Bit v Thy

Knowing and Seeing

Thin s Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw (U Acinna)
T khu Php Thng dch
"Bhikkhus, I say that the destruction of the taints is for one who knows and sees, not for one who
does not know and see."
(Ny cc T khu, Ta ni c s on tr cc lu hoc cho ngi bit v thy, ch khng cho
ngi khng bit, khng thy.)
-ooOoo-

MC LC
Gii thiu
Bi php thoi 1: Lm th no tu tp nim hi th t n An ch nh
Bi php thoi 2: Hnh gi tu tp an ch nh trn cc mc Thin khc nh th no
Bi php thoi 3: Tu tp bn Phm Tr v bn Thin Bo H
Bi php thoi 4: Lm th no phn bit Sc
Bi php thoi 5: Phn bit Danh
Bi php thoi 6: Lm th no thy nhng mc xch ca Duyn Khi
Bi php thoi 7: Tu tp cc Tu Minh St nh th no thy Nit-bn
Bi php thoi 8: Nhng c nguyn ca c Pht cho cc hng t v gio php
ca Ngi
Bi php thoi 9: Loi cng dng cao thng nht
-ooOoo-

GII THIU
Gio php ca c Pht
Mt ln n, c Th Tn ang tr gia nhng ngi dn x Vajji (Bt-K), ti Kotigma. ,
c Th Tn ni vi cc v T khu nh sau[1]:
Ny cc T khu chnh do khng liu ng (ananubodh), khng th nhp (appativedh) bn
Thnh m cc ngi v Ta lang thang, lu chuyn lu i trong vng lun hi ny.
Th no l bn?
1. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Kh (Dukkhassa
Ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
2. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh
(Dukkhasamudayassa ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
3. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v s Dit Kh
(Dukkanirodhassa ariyasaccassa) m cc ngi v Ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
4. Ny cc T khu, do khng liu ng, khng th nhp Thnh v Con ng a n s
Dit kh m cc ngi v ta phi lu chuyn lu i trong lun hi.
Nh vy Bn Thnh l nhng nn tng cho Li dy ca c Pht, cho Gio php ca Ngi.
Ri Ngi gii thch:
1.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
2.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Ngun gc ca kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
3.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v s Dit Kh c liu ng, c th nhp.
4.- Ny cc T khu, Thnh v Con ng a n s Dit Kh c liu ng, c
th nhp.
Kht i i vi hin hu (hu i) c ct t; khuynh hng thin v hin hu (Bhava netti) c on tn; nay khng cn ti sanh na.
Ci g cn phi c chng c?
c Pht dy Bn Thnh ny cho chng ta c chng Nit-bn, Thnh Th Ba, chm
dt hon ton ti sanh v do cng chm dt lun Kh. Nhng iu s khng th xy ra nu
khng c nhng iu kin chnh ng. Trong "Kgra Sutta" (Ngi nh c nc nhn), trc
tin c Pht gii thch nhng iu kin cn thit lm cho vic on tn kh c th xy ra[2]:
Thc vy, ny cc T khu, nu ai ni nh sau: "Khng xy dng phn di ca ngi nh nc
nhn, Ta s dng ln mt mi che"; s vic ny khng th xy ra.

Cng vy, nu ai ni:

1. "Khng liu ng nh thc Thnh v Kh (dukkham" ariyasaccam" yathbhtam"
anabhisamecca);
2. "Khng liu ng nh thc Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh;
3. "Khng liu ng nh thc Thnh v s Dit Kh;
4. "Khng liu ng nh thc Thnh v Con ng a n s Dit Kh;
Ta s lm cho chm dt hon ton Kh, s vic ny khng th xy ra."
iu ny c ngha l chng ta khng th no on tn kh (tc chng ta khng th no t n
Nit-bn, Thnh Th Ba) nu trc chng ta khng liu ng Thnh Th Nht (Kh:
Dukkha), v Thnh Th Hai (Ngun gc ca Kh: Samudaya). Ch khi liu ng hai ny
ri chng ta mi c th liu ng Thnh Th T thuc Siu th, hay Bt Thnh o Siu th.
Con ng duy nht t n nhng s liu ng ny trn ht vn phi l thc hnh Thnh
Th T hay o Hip th (Lokiya maggasacca), cn gi l Bt Thnh o Hip th hay Tam
Hc:
- Gii hc (Sla)
- nh hc (Samdhi)
- Tu hc (Pa)[3]
i vi cc v T khu, gii l ch ng theo gii bn Ba-la--mc-xoa (Ptimokkha), cn i
vi hng c s th l bt gii hay ng gii. Khi chng ta an tr trong gii, chng ta c th tu
tp cn nh (upacra samdhi) v an ch nh (jhna), t nn tng chng ta s tin hnh pht
trin tu gic, tc l Thin Minh St (Vipassan). Thin Minh St khng nhm vo mt mc
ch g khc ngoi chng ng bn cht v thng, kh v v ng ca Kh Thnh v Tp
Thnh . Ch khi chng ta hnh Vipassan (Minh St) mt cch trit v chng ng c hai
Thnh ny, chng ta mi c th chng ng Thnh Th T thuc Siu th, tc Bt Thnh
o kt hp vi o Siu th (Lokuttara Maggasacca) gm: Nhp lu Thnh o
(Sotpatti), Nht lai Thnh o (Sakadgmi), Bt lai Thnh o (Angmi), v A-la-hn thnh
o.
Tm li, mc ch ca Thnh Th T (Bt Thnh o) l chng ng Nit-bn. Thnh
Th Ba, vn ch c thnh tu bng vic liu ng Thnh Th Nht v Th Hai (Kh v
Tp ).
Thnh Th Nht v Th Hai
Nhng, th no l Thnh Th Nht, hay th no l Kh Thnh ? Trong "Kinh Chuyn
Php Lun" (Dhammacakkappavattana Suttam), c Pht gii thch[4]:
Ny cc T khu, y l Thnh v Kh: Sanh l kh; Gi l kh; Bnh l kh; Cht l kh;
gn vt khng a l kh; xa vt ng mn l kh; khng c iu mnh mun l kh; tm li
nm th un (pacupdnakkhandh) l kh.

Khi c Pht dy v Kh thnh ; Ngi ni n nm un; Ngi mun cho chng ta bit v thy
nm un. Th gii loi ngi ca chng ta l s hin hu ca nm un[5] (paca vokra bhava)
v tr phi chng ta bit v thy c nm un ny, bng khng chng ta khng th hiu r li
dy ca c Pht. iu ny c c Pht gii thch trong "Puppha Sutta" (Kinh Hoa: Flower
Sutta)[6] nh sau:
"V, th no l thc ti ti hu ca th gian (Loke lokadhammo: th gian ca cc hnh)[7] m
Nh Lai chng ng vi ton din tr?
1. Sc (rpa)
2. Th (vedan)
3. Tng (sa)
4. Hnh (sakhr)
5. Thc (via)
y thc ti ti hu ca th gian (the ultimate reality of the world) m Nh Lai chng ng vi
ton din tr.
Sau khi chng ng, Nh Lai gii thch, ging dy, tuyn thuyt, chng minh, khai m, lm sng
t thc ti ti hu y.
Khi nhng thc ti y c Nh Lai gii thch, ging dy, tuyn thuyt, chng minh, khai
m, lm cho sng t nh vy, nu c ai vn khng bit v khng thy, thi Nh Lai cn c th
lm c iu g vi con ngi ngu si, phm phu, m la, khng thy ng, khng bit v
khng thy y?"
Nhng thc ti ca th gian m c Pht gii thch y chnh l nm un, tc Thnh v
Kh v Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh. Trong kinh i Nim X (Mah Satipahna) Ngi
gii thch:
"Tm li, ny cc T khu, nm th un (Pacupdanakkhandh) l kh nh th no?
1. Sc th un (rpapdnakkhandho);
2. Th th un (vedanpdnakkhandho);
3. Tng th un (sanupdnakkhandho);
4. Hnh th un (sakhrupdnakkhandho);
5. Thc th un (viupdnakhhhandho).
Chng hn, trong "Khandha Sutta" (Un Kinh)[8] c Pht gii thch v phn tch nm th un
thm na thnh ra mi mt loi:
"V, th no ny cc T khu, l nm th un? Bt c sc no, hoc

[1-3] qu kh, v lai hay hin ti (att ngata paccuppanna);

[4-5] bn trong hay bn ngoi (ajjhatta v bahiddhv);
[6-7] th hay t (orika v sukkuma v);
[8-9] cao thng hay h lit (lna v pata v);
[10-11] xa hay gn (yam" dre santike v); c lu hoc, c chp th, th c gi l sc th
un.
Bt c loi th no... tng... hnh... thc no d qu kh, v lai, hay hin ti; bn trong hay bn
ngoi, th hay t, xa hay gn, cao thng hay h lit, c lu hoc (ssava), c chp th
(updniya), y gi l thc th un.
Ny cc T khu, nh vy c gi l nm th un.
Nm th un ny l Thnh v Kh v nh c Pht gii thch, mi un gm mi mt loi.
Nh th c ngha rng mun bit v thy nm un th phi bit v thy c mi mt loi ca
mi un ny.
Un u tin ca nm th un cng cn gi l Sc (rpa), v bn th un cn li (Th, Tng,
Hnh v Thc) gi chung l Danh (nma). Nh vy nm th un cng cn gi l Danh-Sc
(nma-rpa)[9].
Mun bit v thy danh-sc nh chng thc s l, ta cng cn phi bit v thy chng c quan h
vi nhau nh th no, ngha l chng ta cn phi bit v thy rng trong th gian ca nm un
(pacavokrabhava), danh da vo sc. Th gian ca nm un ny c c Pht gii thch
trong "Loka sutta" (Kinh th gian). Trong bi kinh, c Pht gii thch Danh-Sc di dng
mi tm gii (dhtu): su cn, su trn v su loi thc. Ngi ni: V, ny cc T khu, th no
l ngun gc hay tp khi ca th gian?
Do duyn mt v cc sc, nhn thc khi sanh (cakkhuca paicca rpe ca uppajjati cakkhu
vina).
Vi s t hp ca ba: mt, sc, nhn thc c xc (phasso).
Do duyn xc, c th (vedan);
Do duyn th, c i (tah);
Do duyn i, c th (upaadna);
Do duyn th, c hu (bhava);
Do duyn hu, c sanh (jti);
Do duyn sanh, c gi cht (jar, marana);
Su, bi (soke, parideva);
Kh, u, no (dukkha, domanassa, upysa) c m
Do duyn tai v cc ting, nh th khi sanh ...
Do duyn mi v cc mi, t thc khi sanh ...
Do duyn li va cc v, thit thc khi sanh ...
Do duyn thn v cc xc, thn thc khi sanh... (kyaca paicca phohabbe ca uppajjati kya
vina)
Do duyn v cc php[10], thc khi sanh (manaca paicca dhamme ca uppjjati mano
vina)

Mun bit danh v sc chng ta cn bit v thy nh sau:

1. Cc cn mn
2. Cc i tng p vo cc cn mn
3. Cc thc (tm cng vi cc tm s) khi ln do s tip chm y .
Nh c c Pht gii thch l c su cn mn.
1. Nhn mn - (cakkhu dvra)
2. Nh mn - (sota dvra)
3. T mn - (ghna dvra)
4. Thit mn - (jivh dvra)
5. Thn mn - (kya dvra)
6. mn (bhavaga) - (mano dvra)
Nm mn u l Sc (rpa), v do cng ging nh nm tr cn (vatthu = vt hay s y), ring
mn th su, mn hu phn (bhavaga) l danh (nma). nng vo loi sc c gi l sc
vt hay tm c (hadaya-vatthu).
Nm mn u ch bt ly nhng i tng thuc v sc tng ng ca chng, trong khi
mn thuc v danh bt c nm i tng y v nhng i tng ring ca n. iu ny c c
Pht gii thch trong "Ubhabrahmaa sutta", mc d t ng Ngi s dng y l cn
(indriya)[11].
Ny B-la-mn, nm cn ny mi cn c mt cnh gii khc nhau (visaya), mt lnh vc khc
nhau (gocara), v khng kinh nghim cnh gii v lnh vc ca nhau.
Th no l nm?
1. Nhn cn (cakkhundriya); 2. Nh cn (sotindriya); 3. T cn (ghnindriya); Thit cn
(hivhindriya); 5. Thn cn (kyindriya)
Ny B-la-mn, nm cn ny c nhng cnh gii khc nhau, nhng lnh vc khc nhau, khng
kinh nghim cnh gii v lnh vc ca nhau, c (mano), l ch y ta (paisaraa), v nhn
thc cc lnh vc v cnh gii ca chng.
Khi cc i tng thuc vt cht p vo cn mn ca chng, th ng thi chng cng p vo
mn[12]; cc i tng khc (khng thuc vt cht) ch p vo mn m thi. Cc i tng
no ch p vo mn cng c k l nhng i tng khng phi Danh-Sc, do khng
phi th gian. Nh vy, chng ta c su loi i tng (cnh):

1. Cc cnh sc (rprammaa)
2. Cc cnh thinh (saddrammaa)
3. Cc cnh hng (gandhrammaa)
4. Cc cnh v (rasrammmaa)
5. Cc cnh xc (phohabbrammaa)
6. Cc cnh php (dhammrammaa)
Cnh php l tt c nhng i tng hay cnh ngoi nm loi cnh thuc vt cht ni trc,
ni chung l tt c nhng cnh khc trong th gian. Gm su loi:
1. Nm loi tnh sc th (pasda rpa) tc nm cn mn
2. 16 loi sc t (sukhuma rpa)
3. 6 loi thc gii (vina dhtu)
4. 52 tm s (cetasika)
5. Nit-bn gii, v vi gii (asakhata dhtu)
6. Cc khi nim hay ch nh (paatti)
( l khi nim v hi th, i tng Kasia, v tn gi cc thc ti tuyt i (php chn ),
khng c nhng tn gi ny chng ta khng th truyn t c.)
Nh c Pht gii thch, khi mt trong su cn mn tng giao vi i tng thch hp ca
n, thc s khi ln. Nh vy chng ta c su loi thc:
1. Nhn thc (cakkhu-via)
2. Nh thc (sota-via)
3. T thc (ghna-via)
4. Thit thc (jivh-via)
5. Thn thc (kya-via)
6. thc (mano-via)
Trong bi kinh trn, c Pht cng gii thch cho v B-la-mn Ubha bit rng, khi mt i
tng p vo mt trong nm cn mn, n cng p vo mn. Khi hnh gi pht trin c
nh tm mnh m, hnh gi s thy rng i tng c phn chiu trong mn nh trong mt
tm gng.
Lc hnh gi cng s thy ra rng thc khi ln ni mt trong nhng cn mn (vt cht) ny
rt yu. Chng ch "n ly" i tng (abhiniptamatt = pick up). Vic bit i tng thc s
c thc hin bi mt chui cc thc tm (mano-via) khi ln sau [13].
T d nh, khi mt i tng vt cht nh mu sc p vo nhn mn, v ng thi cng p
vo mn (abhavaga = hu phn), th mt tm thc (mano-via) khi ln theo sau bi
mt nhn thc tm, nhn thc ny khng "bit" i tng; tc l chng khng bit rng l
mu sc. i tng ch c bit bng thc tm khi ln sau m thi.

Nh vy, chng ta c th hiu rng bit danh-sc chng ta cn phi bit mi loi danh, mi
loi sc, v cch chng tc ng vi nhau ra sao. Tc l chng ta cn phi bit:
1. Sc ca cn mn.
2. Sc ca i tng.
3. Danh khi ln ni mn vt cht (ng mn) v ni mn. Ni chung, chng ta cn phi bit v
thy nhn mn, i tng ca nhn mn (mu sc), thc v nhn thc khi ln khi mu sc
p vo nhn mn. Chng ta cng cn phi bit v thy rng khng c sc (vt cht) ca nhn
mn, th khng c nhn thc khi ln, khng c sc ca cn (sc tri tim) th cng khng c
thc khi ln, v khng c sc ca i tng (mu sc), th nhn thc hay thc cng khng
khi ln. i vi tai, mi, li v thn, chng ta cng bit v thy nh vy. Chng ta cng cn
phi bit v thy rng c nhng i tng ch do thc bit m thi, thc ny khi ln nng
theo sc vt (tm c).
Tuy nhin nhng thc ti ny khng ch bit theo khi nim (ch nh), v ci bit y ch l
bit v thy s vt nh chng c v l, m iu ny c ngha chng ta vn l hng phm phu ngu
si, m la khng mt, hng ngi khng bit v thy, nh c Pht gi thi.
Mun bit v thy cc php nh chng thc s l chng ta cn th nhp vo thc ti cng tt
(hay chn - paramattha sacca); ngha l chng ta cn phi bit v thy danh-sc chn
(paramattha nma rpa).
Bit v thy Th Nht
Chng ta cn bit v thy mi v mi loi danh cng nh cn phi thy rng nm cn khi ln
mt trong hai loi thc, cn gi ng song thc (dve paca via):
1. Thc qu thin (kusala vipka via)
2. Thc qu bt thin (akusala vipka via)
Nh vy tng cng c mi loi thc. V trong cn (heart base) khi ln tt c cc loi thc
hay tm khc:
- 12 loi tm bt thin (akusala citta)
- 8 loi tm v nhn (ahetuka citta) (cng loi nh mi loi "tm ng song thc")
- 24 tm tnh ho dc gii (kma sobhana citta)
- 15 loi tm sc gii (rpvacara citta)
- 12 loi tm v sc gii (arpvacara citta)
- 8 loi tm siu th (lokuttar citta)
Tng cng c 89 loi tm. V bt lun khi no ta khi ln mt trong nhng loi tm ny, th mt
s cc tm s tng ng cng khi ln, trong s c thy nm mi hai tm s[14].
bit v thy c kh thnh ng nh thc, chng ta cn phi bit trc tip v thy trc
tip tt c cc loi tm v tm s tng ng vi n nh vy. Nhng, nh c Pht gii thch,
trong th gian nm un ca chng ta ny, danh khi ln nng vo sc, do mt tm (thc)

khi ln c l nh nng vo cn tng ng ca n. iu c ngha l chng ta cng cn

trc nhn v trc tri lun c sc.
Mun bit v thy sc nh n thc s l chng ta cn phi bit v thy sc ny bao gm nhng
phn t cc nh m trong Pli ng gi l rpa-kalapas[15] (cc tng hp hay nhm sc) nh th
no. Chng sanh v dit rt nhanh, nhng ch l "danh chn ch nh" (vijjmnapaatti),
ch khng phi sc chn (paramattha rpa). Mun bit v thy sc nh thc, chng ta cn
phi th nhp hay chc thng khi nim v cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalapas) (tc chc thng s
m lm, o tng v nguyn khi) v thy ra cc php chn - paramattha sacca - thc s ch
l cc yu t ring bit bao hm cc loi tng hp sc c bit m thi.
Trong "Mahgoplaka sutta" (i kinh Ngi Chn B - MNI.33) c Pht gii thch tri kin
hiu bit v sc l iu rt cn cho mt v T khu vng tin trong Php v Lut (DhammaVinaya).
V t khu cn c tri kin v sc nh th no (rpahoti)?
y v T khu nh tht r bit:
"Tt c sc thuc bt c loi no gm t i v sc do t i to thnh (cattri mahbhtni,
catunnaca mahbhtna updyarpan'ti)"
l cch v T khu c tri kin v sc. V ngi ni rng nu khng c tri kin ny th v T
khu y "Khng c kh nng tng trng, ln mnh trong Php v Lut ny."
iu ny hm l chng ta cn phi bit v thy tt c 28 loi sc: sc chnh (bhta), gm:
- Bn i chng (mahbhta): t, nc, la, gi (pathav, po, tejo, vyo-dhtu);
v hai mi bn loi sc ph thuc (updrpa), nh:
- Nm loi sc thn kinh hay tnh sc cn (pasda rpa) (nhn, nh, t, thit v thn tnh sc cakkhu-, sota-, ghan-, jivh-, kya-pasda), l thnh phn ca nm cn vt l.
- Bn loi sc cnh gii (gocara rpa) - mu sc, m thanh, mi v v (vaa, saddha, gandha,
rasa).
- Dng cht (thc t - oj)
- Mng cn (jvitindriya)
- Sc tri tim ( vt - hadaya rpa)
(cn c vt l cho thc - mano via - v cc tm s phi hp ca chng)[16].

Hnh gi lm cch no thy v bit Thnh Th Nht v Th Hai?

Hnh gi phi tu tp nh
c th thy cc yu t ring bit ca cc tng hp sc c th no tc l phi thy c
sc chn , iu ny i hi phi c nng lc nh tm vng mnh. Ch c nh mnh mi c
th bit v thy cc php nh chng thc s l. Vn ny c c Pht gii thch trong
"Samdhi sutta" (nh kinh)[17]
"Ny cc T khu, hy tu tp nh. Sau khi c nh, v T khu s tu tri cc php (dhamma)
nh chng thc s l (yathbhta pajnti)
V v y tu tri nh thc nhng g?
(1) V y tu tri nh thc: "y l Kh".
(2) V y tu tri nh thc: "y l Ngun gc ca Kh".
(3) V y tu tri nh thc: "y l S Dit Kh".
(4) V y tu tri nh thc; "y l Con ng a n S Dit kh".
Nh vy, ny cc T khu, hy tu tp nh. Sau khi c nh, v T khu s tu tri cc php nh
chng thc s l."
l l do v sao, ti Thin vin Pa-Auk, trc tin chng ti dy hnh gi tu tp nh c nng
lc tht mnh thuc cc bc thin (jhnas), tc an ch nh (appan samdhi) dng nim hi th
npnasati) v mi kasia chng hn, hoc cng c th dng thin t i (catudhtuvavatthna)[18] c cn nh (upacra samdhi)[19].
Pht trin nh sng tr tu
nh tm mnh m s to ra nh sng mnh m, v chnh nh nh sng y m hnh gi c th i
su hay th nhp vo chn (paramattha sacca). iu ny c c Pht gii thch trong
Tng Chi Kinh, chng ni v Ho quang (bhvagga).
- Ny cc T khu, c bn li ho quang. Th no l bn? Ho quang ca mt trng, ho quang
ca mt tri, ho quang ca la v ho quang ca tr tu (pabh).
- Ny cc T khu, c bn li nh sng rc r. Th no l bn? nh sng rc r ca mt trng,
nh sng rc r ca mt tri, nh sng rc r ca la, nh sng rc r ca tr tu (pa pabh).
- Ny cc T khu, c bn loi nh sng. Th no l bn? nh sng ca mt trng, nh sng ca
mt tri, nh sng ca la, nh sng ca tr tu (pa-loko).
- Ny cc T khu, c bn loi sng chi. Th no l bn? S sng chi ca mt tri, s sng
chi ca mt trng, s sng chi ca la, s sng chi ca tr tu (pa-obhso).

- Ny cc T khu, c bn loi rc r. Th no l bn? S rc r ca mt trng, s rc r ca

mt tri, s rc r ca la, s rc r ca tr tu (pa-pajjoto)[20].
Ngay trong bi php u tin ca Ngi - Dhamma cakkappavattana Sutta (Chuyn Php Lun
Kinh) c Pht cng cp n nh sng khi gii thch s Gic Ng ca Ngi[21].
"... Nh vy, ny cc T khu, i vi cc Php (dhamma) trc y cha tng nghe, nhn
(cakkhu) khi ln ni Ta, tr (a) khi ln ni Ta, tu (pa) khi ln ni ta, minh
(vijj) khi ln ni Ta v nh sng (loke) khi ln ni Ta."
Tm thuc minh st tr hip th to ra "nh sng gic ng" mnh m (vipassanobhso), nhng
tm thuc minh st tr siu th to ra nh sng c xem l cc k mnh m, chng hn nh
Sng Gic Ng ca Bc Gic Ng ta khp mi ngn th gii[22].
nh sng y pht sanh nh th no? Tm khi lng su trong nh c kt hp vi Tu (pa),
tm y s to ra nhiu th h sc cc sng do tm sanh (cittajarpa). Dng nh sng y, chng ta
c th thm nhp vo thc ti cng tt hay chn (paramattha sacca) thy cc php nh
chng thc s l. iu ny cng ging nh khi i vo mt cn phng ti, chng ta cn phi c
nh sng thy mi vt vy.
Bo v tm nh
Tuy nhin, v mun thm nhp vo thc ti cng tt hay php chn thm su, vi t, m chng
ta pht trin nh tm su lng khng thi vn cha , y cn l mt c hi chng ta khng th
mt. Do y chng ti cng dy thin sinh cch lm th no t bo v mnh v bo v
thin ca mnh bng cch tu tp Bn Phm Tr (Brahmavihra) cho t n mt bc thin no
hoc cn nh. Bn Phm Tr ny l:
1. T (mett) vt qua sn hn.
2. Bi (karu) vt qua c tm v no hi.
3. H (mudit) vt qua ganh t.
4. X (upekkh) vt qua s dng dng i vi cc chng sanh.
V cng mt l do ny m chng ti cng cn dy bn loi Thin Bo h (caturkkha
kammahna) cho t n mt bc thin (jhna) hoc cn nh[23]:
1. Tm t (mett) bo v hnh gi khi nhng him nguy do chng sinh khc gy ra.
2. Ty nim Pht (budhnussati) bo v hnh gi khi s hi, v nhng him nguy khc.
3. Qun bt tnh (asubha bhvan) bo v hnh gi khi dc, tham.
4. Nim s cht (maranussati) bo v hnh gii khi ri vo s d dui, bing nhc khi
hnh thin; phn khch hnh gi bng thc kinh cm s cht. (savega).
Vi nh ca bc thin hoc vi cn nh m hnh gi pht trin c, nhng ti thin ny
khng phi mt nhu thi gian tu tp, (tc l hnh gi s d dng pht trin cc mc thin
ny vy).

Thm nhp vo Thc Ti Cng Tt (Chn )

Thm nhp vo Sc chn
Nu hnh gi l mt ngi theo c xe Tnh ch (samatha yogi), c nng lc nh mnh c
kho bo v, n y chng ti s dy cch lm th no bit v thy sc nh chng thc s l,
dng thin t i (catadhtu vavatthna)[24]. Nhng nu hnh gi khng thch tu tp nh trc,
m ch mun pht trin n cn nh thi, hnh gi c th i thng vo thin t i.
C vi l do khin chng ti dy phn bit sc trc. Mt l, vic phn bit sc rt vi t v su
xa. Tuy nhin, d sc thay i hng t ln trong mt giy, n vn khng thay i nhanh nh
"danh". iu ny c ngha rng mt khi hnh gi hon tt vic phn bit su xa v sc ri, th
vic phn bit su xa hn v danh s tr nn d dng hn cho hnh gi. Mt l do khc l v
danh nng vo sc, nn nu hnh gi khng th thy ra sc c bit m mt tm nng vo y,
th hnh gi hon ton khng th thy danh. Mun thy danh, hnh gi cn phi thy s khi
sanh ca n[25].
Thin t i ngha l hnh gi phn bit bn i c mt trong sc, khi u vi sc c xem l
thn ca chnh mnh, tc hnh gi khi u vi sc c c Pht gi l: bn trong (ajjhatta).
c Pht gii thch thin t i trong Kinh i Nim X (Mahsatipahna sutta)[26] nh sau:
"Li na, ny cc T khu, v T khu qun xt thn ny, d cho n c t hay sp xp di
dng cc i (dhtu - element). Trong thn ny c:
1. a i (pathav dhtu)
2. Thy i (po dhtu)
3. Ha i (tejo dhtu)
4. Phong i (vyo dhtu)"
Khi u vi sc ca chnh mnh thng d dng hn, bi v bit sc ca mnh nng hay lnh,
cng hay mm vn d hn l bit n sc bn ngoi, nh sc ca mt ngi khc chng hn.
Mt khi hnh gi tr nn thin xo trong vic phn bit sc bn trong ri, hnh gi cng cn
phn bit mi loi sc cn li m c Pht k ra: tc l sc qu kh, v li, hin ti, bn
ngoi, th, t, h lit, cao thng, xa v gn[27].
c Pht dy thin t i ny chng ta c th bit v thy sc chn . Trc tin, hnh gi tu
tp kh nng bit v thy cc c tnh ca t i trong thn mnh nh mt khi sc hay vt cht
nn li. Khi s thin xo v nh ca hnh gi pht trin hnh gi cui cng c th s thy cc
rpa-kdpa (tng hp sc), v ri, dng nh sng ca nh m hnh gi pht trin , hnh gi
c th thm nhp vo ci o tng v nguyn khi (nguyn khi tng)[28], th nhp vo sc
chn , bit v thy, nhn ra v phn tch cc i ring bit trong cc loi rpa kalpa
(tng hp sc) khc nhau.

