ty bo him c min tt c cc ngha v v chnh sch
hp ng. Min l ,cc hp ng c hiu lc y , d tr thuc v cng ty
bo him v phi c s dng gip tr tin theo yu cu bi thng t vong
nu ngi c bo him qua i. Nh cp, ,cc d tr phi c tch lu
bi cng ty chm sc b p cc thiu ht trong mc ph bo him trong
sut nhng nm cui ca hp ng.
Cc phn tch trn cho thy rng c hai li th khc bit trong vic s dng
mc ph bo him. u tin, bng cch tr mt s tin vt mc chi ph ca bo
him nhn th thun ty trong nhng nm u ca hp ng, ngi c bo
him trnh c mt mc ph bo him tng ln trong nhng nm sau; iu ny
s lm cho n c kh nng v mt ti chnh c th duy tr bo him cho n
khi ci cht ca ngi th hng theo ch hp ng bo him, mc d n xy
ra tui cao. Th hai, nu ngi c bo him sng st, anh ta hoc c ta
tch ly c mt qu tit kim m c th c s dng cho thu nhp trong tui
gi (hoc bt k mc ch no khc ngi c bo him quyt nh).