Thm nhp vo Danh chn

By gi, sau khi nh tht bit v thy cc i (t, nc, la, gi) khc nhau c xem l sc
chn , hnh gi c th tin hnh bit v thy Danh chn , cng c gi l thin trn
Danh (nma kammahna).
Chng ta c th phn bit Danh hoc qua su cn hoc qua su mn[29]. Nhng, v hnh gi
phn bit sc qua cc mn ri, do Thanh tnh o khuyn hnh gi nn lm y nh vy i vi
danh[30]: "Khi hnh gi phn bit c sc nh vy, cc trng thi v sc (danh) cng s tr
nn r rt cho hnh gi hp vi cc mn y." V ch gii cn ni thm rng: phn bit danh qua
cc mn l khi ln ln[31].
Su mn v cc i tng ca chng c cp trc, y ch tm tt.
1. Nhn mn, bt cc cnh sc (cc i tng thuc mu sc).
2. Nh mn, bt cc cnh thinh.
3. T mn bt cc cnh kh (hng)
4. Thit mn bt cc cnh v.
5. Thn mn bt cc cnh xc.
6. mn (bhavaga - mind door) bt nm cnh thuc nm mn vt cht trc , v cc cnh
php (dhamma objects)[32].
Khi mt trong su loi i tng hay cnh ny p vo mn tng ng ca n, th mt chui cc
tm (cittas) khi ln, v cng vi mi tm khi ln ny cn c mt s cc tm s tng ng
(cetasika); iu ny hp theo qui lut t nhin ca tm (citta niyma - the natural law of
consciousness). Mt chui tm v tm s tng ng nh vy gi l mt l trnh tm (vthi), do
c su loi:
(1) Nhn mn l trnh tm (Cakkhu-dvra vthi)
(2) Nh mn l trnh tm (Sota-dvra vthi)
(3) T mn l trnh tm (Ghna-dvra vthi)
(4) Thit mn l trnh tm (Jhivh-dvra vthi)
(5) Thn mn l trnh tm (Kya-dvra vthi)
(6) mn l trnh tm (Mano-dvra vthi)
Khi mt i tng vt cht p vo mn vt cht tng ng ca n, th tin trnh nhn thc
thuc nm mn u khi ln; tin trnh ny gi l tin trnh nhn thc thuc ng mn hay gi tt
l "l ng mn" (paca-dvra vthi). Cn tin trnh nhn thc thuc mn th su hay mn th
gi l "l mn" (mano-dvra vthi).
Nh cp trn, khi mt trong nm loi i tng vt cht p vo mn vt cht tng ng
ca n, th ng thi n cng p vo mn (bhavaga)[33]; c hai tin trnh nhn thc hay l
ng mn v l mn khi ln. Chng hn, khi mt cnh sc p vo nhn mn, th ng thi n
cng p vo mn (bhavaga), s kin ny lm pht sanh trc ht l mt l nhn mn v k
tip l nhiu l mn[34]. iu ny cng xy ra theo quy lut t nhin ca tm (cittaniyma).

Nh vy r rng rng bit v thy danh, trc ht chng ta cn phi bit v thy sc, v mun
bit v thy c nhng tin trnh nhn thc ny, trc tin chng ta cn phi bit v thy cc
mn v i tng tng ng ca chng. iu ny c hnh gi thc hin khi phn bit sc[35].
Khi phn bit danh, trc ht hnh gi phn bit cc loi tin trnh nhn thc khc nhau, tc l
hnh gi phn bit xem c bao nhiu st-na tm (cittakkhaa) trong mi tin trnh nhn thc (l
tm), v phn bit cc loi st-na tm khc nhau y. Nhng vn cha phi l danh chn
(paramattha nma). Cng nh i vi sc, hnh gi phi ph b ci o tng v nguyn khi,
l tng hp sc (rpa kalpa) nh th no, th y cng vy, hnh gi cn phi ph b o tng
v nguyn khi, tc l tin trnh nhn thc,[36] nh th .
Mi tin trnh nhn thc bao gm nhiu st-na tm (cittakkhaa), v mi st-na tm l thi gian
cn cho mt tm (citta) v cc tm s ca n (cetasika) sanh ln, tr li v dit. Tm khng
sanh ln n c, n lun lun sanh cng vi cc tm s tng ng. Cng vy, cc tm s khng
sanh ln mt mnh c, m chng phi lun lun sanh cng vi mt tm no . V vy, tm v
cc tm s ca n sanh ln nh mt nhm kt li (compact group). Mun ph b ci khi ny,
hnh gi cn phi phn tch mi loi st-na tm ri bit v thy tm ring v cc tm s tng
ng ca n ring. l bit v thy danh chn (paramattha nma). iu ny cn vi t hn
vic bit v thy cc i chng ca sc, tuy nhin hnh gi c th lm c nh nh sng mnh
m ca nh m hnh gi pht trin, v nh sc mnh ca s phn bit m hnh gi tu tp
khi phn bit sc.
Nh ni, danh bao gm 89 loi tm v 52 loi tm s phi hp. Nhng tm trong s tm mi
chn tm y l cc tm siu th (lokuttara citta: 4 o v 4 Qu), v ch khi ln khi hnh gi
hnh Minh St (vipassan) trn mt trong tm mi mt loi tm (hip th) cn li, v cc tm
s phi hp ca n. Ni cch khc, cc i tng ca Minh St (vipassan), ch l 81 tm hip
th v cc tm s phi hp ca chng, trong khi nhng kt qu ca Minh St y l tm tm siu
th vy...
Hn na, trong 81 loi tm hip th cn c cc tm thin (jhna). Nhng nu hnh gi khng c
thin th khng th phn bit cc tm thin y. V th, nu hnh gi l mt thun qun hnh gi
(ngi ch tu qun minh st m khng tu nh), th vic phn bit cc tm thin nh b ra.
Nh vy nhng g hnh gi by gi c th phn bit, c c Pht gii thch trong Kinh i
Nim X (Mahsatipahna sutta) nh sau:
"Li na, ny cc T khu, v T khu sng qun tm trong tm nh th no? y, ny cc T
khu,
(1) vi tm c tham (sarga citta), tu tri (pajnati) "tm c tham"[37];
(2) vi tm khng tham (varga citta), tu tri "tm khng tham";
(3) vi tm c sn (sadosa citta), tu tri: "tm c sn";
(4) vi tm khng sn (vtadosa), tu tri "tm khng sn";
(5) vi tm c si (samoha citta) tu tri "tm c si";
(6) vi tm khng si (vtamoha citta), tu tri "tm khng si";
(7) vi tm co rt[38] (sakhitta citta), tu tri "tm co rt";

(8) Vi tm tn lon (vikkhitta citta), tu tri "tm tn lon";

(9) vi tm i hnh[39] (qung i - mahaggata citta), tu tri "tm i hnh";
(10) vi tm khng i hnh (amahaggata citta), tu tri "tm khng i hnh";
(11) vi tm hu hn[40] (sa-uttara citta), tu tri "tm hu hn";
(12) vi tm v thng (anuttara citta), tu tri "tm v thng;
(13) vi tm c nh[41] (samhita citta), tu tri "tm c nh";
(14) vi tm khng nh (asmhita citta), tu tri "tm khng nh";
(15) vi tm gii thot[42] (vimutta citta), tu tri "tm gii thot";
(16) vi tm khng gii thot (avimutta citta), tu tri "tm khng gii thot".
Nh vy, v y sng qun tm trn ni tm (ajjhatta), hoc v y sng qun tm trn ngoi tm
(bahiddh), hoc v y sng qun tm trn ni v ngoi tm."
y, c Pht gii thch "danh" nh gm mi su loi tm. iu c ngha l hnh gi phi
bit v thy tng cp mt nh chng thc s l, chng hn tm phi hp vi tham v tm khng
c tham qua mt trong su mn, v qun bn trong, bn ngoi ri c bn trong ln bn ngoi. Khi
y hnh gi k nh thm nhp vo c danh chn , bit v thy n nh n tht s l.
Ba Thanh Tnh
By gi, sau khi bit v thy danh-sc nhng chng thc s l, hnh gi k nh thc hin
c ci gi l "Ba Thanh Tnh". Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o) gii thch.
(1) Gii thanh tnh (sla visuddhi) l gii bn loi hon ton thanh tnh, bt u vi s ch ng
bng gii bn Ba-la--mc-xoa (Pimokkha)...
(2) Tm thanh tnh (citta visuddhi), l, tm thin chng (the jhnas) cng vi cn nh[43].
(3) Kin thanh tnh (dihi visuddhi) l ci thy ng v Danh-Sc (nmarpna
ythvadassana)
Bit v thy Thnh Th Hai v Th Ba
t n Nit-bn chng ta cng cn phi bit v thy Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh (Kh
tp Thnh ). Trong Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Kinh Chuyn Php Lun), c Pht gii
thch Thnh ny nh sau:
By gi, ny cc T khu, th no l Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh: chnh "i" ny a n
mt hin hu mi (ti sanh), cng vi h v tham, i tm lc th ch ny ch kia; tc l:
(1) Dc i (kmatah)
(2) Hu i (bhavatah)
(3) Phi hu i (vibhavatah)
Chi tit hn, c Pht gii thch Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh ny nh Php Duyn Khi
hay Thp Nh Nhn Duyn (paiccasamuppda).

"V th no, ny cc T khu, l Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh? (dukkha samudaya

ariyasacca)
- Do v minh lm duyn (avijj paccay) hnh sanh (sakhr);
- Do hnh lm duyn (sakhra paccay), thc sanh (va);
- Do thc lm duyn, danh-sc sanh (nma rpa);
- Do danh-sc lm duyn, lc nhp sanh (salyatan);
- Do lc nhp lm duyn, xc sanh (phass);
- Do xc lm duyn, th sanh (vedan);
- Do th lm duyn, i sanh (tah);
- Do i lm duyn, th sanh (updna);
- Do th lm duyn, hu sanh (bhava);
- Do hu lm duyn, sanh sanh (jti);
- Do sanh lm duyn, gi, cht (jar, maraa), su, bi (soka, parideva); kh, u v no (dukkho,
domanassa, upysa) sanh.
y l ngun gc ca ton b kh un.
Nh vy, ny cc T khu, c gi l Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh."
Ngoi ra, hnh gi cn phi bit v thy bng cch no nm nhn trong mt kip sng (v minh,
hnh, i, th, hu[44]) a n ti sanh, v th no l nm qu ca n (thc, danh-sc, lc nhp,
xc v th). Hnh gi cng cn phi thy c tin trnh tr thnh ny c lin tc t i ny n
i khc nh th no.
Bit v Thy Thnh Th Ba
Tuy nhin, thy duyn khi ch nh s sanh khi ca cc hnh thi th cha ; hnh gi cng
cn phi thy duyn khi nh l s bin hoi v dit ca cc hnh na.
"V ny cc T khu, th no l Thnh v Kh Dit? (dukkha nirodha ariyasacca)
- Do v minh dit, (avijjya tveva asesavirga nirodh), cc hnh dit (sankhra nirodho);
- Do hnh dit, thc dit;
- Do thc dit, danh-sc dit;
- Do danh-sc dit, lc nhp dit;
- Do lc nhp dit, xc dit;
- Do xc dit, th dit;
- Do th dit, i dit;
- Do i dit, th dit;
- Do th dit, hu dit;
- Do hu dit, sanh dit;
- Do sanh dit, gi, cht, su, bi, kh, u, no dit.
Nh vy l s dit ca ton b kh un.

Ny cc T khu, y gi l Thnh v Kh dit."

Hnh gi cn phi thy s dit trong tng st-na ca cc Hnh din ra t st-na tm ny n stna tm khc, tc l bit v thy Kh hip th. V hnh gi cng cn phi tip tc (hnh) cho
n khi thy c mnh t n A-la-hn qu trong tng lai v nhp v d Nit-bn
(panibbna) sau .
Khi hnh gi c A-la-hn thnh qu trong tng lai, v minh lc y s b hy dit; do v minh
dit s c s dit khng cn d tn (avasesa nirodha) ca cc hnh, i, v th. Nhng nhn sanh
kh ny dit, nhng bn thn kh cha dit, v nhng qu ca nghip qu kh vn hot ng, l
do l hnh gi vn cn c ng un[45].
(Ngay c c Pht cng vn cm th nhng th lc, kh khi cn ng un). Ch lc nhp V D
Nit-bn (Parinibbna) ng un ca hnh gi mi dit khng cn d tn, v ch lc nhp V D
Nit-bn Kh mi hon ton dit. Nh vy c ngha l c hai loi dit:
1. S dit lc chng A-la-hn Thnh qu.
2. S dit lc nhp V D Nit-bn.
Nguyn nhn cho ra hai loi dit ny l A-la-hn Thnh o Tu, tc Tu thy v bit Nit-bn
(V vi - asakhta), hay Thnh v s Dit Kh nhng iu ny khng c ngha rng, vo lc
hnh gi nhn vo tng lai v thy, bit vic chng A-la-hn thnh qu cng nh Bt Nit-bn
ca mnh l hnh gi bit v thy Nit-bn u, m phi hiu rng giai on ny hnh gi
khng bit v thy Nit-bn. giai on ny hnh gi ch bit v thy c khi no th nm
nhn lm pht sanh cc hnh dit, khng cn cc hnh na. Vi tr , hnh gi hiu ra rng vic
Bt Nit-bn - Parinibbna ca hnh gi chc chn s c chng c vy thi.
Khng thy c iu ny, c Pht ni hnh gi khng th chng c Nit-bn, mc ch ca
sa mn hnh, mc ch ca B-la-mn hnh[46].
"Ny cc T khu, cc sa mn hay B-la-mn (sama v brhmanv) no
1. khng tu tri gi-cht,
2. khng tu tri ngun gc ca gi-cht (samudaya),
3. khng tu tri s on dit ca gi-cht (nirodha) v khng tu tri
4. con ng a n s on dit ca gi cht (nirodha gmini paipada);
Nhng ai khng tu tri sanh ... hu... th... i... th... xc... lc nhp... danh-sc... thc... hnh,
ngun gc hay tp khi ca chng, s on dit ca chng, v con ng a n s on dit
ca chng; nhng ngi y Nh Lai khng xem l nhng sa mn trong cc sa mn, hoc nhng
B-la-mn trong cc B-la-mn, v nhng tn gi y khng t mnh vi thng tr t c,
chng c v an tr ngay trong hin ti mc ch ca sa mn hnh, hay mc ch ca B-lamn hnh."

Nhng y hnh gi c th chng v tr trong mc ch ca sa mn hnh, hnh gi c th thy

c cc php ny, v hnh gi tu tp nh tm mnh m. Trong kinh "Samadhi sutta"[47] c
Pht gii thch:
"Ny cc T khu, hy tu tp nh. Sau khi c nh v T khu s tu tri cc Php
(Dhamma)[48] nh chng thc s l (yath bhta pajnti).
V v y tu tri cc php nh chng thc s l nh th no?
1. Tp khi v s on dit[49] ca sc (rpassa samudayaca atthagamaca),
2. Tp khi v s on dit ca th (vedanya samudayaca atthagamaca),
3. Tp khi v s on dit ca tng (saya samudayaca atthagamaca),
4. Tp khi v s on dit ca cc hnh (sakhrna samudayaca atthagamaca),
5. Tp khi v s on dit ca thc (viassa samudayaca atthagamaca).
Bit v Thy Duyn Khi
Ho quang, nh sng rc r, nh sng sng chi v rc r ca tr tu m hnh gi pht trin s
cho hnh gi kh nng i ngc v dng danh-sc ni tip t hin ti cho n giy pht ti sanh
trong kip ny ca hnh gi, ri cho n st-na t trong kip trc ca hnh gi, v theo cch y,
i ngc tr li nhiu i bao nhiu ty kh nng phn bit ca hnh gi, ri sau cng nhn
vo tng lai, cho n thi im Bt Nit-bn (parinibbna) ca hnh gi. Nh nhn vo cc
phn t ring l ca danh-sc, hnh gi c th s nhn ra cc nhn v qu.
Vo thi im thc hnh mt cch tinh cn v vi mt ci tm c tnh ha bng nng lc
nh mnh m, chuyn ch vo php hnh thm su phn tch Danh-sc chn , hnh gi s thy
c vic chng dit ti hu - Nit-bn - trong tng lai. Nhng nu hnh gi ngng thin v.v...
nhng iu kin y cng s thay i, v tt nhin nhng kt qu trong tng lai cng s thay i
theo.
Mt in hnh ca trng hp ny l Mahdhna con trai ca vin Th kh v v anh ta[50]. C
hai v chng tha hng c mt gia ti khng l ca cha m, nhng Mahdhna hoang ph
n vo vic tr nh tu im. Cui cng ng v v chng cn g c, v phi i n xin trn ng
ph. c Pht gii thch cho tn gi nanda bit rng nu Mahdhna lc cn tr xut gia, ng
s tr thnh mt bc A-la-hn; nu trung nin xut gia, ng s tr thnh bc Bt Lai (A-na-hm),
v nu lo nin xut gia, ng s tr thnh bc Nht Lai (T--hm), v cc ba-la-mt (parmi)
ca ng l vy. Nhng do ru ch, ng khng c c g c, m by gi cn phi i n my.
iu ny cho thy rng tng lai ca chng ta lc no cng c quyt nh bi hin ti (ca
chng ta). l l do v sao, vo lc hnh thin t n ch su lng lin tc trong mt thi
gian, hnh gi s thy vic Bt Nit-bn (Parinibbna) ca mnh hoc ngay kip ny, hoc trong
tng lai.
Khng thy cc kip sng qu kh v cc kip sng trong tng lai, hnh gi kh c th hiu
c php duyn khi nh n thc s l: tc l bit v thy bng cch no cc nhn qu kh s
cho qu trong hin ti, v cc nhn hin ti s cho qu trong tng lai, cng nh bit v thy s
dit ca cc nhn s a n s dit ca cc qu ra sao. Hn na khng bit v thy duyn khi,

cng s khng th no bit v thy Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh ng nh thc. iu ny

c gii thch trong Visuddhi-magga nh sau:
"Khng mt ai, d l trong gic m, thot ra khi ci vng ti sanh lun hi ng s, vn tng
hy dit nh sm st ny, tr phi ngi y vi tu kim c kho mi trn nh cao thng,
cht t ci Bnh xe Sanh Hu vn khng c ch t chn do tnh cht cc k thm su ca n,
v kh t n do s hn n ca nhiu phng php."
V im ny c c Th Tn ni nh sau: "Ny nanda, php duyn khi ny tht l thm
su, v su xa thay l s xut hin ca n. Ny nanda, chnh do khng hiu bit, khng th
nhp duyn khi m th gian ny tr thnh nh mt cun ch ri bi, mt cun ch b tht nt,
bn vo nhau nh r c tranh, tht kh m tm ra li thot khi vng t sanh lun hi, vi nhng
trng thi thng kh, nhng a x... trm lun ca n[51].
Mt khi hnh gi bit v thy Thnh Th Hai hay Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh ng
nh thc, hnh gi cng s vt qua hoi nghi v ba thi: qu kh, hin ti v v lai. iu ny
c gii thch trong Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o)[52].
"Khi hnh gi thy c s khi sanh ca Danh-sc l do cc duyn (paccayato) nh vy,
hnh gi cng bit rng, hin ti do duyn th trong qu kh s khi sanh ca n cng do duyn,
v trong tng lai s khi sanh ca n cng s do duyn m thi."
Sau khi t n giai on ny, hnh gi chng c on Nghi Thanh Tnh (Kakhvitaraa
visuddhi)[53]. Chnh giai on ny hnh gi mi c th bt u thc hnh minh st
(Vipassan), v ch giai on ny hnh gi mi bit v thy c thc ti ti hu, hnh gi
khng th hnh Minh St khi cha thy cc php (dhammas) nh chng thc s l[54].
Hnh Minh St
Khi thc hnh minh st, hnh gi quay tr li vic bit v thy Thnh v Kh nh n thc s
l, v Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh nh n thc s l; tc bit v thy s sanh v dit ca c
mi mt loi Danh-sc. Nhng ln ny hnh gi bit v thy chng di dng v thng, kh
v v ng (anicca-dukkha-anatta). Ni chung hnh gi bit v thy cc hnh nh chng thc s
l, v suy xt chng theo nhng ch dn c c Pht a ra trong bi php th hai ca Ngi
"V Ng Tng Kinh"(Anattalakkhaa sutta), dy cho nhm nm T khu (Nm v Kiu
Trn Nh - Paca vaggiya bhikh)[55].
Ny cc T khu, cc ngi ngh th no?
1. Sc l thng hay v thng?
- V thng, bch Th Tn.
2. Ci g v thng l kh hay lc?
- Kh, bch Th Tn.

3. Ci g v thng, kh v phi chu bin i, c hp l chng khi ngh nh vy: "Ci ny l ca

ti (eta mama)", ci ny l ti (nesohamasmi), "ci ny l t ng ca ti (eso me att'ti?)"?
- Tha khng, bch Th Tn.
Do vy, ny cc T khu, phm c sc no, d qu kh, v lai hay hin ti; bn trong hay bn
ngoi; th hay t; h lit hay cao thng; xa hay gn; tt c sc y phi c thy nh n thc s
l vi chnh tr tu nh vy:
"Ci ny khng phi ca ti (neta mama);
Ci ny khng phi l ti (nesohamasmi);
Ci ny khng phi t ng ca ti (na meso att).
Phm c th no... Phm c tng no... Phm c hnh no... Phm c thc no... cn phi c
thy nh n thc s l vi chnh tr tu nh vy: "Ci ny khng phi ca ti; ci ny khng
phi l ti; ci ny khng phi t ng ca ti."[56]
Ni cch khc, cc hnh (sankhra), tc danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng, dit ngay khi va
sanh, l l do ti sao ni chng v thng (anicca); chng phi chu sanh, dit lin tc, l l do
ti sao chng kh (dukkha); chng khng c t ng (atta), hoc ct li bn vng, bt kh hoi, l
l do ti sao ni chng v ng (anatta).
Hnh gi Bit v Thy (Php) V Vi
Qua mt chui cc bi tp, trong hnh gi qun s sanh v dit ca cc hnh, ri sau ch
qun s dit ca cc hnh, hnh gi kinh qua cc Tu (na) cn li, sau cc tu ny hnh gi
cui cng s bit v thy php v vi (asakhata), tc Nit-bn. Khi hnh gi bit v thy v vi,
th hnh gi cng bit v thy bt t (amata). iu ny c c Pht gii thch[57]:
Ny Mogharaja,
Hy nhn i trng khng
Lun lun gi chnh nim,
Nh ln ng ty kin
Nh vy vt t vong,
Hy nhn i nh vy
Thn cht khng thy c.
Khi c Pht ni chng ta phi bit v thy th gian ny l rng khng, Ngi mun ni rng
chng ta phi bit v thy n khng c thng (nicca), khng c lc (sukha) v khng c t ng
(atta)[58]. Trong ngn ng thng thng, chng ta cng c th ni rng thy trng khng l phi
thy tuyt i khng c g (absolute zero).
Tuy nhin iu ny khng c ngha rng tm l tuyt i khng c g, m tm hon ton tnh
gic, ch c "i tng" m tm bit v thy mi l "tuyt i khng c g". i tng m tm
hon ton tnh gic, v bit cng nh thy y l Nit-bn gii; v vi gii (asakhata dhtu)[59].

y l s chng c Bt Thnh o siu th, khi tt c tm chi phn u ly Nit-bn lm i

tng[60].
Chng ng T Thnh
Chnh giai on ny hnh gi s chng ng T Thnh nh chng thc s l, v iu ny tr
thnh kh d ch v nhng iu kin cn thit cho vic chng ng nh vy hi . Trong Kinh
Ngi Nh c Nc Nhn (Ktgara sutta) cp trn, dc Pht cng gii thch v sao nhng
iu kin y lm cho n c th chm dt hon ton kh:
Thc vy, nu ai ni nh sau, ny cc T khu: "Sau khi xy dng phn di ca ngi nh c
nc nhn, Ta s dng ln mt mi che", s vic nh vy c th xy ra.
Cng vy, nu ai ni:
1. "Sau khi nh thc chng ng Thnh v Kh;
2. Sau khi nh thc chng ng Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh;
3. Sau khi nh thc chng ng Thnh v s Dit Kh;
4. Sau khi nh thc chng ng Thnh v Con ng a n s Dit Kh;
Ta s chm dt hon ton kh"; s kin nh vy c th xy ra.
V Ngi thm:
1. Do , ny cc T khu, mt n lc ln cn phi c thc hin (yogo kanayo) tu tri
"y l Kh" (ida dukkhan'ti).
2. Do , ny cc T khu, mt n lc ln cn phi c thc hin tu tri: "y l ngun gc
ca Kh" (ida dukkha samudayan'ti).
3. Do , ny cc T khu, mt n lc ln cn phi c thc hin tu tri: "y l s Dit
Kh" (ida dukkha nirodhan'ti).
4. Do , ny cc T khu, mt n lc ln cn phi c thc hin tu tri: "y l Con
ng a n s Dit Kh" (ida dukkha nirodha gmin paipad'ti).
Cu mong mi ngi tm c c hi thc hin mt n lc cn thit chng ng T Thnh
v chm dt hon ton kh.
Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw
Pa-Auk Tawya Monastery

[1] S.V. XII.III Kotigama sutta.

[2] S.V.XII.v 4. Ngi nh c nc nhn y l ngi nh trt c 4 cy ct, trn th nhng cy

mt mi cao c vut ln thnh mt chp nhn.

[3] iu ny c gii thch trong ch gii Trung B, bi kinh "Mahgoplaka Sutta" (i kinh
Ngi Chn B, y c Pht gii thch mi mt php c mt ni mt v T khu khin v y
khng th tin b trong Php v Lut (Dhamma-Vinaya)
[4] S.V.XII.ii "Dhamma-wheel Rolling Sutta"
[5] Pacavokra l mt t ng ngha vi paca khandha, tc nm un.
[6] S.III.II.v.2 "Flower Sutta"
[7] Loke = Sakhraloke - Lokedhammo: ng vi nm un.
[8] S.III.1 V6
[9] mt ni khc, Danh-sc c c Pht dng ni n su X [salyatam, su ni x

(cn) v su ngoi x (trn)] v y cng l mt t c Ngi dng khi gii thch l Duyn
Khi. Xuyn sut gio php ca Ngi, ta thy Pht gii thch cc php theo khuynh hng v s
hiu bit ca ngi nghe. V th, Ngi gii thch Danh-sc bng nhiu cch khc nhau, mc d,
v phng din cng tt, chng lin quan ti cng s vic.
[10] y, khi c Pht ni v mi tm gii ca th gian th cc php (dhammas) cp n

mi su loi sc vi t, v tt c cc danh php kt hp. Cn khi ni cc php (dhammas) trong

nhng bn kinh khc, c Pht mun ni n tt c i tng, k c Nit - bn v ch nh
(paatti). Tuy nhin v cc ch nh php khng phi th gian (khng phi danh hoc sc, v do
khng phi l Thnh Th Nht v Th Nh) nn chng khng c k trong "Th Gian
Kinh". Xem thm ghi ch 1 trang 307
[11] Cn (indriya) dng y cng nh "mn", "x" cc ch khc. V B-la-mn m c Pht

ang ni n trong kinh ny dng "nm cn" trong cu hi dn khi ca ng (xem kinh B-lamn Ubha S.V. 217)
[12] Ngi Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw lin h li v d trong Ahaslini (The Expositor B114/PTS
96) nh sau: Khi nh sng mt tri p vo con chim ang u trn cnh, th ng thi mt chic
bng (ca chim) cng ri xung trn t. Cng vy, khi i tng p vo cn mn ca n, th
ng thi n cng p vo mn.
[13] Xem bng 6, di, v phn trch dn
[14] Khi qun danh (nma kammahna) hnh gi bit v thy trc tip cc php ny (xem li

di). Ti lc , hnh gi nn tham kho Vi Diu Php Yu Ngha bit r hn

(Abhidhammattha Sagaha - Ed. Bhikkhu Bodhi).

[15] Kalpas: thng dch l on, bn hay nhm. y chng ti dch ch Kalpa theo ngha

tng hp, v n gm nhiu yu t kt hp li.

[16] Chi tit y v 28 loi sc, xem biu 1 (The Twenty Eight Material Elements).
[17] S.V. 410 - Phn ni v cc "Sacca Sayutta".
[18] Chi tit v Nim hi th, xem bi ging s 1 "lm th no tu tp Nim Hi Th t n
An Ch. Mi kasia, xem bi 2.
[19] Xem trang sau.
[20] A.N. 11. 139
[21] S.V.XII.ii.I. (Dhamma-wheel Rolling Sutta)
[22] VS. XX. Vipassanupakkilesa kath B634 ("Insight Imperfection Explanation" - Gii thch

cc Cu u ca Minh st). nh sng ny l kt qu ca cc thin php (dhammas) v t thn n

khng phi l mt cu u (ty phin no). Song, nu ngi hnh thin chng nghm n v b
dnh mc vo y, ri khi t kin cho rng mnh t n o - Qu, th nh sng c th l
mt cn bn cho cu u. Cng nn xem SA.V.XII.11.I "Dhamma cakkappavattana Sutta"
(Dhamma-wheel Rolling Sutta - Chuyn Php Lun - di mc "Lm th no Hnh gi vt qua
c 10 Cu u ca Minh St." p. 271
[23] V Bn Phm Tr v Bn Thin Bo H xem bi ging s 3.
[24] V thin T i, xem bi ging s 4 "Lm th no phn bit sc"
[25] iu ny c gii thch trong "Nmarpa pariggaha kath" B669 - 671 (MentalityMateriality Definition Explanation), ni y cn thm rng nu mt ngi khng hon ton c
s phn bit r v sc trc khi tin hnh phn bit danh, ngi y s "ri khi mc thin ca
mnh nh con b ni (ngu ngc)"... A.IX.I.iv.4 "Gv Upam Sutt" ("Cow smile sutta"). Nhng
iu ny ch ni n danh dc gii, ch khng phi danh sc gii (tc bc thin jhna). Xem
trang 200 ca cng tc phm trn.
[26] D.II.9.. MI.10
[27] Xem Kinh "Khandha sutta" (Kinh ni v cc un).
[28] V chi tit lin quan n o tng v nguyn khi, xem cu tr li s 1 bi 3 trang... "Hnh
gi Phn tch cc Rpa Ralpa - Tng hp sc - Nh Th No?"
[29] Khi hnh gi phn bit danh qua su cn, hnh gi phn bit tm v cc tm s tng ng

khi sanh nng vo mi trong su cn y. (Chng hn hnh gi phn bit nhn cn - tc nhn
tnh sc hay tinh cht ca mt - , ri n nhn thc (1) v cc tm s tng ng (7) sanh ln
nng ni nhn cn). Cn khi phn bit qua su mn, hnh gi phn bit cc loi tm khc nhau

trong tin trnh nhn thc ca mi mn. Chng hn, tm v cc tm s tng ng ca nhn mn
l trnh tm.
[30] VS. XVIII (Nmarpa pariggaha kath) B664.
[31] VS. T1. V mi cn trong nm cn ch c mt loi tm nh vy khi ln, song i vi cn
(heart base), cc loi tm khc u khi . Tr phi hnh gi quen vi li gii thch ca Vi
Diu Php v cc loi tm khc nhau trong cc loi tin trnh nhn thc khc nhau, bng khng
iu ny c th rt d ln ln i vi hnh gi s c.
[32] Xem li trn bit thm li gii thch v "cc cnh php".
[33] Xem li kinh "Ubha Brahmin Sutta) SV. 217
[34] Chi tit, xem biu 5 v 6
[35] Xem bi ging 4 "Lm th no phn bit sc".
[36] Chi tit lin quan n o tng v nguyn khi xem cu tr li 1.3 trang...
[37] Theo ngn ng thng thng th ni "tm c tham". Tuy nhin, chnh xc hn phi ni l
mt tm (citta) m tnh cht tham ca n c quyt nh bi s hu tham (cetasika) phi hp.
[38] Tm co rt l tm hn trm, thy min, khng thch th vi i tng; tm tn lon l tro

c, dao ng, lo lng.

[39] i hnh l tm thin sc hay v sc gii, khng i hnh l tm dc gii.
[40] "Hu hn" l tm thuc sc gii. V thng l tm thuc cc thin sc gii v v sc gii.
Ni chung, cc loi tm hip th.
[41] Tm nh l tm cn nh hoc tm thin, tm khng nh l tm khng c nh.
[42] Tm gii thot, giai on ny l ni n mt tm gii thot tm thi do nh l tc
hoc do cc trin ci b nn bng nh. Khng gii thot l ngc li.
[43] V vn nh thanh tnh tm nh th no, xem cu tr li 7, 8
[44] C hai loi hu (bhava): 1. Nghip hu (kamma bhava) l s to tc nghip (upapatti bhava)

l kt qu ca nghip (hnh thnh trong bt c cnh gii no - dc, sc v v sc); 2. Sanh hu.
[45] Chng hn nh c Pht cng phi kh v au lng.
[46] S. II. 129
[47] S.III. 13

[48] V cc Php (dhamma) xem li ghi ch s 2

[49] Cc t atthagama v nirodha l ng ngha vi on dit.
[50] Dhp. A. XI 9 "Mahdhanasehipputta vatthu" (Cu chuyn v Mahdhana, Con trai vin

Th kh).
[51] VS.XVII "Bhavacakka kath" B659. DII. 2.
[52] Vsm. XIX ("paccayapaggaha kath" B679)
[53] V s phn bit duyn khi, s dit v danh-sc qu kh, v lai, xem bi ging s 6.
[54] Cc php (dhammas) xem ghi ch s 2
[55] S.III.V.II.1.7
[56] Ch gii Kinh Gio Gii Channa - Channa vada - Sutta gii thch rng: "Ci ny khng phi
ca ti" l suy xt v v thng; "ci ny khng phi l ti" l suy xt v kh; "ci ny khng
phi t ng ca ti" l suy xt v v ng.
[57] Sn. V. 15 "Mogharjamavapucch"
[58] Mun bit thm tng khng, xem di.
[59] V tnh gic xem trang sau.
[60] Xem bi 7 sau.

BI PHP THOI 1

Lm th no tu tp nim hi th t n An ch nh

Li m u
Ti cm thy rt vui khi c n Taiwan (i Loan) theo li mi ca qu s v tu n hnh
thin ti Thin vin Pa-Auk[1], gn Mawlamyine, Min in. Trong thi gian lu li y ti
mun chia s vi qu v mt iu g v h thng thin c ging dy ti thin ng PaAuk. H thng thin ny c da trn nhng ch dn m chng ta c th tm thy trong Kinh
Pht bng ting Pli v trong b Lun Visuddhi-magga[2] (Thanh Tnh o). Chng ti tin chc
rng thin dy trong Kinh Pht bng ting Pi hon ton khng c g khc vi thin m chnh
c Pht hnh, v dy li cho cc hng t ca mnh trong cuc i ca Ngi.
Ti sao phi Thin?
Trc ht chng ta nn t hi "Ti sao c Pht li dy Thin?" hay "Mc ch ca thin l g?"
Mc ch ca Thin Pht gio l nhm t n Nit-bn. Nit-bn l s dit ca danh (nma), v
sc (rpa). Do , mun t n Np-bn chng ta phi tn dit c nhng tm hnh thin, bt
ngun t v tham, v sn v v si ln nhng tm hnh bt thin, bn r trong tham, sn v si, v
tt c nhng th u dn n sanh, gi, bnh, cht mi. Nu chng ta hy dit chng hon
ton bng Thnh o (ariyamagga), chng ta s chng c Nit-bn. Ni cch khc, Nit-bn l
s t do v gii thot khi ni kh ca vng lun hi (sasra), v l s dit ca ti sanh, ca
gi, au, bnh v cht. Mi ngi chng ta u phi chu ci kh ca sanh, lo, bnh, t ny, v
v vy t gii thot mnh ra khi nhng hnh thc ca kh au chng ta cn phi hnh thin.
Tu chung li, v chng ta c nguyn mun thot khi mi kh au, nn chng ta phi hc cch
hnh thin nh th no t n Nit-bn vy.
Thin l g?
Nh vy, Thin l g? Thin gm c Thin Ch (samadha) v Thin Qun (vipassan), c hai
u phi c da trn gii hnh ca thn v khu. Ni khc hn, Thin l s pht trin v hon
thin ca Bt Thnh o (ariya ahagika magga). Bt Thnh o gm:
1. Chnh kin - (Sammdihi)
2. Chnh t duy - (Samm sakappa)
3. Chnh ng - (Samm vc)
4. Chnh nghip - (Smm kammant)
5. Chnh mng - (Samm jva)
6. Chnh tinh tn - (Samm vyma)
7. Chnh nim - (Samm sati)
8. Chnh nh - (Samm samdhi)

Chnh Kin c Pht gi l Chnh Kin Thin Tu (Vipassan sammdihi) v Chnh Kin
Thnh o (magga samm dihi). Chnh Kin v Chnh T Duy gp li gi l Tu hc
(pa).
Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip v Chnh Mng gp li gi l Gii hc (sla).
Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim v Chnh nh gp li gi l nh hc (smadhi), tc tu tp
Thin Ch (samatha bhvan).
Bt Thnh o
By gi, chng ta hy nhn su mt cht na vo tng chi phn ca Bt Thnh o ny.
Chi th nht l Chnh Kin. Th no l Chnh Kin? Chnh Kin gm bn loi tr;
1. Minh st tr v Kh Thnh , y l nm th un.
2. Minh st tr v Kh Tp Thnh , tc phn bit cc nhn sanh ra nm th un; ni khc hn,
l minh st tr v duyn khi tnh.
3. S chng ng v tr bit v Kh dit, tc Nit-bn, hay s dit ca nm th un.
4. Tr bit v o Thnh a n s Dit Kh, tc con ng thc hnh dn n s chng
ng Nit-bn, y l Bt Thnh o.
Chi th hai ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh T Duy (samm sakappa). Chnh T Duy cng c
bn loi:
1. Tm n i tng ca Kh Thnh , tc nm th un (Applied though = tm, ng ngha
vi t duy).
2. Tm n i tng ca Kh Tp Thnh , tc tm cc nhn sanh ra nm th un.
3. Tm n i tng ca Kh Dit Thnh , tc Nit-bn.
4. Tm n i tng ca Kh Dit o Thnh - Con ng a n s Dit Kh tc Bt
Thnh o.
Nh vy, Chnh T Duy dn tm vo i tng ca Kh , tc nm th un, cn Chnh Kin
tu tri nm th un y nh n thc s l. Hai chi phn ny hp tc vi nhau dn tm vo mi
trong T Thnh , v Tu tri chng. V l chng lm vic vi nhau theo cch ny, nn c
gi l Tu hc (pasikkh).
Chi phn th ba ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Ng (sammvc). Chnh Ng l trnh ni di,
ni chia r, ni li th c, v ni chuyn v ch.
Chi phn th t ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Nghip (samm kammant). Chnh Nghip l
trnh st sanh, trm cp v t dm.
Chi phn th nm ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Mng (samm jva). Chnh Mng l trnh nui
sng bng t ng hay t nghip, chng hn nh st sanh, trm cp, hoc ni lo. i vi ngi

ti gia, Chnh Mng l trnh nm loi ngh bt chnh: bun bn kh gii, bun bn ngi, bun
bn sc vt git tht, bun bn cc cht say (ru), bun bn c dc.
Ba chi phn Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip v Chnh Mng c gi l Gii hc (sla sikkh).
Chi phn th su ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Tinh Tn (samm vyma). Chnh Tinh Tn cng
c bn loi:
1. Tinh tn ngn nga s khi sanh ca nhng tm bt thin cha sanh.
2. Tinh tn on tr nhng tm bt thin sanh.
3. Tinh tn khi dy nhng tm thin cha sanh.
4. Tinh tn tng cng nhng tm thin sanh.
tu tp c bn loi Chnh Tinh Tn ny, chng ta phi thc hnh v tu tp tam hc gii,
nh, tu.
Chi phn th by ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh Nim (samm sati). Chnh nim cng c bn
loi:
1. Nim thn
2. Nim th
3. Nim tm
4. Nim php (dhammas)
y, Php (dhamma) l nm mi mt tm s tr th, hoc nm th un, hoc mui hai ni,
ngoi x (6 cn + 6 trn), hoc mi tm gii, hoc tht gic chi, hoc T Thnh v.v...
Nhng thc s, bn loi nim ny c th rt li ch cn hai, l nim sc v nim danh.
Chi phn th tm ca Bt Thnh o l Chnh nh (samm samdhi). Chnh nh l s thin
(jhna), nh thin, tam thin v t thin. Bn thin ny c gi l Chnh nh theo Kinh i
Nim X (Mah satipahna sutta)[3]. Trong Thanh Tnh o (VisuddhiMagga), Chnh nh
c gii thch thm l bn thin t sc (rpa jhna), bn thin v sc (arpa jhna) v cn nh
(upacr samadhi).
Trong i ny, mt s ngi tch ly nhiu cng c ba-la-mt (pram), v c th c Nitbn do nghe mt thi php c ging tm tt hay chi tit. Tuy nhin, phn ng mi ngi
khng c c cc ba-la-mt nh vy, nn phi thc hnh Bt Thnh o theo tun t. Nhng
ngi ny c gi l ngi "ng Dn" (neyya puggala), tc cn phi c dn dt, v phi tu
tp Bt Thnh o tng bc mt theo trnh t gii, nh v tu. Sau khi thanh tnh gii xong,
h phi tu tp nh, v sau khi thanh tnh tm nh hnh thin nh xong, h phi tu tp tu.

Hnh gi tu tp nh nh th no?
Hnh gi phi tu tp nh nh th no?
C bn mi mc Thin Ch (samatha), v mi ngi c th tu tp bt c mt trong 40
mc ny c nh.
i vi nhng ngi khng th quyt nh c mc no nn chn tu tp, nn khi u
vi mc nim hi th (npnasati). Phn ln mi ngi u thnh cng trong thin nh
dng hoc mc nim hi th, hoc phn tch t i. Do , by gi chng ta s nhn mt cch
khi qut vo vn lm th no hnh nim hi th.
Tu tp Nim Hi Th nh th no?
Tu tp Nim hi th c c Pht dy trong Kinh i Nim X (Mahsatipahna)[4] nh
sau:
"Ny cc T khu, trong gio php ny, v T khu sau khi i vo khu rng, hoc n mt
gc cy, hay cn nh trng, ngi kit gi, gi lng tht thng v thit lp nim trn i tng
thin (t nim vo mc). Chnh nim v y th vo, chnh nim v y th ra.
1. Th vo mt hi th di, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi th di"; hoc th ra mt hi th
di, v y bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi th di."
2. Th vo mt hi th ngn, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi th ngn", hoc th ra mt hi
th ngn, v y bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi th ngn".
3. "Cm gic ton thn hi th, ta s th vo", v y tp nh vy; v "cm gic ton thn hi th
ta s th ra", v y tp nh vy.
4. "An tnh thn hi th, ta s th vo", v y tp nh vy, v "an tnh thn hi th, ta s th ra",
v y tp nh vy.
Bt u hnh thin, ngi trong mt t th thoi mi v c gng thc r hi th khi n i vo v
i ra khi thn qua l mi. Hnh gi c th cm nhn c hi th ny ngay di mi hoc
mt ch no quanh l mi. Khng nn theo di hi th i vo trong thn hoc i ra khi thn,
v lm vy hnh gi s khng th hon thin c nh ca mnh. Ch cn thc r v hi th
ch n chm vo hay tip xc d nhn ra nht, hoc mi trn hoc quanh l mi. Nh vy hnh
gi mi c th tu tp v hon thin c nh ca mnh.
Khng nn ch n nhng c tnh ring (sabhva lakkhana) c tnh chung (sammaa
lakkhana) hoc mu sc ca nimitta (tng ca nh - sign of concentration). Cc c tnh ring
l nhng c tnh ca t i trong hi th nh cng, th, lu chuyn, nhit, h tr, y v.v... Cc
c tnh chung l v thng, kh v v ng ca hi th. iu ny c ngha l hnh gi khng nn
ghi nhn "v-ra - v thng", hoc "v-ra - kh", hoc "v-ra - v ng", m ch cn thc hay
bit r hi th v-ra nh mt khi nim

Khi nim v hi th l i tng ca thin nim hi th (npnasati). Chnh i tng ny l

ci hnh phi tp trung vo pht trin nh. Khi hnh gi tp trung vo khi nim hi th theo
cch ny, v nu hnh gi tng hnh thin hi th trong kip trc cng nh pht trin
c mt s ba-la-mt (pram), hnh gi s d dng tp trung vo hi th v - ra hn.
Bng khng, Visuddhi-magga khuyn nn m hi th. Hnh gi nn m sau cui ca mi hi
th nh:"v-ra Mt, v-ra Hai" v.v..
m t nht cng phi ti nm, nhng khng qu mi. y chng ti khuyn nn m n
tm thi, v con s nhc hnh gi nh ti Bt Thnh o l con ng hnh gi ang c gng
tu tp. V th, nu thch, hnh gi nn m n bt k s no gia nm v mi, ng thi quyt
nh rng trong thi gian y hnh gi s khng cho tm tri lang thang, hoc i n mt ni
khc, m ch c thc v hi th mt cch lng l m thi. Khi m nh vy, hnh gi thy rng
mnh c th tp trung tm li v lm cho n thc lng l duy nht v hi th thi.
Sau khi tp trung tm nh vy trong t nht na gi, hnh gi nn tip tc chuyn sang giai
on th nht v th hai ca thin:
(1) Th vo mt hi di, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi di"; hoc th ra mt hi di, v y
bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi di".
(2) Th vo mt hi ngn, v y bit "Ta ang th vo mt hi ngn"; hoc th ra mt hi ngn,
v y bit "Ta ang th ra mt hi ngn".
giai on ny, hnh gi phi tu tp thc tnh gic v hi th v-ra hoc l di hay ngn.
"Di", "ngn" y khng ni n chiu di thc tc, m mun ni chiu di thi gian, tc mt
khong thi gian. Hnh gi phi t mnh xc nh thi gian di bao lu th gi l "di", v thi
gian bao lu th gi l "ngn". Hy thc r thi gian ca mi hi th v-ra. Hnh gi s
thy rng hi th c lc di, c lc ngn. giai on ny, tt c nhng g hnh gi phi lm ch
l bit r nh vy. Khng nn ghi nhn "v-ra di, v-ra ngn", ch "v-ra" v thc r nhng
hi th y hoc di hoc ngn vy thi. Hnh gi nn bit iu ny bng cch ch thc r
di thi gian m hi th chm vo v tip xc mi trn, hoc quanh l mi, khi n i vo v i ra
khi thn. i khi hi th c th di sut thi ngi thin, hoc c khi ngn, nhng quan trng l
khng nn c gng lm cho n di hoc ngn c ch tm.
giai on ny nimitta (tng ca nh) c th xut hin, nhng nu hnh gi c th thc hnh
nh vy mt cch lng l trong khong mt hay hai gi m "nimitta" khng xut hin, hnh gi
nn chuyn sang giai on ba:
(3) "Cm gic ton thn hi th, ta s th vo, v y tp nh vy, v "cm gic ton thn hi th,
ta s th ra", v y tp nh vy.
y c Pht ang hng dn hnh gi tp thc trn vn hi th t u n cui. Khi hnh
theo cch ny tng (nimitta) c th xut hin. Nu tng xut hin, khng nn chuyn tm sang
tng lin, m phi tr vi hi th.

Nu hnh gi lng l thc v hi th t u cho n cui trong khong mt gi, m tng

khng xut hin, nn chuyn sang giai on bn.
(4) "An tnh thn hi th ta s th vo", v y tp nh vy v "An tnh thn hi th, ta s th ra",
v y tp nh vy.
Mun lm c iu ny, hnh gi phi quyt nh lm cho hi th an tnh, v duy tr s tnh
gic hay thc lin tc v hi th t u n cui.. Hnh gi khng nn lm iu g khc, nu
khng nh ca hnh gi s gin on v mt i.
Thanh Tnh o nu ra bn yu t lm cho hi th an tnh:
1. Quan tm (bhoga),
2. Phn ng (samann hra),
3. Tc (manasikra),
4. Phn khn (paccavekkhaa),
v gii thch vi mt v d:
"Gi s mt ngi ng yn li sau khi chy hoc ng yn li sau khi t trn i i xung, hoc
t mt vt nng i trn u xung; lc y hi th v v hi th ra ca ngi y rt th, mi
anh ta khng ( th), do anh ta phi tip tc th v v ra bng ming. Nhng khi anh ta
lm cho ht mt, tm ra, ung nc v p mt ming vi t ln ngc, ri nm xung
trong bng mt, lc hi th v v hi th ra ca anh ta cui cng xut hin vi t n ni anh
ta phi kim tra xem mnh c hi th hay khng."
Cng vy, Thanh Tnh o ni tip, hi th v ra ca hnh gi lc u l th, cng lc cng tr
nn vi t, sau hnh gi phi kim tra xem chng c hay khng.
gii thch thm l do ti sao hnh gi cn phi kim tra cc hi th v-ra, Thanh Tnh o
ni:
"V trc , lc hnh gi cha phn bit (hi th v-ra) th khng c s quan tm ni hnh gi,
khng c phn ng, khng c tc , khng c phn khn, vi ngha rng (v y bit) "Ta ang
tnh ha dn dn cc thn hnh th (hi th v v ra)". Nhng mt khi v y phn bit (hi th
v-ra) th c (s quan tm). V vy m vo lc v y phn bit th thn hnh (hi th v-ra)
ca v y l vi t so vi thn hnh lc khng (phn bit).
1. Quan tm (abhoga): S ch u tin n hi th, hiu r hi th, hng tm n hi th,
vi ngha "Ta s c gng lm cho hi th an tnh".
2. Phn ng (samannhr): Hnh gi tip tc lm nh vy, tc l hnh gi ch tm cht ch vo
hi th theo cch , lp i lp li nhiu ln, duy tr hi th trong tm, vi ngha "Ta s c gng
lm cho hi th an tnh".

3. Tc (mnsikra): Ngha en "quyt nh lm cho hi th an tnh". Tc y l tm s

lm cho tm hng v i tng. Tc lm cho tm thc v bit r v hi th.
4. Phn khn (paccavekkhaa): hnh gi duyt xt li (vmasa)[5] hi th, lm cho n r rt
trong tm, vi ngha "Ta s c gng lm cho hi th an tnh".
V vy, tt c nhng g hnh gi cn phi lm giai on ny l quyt nh lm cho an tnh hi
th, v c s tnh gic lin tc i vi n. Theo cch , hnh gi s thy hi th tr nn an tnh
hn, v tng (nimitta) c th xut hih.
Ngay trc khi nimitta xut hin, a s hnh gi gp phi nhng kh khn. Hu ht h thy rng
hi th tr nn rt vi t v khng r rt, ri c th ngh hi th dng li. Nu iu ny xy ra,
hnh gi phi duy tr s tnh gic hay ci bit ca mnh ch m hnh gi ghi nhn c hi th
ln cui cng, v ch n .
Ch c by loi ngi khng c hi th l: ngi cht, thai nhi trong bo thai, ngi ang chm
di nc, ngi bt tnh, ngi ang nhp t thin, ngi ang nhp thin dit (nirodha
sampatti) [6] v mt v Phm thin. Suy theo th hnh gi khng phi l mt trong by loi
ngi ny, m hnh gi thc s ang th, ch v nim ca hnh gi khng mnh thc r
n m thi.
Khi hi th vi t, hnh gi khng nn lm cho n hin hin r hn, v s c gng nh vy s to
ra tro c, v nh tm ca hnh gi khng pht trin. Ch cn thc r hi th nh n thc s
l, nu n khng r, ch vic ch ni ln cui cng hnh gi ghi nhn c n. hnh gi s thy
rng, khi p dng nim v tu theo cch ny, hi th s ti hin tr li
Nimitta (Tng hay n chng)
Nimitta hay tng ca nim hi th khc nhau ty theo mi ngi. i vi mt s t ngi,
nimitta trong sch v tinh t nh bng gn, hoc s bng c ko di ra, hay nh gi chuyn
ng hoc gi la, cng c th l mt th nh sng rc r nh sao Mai, mt vin hng ngc
chiu sng, hoc mt vin ngc trai chiu sng. i vi nhng ngi khc th n li ging nh
thn cy bng, hoc mt cc g nhn. i vi nhng ngi khc na, n ging nh mt si dy
hay si ch di, mt vng hoa, mt lung khi, mt mng nhn, mt mn sng m, mt o
sen, mt bnh xe, mt trng hay mt tri v.v...
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt nimitta thun trng nh bng gn l "hc tng" (uggaha
nimitta) v thng khng c r hay ch m m. Khi nimitta tr nn sng chi ging nh sao
mai, rc r v r rng l t tng (paibhga nimitta). Cng vy, khi nimitta ging nh vin
hng ngc hay vin ngc m m th l hc tng (uggaha nimitta), cn khi chi sng v lp lnh
l t tng. i vi cc hnh nh khc cng cn phi hiu theo cch ny.
V th, mc d nim hi th (npnasati) l mt ti thin c nht, n vn to ra cc loi
tng khc nhau, tc l nimitta xut hin hon ton khc i vi mi ngi thc hnh.

Thanh Tnh o gii thch rng s d c iu ny l v tng (nimitta) c to ra bi tng[7].

V ch gii ca b Thanh Tnh o gii thch rng chnh l cc tng sai bit m nhng hnh
gi khc nhau ny c trc khi nimitta khi ln[8].
Nh vy, cc tng khc nhau l do tng. Nhng tng th li khng khi ln mt mnh. N l
mt tm hnh (mental formation) lun lun khi ln cng vi tm v cc tm hnh khc; cc tm
hnh kt hp vi tm ny c gi l cc tm s (cetasika). V th, nu mt hnh gi tp trung
vo tng hi th (npna nimitta) vi tm hn hoan chng hn, cc tm s khng ch c mt
mnh tng, m c tt c ba mi bn, nh xc, t, nht tm, tc , tm, t, thng gii, tinh tn,
v dc; khng ch tng khc, m cc tms khc cng khc na.
Thc vy, iu ny c gii thch trong Thanh Tnh o, phn ni v phi tng phi phi
tng x thin (neva sa nasayatana jhna), thin v sc th t[9].
Trong phn ny, Thanh Tnh o gii thch rng "tng" trong thin rt vi t, l l do ti
sao chng ta gi n l thin chng phi tng, phi phi tng. Tuy nhin khng ch c tng y l
vi t. Cc th, tm, xc v tt c tm hnh khc cng rt vi t. Nh vy, Thanh Tnh o tip,
trong thin chng phi tng phi phi tng cng c phi th phi phi th, phi tm phi phi tm, phi
xc phi phi xc v.v...[10]
V vy, khi cc bn ch gii ni cc tng l khc nhau do tng, cc b Lun y ch gii thch
tng hi th (npnanimitta) trn quan im c nht v tng hay di dng tng
(sassa), v dng tng nh v d ca lun m thi.
Song, d hnh dng hay mu sc ca tng (nimitta) ca hnh gi l th no, d cho tng ca
hnh gi v hi th v-ra l th no, iu quan trng l khng nn a vi tng ca mnh.
Khng nn cho tng mt i, cng khng c thay i hnh dng v s xut hin ca n. Nu
khng, nh ca hnh gi s khng pht trin thm c na, v s tin b ca hnh gi cng s
dng li. Tng ca hnh gi c th s bin mt. Do , khi tng ca hnh gi ln u tin xut
hin, khng c chuyn tm (ca hnh gi) t hi th sang tng. Nu lm vy, hnh gi s
thy n bin mt.
Khi hnh gi thy rng tng n nh, v tm ca hnh gi t n gn cht c vo , lc y
hy tm . Nu hnh gi p tm mnh ri khi tng, c th hnh gi s mt nh. Nu
tng xut hin xa pha trc hnh gi, hy pht l n, v tng y c th s bin mt. Nu
hnh gi pht l n, v ch tp trung vo hi th ch n tip chm (mi trn, hay quanh l mi),
tng s n v tr .
Trng hp tng ca hnh gi xut hin ti ch hi th tip chm, l n nh, v xut hin nh
chnh n l hi th, v hi th nh l tng, lc y hy qun i hi th, v ch thc r tng
y. Nh chuyn tm t hi th sang tng, hnh gi c th s t c tin b thm. Khi hnh
gi duy tr tm trn tng, tng s tr nn cng lc cng trng hn, v khi n trng ging nh
bng gn, th l hc tng (uggaha nimitta).
Hnh gi nn quyt nh gi cho tm an nh trn hc tng trng y trong mt, hai, ba gi, hoc
hn na. Nu hnh gi c th gi tm gn cht trn hc tng trong mt hoc hai gi, hc tng

y s tr nn r rt, trong sng v rc r hn. y l t tng (Pibhga nimitta). Cng nh

trc, hnh gi quyt nh gi cho tm dn trn t tng trong mt, hai, hoc ba gi. Thc hnh
cho n khi thnh cng.
giai on ny hnh gi s t n hoc l cn nh (upacra) hoc l an ch (appan) nh. S
d gi l cn nh v n gn vi v i trc bc thin (jhna). An ch nh l bc thin.
C hai loi nh ny u c cng i tng l t tng. Khc nhau duy nht gia chng l trong
cn nh cc thin chi cha c pht trin y . V l do ny cc tm hu phn (bhvaga)
vn khi ln, v hnh gi c th ri tr li hu phn hay dng tm duy tr kip sng ny
(bhavaga = life continuum consciousness). Khi ri vo hu phn, c th hnh gi s cho rng
mi th u dng li, thm ch cn ngh l Nit-bn. Trong thc t tm khng dng li, m
ch do hnh gi khng thin xo phn bit iu ny, v tm hu phn rt l vi t.
Qun bnh ng cn
trnh ri vo hu phn v pht trin thm, hnh gi cn n sc tr lc ca ng cn
(pacindriy) nhm nhn tm vo v qun cht n trn t tng. Ng cn gm: 1. Tn (saddh);
2. Tn (vriya); 3. Nim (sati); 4. nh (samdhi); 5. Tu (paa)
Ng cn l nm sc mnh kim sot tm, gi cho n khi lang thang ra ngoi con ng Thin
Ch (samatha) v thin qun (vipassan) a n Nit-bn. Nu mt hay nhiu trong s cc cn
ny tr nn thi qu, tms mt qun bnh.
Cn u tin l Tn (saddh) hay tin vo nhng g nn tin, nh tin tam bo, hoc tin nghip v
qu ca nghip. iu quan trng l phi c nim tin ni s gic ng ca c Pht, v khng c
n, hnh gi s thi chuyn v rt lui khi cng vic hnh thin ca mnh. Quan trng khng
km l phi c nim tin ni Gio php hay l li dy ca c Pht, l tin ni bn o, bn qu
v Nit-bn v.v.. Li dy ca c Pht ch cho chng ta con ng hnh thin, v vy giai on
ny c nim tin trn vn vo thc l quan trng.
Gi s nh mt ngi hnh thin ngh "Liu c th thc s c thin ch bng vic theo di hi
th v, hi th ra khng? C thc rng hc tng (uggaha nimitta) ging nh bng gn trng,
cn t tng (paibhaga nimitta) ging nh nc hay thy tinh trong sut hay khng?" Nu
nhng ngh nh vy tn ti, chng s a n nhng quan kin nh l "Thi bui hin i ny
g m c thin (jhna) c?" V th l nim tin ca hnh gi ni gio php s thi tht, v
tt nhin s khng th ngn c vic t b tu tp thin ch ny.
V vy mt ngi ang tu tp nh vi mc ch nim hi th (npnasati) chng hn, cn
phi c nim tin vng chc. Hnh gi phi tu tp nim hi th khng cht hoi nghi. Phi ngh
rng "Nu ta theo ng nhng ch dn c h thng ca c Pht Ton Gic, ta c th thnh tu
Thin."
Tuy nhin, nu mt ngi cho nim tin ca mnh tr thnh thi qu, y mun ni n nim
tin ni t tng pht sanh trong lc thin, th nh ca ngi y s suy gim. Tn thi qu hm
cha h thi qu (pti), h ny dn n nhng xc ng. Nh vy c ngha l tm hnh gi b

quy ng bi s kch thch ca h, v tr tu s khng th tu tri c t tng. Nh vy, do tn

thi qu quyt nh trn i tng, tr tu s khng uc r rt v vng chc, v cc cn cn
li nh tn, nim, nh cng yu i: tn khng th nng cc tm hnh ng sanh ln t tng,
nim khng th thit lp c s nhn bit ca n v i tng (t tng); nh khng th ngn
tm i n mt i tng khc; v tu khng th thy su vo t tng. Do tn thi qu thc
s li dn n s suy thi ca nim tin.
Nu tn mnh, cc cn cn li cng s khng th lm tt cc phn s ca n. Nh tn: quyt
nh, nim: an tr, nh: ngn s phn tn, v tu: pht trin s phn bit su xa. Nh vy tn
thi qu khin tm khng an nh trn t tng.
iu ny c th c minh ha bng cu chuyn ca Trng lo Soa sau y: Trong kinh thnh
Vng X (Rjagaha), ngi nghe bc o S thuyt php v pht sanh c tin. Ngi xin php
cha m xut gia v th i gii. c Pht dy cho ngi mt ti thin, ri ngi i n tu vin
Stavana. Ti y ngi thc hnh rt chuyn cn. Do lc no cng tinh tn i kinh hnh, nn i
chn ca ngi b thng tn. D vy, ngi cng khng h t lng ng ngh, vkhi khng cn c
th i c, ngi b bng hai tay v hai u gi. N lc tinh tn qu mc ny lm cho con
ng kinh hnh ca ngi loang l vt mu. Mc d nh th ngi vn chng c mt qu chng
no m lng cn y tuyt vng.
Lc by gi c Pht trn nh Gijjhakta (nh ni Kn Kn) bit c ni tuyt vng ca
Son.a v i n thm. c Pht nhc cho ngi nh rng khi cn l ngi ti gia c s ngi
tng chi n cm (v), v phi chng cy n s khng pht ra m thanh v c th chi c
nu dy n y ln qu cng hoc qu chng khng, tt c nhng si dy n cn phi c iu
chnh cho tht u. Vic hnh thin cng nh vy, c Pht gii thch, tinh tn hay n lc qu
mc dn n tro c, v tinh tn qu yu s dn n li bing. T bi hc ny, trng lo rt
ra kinh nghim. Chng bao lu, sau khi suy xt n bi hc, ngi tr thnh mt bc A-la-hn.
Vic qun bnh tn vi tu, v nh vi tn c bc tr ca ngi. Chng hn, nu tn mnh v tu
yu, mt ngi s nhm mt tin vo v knh trng nhng i tng c xem l v ch v v cn
c, h nhm mt tin knh nhng i tng m ngoi o (nhng tn gio ngoi Pht gio), tn
knh nh thn linh hoc ch thin bo h.
Ngc li, nu tu mnh v tn yu, mt ngi c th tr thnh x tr hay ngy bin. Khng
hnh thin, h ph thi gi ca mnh v nhng vic phn on. Bnh ny cng kh cha nh
cha mt cn bnh do ung thuc qu liu gy ra vy.
Tuy nhin, nu tn v tu c qun bnh, ngi y s t nim tin ni Tam bo, ni nghip v
qu ca nghip. Ngi y tin rng nu h hnh thin ng theo nhng ch dn ca c Pht h
c th s thy t tng (patibhga nimitta) v c thin (jhna).
Li na, nu nh mnh v tn yu, mt ngi c th tr nn li bing. Chng hn, khi nh ca
hnh gi nng cao, nu tc n t tng hi th vi mt ci tm li lng, khng i su vo ,
hnh gi c th tr nn gii i. Trong trng hp nh vy cc thin chi khng mnh duy
tr mc nh cao hn, iu ny c ngha tm hnh gi s thng xuyn ri tr li hu phn
(bhavaga).

Nhng nu tn mnh, v nh yu tm hnh gi c th tr nn dao ng. Tuy nhin, khi nh v

tn c qun bnh, hnh gi s khng ri vo li bing cng khng b dao ng, v c th c
thin.
Tm li khi mt ngi mun tu tp mt mc thin ch, trong bt k trng hp no, c c
tin mnh l rt tt. Nu ngi y ngh "chc chn ta s c thin, nu ta pht trin nh tm trn
t tng", lc nh nng lc ca tn v nh tp trung trn t tng, hnh gi dt khot s thnh
tu thin. iu ny l do thin (jhna) ch yu da trn nh.
Cn i vi mt ngi tu tp vipassan (minh st), tu mnh l iu rt tt, bi v khi tu cn
mnh hnh gi c th s bit v thy ba c tnh v thng, kh v v ng mt cch thu sut.
Ch khi nh v tu qun bnh, cc thin hip th mi c th pht sanh. c Pht dy rng iu
ny cng p dng cho cc thin siu th (lokuttara jhna) vn i hi thm l nh v tu y phi
c qun bnh vi tn v tn.
Ring nim l cn thit cho mi trng hp, bi v nim bo v tm khi dao ng do tn, tn
hoc tu thi qu, v (bo v tm) khi li bing do nh thi qu. Nim qun bnh tn vi tu,
nh vi tn, v nh vi tu.
Do , nim lun lun cn thit nh mui cn cho cc mn canh, v nh T Tng i vi cc
cng vic ca c Vua. Chnh v th cc bn ch gii c xa dn li c Th Tn ni: "Nim
lun lun cn thit cho bt k mc thin no. Ti sao? V n l ni nng ta v bo v cho
tm thin. Nim l ni nng ta v n gip tm t n cc trng thi c bit v cao hn cha
tng c t n v bit n trc y. Khng c nim, tm khng c kh nng t n cc
trng thi c bit v k diu c. Nim bo v tm, v gi gn i tng thin khng b lc
mt. l l do v sao i vi mt hnh gi ang phn bit n vi minh st tr, nim xut hin
nh ci bo v cho i tng thin, cng nh cho tm ca ngi hnh thin. Khng c nim, h
khng th nng tm ln hoc ch ng tm c, l l do v sao c Pht ni nim l cn thit
trong mi trng hp.
Hnh gi qun bnh Tht Gic Chi nh th no?
Qun bnh tht gic chi cng l iu quan trng nu hnh gi mun thnh tu thin dng d mc
nim hi th (npnasati). Tht gic chi gm:
1. Nim (sati): ghi nh t tng v phn bit n ti lui nhiu ln.
2. Trch php (dhammavicaya): hiu bit t tng mt cch su xa, hay th nhp vo t tng.
3. Tinh tn (vriya): em cc chi phn gic ng li vi nhau, v qun bnh chng trn t tng,
c bit t cng c chnh bn thn n, v trch php gic chi.
4. H (pti): s hn hoan ca tm khi kinh nghim t tng.
5. Tnh (passadhi): s an tnh ca tm v cc tm s, c t tng lm i tng.
6. nh (samdhi): s nht tm trn t tng.
7. X (upekkh): s u n ca tm khng b dao ng, cng khng co rt khi t tng.

Hnh gi cn phi pht trin v qun bnh c by gic chi ny. Nu tinh tn khng y tm s
ri khi i tng thin, y l t tng. Khi trng hp ny xy ra, hnh gi khng nn tu tp
tnh, nh v x, m phi tu tp trch php, tinh tn v h. Nh vy tm c nng ln (i
tng) tr li.
Tuy nhin khi c qu nhiu tinh tn, tm s tr nn dao ng v phn tn. Lc hnh gi nn
lm ngc li, tc khng tu tp trch php, tinh tn v h na, m thay vo tu tp tnh, nh
v x. Theo cch ny tm dao ng v phn tn s c ch ng v an tnh li.
y l cch lm th no qun bnh ng cn v tht gic chi.
Lm th no c Thin (jhna)?
Khi ng cn tn, tn, nim, nh v tu c tu tp y , nh s vt qua cn nh nhp
vo thin (Jhna) hay an ch nh. Khi hnh gi t n thin, tm hnh gi s bit t tng
khng gin on. S kin ny c th lin tc trong vi gi, thm ch c m hay c khi sut
ngy.
Khi tm duy tr nh trn t tng lin tc trong mt hoc hai gi, hnh gi nn c gng phn
bit (nhn thc r) vng trong tri tim ni y tm hu phn (bhavaga) tr, l sc tri tim
hay sc vt. Tm hu phn vn sng trong, v c cc nh ch gii gii thch rng chnh l
mn (manodvra). Nu hnh gi c gng nhiu ln, tc l lm i lm li nhiu ln, th cui
cng hnh gi s phn bit c c hai. mn (bhavaga) v t tng khi n xut hin . K
tip hnh gi phn bit nm thin chi, mi ln mt chi. Vi vic thc hnh lin tc, c th hnh
gi s phn bit c c nm thin chi mt ln. Trong trng hp ca nim hi th (npnasati)
c 5 thin chi l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng hi th (npna pahibhaga-nimitta)
2. T (vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng
3. H (pti): thch th i vi t tng
4. Lc (sukha): an vui vi t tng
5. Nht tm: S hp nht vi tm trn t tng.
Cc thin chi ny khi ng ring th gi l thin chi, song khi kt hp li th gi l bc thin. Lc
mi bt u hnh thin, hnh gi phi hnh nhp thin trong mt thi gian tng i, khng
nn dng qu nhiu thi gian vo vic phn bit cc thin chi. Hnh gi cng cn phi tu tp nm
php thun thc trong bc thin (vasbhva) y.
1. Nhp thin bt c lc no hnh gi mun
2. Quyt nh (adhihna) tr trong thin trong mt thi hn nh v thc hin quyt nh y.
3. Xut thin vo gi n nh.
4. Tc n cc thin chi.
5. Phn khn cc thin chi[11]

Trong Aguttara Nikya (Tng chi b kinh), bi kinh v d Con B Ci (Pabhateyyagv sutta),
c Pht ni hnh gi khng nn c gng chuyn sang nh thin khi cha thun thc s thin.
Ngi gii thch rng nu ngi no khng hon ton thun thc s thin, m c gng i ln cc
bc thin cao hn, h s mt s thin, cng nh khng th t n cc bc thin khc. Nh vy
ngi y s mt tt c cc bc thin.
Khi hnh gi thun thc s thin, hnh gi c th c gng tin ln nh thin. Mun c nh
thin hnh gi cn phi nhp vo s thin m lc ny rt quen thuc, xut khi thin y, suy
xt n nhng khuyt im ca n v nhng li ch ca nh thin. l, s thin cn gn vi
nm trin ci, v c cc thin chi th tm, t khin cho n km an tnh hn nh thin, khng tm
khng t. V th, lc ny khng mong mun cc thin chi na m ch mong mun h, lc,
nht tm, hnh gi s nh tm trn t tng tr li v t n s thin . Khi xut khi s thin,
duyt li cc thin chi vi chnh nim, tnh gic, hai thin chi tm, t, s c v th i vi hnh
gi, trong khi h, lc v nht tm c v an tnh hn. Do , t b hai thin chi th v c c
cc thin chi an tnh y, hnh gi tp trung vo t tng tr li.
Bng cch y hnh gi c th s t n nh thin ch c h, lc v nht tm. Sau hnh gi
cng tu tp nm loi thun thc ca nh thin.
Khi hnh gi thnh cng, v mun tu tp tam thin, th nn xut khi nh thin by gi
quen thuc y, suy xt n nhng khuyt im ca n, ri suy xt n nhng li ch ca tam
thin. l, nh thin ny cn gn vi s thin c cc thin chi th, tm, t. V nh thin, t thn
n c thin chi th l h[12], khin cho n km an tnh hn tam thin, mt bc thin khng c h.
V th, by gi khng c c mun i vi thin chi th , m ch c mun cc thin chi an
tnh, hnh gi s tp trung vo t tng tr li v c nh thin. Khi xut khi nh thin, v duyt
li cc thin chi, th thin chi h s c v th i vi hnh gi, trong khi lc v nht tm c v an
tnh hn. Do , t b thin chi th v c c cc yu t an tnh, hnh gi nh tm trn t
tng tr li. Theo cch ny, hnh gi c th s t n tam thin, ch c lc v nht tm. Sau
hnh gi cng tu tp nm loi thun thc i vi tam thin nh trc.
Khi thnh cng v hnh gi mun tu tp t thin, th cn phi xut khi tam thin quen
thuc , suy xt n cc khuyt im ca n, ri suy xt n nhng li ch ca t thin. l,
tam thin ny cn gn vi nh thin, c thin chi th l h. V tam thin t thn n c thin chi
th l lc, khin cho n km an tnh hn t thin, khng c lc. By gi vi c mun t n t
thin, hnh gi lp li nh trn t tng v c tam thin. Khi xut khi tam thin, duyt li cc
thin chi, hnh gi thy rng thin chi lc c v th, trong khi x v nht tm an tnh hn. V th,
t b yu t th v c c cc yu t an tnh, hnh gi li tp trung vo t tng. Theo cch
ny hnh gi c th s c t thin, ch c x v nht tm. V cng nh trc, hnh gi nn tu tp
nm loi thun thc i vi t thin.
Vi s chng c t thin, hi th dng li hon ton. S kin ny hon tt giai on th t
trong vic tu tp nim hi th.
(4) "An tnh thn hi th , ta s th vo" v y tp nh vy, v "An tnh thn hi th , ta s th
ra" v y tp nh vy.

Giai on ny bt u ngay trc khi nimitta (tng) xut hin, v khi nh c tu tp qua
bn bc thin, hi th cng lc cng tr nn an tnh hn, cho n khi n dng li hon ton t
thin.
Bn bc thin ny cng cn gi l bn thin sc gii (rpavacara jhna), v chng ch c th cho
qu ti sanh trong ci sc gii. Song y chng ti khng khuyn khch qu v hnh gi tu
thin c ti sanh vo ci sc gii, m ch dng chng lm nn tng pht trin thin Minh
st (Vipassan).
Khi hnh gi t n t thin bng cch dng nim hi th, v tu tp nm php thun thc,
nh sng ca nh s sng chi, rc r v ta chiu, v nu mun v y c th chuyn sang tu tp
thin Minh st. Ngc li, hnh gi cng c th tip tc tu tp tnh ch (samatha). s l ti
ca bi ging k, hnh gi tu tp thin ch trn ba mi hai phn ca thn (32 th trc), b
xng, mi kasia (bin x) vv... nh th no.
*
HI P 1
Hi 1.1: Trong bn giai on ca thin nim hi th (npnasati), lm sao chng ti xc
nh c khi no th chuyn t giai on ny sang giai on khc?
p 1.1: c Pht dy npnasati tun t tng bc mt: hi th di, hi th ngn, ton hi
th v hi th vi t, cho d hiu vy thi. Lc hnh thc th, c bn giai on c th xy ra cng
mt lc.
Nh vy, nu hnh gi c th tp trung vo ton hi th di, v ton hi th ngn trong khong
mt gi, lc y (khi nh ca hnh gi nng cao) hi th ca hnh gi t ng tr nn vi t, v
hnh gi c th chuyn s tp trung vo hi th vi t. Khi hi th vi t l di, hnh gi s c gng
bit ton hi th di v vi t y; khi hi th vi t l ngn, hnh gi c gng bit hi th l ngn
v vi t y.
Nu hi th t n khng tr thnh vi t, hnh gi s tp trung vo hi th (tc - mansikra)
vi quyt nh rng n phi l vi t[13]. Theo cch , hi th s tr nn vi t, nhng hnh gi
khng c c tnh lm cho hi th vi t, cng nh khng c lm cho n di ra hoc ngn li;
ch quyt nh rng n phi tr nn an tnh thi. Theo cch ny, hi th di, hi th ngn, ton
hi th v hi th vi t, c bn giai on, c gm trong mt giai on duy nht.
phn trc ca giai on th t , hi th ch tr nn rt vi t, ch cha dit hon ton. Hi th
dit hon ton ch c t thin. y l giai on vi t nht.
Hi 1.2: Trong thin c cn thit phi c mt nimitta (tng) khng?
p 1.2: Trong mt vi mc thin (kammahna) nh nim hi th, thin mc kasia
(bin x) v thin mc bt tnh (ashubha), mt nimitta rt cn thit. Nu hnh gi mun c

thin trong cc mc thin khc, nh ty nim Pht (Buddhnussti), c th khng cn nimitta.

Trong thin tm t (mett bhvan), ph b ranh gii c gi l nimitta (tng)[14].
Hi 1.3: C mt s ngi ni rng trong lc ang hnh nim hi th "hn" ca h xut ra khi
thn. Nh vy c ng khng, hay h hnh sai?
p 1.3: Thng thng, tm an nh c th to ra mt nimitta. Khi nh cng su v mnh m,
lc , do cc tng sai bit, m cc nimitta khc nhau s xut hin. Chng hn, nu hnh gi
mun nimitta l di, n s di, mun n ngn, n s ngn; mun n trn, n s trn, mun n
mu , n s mu . V th cc tng khc nhau c th pht sinh trong lc ang hnh nim hi
th. Hnh gi c th tng nh mnh ang ngoi thn. ch l mt sng to ca tm, ch
khng phi do mt linh hn. Khng c vn g c. C vic b qua n v tr li vi nim hi
th ca hnh gi.
Ch khi no hnh gi phn bit c danh-sc chn (paramatha nma-rpa) bn trong v bn
ngoi, lc hnh gi mi c th gii quyt c vn linh hn, ngha l hnh gi s khng
tm u ra mt linh hn. V vy, hnh gi cn phi ph b cc nguyn khi tng v danh sc, v
thu hiu danh sc chn .
"Nndhtuyo vinibbhujitv ghanavinibbhoge kate anattalakkhana ythvasarasato upahti"
(Khi chng ta ph b c nguyn khi tng, th v ng tng (anatta sa) s khi ln)[15].
Chnh do nguyn khi tng m pht sinh ci tng v mt linh hn ny.
Mun ph b nguyn khi tng v sc, trc tin chng ta phi phn bit cc nhm sc - rpa
kalpas (kalpas: l nhng phn t nh, hay nhm, bn hoc tng hp sc). K hnh gi phi
phn bit cc loi sc chn khc nhau, c t nht tm sc trong mi rpa-kalpa (nhm sc).
Khng lm iu ny th tng v linh hn s khng bin mt[16].
Tng t, khng ph b nguyn khi tng v danh, th tng v linh hn s khng bin mt.
Chng hn, khi tm hnh gi phng i, hnh gi c th ngh rng ci tm lang thang y l linh
hn ca mnh.
Lm th no hnh gi ph b c ci nguyn khi tng v danh ny? Chng hn, ly mt
tin trnh mn thuc cn nh c i tng l t tng lm v d.
Trong tin trnh nhn thc nh vy c mt mn hng tm v by tc hnh tm (javana).
Trong st-na mn hng tm c mi hai tm hnh v trong mi st-na tc hnh c ba mi
bn tm hnh.
Trong mt tin trnh nhn thc nh vy c bn loi nguyn khi tng cn phi c ph b
bng Minh st tr.
1. Nguyn khi tng v tnh tng tc (santati ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny hnh gi
cn phi phn bit ( thy) bng cch no tng tm khc nhau cng vi cc tm s ca n khi
ln trong mi st-na tm sut tin trnh nhn thc.

2. Nguyn khi tng v tp hp (samha ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi cn
phi phn bit thy ra mi tm v mi trong cc tm s ca n trong tng st-na tm sut tin
trnh nhn thc.
3. Nguyn khi tng v phn s (kicca ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi cn phi
phn bit c tnh, phn s , s th hin v nhn gn ca mi tm v mi tm s trong cc tm s
ca n.
4. Nguyn khi tng v i tng (rammaa ghana): mun ph b khi tng ny, hnh gi
cn phi phn bit tin trnh nhn thc thuc minh st tu (tr) phn bit tin trnh nhn thc
m hnh gi va kho st (tin trnh mn thuc cn nh) . iu ny c ngha rng tin trnh
nhn thc trc, t n cng cn phi c bit bng tin trnh nhn thc sau.
Nu hnh gi ph b c bn loi nguyn khi tng v danh theo cch ny, hnh gi s ch
thy s sanh v dit nhanh l ca tm v cc tm s ca n.
Vi tng v thng y, hnh gi khng th no cn ngh tm ca mnh l linh hn na, v khi
c tng v thng th tng v ng cng c mt. Nh c Pht dy trong Kinh
Meghiya[17].
Aniccasaino meghiya anattasa sathti (Ny Meghiya, i vi ai c minh st tr v v
thng mnh, thi minh st tr v v ng cng s hin l cho ngi y).
Hi 1.4: Tng hi th (npn nimitta) t u n? Ci g lm cho n xut hin?
p 1.4: Hu ht cc tm sanh ln da vo sc vt hay tm c to ra hi th. Do mt tng
hi th thc th phi xut pht t hi th. Tuy nhin khng phi mi tm u to ra mt nimitta.
Ch tm no c nh su lng mi to ra tng. V th, hi th do tm nh su lng to ra mi
lm cho tng hi th (npna-nimitta) xut hin. Nu tng xa l mi, khng phi l
tng thc. Mt tng c th xut hin do nh, nhng khng nht thit s l tng hi th
thc th. Nu nimitta do thin (jhna) to ra, chng ta c th gi l mt nimitta hi th thc
s. Cn nu n khng do thin to ra, n khng phi l tng hi th ch thc. Nu hnh gi
nh tm trn tng y, thin s khng sanh. Thng thng, nh khng tr nn mnh v c nng
lc nu hnh gi thin trn tng y, v th chng bao lu n s bin mt.
Hi 1.5: By giai on thanh tnh v mi su tu Minh st l g?
p 1.5: By giai on thanh tnh l:
1. Gii thanh tnh (Sla visuddhi)
2. Tm thanh tnh (Citta visuddhi)
3. Kin thanh tnh (Dihi visuddhi)
4. on nghi thanh tnh (Kakhvitarana visuddhi)
5. o phi o tri kin thanh tnh (Maggmagga adassana visuddhi)
6. o hnh tri kin thanh tnh (Paipada dassana visuddhi)
7. Tri kin thanh tnh (adassana visuddhi)

V 16 tu Minh st l (Tu = Tr):

1. Danh sc Phn tch tr (Tu) nmarpa - pariccheda aa)
2. Tu Nm bt (phn bit) Nhn duyn (paccaya pariggaha a)
3. Tu Thm st Tam tng (sammasana a)
4. Sanh Dit Tu (udayabbaya a)
5. Hoi Dit Tu (bhaga a)
6. Kinh y Tu (bhya a)
7. Qu Hon Tu (dnavnupassan a)
8. Ym Ly Tu (Nibbidnupassana a)
9. Dc Thot Tu (Mucitukamyat a)
10. Gin Trch Tu (Pasakh a)
11. X Hnh Tu (Sakhrupekkh a)
12. Thun Th Tu (Anuloma a)
13. Chuyn Tc Tu (Gotrabh a)
14. o Tu (Monga a)
15. Qu Tu (Phala a)
16. Phn Khn (Duyt) Tu (Paccavekkhana a)
By gi, hnh gi bit tn gi cc tu minh st l vy, th hi hnh gi c kinh nghim ca
cc tu y khng? Khng (phi khng?). l l do ti sao ch c kin thc sung cha ; hnh
gi cng cn phi thc hnh vi n lc ln chng ng chng na.
(Cui bi ging ny Ngi Pa-Auk Tawyahayadaw gii thch thm v nm trin ci nh sau).
By gi chng ti s ni ngn gn v nm trin ci (nvaraa)
1. Tham Dc (Kmacchanda)
2. Sn Hn (Bypda)
3. Hn trm - thy min (Thina middha)
4. Tro c - Hi qu (Uddhacca kukkucca)
5. Hoi nghi (Vicikicch)
Trin ci th nht - Tham dc (Kmacchanda), l dnh mc vo ti sn hay vo con ngi.
chnh l lng mong c i vi cc i tng gic quan hay trn cnh. Chng hn nh hnh gi
c th b dnh mc vo cc liu (Kuti) ca mnh. Trong khi ang hnh thin hnh gi c th ngh
", gi m cc ca ta p th hay bit my". Hoc bn c th ngh, ", nu m c cn phng
ny m thuc v ta th tht l tuyt !" Nu hnh gi b trn ngp bi tham dc nh vy, hnh gi
s khng th no tp trung tt vo mc thin ca mnh c. Hnh gi phi vn dng chnh
nim mnh m v thc hin mt n lc chn ng s khi ln ca nhng tham dc ny.
Trin ci th hai - Sn hn (Bypda). l on ght hay bt mn vi ngi hoc vt no .
Chng hn, trong lc ngi thin, nu mt thin sinh ngi k bn gy ra ting ng, hnh gi c
th khi tm bc bi v ngh "i, sao m y lm n qu mc nh vy!" Nu tm hnh gi b sn

hn hay bt mn p o, hnh gi cng s khng th no tp trung trn mc thin ca mnh

cho tt c.
Trin ci th ba - Hn trm - thy min (Thina middha). Nu tm yu ui, hay khng thch
th trong mc thin, hn trm thy min c th xy ra. Tuy nhin, c lc bun ng cng c
th l do mt mi, bnh hon, hoc thiu ngh ngi.
Trin ci th t - Tro c - Hi qu (Uddhacca kukkucca). Nu tm hnh gi bt an hay tro c
n s ging nh 1 ng tro b hn nm vo bay t tn v vung vi khp ni. Tm cng phn
tn nh vy. Trong khi hnh thin, hnh gi khng nn bung th tm, cho n ri khi mc
thin ca mnh. Nu lm vy, tro c s xy ra. Hi qu l n hn hay hi tic v nhng vic xu
lm, v nhng vic tt li b qua trong qu kh. y cng vy, hnh gi phi vn dng
chnh nim v n lc ln chn ng s khi ln ca tro c hi qu.
Trin ci th nm - Hoi nghi (Vicikicch). l s hoi nghi v c Pht - Gio Php - Ch
Tng; Tam hc: Gii nh Tu; nm un qu kh; nm un tng lai, nm un qu kh v tng
lai; php Duyn khi gm - nm un hin ti.
Nu hnh gi c s hoi nghi v php hnh thin nh, c th hnh gi s khng thin c.
Chng hn, hnh gi c th ngh: "C th c thin bng nim hi th c khng?", "Liu thin
(Jhna) c th t n nh nh tm trn tng hi th (npna nimitta) hay khng?"
Nm Trin ci lm chng ngi cho thin l nh vy.
-ooOoo-

[1] Thin vin Pa-Auk = Pa-Auk Tawaya, ng ra phi dch l Rng Thin Pa-Auk (Pa-Auk

Forest).
[2] Visuddhi-magga - B Lun Thanh Tnh o c xem l cun cm nang gii thiu v Thin

c cn c chnh xc v bao qut nht, c son t cc bn ch gii c in c ngun gc t thi

c Pht v ln kit tp Kinh in ln th nht Lun s Buddhoghosa (Pht m) dch t ting
Sinhalese ra Pi v Bhik. nmoi ch t Pi sang Anh ng.
[3] D.II. 9
[4] D III. 9. M. I. 10
[5] y, vimasa ng ngha vi Paccavekkhaa, v l mt t c dng trong lun ca ph

ch gii.
[6] Thin dit l thin chng m tm, tm s v cc sc do tm to u dng li. Chi tit xem
trang...
[7] VS VIII "npnasati khath".
[8] VS. T I ibid
[9] Chi tit lin h n thin ny, xem trang...
[10] VS. X. "Nevasa nsayatana kath" B 287 (Neither Perception Nor Non-Perception

Base Explanation)
[11] Tc v phn khn xy ra trong cng tin trnh tm mn (manodvra vthi). Tc c

thc hin bng mn hng tm (manodvra vajjana), trong trng hp ny, n ly mt trong
nm thin chi lm i tng. N c theo sau bi bn, nm, su hoc by tc hnh tm
(javana) phn khn c cng mt i tng. Xem bi ging 5
[12] Ngi Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw gii thch rng thin chi h l mt yu t ph thm vo vic

tng cng s gn b i vi lc ca bc thin (jhna sukha) c xem l vi t, v i tng ca

n cng rt vi t, nn khng th to thnh dc lc (rga: sensual happiness) c.
[13] Xem trang sau, bit thm chi tit v an tnh hi th.
[14] y ch l mt tn gi, v k thc n khng phi l mt nimitta ng ngha.
[15] Vs. XXI "Upakkilesavimutta Udayabbayaa kath B739 (Tr qun s sanh v dit).
[16] Chi tit lin quan n nguyn khi tng v sc, xem trang sau
[17] U.N.I (cng xem A. IX.I.1.3)

BI PHP THOI 2

Hnh gi tu tp An ch nh trn cc mc Thin khc nh th no

Trong bi ging trc chng ta bn v cch lm th no tu tp mc nim hi th cho

n t thin, v lm sao tu tp nm loi thun thc trong mi bc thin. Nh cp
trc, khi nh sng do nh sanh bng sng v ta chiu, nu mun hnh gi c th chuyn sang
tu tp thin minh st.
Nhng lc ny hnh gi cng c th tip tc pht trin thin ch (samatha) thm. Hm nay,
chng ta s bn v cch lm th no tu tp cc mc thin ch khc nh: qun ba mi hai
thnh phn ca thn (32 th trc), b xng, mi kasia (bin x) v.v...
Hnh gi tu tp Ba Mi Hai Th Trc nh th no?
Nu mun tu tp thin (qun) ba mi hai th trc, trc tin hnh gi phi lp li t thin hi
th (npna jhna) nh sng ca nh bng sng v ta chiu. K hnh gi s dng nh
sng y c gng phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn, mi ln mt phn.
Ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn gm hai mi phn vi a i tri hn, v mui hai phn vi
thy i tri hn. Hai mi phn thuc a i (yu t t) s c phn bit theo bn nhm
nm.
I
1. Tc

II
6. Tht

III
11. Tim

IV
16. Rut

2. Lng

7. Gn

12. Gan

17. Trc trng

3. Mng

8. Xng

13. Mng rut

18. Vt thc cha tiu ha

4. Rng

9. Ty

14. Bao t

19. Phn

5.Da

10. Thn

15. Phi

20 c

Mi hai phn thuc thy i s c phn bit theo hai nhm sau:
I
1. Mt

II
7. Nc mt

2. m

8. M nc

3. M

9. Nc ming

4. Mu

10. Nc mi

5. M hi

11. Hot dch (nc khp xng)

6. M

12. Nc tiu

Hnh gi phn bit mi ln mt phn theo th t t ra. C gng thy mi phn r rt nh khi
hnh gi soi mt mnh trong tm gng sch vy.
Trng hp, khi ang lm nh vy m nh sng do nh sanh m i v thn phn ang c
phn bit khng cn r rng, hnh gi nn lp li t thin hi th, nh sng s bng sng mnh
tr li. Lc quay v vi vic phn bit cc thnh phn ca thn nh trc. Bt lun khi no
nh sng m i hnh gi ch vic lp li tin trnh nh vy.
Hnh nh th no hnh gi c th thy, t tc cho n nc tiu, hoc t nc tiu cho n
tc, mi thn phn thc s r rt vi tr th nhp; duy tr php hnh cho n khi hnh gi tr nn
thin xo.
K , li dng nh sng do nh sanh y, trong khi mt vn nhm, hnh gi s c gng phn bit
(32 th phn) ca ngi khc k bn hnh gi. Nu phn bit c mt ngi no pha
trc hnh gi l rt tt. Phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn trong ngi hay chng
sanh , t tc xung n nc tiu v t nc tiu ln n tc, lp i lp li nhiu ln theo
chiu xui, ngc nh vy. Khi thnh cng, hnh gi s phn bit ba mi hai th phn lc
bn trong, tc trong chnh thn hnh gi, v lc bn ngoi, tc ni thn ngi khc; cng lp i
lp li nh vy nhiu ln cho n khi thin xo.
Khi hnh gi phn bit c ba mi hai th phn bn trong v bn ngoi nh vy, nng lc
thin ca hnh gi s gia tng. Theo y hnh gi dn dn m rng lnh vc phn bit ca hnh
gi ra mi ln mt t, t gn cho ti xa. Khng nn ngh rng hnh gi s khng th phn bit
c nhng chng sanh qu xa. C s dng nh sng bng t ca t thin, hnh gi c th d
dng thy nhng chng sanh xa, khng phi vi mt thng, m vi tu nhn (a cakkhu).
Hnh gi c th m rng phm vi phn bit ca mnh trong c mi hng: trn, di, ng, ty,
nam, bc, ng bc, ng nam, ty bc v ty nam. Ly bt c ai phn bit cng c, c th
l ngi, th, hay nhng chng sanh khc trong mi hng y, v phn bit ba mi hai th
phn, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi mi ln ch mt ngi hay mt chng sanh khc.
Khi hnh gi khng cn thy n ng, n ba, ch thin hay tru b v nhng sinh vt khc i
loi nh vy na, m ch thy cc nhm thuc ba mi hai th phn, bt lun khi no v bt lun
ch no hnh gi nhn n, d bn trong hay bn ngoi, lc y hnh gi c th c ni l
thnh cng, thin xo v nhun nhuyn trong vic phn bit ba mi hai th trc.
Ba ca vo Nit-bn
n y, chng ta s xem xt nhng g c gi l ba ca vo Nit-bn. Trong
"Mahsatipahna sutta"[1], (i Nim X Kinh), c Pht dy bn nim x l con ng duy
nht i vo Nit-bn. Ch gii gii thch thm rng c ba ca i n Nit-bn. Ba ca y l
nhng ti thin ch (samtha) thuc kasin.a mu (vaa kasia: bin x hay vng trn sn

mu), qun bt tnh (paikkhla manasikra) v khng tnh hay v ng (suata), vn l thin t
i.[2]
Do , khi mt ngi thnh tho trong vic phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn, c
trong ln ngoi, v y c th chn tu bt k mt ca no trong ba ca ny. Ca th nht chng ta
s bn n y l thin (qun) bt tnh.
Hnh gi tu tp Thin (Qun) B Xng nh th no
Mun tu tp thin (qun) bt tnh (paikkhla manasikra) hnh gi c th ly c ba mi hai th
trc hoc ch mt th phn no trong lm i tng. Chng ta s tm hiu cch qun b
xng, hay cc phn xng, l mt trong ba mi hai th phn trc.
u tin hnh gi phi lp li t thin hi th, cho n khi nh sng bng t v ta chiu. Ri
dng nh sng y phn bit ba mi hai thnh phn trong chnh thn hnh gi, ri trong thn
mt chng sanh khc k bn. Phn bit c bn trong ln bn ngoi nh vy mt hoc hai ln.
Tip n ly b xng bn trong (thn hnh gi), nh mt tng th, v phn bit b xng y vi
tr tu. Khi ton b xng hin hin r rng, ly tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng lm i tng,
tc l ly khi nim bt tnh v b xng y, v ghi nh i ghi nh li nhiu ln b xng l
"bt tnh, bt tnh"; hoc "b xng bt tnh - b xng bt tnh"; hoc "b xng, b xng".
Ghi nh bng bt c ngn ng no hnh gi thch. Quan trng l hnh gii phi c gng gi cho
tm an nh trn i tng bt tnh ca b xng trong mt hoc hai gi. Hy cn thn ghi nhn
mu sc, hnh dng, v tr v gii hn ca b xng, nh vy tnh cht bt tnh ca n c th pht
sanh.
Do sc mnh v ng lc thc y ca nh thuc t thin da trn nim hi th, hnh gi s
thy rng thin ny cng c an lp su xa v sung mn, ngha l hnh gi s c th to ra, duy
tr v pht trin c "tng" v "tr" v tnh cht bt tnh.
Mt khi nh ca hnh gi trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng c thit lp, hnh gi nn
bung tng "b xng" ra, v ch duy tr nim v tnh cht bt tnh thi.
Theo Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi-magga), thy mu sc, hnh dng, v tr v gii hn ca mt th
phn l ang thy hc tng (uggaha-nimitta). Cn thy v phn bit tnh cht bt tnh ca phn
l thy t tng (patibhga nimitta)[3].
Nh nh tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, hnh gi c th t n s
thin, vo lc nm thin chi s c mt. l:
1. Tm (Vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
2. T (Vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
3. H (Pti): thch th vi t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
4. Lc (Sukkha): lc kt hp vi t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.
5. Nht tm (Ekaggat): s hp nht ca tm trn t tng thuc tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng.

Theo cch tng t, hnh gi cng c th c s thin trn tnh bt tnh ca mt trong ba mi
hai th phn khc.
Mt cu hi c th t ra l "Lm th no h v lc li c th khi ln vi i tng l tnh cht
bt tnh ca b xng c?" Cu tr li y l, mc d hnh gi ang tp trung vo tnh cht
bt tnh ca b xng, v cm gic n nh bt tnh thc s, vn c h khi ln v hnh gi th
tr php mn thin ny, v v hnh gi hiu c nhng li ch ca n, ngha l hnh gi hiu
rng cui cng n s gip hnh gi t n s gii thot khi gi, au v cht. H v lc cng c
th khi ln v hnh gi loi tr cc cu u ca nm trin ci, lm cho tm nng ny v mt
mi.
Cng ging nh mt ngi i bi rc kim ph liu, chc chn s cm thy thch th khi
gp mt ng rc ln, v ngh rng "Ta s kim c nhiu tin nh ng rc ny". Hoc nh
mt ngi kh s v trng thc chc chn s vui mng v sung sng khi uc nh nhm nh
nn tho ra hay i tin c ra vy.
Ch gii Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma Commentary) gii thch rng bt c ai t n s thin
trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, cng phi tip tc tu tp nm loi thun thc ca s thin.
Sau , cng ti y, hnh gi ly mt chng sanh gn nht, tt hn ht l mt ngi ang ngi
pha trc, v vi nh sng ca nh hnh gi ly b xng ca ngi y lm i tng. Hnh
gi phi tp trung vo xem nh bt tnh, ng thi tu tp tng (bt tnh) ny cho n khi cc
thin chi tr nn ni bt. Mc d chng ni bt nh vy, theo ch gii, n cng khng phi l cn
nh (upcra samdhi) hay an ch nh (appan samdhi), v i tng cn ang sng[4]. Tuy
nhin nu hnh gi tp trung vo b xng bn ngoi (ca ngi khc) nh th n cht, theo
ph ch gii ca Vi Diu Php, b Mla tka, hnh gi c th t n cn nh[5].
Khi cc thin chi xut hin r rt, hnh gi s tp trung li vo b xng bn trong k nh bt
tnh. Hnh xen k, lc trong thn lc ngoi thn, v lp i lp li nhiu ln. Khi hnh gi thin
nh vy trn tnh cht bt tnh ca b xng, v vic tu tp tr nn thm su v sung mn,
hnh gi nn m rng phm vi phn bit ca mnh ra trong c mi hng. Mi ln ly mt
hng, ch m nh sng do nh sanh ca hnh gi chm ti, c tu tp nh vy i vi cc
hng khc. Hnh gi nn p dng tr th nhp ca mnh vo c gn ln xa, trong tt c cc
hng, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi. Thc hnh cho n khi bt c ch no hnh gi nhn vo
trong mi hng, hnh gi cng ch thy cc b xng. Mt khi thnh cng hnh gi phi
sn sng tu tp thin trn kasia (mu) trng.
Tu tp 10 Kasia nh th no?
Cc Kasia mu
C bn mu c dng cho thin Kasia (bin x) l: xanh, vng, , trng. "Xanh" (nla) cng
c th dch l "en", hoc "nu". C 4 kasia u c th tu tp ln n t thin bng cch dng
cc mu sc ca nhng thn phn khc nhau lm i tng.
Theo ch gii Vi Diu Php, tc, lng v trng en con mt c th c dng thay cho kasin.a
mu xanh, nu, v en t n t thin; m v nc tiu c th c dng thay cho kasin.a

vng; mu v tht c th c dng thay cho kasia , v cc phn mu trng nh xng, rng,
v mng tay mng chn c th c dng thay cho kasia trng[6].
Hnh gi tu tp Kasia trng nh th no
Kinh in cho rng kasia trng c hiu qu tt nht trong s bn kasia mu, v n lm cho tm
trong sng r rng[7]. V l do chng ta s bn v cch tu tp kasia trng trc.
u tin hnh gi cng phi lp li t thn hi th, nh vy nh sng ca nh s chi sng v
ta chiu hn. Hnh gi dng nh sng ny phn bit ba mi hai th phn bn trong, ri bn
ngoi ni mt chng sanh k bn. K n phn bit ch mt mnh b xng. Nu hnh gi mun
phn bit b xng y l bt tnh th hnh gi s lm nh vy, bng khng, ch phn bit b
xng bn ngoi l .
Tip theo hnh gi chn, hoc l phn trng nht trong b xng , hoc, nu ton b xng l
trng, th ly c b xng, hoc ly phn sau ca xng s, v tp trung vo , xem nh "trng,
trng".
Hay, nu mun, nht l khi nh ca hnh gi thc s bn nhy, hoc thy b xng bn trong
k nh bt tnh v t n s thin, hnh gi c th ly b xng trng y, v dng nh i
tng s khi ca hnh gi.
Hnh gi cng c th phn bit tnh cht bt tnh trong mt b xng bn ngoi trc, v lm
cho tng (bt tnh) y bn chc v kin c, nh vy s khin cho mu trng ca b xng r rt
hn. K tip, hnh gi chuyn ci tng (bt tnh) v b xng sang tng "trng, trng", v tu
tp kasia trng th vo .
Vi mt trong nhng phn mu trng ni b xng bn ngoi lm i tng, hnh gi s thc
hnh sao duy tr tm an nh trong khong mt hoc hai gi.
Nh sc mnh v ng lc thc y ca nh thuc t thin da trn hi th (npnasati), hnh
gi s thy rng tm mnh nh an tr (an nh) trn mu trng y trong mt hoc hai gi, lc
b xng s bin mt v ch cn li mt vng trn trng.
Khi vng trn trng y trng nh bng gn th l hc tng (uggaha nimitta). Khi n bng
sng v r nt nh sao mai, th l t tng (paibhga nimitta). Trc khi hc tng pht sanh,
tng b xng t n sanh ra, c gi l chun b tng (parikamma nimitta).
Tip tc ghi nhn kasia y l "trng, trng" cho n khi n tr thnh t tng. Duy tr nh tm
trn t tng cho ti khi hnh gi nhp vo s thin. Tuy nhin, hnh gi s thy rng nh ny
khng bn v khng ko di lu. lm cho n bn v ko di lu, hnh gi cn phi m rng
tng (nimitta).
Mun m rng tng, hnh gi phi nh tm trn t tng trong khong mt hoc hai gi. Sau
quyt nh m rng vng trn trng y ra dn: mt, hai, ba, hoc bn inch (inch = 2,54cm),
ty theo hnh gi ngh mnh c th m rng n c bao nhiu th m. Xem th hnh gi

thnh cng hay cha, nhng cng ng c gng m rng tng m trc khng quyt nh
mt gii hn, tc l hnh gi phi chc chn quyt nh mt gii hn ( m rng tng ra)
nh mt, hai, ba hoc bn inch.
Trong khi ang m rng tng, c th hnh gi thy rng tng tr nn khng n nh. Gp
trng hp nh vy th nn tr li ghi nhn tng y l "trng, trng" lm cho n n nh. Ch
khi no nh ca hnh gi tng trng th tng (nimitta) mi tr nn n nh, vng vng.
Khi tng m rng ln u tin tr nn n nh, hnh gi nn lp li tin trnh, tc l, quyt
nh m rng n ra mt vi inch tr li. Theo cch ny hnh gi c th m rng tng trong tng
giai on, cho ti khi kch thc c mt mt, ri hai mt v.v... C lm nh th cho n khi
tng m rng trong c mi hng quanh hnh gi, khng gii hn, v sao cho bt lun ch
no hnh gi nhn n, hnh gi ch thy mu trng, ngay c mt vt tch ca sc (vt cht), d
bn trong hoc bn ngoi, hnh gi cng khng thy na.
Nu hnh gi tng tu tp kasia trng trong i trc, thi k gio php ca c Pht hin ti,
hay thi k gio php ca c Pht trc , tc l, nu hnh gi c ba-la-mt (pram) v
kasia trng, th hnh gi s khng cn phi m rng t tng, v khi hnh gi nh tm trn ,
n s t ng m ra trong c mi hng.
Trong trng hp no cng vy, nhim v ca hnh gi lc ny l phi gi cho tm an nh trn
kasia trng m rng ra , v khi n n nh, lc y cng ging nh treo mt ci nn trn
ci mc, hnh gi t tm mnh vo mt ch trn kasia trng y. Gi cho tm , v tip tc
ghi nhn "trng, trng".
Khi tm hnh gi an tnh v n nh, th kasia trng cng s c an tnh v n nh, ng thi
n cc k trng, sng v r rng. y cng l t tng (pibhga nimitta) do m rng t tng
kasia trng ban u to ra.
Hnh gi phi tip tc hnh thin, cho n khi c th nh tm trn t tng kasia trng y lin
tc trong mt hoc hai gi. Khi cc thin chi tr nn ni bt, r rng v mnh m trong tm
hnh gi, v hnh gi k nh t n s thin. Nm thin chi l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v t tm trn t tng kasia trng.
2. T (vicra): duy tr tm trn t tng kasia trng.
3. H (pti): thch th i vi t tng kasia trng.
4. Lc (sukha): cm gic sung sng i vi t tng.
5. Nht tm (ekaggat): s hp nht ca tm trn t tng kasia trng.
Cc thin chi hp li gi l thin (jhna). Sau khi c s thin xong, hnh gi tip tc tu tp nm
loi thun thc trong s thin, theo nh cch c m t trong bi ging v nim hi th, v
sau tu tp nh thin, tam thin, t thin cng nh cch lm ch cc bc thin y.

Lm th no tu tp cc Kasia mu cn li
Nu hnh gi tu tp thin kasia trng t n t thin bng cch dng mu trng ca mt b
xng bn ngoi ri th hnh gi cng c th tu tp kasia mu nu, xanh hoc en bng cch
dng tc bn ngoi, kasia vng bng cch dng mu m hoc nc tiu bn ngoi, v kasia
bng cch dng mu mu bn ngoi v.v... Hnh gi cng c th dng nhng th phn y trong
chnh thn mnh.
Khi thnh cng, hnh gi c th tu tp cc kasia mu bng cch dng mu ca nhng bng
hoa, hoc nhng i tng bn ngoi khc u c. Tt c nhng bng hoa mu xanh, nu
thm ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia xanh. Tt c nhng bng hoa vng ang mi gi hnh
gi tu tp kasia vng. Tt c nhng bng hoa mu ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia .
Tt c nhng bng hoa mu trng cng ang mi gi hnh gi tu tp kasia trng. Nh vy, mt
hnh gi thin xo c th dng bt c th g mnh thy tu tp nh v tu, c th l vt hu
tnh hay v tri, l bn trong hoc bn ngoi u c c.
Theo cc kinh in Pi, c Pht dy mi kasia. l bn kasia mu va cp, cng
thm su kasia t, nc, la, gi, h khng v nh sng.[8]
By gi, chng ta s bn n cch tu tp su kasia cn li.
Tu tp Kasia t
Mun tu tp kasia t, trc tin hnh gi phi tm mt mnh t bng, c mu nu ging
nh mu tri lc rng ng v khng ln vi cy que, , l trong . Ri dng mt ci cy hay
mt dng c no khc v mt vng trn ng knh khong ba tc (mt foot). l mc
thin ca hnh gi: mt kasia t. Hnh gi tp trung vo kasia y v ghi nhn n l "t, t".
Tp trung trn khong mt lt vi mt m, sau nhm mt li, v mng tng kasia t.
Nu khng th mng tng c tng (nimitta) bng cch ny, hnh gi nn ti lp li nh t
thin hi th, hoc t thin kasia trng. Ri dng nh sng ca nh nhn vo kasia t. Khi
thy tng ca t r nh lc hnh gi nhn vo vi mt m, nh vy l c hc tng
(uggaha nimitta), hnh gi c th ra i v tu tp tng kasia ny mt ch khc.
Hnh gi khng nn tp trung vo mu ca nimitta t (tng t), hoc vo nhng c tnh
cng, th v.v... ca yu t t (a i), m ch tp trung vo khi nim v t. C tip tc tu tp
hc tng (uggaha nimitta) ny cho n khi n tr nn trong sch, r rng, lc k nh
chuyn sang t tng (paibhga nimitta).
Sau , hnh gi nn m rng t tng ra dn mi ln mt t trong c mi phng, v tu tp
thin ny cho n t thin.

Tu tp Kasia Nc
Mun tu tp kasia nc, hnh gi phi dng mt ci t, hay x, hoc mt ging nc trong sch
r rng. Tp trung vo khi nim v nc nh "nc, nc; cho n khi hnh gi c c hc
tng (uggaha nimitta), sau pht trin hc tng y nh hnh gi lm vi kasia t.
Tu tp Kasia La
Mun tu tp kasia la, hnh gi nn dng mt ngn n cy, mt ng la hay bt k mt ngn
la no khc m hnh gi nh thy. Nu khng th mng tng ra c, hnh gi c th lm
mt bc mn hay tm chn khot mt l trn ng knh khong mt foot (3 tc) trn . t
bc mn pha trc ng la ci hay la rm y, sao hnh gi ch thy ngn la qua l thng.
Khng n khi, v ci hay rm ang chy, hnh gi ch tp trung vo khi nim v la
xem nh "la, la" cho n khi c c uggaha nimitta (hc tung) ri pht trin n theo cch
thng l.
Tu tp Kasia Gi
Kasia gi c tu tp qua xc gic, hoc th gic. Hnh gi phi tp trung vo gi ang thi qua
ca s hoc ca ra vo, xc chm trn thn th; hoc cnh nhng chic l hay cnh cy rung
chuyn trong gi. Tp trung vo khi nim v gi xem nh "gi, gi" cho n khi hnh gi c
c hc tng. Hnh gi c th phn bit tng ca gi bng cch lp li t thin vi mt i
tng kasia khc, v dng nh sng ca nh thy s chuyn ng ny bn ngoi. Hc
tng (uggaha nimitta) nh hi bc ln t cm sa nng, nhng t tng li l s bt ng (ca
hi y). Hy tu tp nimita (tng) theo cch thng l.
Tu tp Kasia nh Sng
Mun tu tp kasia nh sng, hnh gi phi nhn vo nhng tia sng khi chng chiu vo phng,
qua mt k nt trn tng chng hn, v ri trn sn nh, hoc khi nhng tia sng y chiu qua
nhng chic l ca mt cnh cy v ri trn t. Hnh gi cng c th nhn ln qua nhng cnh
cy, vo nh sng trn bu tri cao cng c. Nu khng th mng tng c theo cch ,
hnh gi c th t mt cy nn hay ngn n bn trong mt bnh t, ri t ci bnh y nh th
no nhng tia sng ht ra t ming bnh in ln trn tng. Tp trung vo vng nh sng trn
tng nh mt khi nim, k nh "nh sng, nh sng" cho n khi c c hc tng, ri tu tp
n theo cch thng l,
Tu tp Kasia H khng
Mun tu tp kasia h khng, hnh gi nn nhn vo khong khng trong cnh ca ra vo, ca
s, hay l kha. Nu khng th mng tng c h khng theo cch , hnh gi c th khot
mt l trn trn ming ba cng khong 2 tc cho n 3 tc, cm tm bng ln nhn, sao ch
thy bu tri qua l hng, khng c cy ci hoc nhng i tng khc. Tp trung vo khong
khng trong vng trn nh mt khi nim, xem nh "h khng, h khng", v tu tp tng
(nimitta) y theo cch thng l.

Bn Thin V Sc
Mt khi c bn thin sc gii vi tng kasia trong mi kasia, hnh gi c th tin hnh
tu tp bn thin v sc (arpa jhna):
- Khng v bin x (ksnacyatana)
- Thc v bin x (vcyatana)
- V s hu x (kicayatana)
- Phi tng, phi phi tng x (nevasa nsayatana)
Tu tp Khng V Bin X
Mun tu tp bn thin v sc, trc tin hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca sc. Thn
ngi c to ra bi tinh cha, huyt m ny c gi l "nghip sanh thn" hay "thn do nghip
sanh" (karajakya). V c thn nghip sanh ny m hnh gi phi b tn cng bi cc loi v kh
nh ao kim, gio mc, sng n, v phi chu b hnh h nh p th. Thn nghip sanh
cng cn phi hng chu nhiu loi bnh, nh au mt, au tai, au tim chng hn. V th hnh
gi phi suy xt vi tr tu rng v c thn nghip sanh do sc cu thnh, hnh gi phi chu
mi loi kh au, v nu nh hnh gi c th thot khi sc ny, hnh gi cng c th thot khi
kh au y.
Mc d t thin t sc vt qua c sc thn vt l th, song n vn phi da vo . Nh vy
hnh gi cn phi vt qua sc kasia. Sau khi suy xt nh vy, v hin ti khng cn dc h
i vi sc kasia, hnh gi phi lp li t thin vi mt trong chn kasia[9], chng hn nh
kasia t, xut khi thin y v suy xt n nhng bt li ca n: thin ny da trn sc, ci m
hnh gi khng cn dc h, thin ny c h ca tam thin l k th gn; v n th hn cc thin
v sc. C iu y hnh gi khng cn suy xt n nhng bt li ca cc tm hnh (nm thin
chi) trong t thin, bi v chng l nh nhau trong cc thin v sc. Gi y khng cn dc h
i vi t thin t sc, nhng hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh cht an tnh hn ca cc thin
v sc.
Sau hnh gi m rng tng, y l kasia t, sao cho n tr thnh v bin, hoc bao
nhiu ty c mun ca hnh gi, v thay th sc kasia vi khong khng n chim gi, nh
tp trung trn khong khng y k nh "h khng, h khng" hay "khng v bin, khng v
bin". Nhng g cn li l khong khng v bin trc b chim gi bi kasia.
Nu khng th lm c nh vy, hnh gi nn phn bit v tp trung vo khong khng ca
mt ch no trn tng kasia t, ri m rng, khong khng y ra n v tr v bin. Kt
qu l ton b tng kasia t c thay th bng h khng v bin.
C tip tc tp trung vo tng (nimitta) khng v bin y cho n khi c thin, ri sau hnh
gi tu tp nm loi thun thc. y l thin chng v sc th nht, cng cn gi l khng v bin
x.

Tu tp Thc V Bin X
Thc V Bin X (viacyatana) hay thin v sc th hai, c i tng l tm khng v
bin x (ksnacyatana citta), m i tng ca n vn l h khng v bin.
Mun tu tp thc v bin x, hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca khng v bin x,
l thin chng ny c t thin t sc k nh k th gn v bn thn n khng c an tnh nh
thc v bin x. Lc ny, khng cn dc h i vi khng v bin x, song hnh gi cng phi
suy xt n tnh cht an tnh hn ca thc v bin x. Ri tp trung vo tm c i tng l h
khng v bin y nhiu ln v ghi nhn n l "thc v bin, thc v bin" hoc ch "thc, thc".
C tip tc tp trung vo tng thc v bin cho n khi hnh gi t n thin (jhna), v sau
tu tp nm loi thun thc. Nh vy, y l thin chng v sc th hai, hay cn gi thc v
bin x thin.
Tu tp V S Hu X
Thin v sc th ba, cng cn gi l V s hu x thin (akicayatana), ly i tng l s
vng mt ca tm vn c khng v bin k nh i tng ca n, v tm ny cng chnh l i
tng ca thc v bin x.
Mun tu tp v s hu x, hnh gi phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca thc v bin x, nh
thin ny c khng v bin x l k th gn v bn thn n khng an tnh nh v s hu x. D
lc ny khng cn dc h i vi thc v bin x, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh cht an
tnh hn ca V s hu x. Ri tp trung vo s vng mt (hay phi hu) ca thc vn ly khng
v bin lm i tng ca n. Trong trng hp ny c hai tm thin: mt l tm thuc khng
v bin x (ksnac yatana citta), v hai l tm thuc thc v bin x (viacyatana
citta). M hai tm khng th khi ln trong mt st-na tm (cittakkhaa). Khi tm thuc khng
v bin x c mt, th tm kia khng th c mt, v ngc li. V vy, hnh gi ly s vng mt
ca tm thuc khng v bin x lm i tung, v ghi nhn n l "khng c g, khng c g"
hoc "vng mt, vng mt".
C tip tc tp trung vo nimitta (tng) y, cho n khi c thin, ri hnh gi tu tp nm loi
thun thc (i vi v s hu x). Nh vy, y l thin v sc th ba, cng cn gi V s hu
x thin.
Tu tp Phi Tng, Phi Phi Tng X
Thin v sc th t cng cn gi l Phi tng, phi phi tng x (nevasasayatana). S
d gi vy l v tng trong thin ny l cc k vi t. Thc s, tt c cc tm hnh trong thin
ny cng u vi t cc k nh vy, nn cng c th ni phi th phi phi th, phi tm phi phi tm,
phi xc phi phi xc v.v... Tuy nhin v thin ny c gii thch di dng tng, v v n c i
tng l tm thuc v s hu x[10], nn c t tn l Phi tng phi phi tng x vy thi.
Mun tu tp phi tng phi phi tng x thin, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n nhng bt li ca
v s hu x, tc l thy n c thc v bin x l k th gn, v bn thn n khng an tnh nh

phi tng phi phi tng x. Hn na, tung, nh c Th Tn ni, l bnh hon, l cc bu, l
mi tn. Lc ny, d khng cn dc h i vi v s hu x, hnh gi cng phi suy xt n tnh
cht an tnh hn ca phi tng, phi phi tng x. Ri tp trung lin tc vo tm ca v s hu x
k nh "an tnh, an tnh". C tp trung vo tng (nimitta) "an tnh, an tnh" nh vy lin tc,
cho n khi c thin, ri sau hnh gi tu tp nm loi thun thc. y l thin v sc th t,
cng cn gi l phi tng phi phi tng x.
Hm nay chng ta bn v cch tu tp mi kasia, v tm thin chng: bn thin sc gii, v
bn thin v sc. Trong bi ging k, chng ta s bn v cch lm th no tu tp bn phm tr
(brahmavihra): T, bi, h v x; v bn thin bo h (caturrakkha bhvan): Tm t, nim n
c Pht, qun bt tnh v nim s cht.
*
HI P 2
Hi 2.1: Ngi mi bt u hnh thin phi qun bnh nh cn v tu cn nh th no? H phi
thc hnh tu trong nim hi th ra sao?
p 2.1: Ngay trong bi ging u, chng ti ni v vic qun bnh ng cn (indriya), tuy
nhin y chng ti c th tm tt li nhng g ni y. Thc s, i vi hnh gi s c, vic
qun bnh ng cn khng quan trng lm. L do l v h ch l nhng ngi mi bt u, v cc
cn ca h vn cha pht trin. Lc u hnh thin, tm thng hay dao ng. Do cc cn
vn cha mnh v c nng lc. Ch khi no chng pht trin mnh v c nng lc, lc y mi
cn phi qun bnh chng. Tuy th, nu hnh gi s c c th qun bnh c cc cn ngay giai
on u, th d nhin, cng l iu tt.
Chng hn, lc ny hnh gi ang hnh thin nim hi th - npsati. Bit hi th l tu
(pa). Ghi nh hi th l nim (sati). S hp nht ca tm trn hi th l nh (samdhi). S
n lc bit hi th cho r rng l tinh tn (viriya). Tin rng nim hi th c th a n chng
thin l tn (saddh).
Hnh gi s c phi c gng pht trin cc cn mnh m v y nng lc ny. Tc l, nim tin
ca hnh gi trong php nim hi th phi mnh. Tinh tn ca hnh gi bit hi th mt
cch r rng phi mnh. Nim hay s ghi nh hi th ca hnh gi phi mnh. nh ca
hnh gi trn hi th phi mnh. Hnh gi phi thy hi th mt cch r rng, phi c gng
pht trin ng cn cho mnh m v qun bnh chng. Nu mt cn no thi qu, cc cn khc
s khng th lm nhim v ca chng mt cch thch ng.
Chng hn, nu tn qu mnh, n s to ra s xc ng. iu ny c ngha l tn cn khng th
duy tr cc tm hnh ng sanh trn hi th; nim cn khng th an lp c trn hi th; nh
cn khng th tp trung su vo hi th; v tu cn khng th bit hi th mt cch r rng.
Cn khi tinh tn thi qua, n s lm cho tm bt an, v th cc cn khc cng tr nn yu t, v
khng th thc hin nhng nhim v ca chng mt cch thch ng. Khi nim yu, hnh gi

chng th lm c g, v hnh gi khng th tp trung vo hi th, s c t hoc khng c tinh

tn phn bit hi th, v c th khng c tn trong khi y.
Hin ti, hnh gi ang hnh thin ch (samtha). Trong thin ch, nh mnh l tt, nhng nu
thi qu s to ra li bing, gii i. Khi li bing, cc cn khc cng tr nn yu i, v
khng th thc hin nhim v mt cch thch ng c.
giai on ny tu rt yu hoc h lit. N ch bit hi th t nhin. V vy, i vi hnh gi s
c ang hnh thin ch (samtha) ch cn bit hi th mt cch r rng l . Khi hc tng
(uggaha nimitta) hoc t tng (paibhga nimitta) xut hin, tr tu s bit hc tng hay t
tng y. C qu nhiu kin thc ph thng ngoi nhng iu ny s khng tt, v hnh gi c
th lun lun thch bn lun v bnh phm. Nu mt ngi hnh thin lun bn v bnh phm qu
nhiu v php nim hi th, chng ti c th ni rng tu ca ngi y thi qu, mt iu d lm
cho cc cn khc yu i v khng th lm nhim v mt cch tha ng c.
V vy, mc d cha phi l vic quan trng lm, song qun bnh cc cn vn c xem l c ch
di vi ngi mi bt u hnh thin. Qun bnh chng nh th no? Chng ta phi thc hnh
vi chnh nim v tinh tn mnh lit bit r hi th, v tp trung vo hi th vi nim tin
(tn).
Hi 2.2: Ti sao, sau khi t n t thin chng ta khng i thng vo phn bit ng un, tnh
cht v thng - kh - v ng ca chng, thnh tu Nit-bn? Ti sao trc khi c Nit-bn
chng ta cn phi hnh thin trn ba mi hai th trc, b xng, kasia trng, t i, danhsc, duyn khi v Vipassan (minh st)?
p 2.2: c Pht dy php hnh Minh st trn ng un cho ba loi ngi: ngi c tu nhy
bn, ngi m tu minh st ca h v danh khng c r rt, v ngi thch hnh Vipassan
(minh st) theo cch tm tt.
Th no l nm un? Th no l s khc nhau gia nm un v Danh-sc?
Trc khi tr li cu hi th hai ny, chng ta hy bn qua v Danh-sc v ng un. C bn thc
ti tuyt i hay php chn (paramattha), tm (citta), tm s (cetasik), sc (rpa) v Nitbn (Nibbna).
Mun t n Nit-bn, thc ti tuyt i th t, chng ta phi thy c tnh cht v thng,
kh v v ng ca ba thc ti kia, tc l, chng ta phi thy:
1. Tm mi chn loi tm
2. Nm mi hai tm s
3. Hai mi tm loi sc.[11]
Tm mi chn loi tm c gi l thc un (viakkhandha). Trong nm mi hai tm s,
th l th un (vedankkhandha); tng l tng un (saakkhandha); v nm mi tm s cn
li l hnh un (sakharakkhandha). C khi tm (citta), v cc tm s (cetasik) hp li gi l
Danh (nma). C khi chng li c thy di dng bn un: th un, tng un, hnh un v

thc un, gp li to thnh Danh un (nmakhandha). Sc un (rpakkhandha) l hai mi tm

loi sc. Tm, tm s v sc hp li gi l Danh-sc (nm rpa). i khi chng cng c gi
l ng un sc, th, tng, hnh v thc. Cc nhn ca chng cng ch l Danh-sc.
Nm un b chp th ny l Kh php (Dukkha sacca dhamm): cc php (dhamma) thuc v
Kh thnh . Chng cn phi c hiu l nh vy. Trong "Mahnidna sutta" (Kinh i
Duyn) thuc Trng B I, c Pht gii thch:
"Gio php Duyn khi ny tht l thm su, ny nanda, v thm su thay l php Duyn khi.
Ny nanda, chnh do khng khng hiu bit, khng th nhp Dhamma (php) ny, m chng
sanh hin ti b ri lon nh mt t kn, ri ren nh mt ng ch, bng nhng nh r lau an bn,
khng th tm c li thot ra khi vng lun hi vi nhng kh x, c th... a x ca n"
[12].
Lin quan n li tuyn b ny, cc bn ch gii gii thch.
Khng mt ngi no, ngay c trong gic mng, thot ra khi ci vng t sanh lun lu ng s,
tng hy dit (cc hu tnh) nh sm st, tr phi ngi y, bng dao tu, kho mi trn
thin nh cao thng, ct t c ci bnh xe Sanh Hu (duyn khi), vn khng a ra mt
c s no ( hiu c), do s thm su qu mc ca n, v cng kh chp nhn do tnh cht
phc tp ca nhiu php mn.[13]
iu ny c ngha l ngi hnh thin nu khng bit, khng th nhp php Duyn khi qua
nhng giai on Minh St Tu khc nhau, th khng th thot khi vng ti sanh lun hi.
Trong Aguttara Nikya (Tng Chi Kinh) iu ny c c Pht ni r: "V th no, ny
cc t khu, l Thnh v Tp khi ca Kh?
Do v minh lm duyn, (c) cc hnh; hnh lm duyn, c thc; thc lm duyn, c danh sc;
danh sc lm duyn, c lc nhp; lc nhp lm duyn c xc; xc lm duyn, c th; th lm
duyn, c i; i lm duyn, c th; th lm duyn, c hu; hu lm duyn, c sanh; sanh lm
duyn, c gi - cht, su, bi, kh, u, no.
Nh vy l ngun gc (tp khi) ca ton b kh un ny. Ny cc t khu, y gi l Thnh
v ngun gc "tp khi ca Kh."[14]
y cng c gi l php duyn khi. V c Pht tng ni duyn khi l Thnh v
Nguc gc ca Kh (samudaya sacca).
Thnh v Kh, l nm un chp th, v Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh, tc php Duyn
khi, c gi l cc Hnh (sakhr). Chng l i tng ca tu Minh st (vipassan).
nhng giai on khc nhau ca tu minh st hnh gi phi nm bt c cc hnh ny l v
thng, kh v v ng. Khng bit v th nhp chng, lm th no hnh gi c th nm bt c
chng l v thng v.v...? l l do ti sao chng ti phi dy thin Minh st theo h thng.

Mun bit sc chn , sc th un, hnh gi phi hnh thin t i cho ti khi thy c sc y
bao gm nhng phn t nh m chng ta gi l cc nhm hay tng hp sc (rpa kalapas), v
hnh gi cng cn phi thy c t i trong cc nhm sc nh y na[15]. Sau hnh gi cn
phn bit c hai: cn v i tng ca n cng vi nhau[16]. Khng phn bit sc theo cch ny,
hnh gi khng th no phn bit c danh, bn danh un chp th. l l do v sao chng ti
dy Vipassan theo tng giai on.
By gi, tr li cho cu hi th hai ca hnh gi. Theo truyn thng Pht gio Thng Ta B
(Theravda), c hai loi ti thin (kammahna) l: parihriya kammahna v sabbatthaka
kammahna. Prihriya kammahna - ng dng nghip x - l ti thin m c nhn mi
hnh gi qua tu tp nh dng lm nn tng cho Minh st (vipassan). Hnh gi phi lun
lun s dng ti thin ny nh nn tng ca mnh. Cn Sabbatthaka kammahna - Nht
thit x Nghip x - ngc li, l ti thin m tt c cc hnh gi u phi tu tp ging
nhau[17]. l bn thin bo h.
1. Thin tm T (mett bhvan)
2. Nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati)
3. Nim s cht (maranussati)
4. Qun bt tnh (asubha bhvan)
Nh vy, mc d mt hnh gi s dng nim hi th nh "ng dng nghip x" ca mnh, song
vn phi thc hnh bn thin bo h ny trc khi chuyn sang tu tp Minh st. y l cch tin
hnh theo ng truyn thng o Pht.
Mun tu tp thin tm t cho t n mt bc thin no , nu hnh gi tu tp thin kasia
mu trng t n t thin ri vn tt hn. Cu chuyn v nm trm v t khu m bi "Kinh T
Bi" (karayametta sutta) c c Pht dy cho h l mt in hnh. Cc v t khu ny rt
thng tho trong mi kasia ( mc bin x) v tm thin chng (sampatti), hnh Minh
st t n Sanh dit tu (udayabbaya a), v cng nhau i vo rng hnh thm. Nhng
cui cng h phi quay v vi c Pht v cc v ch Thin c ng trong khu rng y cm thy
kh chu trc s c mt ca cc v t khu v hin ra nhng tng qui d da dm cc v t
khu ny. Nhn c Pht dy h bi kinh "T Bi" va nh mt ti thin v va nh mt
bi kinh cu an (paritta). L mt ti thin, bi kinh ny dnh cho nhng v c thin tm t
(mett jhna) v ph b c cc ranh gii gia nhng loi ngi khc nhau[18]. Ni chung,
"Kinh T Bi" l mt php hnh v tm t c chuyn bit ha, trong hnh gi thc hnh
ln n tam thin bng cch m rng tm t n mi mt loi ngi vi ngh "Sukhino v
khemino hontu, sabbe satt bhavantu sukhitatt" (Cu mong tt c chng sanh c an n v
hnh phc v.v...). Kinh ni rng c Pht bit nm trm v t khu ny chc chn s hnh rt d,
v h thnh tho trong mi kasia. V thin tm t c hnh d dng hn nh thin kasia
nh th no?
Trong Tng Chi Kinh c Pht ni rng trong bn kasia mu (xanh, vng, , trng), kasia
trng l th thng nht[19]. Kasia trng lm cho tm hnh gi trong sng r rng. Mt ci tm
trong sch v tnh lng nh vy rt cao thng v y nng lc. Nu hnh gi hnh thin tm t
vi tm trong sng, khng c nhng phin no, th thng thng s c thin tm t trong mt

thi ngi thin. V vy nu hnh gi nhp t thin kasia trng, sau xut khi thin y, v
hnh thin tm t s rt d thnh cng.
t n t thin kasia trng, ngi hnh thin trc phi hnh thin b xng bn trong v
bn ngoi. V nh vy s lm cho thin kasia trng tr nn d hn. Do , sau t thin hi th
chng ti thng dy cc thin sinh hnh ba mi hai th trc, thin b xng v thin kasia
trng. Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, phn ln cc hnh gi u ni rng t thin kasia trng
tt hn t thin hi th, v n to ra mt ci tm r rng hn, trong sng hn v tnh lng hn,
c xem l rt hu ch cho vic hnh cc ti thin khc. V th chng ti thng dy thin
kasia trng trc khi thin tm t.
Cng c mt vn chung i vi nhng ngi mi hnh thin. C th hnh gi thnh thin
tm t ri. Nhng, hnh gi t n thin (jhna) cha? Trong thc hnh, nu mt hnh gi
mun m rng tm t n mt ngi cng phi no , trc ht hnh gi phi ly khun mt
ti ci ca ngi y lm i tng, ri tu tp tm t hng v ngi y vi ngh: "Cu
mong con ngi tt p ny thot khi s kh tm v.v...". i vi hnh gi s c, khun mt
ti ci y chng bao lu s bin mt. Hnh gi khng th no tip tc thin tm t ca mnh
c, v khng c i tng, do m hnh gi khng th c thin tm t hoc mt thin no
khc.
Nu hnh gi dng t thin kasia trng, th li khc. Hnh gi xut khi thin ny, v khi tu tp
tm t, lc y nh c nh i trc nn khun mt ti ci (i tng) s khng bin mt.
Hnh gi c th tp trung su vo hnh nh , v c th c n tam thin tm t trong mt thi
ta thin. Nu hnh gi hnh c h thng v t n ch ph b c nhng ranh gii gia cc
hng ngi, th thm ch hnh gi c th hnh c mi mt cch ri tm t theo Kinh T Bi
(Karayamett sutta), v nm trm hai mi tm cch cp trong b "Lun V Ngi Gii
o" (Paisambhid Magga)[20]. Cng chnh v l do ny, chng ti thng thng dy thin
kasia trng trc thin tm t.
Hnh gi cng c th hnh php mn nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati). Song hnh gi
c cn nh cha? Khi ngi no thnh cng trong thin tm t ri thc hnh php mn ty
nim Pht, h c th t n cn nh trong mt thi ngi thin, y cng l do c nh i
trc vy. Qun bt tnh (asubha) cng s tr nn d dng. Nu hnh gi hnh thin (qun) bt
tnh t n s thin, ri sau nim s cht (maranussati), hnh gi c th thnh cng trong
mt thi ngi thin.
l l do ti sao chng ti dy thin kasia trng truc bn thin bo h. Tuy nhin, nu mt
hnh gi mun i thng vo Minh st (vipassan), khng hnh bn thin Bo h, h c th lm
vy, khng c vn g c.
Hi 2.3: V sao, sau khi phn bit danh v sc ri, thin sinh cn phi hnh cc php mn
th nht v th nm ca php Duyn khi (paiccasamuppda) na? Php mn th nht v th
nm y l g? [21]

p 2.3: Theo truyn thng Thng Ta B, c by giai on Thanh Tnh (visuddhi). Nm

thanh tnh u l:
1. Gii thanh tnh (sla visuddhi)
Gii c bn loi[22]
- Gii phng h theo gii bn (Paimokkh savarasla)
- Gii phng h cc cn (indriya savara sla)
- Gii thanh tnh sanh mng (ajva prisuddhi sla)
- Gii lin quan t vt dng (paccaya sannissita sla)
2. Tm thanh tnh (citta visuddhi) - l cn nh v tm thin chng (sampatti).
3. Kin thanh tnh (dihi visuddhi) tc Danh Sc Phn tch tr (nma rpa paricchedaa)
4. on nghi thanh tnh (kakhvitaraa visuddhi) tc Tu nm bt Nhn duyn (paccaya
pariggaha a), hay ni cch khc l tu thy duyn khi tnh (paiccasamuppda)
5. o phi o tri kin thanh tnh (maggmaggaa dassana visuddhi) tc tu Thm st tam
tng (sammasana a) v tu qun Sanh dit (udyabbaya a) l nhng tu khi u ca
Minh st.
Nh vy, trc Minh st c bn thanh tnh. Ti sao? Minh st l "tu" lm nhim v thu r tnh
cht v thng, kh v v ng ca Danh Sc v cc nhn ca chng. Khng bit Danh Sc v
cc nhn ca chng, lm th no chng ta c th thu hiu c rng chng l v thng, kh v
v ng? Chng ta hnh minh st nh th no? Ch sau khi chng ta phn bit c danh sc
v cc nhn ca chng mt cch rnh mch, chng ta mi c th hnh thin minh st c.
Danh Sc v cc nhn ca chng c gi l cc "Hnh" (sakhra). Chng dit ngay khi va
sanh, y l l do v sao chng l v thng; chng phi chu sanh dit lin tc, nn l kh;
chng khng c t ng (atta) hoc mt bn th bn chc khng b tiu hoi, nn l v ng.
Hiu r v thng, kh v v ng theo cch ny l Minh st thc th. V vy trc khi hnh
Minh St, chng ti dy thin sinh phi phn bit danh, sc v duyn khi tnh. Ch gii gii
thch n nh l "aniccanti pacakkhandh"[23] (ng un l v thng), v "aniccanti khandha
pacaka"[24]. C ngha "V thng chnh l nm un". Nm un, ni cch khc, l danh sc v
cc nhn ca chng. Nh vy, Minh st thc th i hi ngi hnh thin phi bit nm un, v
cc nhn cng nh qu ca chng.
c Pht ty theo cn tnh ca ngi nghe m dy bn phng php phn bit duyn khi.
Trong V Ngi Gii o, cn c mt phng php na[25]. V chi l c nm phng php hay
nm php mn. Phng php th nht trong s c c Pht dy l phng php phn bit
duyn khi theo chiu thun.
V minh duyn hnh, hnh duyn thc, thc duyn danh sc, v.v...

Phng php ny ph bin trong Pht gio Nguyn Thy (hay Theravda), nhng li rt kh i
vi ai khng c kin thc v Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma). Ngay c nhng hnh gi c kin thc
Vi Diu Php tng i cng vn c kh nng gp nhiu kh khn.
Phng php th nm do Ngi X Li Pht dy, v c ghi li trong Kinh Tng Pi, b V
Ngi Gii o, tng i d i vi hnh gi mi thc hnh minh st. Phng php ny nhm
vo vic phn bit nm nhn qu kh to ra nm qu hin ti, v nm nhn hin ti s to ra nm
qu v lai. y l nguyn tc chnh trong phng php th nm. Nu hnh gi mun bit n bng
kinh nghim trc tip, hnh gi phi hnh cho ti giai on ny.
Sau khi thc hnh theo ng h thng php mn th nm ny, hnh gi s khng gp nhiu kh
khn khi hnh phng php th nht na. V l do ny chng ti dy phng php th nm
trc phng php th nht. D nhin chng ti s dy c nm phng php cho nhng ai c
thi gian, v nht l mun hnh thm. Nhng, cho d c Pht dy duyn khi theo cn tnh
ngi nghe, mt phng php cng l c Nit-bn ri. Cng vy, v phng php th
nht c xem l ph bin trong o Pht Nguyn Thy, nn chng ti dy c hai phng php
th nht v th nm cho tin.
Mt ln n, tn gi nanda sau khi hnh php Duyn khi theo bn cch. Vo bui chiu,
ngi i n gp c Pht v by t: "Bch c Th Tn, mc d php duyn khi thm su l
vy, n cng d i vi con." c Pht tr li.
"Etassa cnanda, dhammassa ananubodh, appaivedh evamaya paj tankkulakajta,
kulgathikajta, mujapabbajabht apya duggati vinipta sasra ntivattati."
Ngha l khng hiu r php duyn khi xuyn qua Ty gic tr (anubodha a) v Thng t
tr (paivedha a), con ngi khng th thot khi vng lun lu sanh t (sasra), v bn c
o (apya). Ty gic tr y l tr phn tch Danh Sc (nma rpa pariccheda a), v tr
phn bit (nm bt) Nhn Duyn (pacya pariggaha aa). Cn Thng t tr (Paivedha a)
l tt c cc minh st tr (vipassan a). V vy, khng hiu r duyn khi vi ty gic tr v
thng t tr ny, ta khng th t n Nit-bn. T on kinh trn, ch gii ni rng khng hiu
r duyn khi, khng ai c th thot khi vng lun lu sanh t, d l trong gic m.[26]
-ooOoo-

[1] D.II.9.; MN. I. 1.10.

[2] Ca vo thuc cc kasia mu cp trong Kinh i Nit-bn (Mah Parinibbna Sutta

D.II. 3.), Abhibhyatana sutta - A. viii. V. ii.5). Ca vo thuc qun bt tnh v khng tnh (v
ng) c cp trong "Mahasatipahna sutta - i Nim X Kinh. D.II.9. phn nim
Thn.
[3] Vs. VIII "Kyagatsati kath" B 214 (Mindfulness of the Body Explanation - Gii thch v
NimThn
[4] Vbh. A. vii. I "Suttantabhjanya kynupassan Niddesa".
[5] Vbh. Ti. ibid.
[6] Vbh, A. ibid
[7] A. X.I.iii.9. "Pahamakosala sutta" (First Kosala sutta")
[8] M. II. iii7 Mahsakuludy sutta (i kinh Sakuludya) v Das I (Ahkasia

soasakkattuka - Tm kasia v Mi su ln.)

[9] V l h khng khng phi l sc, do kasin.a h khng khng th c dng vt qua

sc kasin.a nhm t n mt thin chng v sc no .

[10] iu ny bn n trn, lin quan n nhng tng khc nhau trong nim hi th
(npnasati).
[11] Chi tit xem bn 1
[12] D.ii.2. "Mahnidna sutta" (Kinh i Duyn).
[13] Vbh. A. vi. I "Suttantabhjaniya Vaan" Vs. XVII.
[14] A.III.II.ii.I. "Titthyatano sutta" (Sectarian Doctrines sutta).
[15] Mun bit v thin t i v cc chi tit lin h, xem bi ging s 4.
[16] Xem thm phn "Gii thiu".
[17] V iu ti sao v nh th no hnh gi phi bo v thin ca mnh, xem li trn; chi tit
xem bi ging s 3.
[18] Chi tit thm v Thin tm t, xem "Lm cch no tu tp cc Phm Tr v Thin Bo h"
[19] A. X. I. iii.9 " Pathama Kosal Sutta"

[20] Ps. II. iv "Mett Kath" (Ch gii Thin Tm T).

[21] Chi tit v cch tu tp cc php mn th nht v th nm ca Duyn Khi php, xem bi

ging s 6.
[22] Vs I. "Slappabhedakatha".
[23] Vs. VIII "npnasati Kath" B. 236
[24] Vbh. A. ii I. "Suttantabhjanya Vaan"
[25] Ps. I. i. 4. Dhammahitia Niddeso
[26] Chi tit hn, xem li "Gii thiu"

BI PHP THOI 3

Tu tp Bn Phm Tr v Bn Thin Bo H
Gii thiu
Hm nay chng ta s tm hiu v cch tu tp bn Phm tr (cattro brahma vihra), v bn thin
bo h (catura rakkha bhvan). Bn phm tr l nhng ti thin thuc v:
1. T (mett)
2. Bi (Karu)
3. H (mudit)
4. X (upekkh)
Bn thin bo h l nhng ti thin thuc v:
1. T (mett)
2. Nim n c Pht (Buddhnussati)
3. Thin (qun) bt tnh (asubha bhvan)
4. Nim s cht (Marasussati)
Tu tp Tm T
Mun tu tp tm T hay T v lng tm (mett), trc ht hnh gi cn phi bit rng thin ny
khng nn tu tp i vi mt ngi khc phi (lingavisabhga), hoc mt ngi cht
(klkatapuggala).
Khng nn dng mt ngi khc phi lm i tng ( ri tm t), v dc tham i vi ngi
(nam hay n) y c th s pht sinh. Tuy nhin, sau khi hnh gi c thin th c th tu tp
tm t n ngi khc phi theo nhm, chng hn nh "cu mong tt c n nhn u c an
lnh". Mt ngi cht li cng khng nn dng, v hnh gi khng th c thin tm t vi mt
ngi cht lm i tng.
Nhng ngi m hnh gi nn tu tp tm t n h l:
- Bn thn (atta)
- Ngi hnh gi knh mn (piya puggala)
- Ngi hnh gi khng thng khng ght (majjhatta puggala)
- Ngi hnh gi ght (ver puggala)
Mc d vy, lc ban u hnh gi ch nn tu tp tm t n hai hng ngi l bn thn v ngi
m hnh gi knh mn. iu ny c ngha l lc mi hnh thin tm t, hnh gi khng nn ri
tm t n nhng loi ngi sau:
- Ngi hnh gi khng thch (appiya puggala)
- Ngi rt thn vi hnh gi (atippiya sahyaka puggala)

- Ngi hnh gi khng thng khng ght (majjhatta puggala)

- Ngi hnh gi ght (ver puggala)
Mt ngi hnh gi khng thch l ngi khng lm iu g c li cho hnh gi, hoc c li cho
nhng ngi m hnh gi quan tm. Ngi hnh gi ght l ngi lm iu tn hi n hnh gi,
hoc tn hi n nhng ngi m hnh gi quan tm. Nhng ngi ny rt kh cho hnh gi ri
tm t n h lc ban u, v sn hn c th khi ln (khi ngh n h). Bui u cng s kh tu
tp tm t n mt ngi m hnh gi khng thng khng ght. Cn trng hp ca mt ngi
rt thn, hnh gi c th b dnh mc vo ngi y, tc l qu lo lng, u t, thm ch khc than
nu nghe c iu g xy n cho ngi nam hay n y. V vy, bn loi ngi ny khng nn
dng lm i tng ri tm t lc ban u. Mc d sau , khi hnh gi c thin tm t ri,
hnh gi c th tu tp tm t n vi h.
Hnh gi khng th c thin khi dng chnh bn thn mnh lm i tng, cho d c tu tp thin
y c trm nm. Nh vy, ti sao li khi u bng vic tu tp tm t cho chnh mnh? Thc s
n khng c c d ch l cn nh, nhng v khi hnh gi tu tp tm t cho bn thn mnh,
vi ngh "Cu mong cho ti c an vui", ri hnh gi mi c th ng ha mnh vi mi
ngi; thy rng nu ta mun c an vui, khng mun au kh, mun c sng lu, khng
mun cht nh th no, th nhng ngi khc cng mun c an vui, khng mun kh, mun
c sng lu, khng mun cht nh th y.
Nh vy, hnh gi c th tu tp mt ci tm bit c mong hnh phc v thnh vng cho tha
nhn. Theo nhng li c Pht dy[1]:
Sabb dis anupaparigamma cetas,
Nevajjhag piyatara mattan kvaci.
Eva piyo puthu att paresa
Tasm na hise paramattakmo.
Tm ta i cng khp
Tt c mi phng tri
Cng khng tm thy c
Ai thn hn t ng
T ng i mi ngi
Qun thn i nh vy
Vy ai yu t ng,
Ch hi t ng ngi
Nh vy, ng ha mnh vi mi ngi theo cch ny, v lm cho tm du dng, thn i,
trc tin hnh gi phi tu tp tm t i vi chnh mnh vi ngh nh sau:
1. Cu mong cho ti thot khi him nguy (aha avero homi)
2. Cu mong cho ti thot khi kh tm (abypajjho homi)
3. Cu mong cho ti thot khi kh thn (angho hoti)
4. Cu mong cho ti c an vui, hnh phc (sukh attna pariharmi)

Nu tm chng ta du dng, nhn i, hiu bit, v c s ng cm i vi tha nhn, chng ta s tu

tp tm t n ngi khc khng my kh khn. V vy, tm t m hnh gi tu tp cho bn thn
mnh c mnh m v c nng lc tht l quan trng. Mt khi tm hnh gi tr nn du dng,
nhn i, hiu bit v c s ng cm i vi tha nhn, lc y hnh gi c th tu tp tm t i
vi h.
Lm cch no tu tp tm T n tng hng Ngi
Nu hnh gi c t thin hi th, hoc kasia trng, hnh gi nn lp li nh y cho nh
sng bng t v ta chiu. c bit l vi nh sng ca t thin kasia trng hnh gi thc s s
rt d tu tp thin tm T. L do l v vi nh ca t thin tm c thanh lc khi tham, sn, si
v nhng phin no khc. Sau khi xut khi t thin kasia trng, tm d un nn, d s dng,
thun tnh, trong sng v ta chiu, nh nhng iu kin ny, hnh gi trong mt thi gian rt
ngn c th tu tp tm T tht mnh m v hon ho.
Nh vy, vi nh sng mnh m v chi sng, hnh gi nn hng tm n mt ngi cng phi
m hnh gi knh mn; c th l thy t hoc bn ng tu ca hnh gi. Hnh gi s thy rng
nh sng ta khp mi hng chung quanh hnh gi, v bt c ngi no hnh gi chn lm i
tng cng u tr nn r rt. K hnh gi bt ly hnh nh ca ngui , ang ngi hoc
ang ng, v chn hnh nh no lm cho hnh gi thch nht v hnh phc nht. C gng hi
tng li thi gian ngi y c hnh phc nht m hnh gi tng thy, v chn hnh nh
. Lm cho hnh nh y xut hin trc mt hnh gi cch khong chng mt mt. Khi hnh gi
c th thy hnh nh ngi tht r rng trc mt, hy tu tp tm T n ngi vi bn
ngh:
1. Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny c thot khi him nguy (aya sappuriso avero hotu)
2. Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi kh tm (aya sappuriso abypajjo hotu)
3. Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi kh thn (aya sappuriso angho hotu)
4. Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny c an vui hnh phc (aya sappuriso sukh attna
pariharatu).
M rng tm t n ngi y vi cch nh vy khong ba hay bn ln, ri chn mt cch hnh
gi thch nht, chng hn, "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi mi him nguy". K,
vi hnh nh mi ca ngi , mi y l trng hp thot khi him nguy, m rng tm T
bng cch dng mt ngh tng xng, trong trng hp ny, "Cu mong con ngi hin thin
ny thot khi him nguy, cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi him nguy". Lp i lp
li nhiu ln, cho ti khi tm c an nh v gn cht trn i tng, ng thi hnh gi c th
phn bit cc thin chi. Ri duy tr php hnh cho n khi hnh gi t n nh thin v tam
thin. Sau ly mt cch khc trong ba cch cn li v tu tp tm t cho n tam thin. Mi ln
nh vy hnh gi phi c mt hnh nh tng xng cho cch chn, tc l, khi ngh "Cu mong
con ngi hin thin ny thot khi him nguy", th hnh gi phi c mt hnh nh c bit ca
ngi nh va c thot khi him nguy, khi ngh "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny
thot khi kh tm", hnh gi phi c hnh nh khc, mt trong nhng hnh nh v ngui
khng c kh tm hay u su v.v... Bng cch ny, hnh gi tu tp ba bc thin, v nh rng
mi trng hp cn phi thc hnh nm php thun thc (vas bhva).

Khi hnh gi thnh cng trong vic ri tm t n ngui mnh knh mn ri, hy lp li iu
vi mt ngi cng phi m hnh gi knh mn khc. C th lm nh vy vi khong mi
ngi thuc loi , cho n khi hnh gi c th t n tam thin ly bt c ai trong h lm
mc cng c. n giai on ny hnh gi c th tin hnh mt cch an ton ti nhng ngi
rt thn vi hnh gi (atippiyasahyaka), song vn phi cng phi. Ly khong mi ngi
thuc loi v tu tp tm t n h tng ngi mt, theo cch ni, cho ti khi t n tam
thin.
Lc ny hnh gi k nh thun thc thin tm t n mc c th tu tp n i vi khong
mi ngi cng phi m hnh gi ght, theo cch nh trn. Nu hnh gi thuc hng i nhn
ging nh c B tt khi Ngi lm kh cha Mahkapi, khng bao gi on ght ngi lm hi
mnh, v hnh gi thc s khng sn hn hay on ght mt ngi no, th khng cn phi tm
mt ngi (loi sn hn) dng lm mc thin y. Ch nhng ai c ngi mnh on ght
hay c cm mi c th tu tp tm t i vi loi ngi .
C thc hnh thin tm t theo cch ny, tc l theo cch tu tp nh cho n tam thin trn mi
loi ngi, tin dn t ngi ny n ngi k, t d nht n kh nht, lm cho tm hnh gi
cng lc cng tr nn du dng, nhn i v nhu nhuyn, n cui cng, khi hnh gi c th c
thin trn bt k loi ngi no trong bn loi: ngi hnh gi knh mn, ngi rt thn vi hnh
gi, ngi hnh gi khng thng khng ght vngi hnh gi on ght.
Lm th no ph b ranh gii (Smsambheda)
Khi hnh gi tu tp tm t lin tc nh vy, hnh gi s thy rng tm t ca mnh i vi nhng
ngi mnh knh mn, v nhng ngi thn thit tr nn bng nhau, v hnh gi c th xem h
nh mt, tc nh ch l ngi mnh thch. Lc hnh gi s ch cn bn loi ngi ny:
1. Bn thn.
2. Ngi hnh gi thch.
3. Ngi hnh gi khng a khng ght.
4. Ngi hnh gi on ght.
Hnh gi cn tu tp tm t lin tc i vi bn loi ngi ny, cho ti khi tm t i vi h tr
nn qun bnh, khng c s phn bit. Mc d hnh gi khng th c thin tm t vi chnh bn
thn mnh lm i tng, song vn cn phi k chung vo y qun bnh bn loi.
Mun lm iu ny, hnh gi cn lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia trng. Vi nh sng mnh
m v chi sng ca nh, hnh gi m rng tm t i vi bn thn mnh trong khong mt pht
hoc vi giy; ri hng v ngi hnh gi thch, k n mt ngi hnh gi khng a khng
ght, v ri n mt ngi hnh gi on ght, vi mi ngi nh vy phi t cho n tam thin.
Ri li ri tm t n bn thn mt cch ngn gn, tuy nhin, i vi ba loi kia, lc ny mi loi
phi l mt ngi khc. Hy nh tu tp chng vi tng cch nh ni: "Cu mong con ngi
hin thin ny thot khi him nguy", ri "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot khi kh
tm", v.v... vi mi i tng, cho n tam thin.

Nh vy mi ln hnh gi phi thay i ngi mi trong ba loi: ngi hnh gi thch, ngi
khng a khng ght v ngi hnh gi on ght. C lm i lm li nh vy nhiu ln vi cc
nhm bn khc nhau, sao cho tm hnh gi pht trin lng t lin tc khng gin on, v khng
c nhng s phn bit. Khi c th tu tp thin tm t i vi bt k loi ngi no trong bn
loi ny khng c s phn bit, hnh gi k nh thnh tu nhng g c gi l "s ph b
ranh gii" (simsambheda). Khi ranh gii gia nhng ngi c ph b, hnh gi c th tu
tp thm thin tm t ny, bng cch th tr php mn m Tn gi X Li Pht dy v c ghi
li trong b Paisambhidmagga - V Ngi Gii o.[2]
Hai Mi Hai Phm Tr M Rng Tm T
Php mn cp trong V Ngi Gii o bao gm hai mi hai phm tr qua hnh gi m
rng tm t ca mnh: nm phm tr m rng tm t khng nu r (anodhiso phara), by
phm tr m rng tm t c nu r (odhiso phara), v mi phm tr m rng tm t theo
phng hng (dis phara)
Nm phm tr khng nu r gm:
1. Tt c chng sinh (sabbe satt)
2. Tt c loi c hi th (sabbe p)
3. Tt c sinh vt (sabbe bht)
4. Tt c mi ngi (sabbe puggal)
5. Tt c cc c th (sbbe attabhva pariyapann)
By phm tr c nu r gm:
1. Tt c n nhn (sabb itthyo)
2. Tt c nam nhn (sabbe puris)
3. Tt c thnh nhn (sabbe ariy)
4. Tt c phm nhn (sabbe anriya)
5. Tt c ch thin (sabbe dev)
6. Tt c nhn loi (sabbe munuss)
7. Tt c chng sanh trong cc cnh gii thp (sabbe viniptik)
Mi phm tr theo phng hng gm:
1. Hng ng (puratthimya disya)
2. Hng Ty (pacchimya disya)
3. Hng Bc (uttarya disya)
4. Hng Nam (dakkiya disya)
5. Hng ng Nam (puratthimya anudhisya)
6. Hng Ty Bc (pacchimya anudisya)
7. Hng ng Bc (uttarya anudisya)
8. Hng Ty Nam (dakkhinya anudisya)
9. Hng di (hehimya disya)
10. Hng trn (uparimya disya).

Tu tp Nm Phm Tr Khng Nu R nh th no
Mun tu tp php mn thin tm t ny, hnh gi cng phi lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia
trng nh trc, ri tu tp tm t i vi bn thn, mt ngi hnh gi knh mn hoc thn thit,
mt ngi khng thng khng ght, v mt ngi hnh gi on ght, cho n khi khng cn
nhng ranh gii gia h v hnh gi.
K dng nh sng sng chi, rc r ca nh thy tt c chng sanh trong mt vng rng
ln quanh hnh gi, quanh nh hay tu vin. Khi cc chng sanh y c thy r rng ri, hnh
gi c th tu tp tm t n h theo nm phm tr khng nu r, v by phm tr c nu r, tng
cng l mi hai. mi phm tr hnh gi nn ri tm t theo bn cch:
1. Cu mong h thot khi him nguy
2. Cu mong h thot khi kh tm
3. Cu mong h thot khi kh thn
4. Cu mong h c an vui, hnh phc...
"H" y l mt trong mi hai phm tr k, nh tt c chng sanh, tt c ch thin v...
Nh vy hnh gi s ri tm t tng cng bn mi tm cch [(7+5)4)=48].
Nhng chng sanh trong mi phm tr phi c thy r rng trong nh sng ca nh v s
hiu bit. Chng hn nh, khi hnh gi m rng tm t n tt c n nhn, th hnh gi phi thc
s thy nhng n nhn trong vng xc nh vi nh sng ca nh. i vi cc phm tr khc
cng phi thy thc s nh vy. Hnh gi phi tu tp mi phm tr cho n tam thin trc khi
chuyn sang phm tr k tip, v phi hnh theo cch ny cho ti khi tr nn thnh tho trong
vic ri tm t theo tt c bn mi tm cch.
Mt khi thnh tho, hnh gi nn m rng vng n nh y ra ton cha, ton lng, ton
tnh, ton bang, ton nc, ton th gii, ton thi dng h, ton gii ngn h, v ton v tr v
bin. Mi trong nhng vng m rng ny, hnh gi tu tp theo bn mi tm cch ni cho
n tam thin.
Khi thnh tho ri hnh gi c th tin hnh sang phm tr mi hng.
Tu tp Phm Tr Theo Mi Hng
Cc phm tr ri tm t theo mi hng bao gm bn mi tm phm tr bn n trc
mi trong mi hng.
Hnh gi phi thy tt c chng sanh trong ton th v tr v bin theo hng ng ca hnh
gi, v m rng tm t n h theo bn mi tm cch. Ri cng lm y vy i vi hng Ty
ca hnh gi v cc hng khc.
iu ny a tng s ln bn trm tm mi cch m rng tm t (10x48=480). Nu thm bn
mi tm phm tr bin mn tm t ban u vo, chng ta c nm trm hai mi tm cch m
rng tm t (480+48=528).

Khi hnh gi thun thc nm trm hai mi tm cch ri tm t ny, hnh gi s kinh nghim
mi mt li ch ca vic hnh tm t m c Pht dy trong Kinh Tng Chi (Anguttara
Nikya)[3]:
"Ny cc T khu, khi t tm gii thot c trau di, c tu tp, c thc hnh, c lm
thnh c xe, c lm thnh nn tng, c an tr, c cng c, v th tr ng cch, thi mi
mt li ch c th trng i. Th no l mi mt? (1) Ngi y ng an lc; (2) thc an lc; (3)
khng c mng; (4) c loi ngi thn i (5); cc hng phi nhn thn i; (6) ch thin bo h;
(7) khng b la, thuc c, binh kh xc chm; (8) tm d c nh; (9) sc mt trong sng; (10)
lc cht khng ri lon; v (11) nu khng c cao hn, ngi y s ti sanh Phm Thin gii."
Tu tp Tm Bi
Mt khi hnh gi tu tp tm t nh va m t trn c ri th vic tu tp phm tr Bi v
lng s khng kh. tu tp tm bi, trc ht hnh gi phi chn mt ngi cng phi vi
mnh ang chu au kh. Hnh gi phi lm khi dy lng bi mn i vi h bng cch suy xt
n ni kh au m h ang gnh chu.
K lp li t thin vi kasia mu trng, nh vy nh sng s trong sng hn, v dng nh
sng thy ngi y, ri tu tp tm t cho n tam thin. Xut khi tam thin, hnh gi tu
tp tm bi i vi ngi ang au kh vi ngh "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny thot
khi kh au" (aya sappuriso dukkh muccatu). Lm vy nhiu ln, lp i lp li cho ti khi
hnh gi c s thin, ri nh thin, v tam thin cng vi nm php thun thc cho mi bc
thin chng. Sau , hnh gi s tu tp tm bi nh lm vi tm t, l, tu tp cho bn thn,
cho mt ngi hnh gi thch, mt ngi hnh gi khng thch cng khng ght, v mt ngi
hnh gi on ght, cho n tam thin, ti khi cc ranh gii c ph b.
Mun tu tp tm bi i vi nhng chng sanh khng c phng din au kh no r rng c,
hnh gi phi suy t trn s kin rng mi chng sanh cha gic ng u phi cm th nhng kt
qu ca iu c m h lm trong qu trnh lang thang qua vng t sanh lun hi, v vy c lc
phi ti sanh trong bn c o (a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh v atula). Hn na, mi chng sanh
u ng thng tm, v h chc chn khng thot khi ci kh ca gi, au v cht.
Sau khi suy xt nh vy, hnh gi cng tu tp tm bi nh tu tp tm t, tc l tu tp tm bi i
vi chnh bn thn mnh v hai loi ngi thng thng cho n tam thin, ti khi cc ranh gii
c ph b.
Sau hnh gi cn phi tu tp tm bi theo cng mt trm ba mi hai cch m hnh gi tu
tp tm t, l: nm phm tr khng nu r, by phm tr c nu r, v mt trm hai mi
phm tr theo phng hng [5+7+(10x12)=132].

Tu tp Tm H
Mun tu tp tm H v lng hay H phm tr (mudit), hnh gi phi chn mt ngi cng
phi vi mnh v ang hnh phc, ngi m hnh nh ca h lm cho hnh gi sung sng, v
ngi m hnh gi rt thch c thn thin vi h.
K tip hnh gi lp li t thin trn kasia trng, nh vy nh sng sng t r rng hn, ri
dng nh sng y thy ngi , v tu tp tam thin trn mc tm t. Xut khi tam thin
v tu tp tam thin tm bi. Xut khi tam thin tm bi v tu tp tm h n ngi ang hnh
phc y vi ngh: "Cu mong con ngi hin thin ny khng phi xa la nhng thnh cng y
t c" (aya sappuriso yathladdhasampattito mvigacchatu). Lp i lp li nh vy
nhiu ln cho n hnh gi t n s thin, nh thin, v tam thin, cng vi nm loi thun thc
cho mi thin chng.
K tip hnh gi tu tp thin tm h cho chnh bn thn mnh v ba loi ngi thng thng ln
n tam thin, cho ti khi cc ranh gii c ph b. Cui cng hnh gi tu tp tm h i vi
tt c chng sanh trong v tr v bin theo mt trm ba mi hai cch.
Tu tp Tm X
Mun tu tp tm X v lng hay X phm tr (upekkh), trc ht hnh gi phi thit lp li t
thin trn kasia trng. Sau chn mt ngi cng phi vi hnh gi v cn sng, i vi
ngi ny hnh gi khng thng cng khng ght (c thi dng dng), v tu tp tm t, bi
v h n h cho n tam thin. Ri xut khi tam thin v suy xt n nhng bt li ca ba
phm tr (t, bi, h) , ngha l thy chng gn vi lng thng yu, vi a v ght, vi hnh
din v mng vui. Sau suy xt n t thin y c trn x l an tnh hn. Ri hnh gi tu tp tm
x i vi ngi mnh khng a khng ght y vi ngh: "Con ngi hin thin ny l k tha
t ca nghip ring ca y (aya sappuriso kammassako)". Lp i lp li iu ny nhiu ln cho
ti khi hnh gi t n t thin v nm loi thun thc ca n. Vi s h tr ca tam thin thuc
t, bi v h, khng bao lu hnh gi s pht trin c t thin thuc x ny.
Sau tu tp x n mt ngi hnh gi knh mn hoc thn i vi hnh gi, n mt ngi rt
thn, v n mt ngi hnh gi th ght. Ri li n chnh bn thn hnh gi, n mt ngi
knh mn hoc thn i, mt ngi khng thng khng ght, v mt ngi hnh gi th ght,
cho ti khi ph b c ranh gii gia hnh gi (v mi ngi).
Cui cng tu tp tm x v lng ny ti tt c chng sanh trong v tr v bin theo mt trm ba
mi hai cch ni trn.
n y hon tt vic tu tp Bn phm tr hay T V Lng Tm.

Tu tp Bn Thin Bo H
Bn ti thin tm T, nim n c Pht, qun Bt tnh v nim S Cht c gi l "Bn
thin Bo H". S d gi l "Bn Thin Bo H" v chng bo v cho ngi hnh thin (hnh
gi) khi cc loi him nguy. Chnh v l do ny m vic hc v tu tp chng trc khi tin hnh
tu tp thin Minh St (vipassan) l iu ng phi lm. trn chng ta tho lun v cch
lm th no tu tp tm t ri, v vy by gi chng ta s ch bn v vic tu tp ba loi thin
bo h khc cn li. Chng ta hy bt u vi nim n c Pht.
Tu tp Nim n c Pht
Ty nim Pht hay nim n c Pht (buddhnussati) c th c tu tp bng cch nhn vo
chn n c ca c Pht, dng cng thc m Ngi (c Pht) thng xuyn a ra trong cc
bn kinh[4]:
Itipiso Bhagav (c Th Tn l nh vy):
1. Araha
2. Samm Sambuddho
3. Vijj caraa sampanno
4. Sugato
5. Lokavid
6. Anuttaro Purisadamma Srathi
7. Satth Deva Manusna
8. Buddho
9. Bhagav'ti
Nhng n c ny c th c gii thch tm tt nh sau:
1. c Th Tn ny, sau khi dit tn mi phin no, l bc ng cng dng: Araha (ng
cng).
2. Ngi t mnh t n s gic ng vin mn: Sammsambuddho (Chnh bin tri).
3. Ngi ton ho c minh ln hnh: Vijjcarana sampanno (Minh hnh tc).
4. Ngi ch ni nhng g em li li ch v chn chnh: Sugato (Thin th).
5. Ngi bit r cc th gian: Lokavid (Th gian gii).
6. Ngi l bc iu phc nhng ngi ng c iu phc khng ai bng c: Anuttaro
Purisadamma Srathi (V thng s iu ng trng phu).
7. Ngi l Thy ca ch Thin v nhn loi: Satth Deva Manussna (Thin nhn s).
8. Ngi l bc gic ng: Buddho (Pht).

9. Ngi l bc s hu may mn nht nhng qu nghip cng c lm trc y: Bhagav

(Th Tn).
By gi chng ta s ni n cch tu tp nh, chng hn nh, vi n c th nht: Araha (ng
cng). Theo Visuddhi-magga (Thanh tnh o), t Pi: Araha c nm cch nh ngha:
1. V Ngi hon ton tiu dit, khng cn d tn, mi phin no v nhng tin khin tt
(khuynh hng quen thuc), nh vy t mnh xa la chng, nn c Pht l bc ng cng
dng: Araha (ng cng).
2. V Ngi ct t mi cu u vi gm Thnh o A-la-hn, nn c Pht l bc ng cng
dng: Araha.
3. V Ngi b gy v tiu dit mi cy cm ca bnh xe duyn khi, bt u vi v minh v
tham i, nn c Pht l bc ng cng dng: Araha.
4. V gii, nh, tu ca Ngi khng ai snh bng, nn c Pht c cc hng Phm thin, ch
thin v loi ngi v cng knh trng, do Ngi l bc ng cng dng: Araha.
5. V Ngi khng bao gi lm nhng iu c bng thn, khu v d ni vng v, kn o, nn
c Pht l bc ng cng dng: Araha.
Mun tu tp thin ny, hnh gi phi ghi nh nm nh ngha ny tht y tng c. Sau
lp li t thin kasia trng hay t thin hi th, nh vy nh sng bng t r rng hn.
Sau lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia trng, nh vy nh sng bng t r rng hn. Ri
dng nh sng y mng tng mt hnh nh ca c Pht m hnh gi nh c vi lng
yu mn v knh trng. Khi hnh nh Pht c r rng ri, hnh gi hy xem nh c Pht
thc s v tp trung tm trn y.
Nu trong qu kh hnh gi may mn gp c Pht, th hnh nh ca Ngi c th ti hin.
Trong trng hp ny, hnh gi cng phi tp trung vo nhng n c ca Pht, ch khng ch
hnh nh Ngi m thi. Nu hnh nh ca c Pht thc khng xut hin, th trc tin hy xem
hnh nh mng tng nh c Pht thc, ri hi tng li nhng n c ca Ngi. Hnh gi
c th chn mt nh ngha v Araha no m mnh thch nht, ly ngha (ca n c y) lm
i tng, v hi tng i hi tng li nhiu ln ngha y k nh Araha (A-la-hn).
Khi nh tm ca hnh gi pht trin v mi lc mt mnh hn, hnh nh ca c Pht s bin
mt v lc ny hnh gi s ch duy tr nh tm trn n c chn. C tip tc tp trung vo n
c cho ti khi cc thin chi sanh ln, mc d vi thin ny hnh gi ch c th t n cn
nh (upacara-jhna). Hnh gi cng c th tp trung vo nhng n c Pht cn li, theo cch
nh trn na.

Tu tp Qun bt tnh
Thin bo h th hai l qun bt tnh (asubha bhvan) trn mt t thi. Mun tu tp thin ny
hnh gi cng phi thit lp li t thin hi th hoc kasia trng, nh vy nh sng sng t r
rng hn. Ri dng nh sng y mng tng mt xc cht khng khip nht, cng phi (vi
hnh gi), m hnh gi nh tng thy. Dng nh sng thy xc cht chnh xc nh khi
hnh gi thc s thy n trong qu kh. Khi thy n r ri, hy lm cho n xut hin thc
gh tm n mc c th c. Tp trung vo v ghi nhn "bt tnh, bt tnh" (patikkla,
patikkla)[5]. Tp trung trn i tng bt tnh ca t thi cho n khi hc tng (uggaha-nimitta)
tr thnh t tng (patibhga-nimitta). Hc tng l hnh nh ca t thi ging nh khi hnh gi
thc s thy trong qu kh, v l mt cnh tng kinh d, ng s v gm ghic, nhng t tng
li ging nh mt ngi tay chn to ln ang nm y sau khi n ung y bng. Tip tc tp
trung vo t tng (nimitta) y cho ti khi hnh gi t n s thin, v ri tu tp nm loi thun
thc (ca s thin).
Tu tp Nim s cht
Thin bo h th ba l nim s cht (maran nussati). Theo kinh i Nim X
(Mahsatipatthna) v b Thanh tnh o, nim s cht cng c th c tu tp bng cch dng
mt t thi m hnh gi nh thy. Do , hnh gi nn lp li s thin vi tnh cht bt tnh ca
mt t thi, v vi t thi bn ngoi y k nh i tng, suy xt: "Thn ny ca ta y cng c
cng bn cht phi cht nh vy. Qu thc, n s cht ging nh t thi ny. Khng th no trnh
khi tr thnh nh th ny." Bng cch gi cho tm tp trung trn (t thi y) v nim tng ci
cht ca chnh hnh gi, hnh gi s thy rng ngha kinh cm (savega)[6] c nh thc
dy (hay pht trin). Vi tr (kinh cm) ny, c th hnh gi s thy thn ca mnh nh mt xc
cht bt tnh nh vy. Tng tri rng mng cn (life-faculty) trong t thi y b ct t, hnh
gi tp trung vo s vng mt ca mng cn (tui th) vi mt trong nhng tng sau y:
1. Ci cht ca ta l chc chn, cn mng sng l khng chc (maraa me dhuva, jvita me
adhu va)
2. Chc chn ta s cht ... (marana me bhavissati)
3. Mng sng ca ta s chm dt trong ci cht. (maraapariyosna me jvita)
4. Cht ... cht (maraa maraa)
Hy chn mt trong bn cu trn v nim tng bng bt k ngn ng no cng c. Tip tc
tp trung vo hnh nh vng mt mng cn (th mng) trong chnh xc cht ca hnh gi, cho ti
khi cc thin chi khi ln, mc d vi mc thin ny hnh gi ch c th t n cn nh.
Tm tt
Nh trn cp, bn mc thin: tm t, nim n c Pht, qun bt tnh v nim s cht
c gi l Bn thin Bo h, bi v chng bo v ngi hnh thin khi nhng him nguy.
Trong "Kinh Meghiya" mt bi kinh thuc Tiu b (Khuddaka Nikya) c ni:

Asubh bhavetabb rgassa pahnya, mett bhvetabb bypdassa pahnya; npanassati

bhvetabb vitakkupacchedya.
(Mun loi tr dc tham, qun bt tnh phi c tu tp; loi tr sn, tm t phi c tu tp; v
nim hi th cn phi c tu tp ct t nhng t duy lan man).
Theo bi kinh ny, qun bt tnh c xem l v kh tt nht loi tr dc tham. Nu hnh gi
ly mt t thi lm i tng, v xem nh l bt tnh, th gi l "tnh cht bt tnh ca mt
th xc v thc" (aviaka asubha). Cn nu ly ba mi hai th phn ca mt chng sanh,
v thy chng l bt tnh (nh kinh Girimnanda trong Tng chi b kinh m t) th gi l
"tnh cht bt tnh ca mt thn sng, hay hu thc " (saviaka asubha). C hai hnh thc
qun bt tnh ny u l li kh cho vic loi tr dc tham.
V kh tt nht loi tr sn hn l tu tp tm t, v loi tr t duy tn lon l nim hi th.
Hn na, khi tn cn trong thin li lng, v tm cn nht, v kh tt nht l tu tp nim n c
Pht. Khi tm kinh cm li lng, v hnh gi cm thy chn vi vic hnh thin, th v kh tt
nht l nim s cht.
Hm nay chng ta bn v cch tu tp bn Phm Tr v bn Thin Bo H. Trong bi ging
k, chng ta s bn n cch tu tp thin Minh st, bt u vi php hnh thin t i, v phn
tch v cc loi sc khc nhau.
Cc li ch ca Thin Ch (Samatha)
Trc khi chm dt bi ging ny, ti mun cp mt cch tm tt mi lin h gia Thin Ch
v Thin Minh St.
Trong Tng ng Kinh, c Pht c ni:
Samdhi, bhikkhave, bhvetha; samhito, bhikkhave, bhikkhu yathbhta pajnti. Kica
yathbhta pajnti? Rpassa samudayaca atthagamaca, vednaya samudayaca
atthagamaca, sannya samudayaca atthagamaca, sakhrna samu dayaca
atthagamaca, viassa, samudayaca atthagamaca.
(Ny cc t khu, cc ng nn tu tp nh. V t khu c nh s tu tri cc php nh chng thc
s l. V th no (l cc php) v y tu tri nh chng thc s l? S sanh khi ca sc v s
hoi dit ca n; s sanh khi ca cc cm th, ca cc tng, ca cc hnh, v s hoi dit ca
cc cm th, ca tng v cc hnh y; s sanh khi ca thc v s hoi dit ca thc y.)
Do v t khu c nh s tu tri nm un, cc nhn ca nm un, cng nh s sanh khi v
hoi dit ca chng. V y thy r rng do s sanh khi ca cc nhn (ca chng) m nm un
sanh, v do s dit hon ton ca cc nhn y m nm un cng dit hon ton.
Thin Ch (Samatha) m chng ta bn lun trong hai bi ging u v bi ging hm nay to
ra nng lc nh mnh. Chnh nh sng ca nh ny s cho php hnh gi thy c danh-sc
chn hnh Minh St. Vi nng lc nh thm su, mnh m y, hnh gi c th thy r tnh

cht v thng, kh, v v ng ca Danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng. S trong sng r rng ny

l mt li ch ln xut pht t Thin Ch.
Hn na, Thin Ch cn cho hnh gi mt ni ngh ngi. Trong thin Minh St, do phn bit qu
nhiu nn mt mi c th pht sanh. Trng hp nh vy, hnh gi c th tr vo mt bc thin
no mt thi gian ngh ngi. S ngh ngi ny s lm cho tm hnh gi c ti tnh tr
li, v sau c th tr li vi cng vic minh st. Nh vy, bt c khi no mt mi pht sinh,
hnh gi c th nhp thin an dng tr li.
y l nhng li ch ca Thin Ch m hnh gi cn phi nh, khi chng ta bc sang bi ging
sau v thin Minh st.
*
HI P 3
Hi 3.1: Trong nim hi th (npnasati) c chun b tng (parikamma-nimitta), hc tng
(uggaha-nimitta) v t tng (patibhga-nimitta). Th no l chun b tng? C phi chun b
tng lun lun c mu xm khng? G l s khc nhau gia chun b tng v hc tng?
p 3.1: Trong nim hi th c ba loi tng (nimitta), ba loi nh (samadhi), ba loi thin hay
tu tp (bhvana).
Ba loi tng l:
1. Chun b tng - parikamma-nimitta
2. Hc tng - uggaha-nimitta
3. T tng - paibhga-nimitta
Ba loi nh l:
1. Chun b nh - parikamma-samdhi. i khi nh ny cn c gi l st-na nh (khaikasamdhi)
2. Cn nh - upacra-samdhi
3. An ch nh - appan-samdhi
Cng cn gi l nh ca bc thin nh tm thin chng[7]
Ba loi tu tp l:
1. Tu tp chun b (parikamma bhvan)
2. Tu tp cn hnh (upacra bhvan)
3. Tu tp an ch (appan bhvan)
i tng ca chun b nh c th l chun b tng, hc tng, v i khi cng c th l t
tng. Tu tp chun b cng ging nh chun b nh vy.

Cn nh thc th, v tu tp cn nh thc th rt gn vi An ch nh hay bc thin (jhna); y

l l do ti sao chng c gi l cn (access = gn). Song c khi nh thm su v mnh m
trc nh an ch, vi t tng (ptibhga nimitta) lm i tng, cng c gi l "cn nh"
hoc "cn thin" nh mt li n . Khi chun b nh hoc st-na nh c pht trin y s
dn n cn nh. Khi cn nh c tu tp sung mn s a n an ch nh (jhna).
Trong cc bui ging trc chng ta bn lun v tng (nimitta) ri. Nh ni, tng c ba
loi l: chun b tng, hc tng v t tng.
1. Chun b tng (parikamma nimitta): chng ta bit hi th t nhin l mt nimitta (tng).
im xc chm cng l tng. y nimitta l i tng ca s tp trung hay s nh tm. Ch
gii ni rng tng mi (nsika nimitta), v tng mi trn (mukha nimitta) l nhng
parikamma nimitta (chun b tng) cho hnh gi mi thc hnh. Khi s nh tm mnh hn mt
cht, mt mu xm nh khi thng xut hin quanh l mi. Mu xm nh khi ny cng l
chun b tng. N cng c th c mu khc na. S nh tm v tu tp giai on chun b
tng c xem l bc s khi.
2. Hc tng (uggaha nimitta): Khi chun b nh tng cng sc mnh v nng lc th ci mu
xm nh khi y thng chuyn sang mu trng, trng nh bng gn vy. Nhng n cng c th
tr thnh mu khc, do mt chuyn i no trong tng[8]. Khi tng thay i, mu sc v
hnh dng ca tng cng c th thay i. Nu mu sc v hnh dng thay i thng xuyn qu,
th nh tm s dn dn suy gim. iu ny xy ra l v khi tng ca hnh gi thay i, i
tng ca hnh gi cng thay i theo cch tng tri y v nh vy c ngha l hnh gi c
nhng i tng khc nhau. Do , hnh gi phi b qua mu sc v hnh dng ca tng v nn
tp trung vo n ch nh mt tng hi th (npna-nimitta) m thi. S tp trung v tu tp
trn hc tng (uggaha nimitta) cng l bc s khi.
3. T tng (paibhga-nimitta): Khi s nh tm tr nn mnh m v vng chc hn na, hc
tng s chuyn sang t tng. Thng thng t tng s trong sng v ta chiu ging nh
sao mai. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny cng vy, nu tng thay i th nimitta cng c th
thay i. Chng hn, khi nh tm vng chc v mnh m, hnh gi mun tng l di n s tr
thnh di; mun ngn n s tr thnh ngn; mun mu nh hng ngc n s tr thnh nh
hng ngc. Thanh Tnh o khuyn hnh gi khng nn lm nh vy[9]. V nu lm, th d cho
nh c thm su my i chng na, n cng s dn dn suy gim. iu ny l do hnh gi c
nhng tng khc nhau, v do nhng i tng cng khc nhau. V vy, hnh gi khng nn
a chi vi tng (nimitta). Nu a chi vi tng th hnh gi s khng th no c thin
(jhna) c.
Giai on ban u ca nh v tu tp (Thin) trn t tng cng cn l giai on chun b.
Nhng khi gn vi bc thin (jhna) th chng l cn nh v tu tp cn hnh. Khi an ch khi
ln, nimitta vn l t tng (patibhga nimitta), nhng nh by gi l an ch nh, v tu tp l tu
tp an ch (appan bhvan).

Hi 3.2: Th no l s khc nhau gia cn nh v an ch nh?

p 3.2: Khi t tng xut hin, nh s rt mnh v vng chc. Nhng giai on ny, tc giai
on cn nh ny cc thin chi cha c pht trin sung mn v tm hu phn (bhavaga =
tm duy tr i sng) vn khi ln; hnh gi ri vo hu phn. Trong trng thi ny hnh gi s
cho rng mi th dng li, hoc c th ngh l Nit-bn, v ni: "lc y ti khng cn bit
g ht". Nu nh hnh gi thc hnh theo cch ny, cui cng hnh gi c th tr trong hu phn
(bhavaga) mt thi gian kh di.
Trong bt k loi php hnh no, d tt hay xu, nu thc hnh thng xuyn, ngi ta s thnh
tu mc ch ca mnh. "Thc hnh lm cho hon thin l vy". Trong trng hp ny cng th,
nu hnh gi hnh i hnh li nhiu ln theo cch nh vy, hnh gi c th ri vo hu phn
trong thi gian kh lu. Ti sao h ni h khng bit g ht? Bi v i tng ca bhavaga
(Hu phn tm) l i tng ca tm cn t trong kip trc. i tng c th l nghip
(kamma), nghip tng (kamma nimitta) hoc th tng (gati nimitta). Song hnh gi khng th
thy iu ny, v hnh gi cha phn bit c duyn khi tnh. Ch khi no hnh gi phn bit
c Duyn khi th lc hnh gi mi thy c tm bhavaga (Hu phn) y bt ly mt
trong ba i tng va nu vo lc cn t.
Nu mt v hnh gi ngh rng trng thi l Nit-bn th y l mt "tng " rt ln cn li
vo Nit-bn. V nu khng gii ta c "khi " y, hnh gi khng th no t n Nitbn. V sao nim ny khi ln? Rt nhiu hnh gi ngh rng v thinh vn t Pht c th
khng hiu Danh-sc nh li c Pht dy. V th h khng ngh rng vic pht trin nh thm
su phn bit Danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng nh li c Pht dy l cn thit. Hu qu l
nh tm ca h yu km v tm hu phn vn khi ln do cc thin chi qu yu. nh tm ca
h khng th duy tr lu. Cn nu hnh gi c tnh hnh ri vo hu phn (bhavaga), hnh
gi s thnh tu mc ch ca mnh, nhng khng phi l Nit-bn. Mun t n Nit-bn
chng ta phi hnh by giai on thanh tnh theo tun t tng bc mt; khng bit danh sc
chn v cc nhn ca chng, khng ai c th c Nit-bn c.
Vn cho rng chng ci v tri (khng bit g) l Nit-bn c l cng cn phi c gii thch
thm na y ( trnh ng nhn).
Chng ta bit Nit-bn l Visakhra (V hnh) tc l "khng c cc hnh". Cc hnh
(sakhra) l danh sc v cc nhn ca chng, cn Nit-bn th khng c c hai. Tm bit Nitbn c gi l tm khng c cc hnh sanh - visakhragara citta (v hnh sanh tm). Nhng
t thn n khng phi l visakhra (v hnh); v hnh vi thy Nit-bn i hi phi c s hnh
thnh ca tm vy.
Tm c hnh thnh, chng hn nh khi c Pht hoc v A-la-hn nhp thnh qu nh v
thy Nit-bn, th c gi l tm qu A-la-hn (arahattaphala citta) cng vi cc tm s ng
sanh. Nu tm qu A-la-hn c nhp vo t cn bn s thin, nh vy l mt tm A-la-hn
thnh qu s thin (hay tm t qu s thin) v c ba mi by tm hnh (ng sanh). Nguyn
tc ny cng c p dng cho cc o-Qu tu khc. Cng vi cc tm s phi hp ca chng,
cc tm ny ly Nit-bn lm i tng; v Nit-bn th c c tnh ca s tnh lc (peaceful
bliss).

Bt c khi no mt bc Thnh (ariya) nhp vo Thnh qu nh, v y phi bit Nit-bn, v vi

tr thuc thnh qu (qu tu) ny v y th hng s tnh lc, tc Nit-bn.
Chnh v th, khng th c chuyn nhp vo mt trong nhng thin qu ny m li ni v n:
"Mi th u dng li: lc y ti khng bit g ht". Trc khi nhp mt thnh qu nh (Thin
qu), v thnh t quyt nh n s ko di trong bao lu, chng hn trong mt hoc hai gi. V
trong sut thi hn , Nit-bn c bit mt cch lin tc nh mt trng thi tnh lc
(santisukha) vy.
V th, r rng l khi mt hnh gi ni khng bit g c, th trng thi khng phi do v y t
n Nit-bn, m chnh v nh tm ca hnh gi vn cn yu.
Khi t tng hi th (npna paibhaga nimitta) xut hin, tm hnh gi c th ri vo hu
phn, v cc thin chi cha mnh. Cng nh mt a b yu t, khi hc i, khng t mnh
ng c, c phi ng ln ng xung hoi. giai on cn nh cng vy, cc thin chi vn
cha c pht trin y , v th hnh gi c th ri vo hu phn, ch khng phi Nitbn.
trnh ri vo hu phn, v pht trin nh tm su thm, hnh gi cn c s tr gip ca
ng cn: tn, tn, nim, nh v tu[10] nhm nhn tm vo v gn cht n trn t tng. Phi ly
tinh tn lm cho tm bit r t tng thng xuyn, ly nim khng qun n, v ly tu
tu tri n (t tng).
giai on an ch (hay bc thin), cc thin chi pht trin sung mn. Cng nh mt ngi
n ng kho mnh c th ng thng ngi sut c ngy nh th no, hnh gi cng vy, ly t
tng lm i tng, c th tr trong thin thuc an ch nh trong mt thi gian di m khng
ri vo hu phn c. S an ch ton trit v khng gin on ny c th lin tc trong mt,
hai, ba ting hoc hn na. Vo lc y, v ny khng cn nghe m thanh. Tm v y khng i qua
cc i tng khc. Ngoi t tng ra, v y khng cn bit g na c.
Hi 3.3: Di nhng iu kin th no, hoc trong trng thi nh th no, chng ta c th ni
rng mt kinh nghim thin th ny l cn nh hoc an ch nh?
p 3.3: Nu c nhiu tm hu phn khi ln trong sut lc nh tm, hnh gi c th ni l
cn nh. Nhng nimitta (tng) vn phi l t tng. Ch khi no hnh gi c th tr trong s an
ch ton trit mt thi gian lu khng gin on, cng vi t tng y lm i tng th hnh gi
mi c th ni l an ch nh.
Lm th no hnh gi bit c tm mnh ri vo hu phn?
Khi ngi y thy rng mnh thng xuyn khng bit v t tng (patibhga nimitta) th
h bit ngay rng mnh c nhng tm hu phn ri. Tm ngi y cng c th c ngh v mt
i tng no ngoi t tng, d trong nhng khonh khc ngn ngi. iu ny khng xy ra
trong an ch nh. Trong an ch nh ch c s an ch hon ton khng gin on m thi.

Hi 3.4: mi bc thin trong bn thin u c cn nh cng nh an ch nh phi khng? Cc

c tnh ca chng l g?
p 3.4: Chng ta hy ly v d v cc thin chng thuc hi th (npna-jhna) vn ly t
tng hi th lm i tng. C bn cp cn nh v bn cp an ch nh. mi cp c
cn thin (jhna) trc, ri an ch thin tip theo. C hai u ly cng t tng hi th (npna
patibhga nimitta) lm i tng. V vy chnh mc nh lm nn s khc bit ny.
Trong cn s thin, cn nh thin v cn tam thin, c nm thin chi. Nhng trong cn t thin
khng c thin chi lc (sukha), ch c tm (vitakha), t (vicra), x (upekkh) v nht tm
(ekaggat). Mc d chng ly cng nimitta lm i tng, cc thin chi vn tr nn mnh m
hn mi cp cn thin.
Cc thin chi cn s thin nn th kh thuc thn (kyika dukkha vedan); cn nh thin,
nn kh tm hay th u (domanassa vedan); cn tam thin, nn th lc thuc thn
(kyika sukkha vedan); v cn t thin, nn th h (somanassa vedan). y l cch lm
th no chng ta phn bit s khc nhau gia cc cp cn nh, c bit l t thin. t
thin, hi th vi t nht, v gn nh dng hn. N dng li hon ton thin an ch th t ny.
Chng ta cng c th phn bit c gia cc an ch thin ny bng cch nhn vo cc thin chi.
Trong an ch s thin, nm thin chi c mt: tm, t, h, lc v nht tm; trong nh thin c ba:
h, lc, v nht tm; trong tam thin c hai: lc v nht tm, trong t thin cng c hai: x v
nht tm. Bng cch nhn vo cc thin chi, chng ta c th ni "y l an ch s thin", "y l
an ch nh thin" vv... Li na, y nh tng trng theo tng cp . nh t thin l cao
nht. N cao nht nh th no? iu ny hnh gi phi t mnh th mi bit c. Nhiu hnh
gi trnh by rng t thin l tt nht v an tnh nht.
Hi 3.5: Do nhng iu kin no mt hnh gi t an ch nh ri xung hay thi lui cn
nh?Do nhng iu kin no ngi hnh thin ang cn nh t n an ch?
p 3.5: Nu ngi hnh thin khng tn trng php hnh ca mnh, m ch trng cc i
tng khc ngoi t tng th cc trin ci (nivrana) s khi sanh. Cc trin ci ny c mt l
do phi l tc (ayoniso manasikra). Nhng i tng khc lm gim nh, v chng ta bit
thin php v bt thin php lun lun i nghch. Khi cc thin php mnh v c nng lc th
nhng bt thin php s dt ra xa, cn khi, do phi l tc , cc bt thin php mnh hn th thin
php cng dt ra vy. Thin php v bt thin php khng th khi ln mt ln trong mt st-na
tm hay tin trnh nhn thc.
y chng ta cn hiu r nh l tc (yoniso manasikra) v phi l tc (ayoniso
manasikra) l th no. Khi ngi hnh thin tu tp nim hi th (npnasati), v tp trung vo
hi th t nhin, tc ca ngi y l nh l tc . Khi hc tng hay t tng xut hin, v
hnh gi tp trung trn , tc ca hnh gi l nh l tc . Trng hp, trong thin Minh st,
hnh gi thy "y l sc", "y l Danh", "y l nhn", "y l qu", "y l v thng",
"y l kh", hoc "y l v ng", tc ca hnh gi cng l nh l tc .

Tuy nhin nu ngi y thy "y l n ng, n b, con trai, con gi, cha, m, ch thin, phm
thin, th vt v.v.."; hoc "y l vng, bc, tin v.v..." Khi y tc ca hnh gi l phi l tc .
Ni chung, chng ta c th ni rng do nh l tc cc thin php khi ln, v do phi l tc
cc bt thin php khi ln. Nu, trong khi hnh gi ang hnh thin, phi l tc khi ln, th
cc trin ci v phin no chc chn s theo sau; chng l nhng bt thin php. Cc bt thin
php y lm gim nh, hoc khin cho nh thi chuyn v ri xung.
Nu hnh gi nhn vo i tng thin ca mnh vi nh l tc thng xuyn, cc php thin
s sanh v tng trng. Chng hn nh y cc php thin thuc bc thin nm trong s cc
thin php y. V vy, nu hnh gi tp trung vo tng (nimitta), nh t tng hi th chng
hn, l nh l tc . Nu hnh gi pht trin nh l tc ny n sc mnh y ca n, th
t cn nh hnh gi s t n an ch nh.
Hi 3.6: Khi mt ngi cht, mt nghip tng (kamma nimitta) c th khi ln do nghip thin
hoc bt thin qu kh. Hin tng ny c ging nh hin tng xy ra trong lc ang thin,
khi hnh nh ca nhng s kin qu kh m hnh gi qun, xut hin khng?
p 3.6: C th c mt s ging nhau no , nhng ch trong vi trng hp thi. Tc l n c
th tng t nh s khi ln ca mt nghip tng ni nhng ngi m ci cht ca h xy ra
nhanh chng.
Hi 3.7: Trong lc hnh thin, nhng hnh nh thuc cc s kin t hn 30 nm li, m hnh
gi qun, xut hin. y c phi l do thiu nht nim cho tm ri xa i tng khng?
p 3.7: C th l vy, nhng n cng c th l do tc (mansikara). Nhiu hnh gi khng
bit v tc ny. Ch khi no h hnh thin trn "danh" ri h mi hiu c n. Tin trnh
nhn thc xy ra rt nhanh, v th h khng hiu rng nhng hnh nh ny xut hin l do tc .
Tuy nhin khng c "hnh"no khi ln mt mnh m khng c nhn c. iu ny l do tt c
cc hnh l hu vi (tc do duyn to thnh).
Hi 3.8: Trng hp mt ngi sp cht, nu c chnh nim mnh m, h c th ngn mt
nghip tng (kamma nimitta) thuc bt thin nghip hay thin nghip trc khng cho khi
ln c khng?
p 3.8: Nim mnh v vng chc c th ngn cc nimitta (tng) nh vy khng cho khi ln;
nhng nim mnh v vng chc l nh th no? Nu mt hnh gi nhp thin (jhna), v duy tr
thin y hon ton vng chc cho n thi im cht, hnh gi c th ni rng nim thuc thin
y l mnh v vng chc. Loi nim c th ngn mt tng bt thin hoc mt tng thuc
thin dc gii khng cho khi ln. N ch bt ly i tng thin, nh t tng hi th hoc t
tng kasia trng chng hn.
Mt loi nim mnh v vng chc khc l nim kt hp vi Minh St Tu. Nu Minh St Tu
ca hnh gi l Hnh X Tu (sankhrupekkhaa), v nu hnh gi hnh Minh st (vipassan)
cho n st-na cn t, th tc hnh tm cn t ca hnh gi l minh st tu kt hp vi nim
mnh v vng chc. Loi nim cng c th ngn cc tng bt thin khng cho xut hin,
cng nh ngn cc tng thin khc xen vo thay th tng Minh st ca hnh gi. Tng Minh

st y l tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca mt "hnh" (sankhra) chn. Hnh gi c

th cht vi mt tng nh vy lm i tng cho tc hnh tm cn t (maranasanna javana)
ca mnh. N c th to ra mt kit sanh thc thuc ch thin (deva paisandhicitta) nh vy
hnh gi c ti sanh tc thi nh mt v ch thin. Lin quan n nhng li ch m loi hnh
gi ny c th c c trong kip sng tng lai nh l mt v ch thin, c Pht ni trong
kinh "Sotnugata" (Ngi Nghe Kinh)[11] :
"So muhassati kla kurumno aatara devanikya upapajjhati. Tassa tattha sukhino
dhammapad plavanti. Dandho bhikkhave satuppto, atha so sutto khippameva visesagmhoti.
(Ny cc t khu, mt k phm phu (puthujjana) c nghe Php, thng lp li Php, suy t v
Php, th nhp trn vn Php vi minh st tu, nu ngi y cht, ngi y c th ti sanh vo
mt trong nhng cnh gii ch thin, y cc hnh xut hin r rng trong tm v y. Ngi y
c th suy xt v Php hoc hnh Minh st chm nhng c Nit-bn rt nhanh (hnh nan c
cp).
Ti sao cc hnh xut hin r rng trong tm ngi y? V tc hnh tm cn t ca kip lm
ngi trc , v tm hu phn (bhavaga citta) ca kip lm ch thin sau ly cng mt
i tng, trong trng hp ny l tnh cht v thng, kh, hoc v ng ca cc hnh. Tm
"ch", tc hu phn, bit i tng Minh st (vipassan), l l do ti sao minh st tu c th
d dng c pht trin. V th theo bi kinh ny, nim mnh kt hp vi minh st tu c th
ngn cc tng bt thin khng cho khi ln, cng nh ngn cc tng thin khc c th xen vo
thay th tng minh st ca v y. Do o, hnh gi nn c gng c c loi nim ny trc
khi ci cht xy ra.
Mt in hnh ca s kin ny nm bi kinh " Thch s vn" (sakkapaha) ni v ba v t
khu hnh Thin Ch v Thin Minh St[12]. C ba v c gii hon ho v nh hon ho,
nhng tm ca h li c khuynh hng mun sng nh cc n cn thc b[13] (gandhabbas). Khi
h cht, h ti sanh v ci ch thin. C ba v u ha sanh lm cc n cn thc b rt xinh p
v sng lng khong mi su tui. Trong kip lm t khu ca h, ba v hng ngy thng
i n nh ca mt n c s kht thc, v dy Php cho c ta. N ch ny tr thnh mt v
Thnh nhp lu v khi thn hoi mng chung nng ti sanh lm Thin t Gopaka, con ca c
tri thch. Ba thin n cn thc b ny phc v m nhc cho con trai ca vua tri thch, v
ny thy h l nhng thin n rt xinh p v sng lng. V y thm ngh: "Cc thin n ny
tht xinh p v sng lng. H lm c nghip g?" V y thy (bng thin nhn) h l ba v
t khu tng n nh mnh khi mnh cn l mt n c s. V y bit rng gii, nh, v tu ca
h c tu tp rt nghim tc. Do v y nhc cho h nh li tin kip ca mnh. Thin t
Gokapa ni "Khi cc v nghe Php v thc hnh Php (Dhamma) mt v tai ca cc v hng v
ci g?" Hai trong s ba n cn-thc-b nh li tin kip ca mnh v cm thy h thn. H pht
trin Ch-Qun tr li v nhanh chng t n o qu bt lai, v nhp dit. H ho sanh vo ci
Brahma Parohit (Phm Ph Thin - ci s thin sc gii)[14], v nhp Nit-bn . V t
khu th ba khng h thn, v li lm n cn thc b nh c.
Nh vy, u cn phi nh n mt cng ty bo him nhn th m lm g. Loi chnh nim ny
l cng ty bo him tt nht ri c phi khng !

Hi 3.9: Khi phn bit mi hai c tnh trong thin t i c nht thit phi khi u vi c
tnh cng, th, v nng theo trnh t khng? Hay hnh gi c th chn bt c mt c tnh no
lm im khi u cng c?
p 3.9: Lc u chng ta c th khi s vi mt c tnh no c xem l d phn bit nht.
Nhng mt khi chng ta c th phn bit tt c cc c tnh tht d dng v r nt, chng ta
phi theo ng trnh t c Pht a ra nh t (pathvi-dhtu), nc (po-dhtu), la (tejo
dhtu), v gi (vyo dhtu). iu ny l v trnh t to ra s nh tm mnh m, chc chn
hn. Khi chng ta thy cc rpa kalpas - tng hp sc, v c th d dng phn bit bn i ny
trong mi tng hp sc y ri th trnh t khng quan trng na, m iu rt quan trng lc y l
lm sao phn bit c chng cng mt lc.
Ti sao? Tui th ca mt tng hp sc (rpa-klapa) rt ngn. C th cha y mt phn t
giy. Khi phn bit bn i trong mt tng hp sc khng c th gi u m c "t, nc, la,
gi" v th chng ta phi phn bit chng cng mt lc vy.
Hi 3.10: Hnh thin t i c th cho hnh gi kh nng qun bnh bn i trong thn. Con
ngi ta thnh thong b bnh l do t i bt ho. Khi b bnh nh vy, liu hnh gi hnh thin
t i vi nim mnh c th cha c bnh khng?
p 3.10: C nhiu loi bnh (kh). Mt s do tin nghip sanh, nh bnh au lng ca c
Pht. Mt s do cc i bt ha sanh. Nhng bnh do tin nghip sanh th khng th cha bng
vic qun bnh t i c. Tuy nhin mt s cc bnh khi ln do t i bt ha c th bin mt
khi v hnh gi c gng qun bnh chng.
Cng c nhng th bnh khi ln do thc n, thi tit (utu) hoc do tm (citta). Nu mt loi
bnh kh pht sanh do tm, v chng ta c th cha tm th bnh c th bin mt; nu bnh pht
sanh do thi tit, y l ha i hay yu t la, chng hn nh ung th, st rt vv... ch c th
cha khi bng cch ung thuc, ch khng qun bnh cc i c. i vi nhng bnh do
thc n khng thch hp sanh cng vy.
Hi 3.11: Trc khi chng ta t n t thin[15] on tr "v minh" (avijj), nhiu t duy bt
thin vn khi ln do nhng thi quen xu. Chng hn, trong i sng hng ngy ca chng ta
(ngoi kho thin) chng ta bit rng tham hoc sn khi ln, chng ta c th dng thin bt
tnh (asubha), hoc thin tm t (mett bhvan) loi chng c khng? Hay chng ta nn
pht l chng v ch tp trung vo ti thin ca mnh, c cho chng t ng bin mt?
p 3.11: i vi cc nghip bt thin, v minh (avijj) k nh mt nhn tim n, v phi nh l
tc l nhn gn. Do phi l tc rt c hi. Nu hnh gi c th thay th phi l tc ny bng
nh l tc , th tham v sn s bin mt trong thi gian y hoc c th mi mi, nu nh l tc
vng mnh. Trong cu hi trc chng ta bn v nh l tc v phi l tc ri.
Hnh gi c th dng qun bt tnh hoc thin tm t loi b tham v sn. Nhng thin ny
cng l nh l tc . Song vipassan (minh st) c xem l v kh tt nht tiu dit cc
phin no. Nh vy n l loi nh l tc th thng nht.

Hi 3.12: Tm hu phn (bhavaga) lm nhim v nh th no trong cc ci dc gii, sc gii,

v sc gii v siu th (siu xut tam gii)? Xin Ngi (Sayadaw) hoan h gii thch vi nhng v
d c khng?
p 3.12: Trong ba ci u - dc, sc, v v sc - nhim v ca tm bhavaga l nh nhau[16].
N khi ln cho cc st-na tm trong mt kip sng khng dng li; v n duy tr "Danh",
vn l dng hu phn hay lung h kip. iu ny l v nghip (kamma) to ra kip sng ny
vn cha cn kit. Bi l c Danh-sc (nma-rpa) trong cc ci dc v sc, v c danh trong
cc ci v sc, nn cng phi c bhavanga vy.
Trong cc ci dc gii (kmvacara bhmi), bhavaga (hu phn) c th c i tng l mt
nghip, nghip tng (kamma nimitta) hoc th tng (gati nimitta). Chng hn, bhvaga (hu
phn) ca ngi ny c th i tng l thp Kyaikthiyo, trong khi bhvaga ca ngi khc c
th c i tng l ngi thp Shwedagon[17], nhng i tng ny l nhng khi nim thi.
Trong ci sc gii (rpavacara bhmi), bhvaga (hu phn) c i tng ch l mt nghip
tng ch khng c nghip v th tng nh dc gii. Bhvaga ca mt ngi trong ci sc
gii c gi l "thin qu sc gii" - (rpvacara vipka jhna), bi v n l kt qu ca vic
chng thin vo lc cht trong kip trc . Nh vy, v i tng ca hu phn ging ht nh
i tng ca thin chng, cho nn i tng ca hu phn (bhvaga) s ty thuc vo bc
thin (jhna). Chng hn, hu phn ca mt ngi t n ci sc gii do thin hi th
(npna-jhna) s c t tng hi th (npna-paibhga nimitta) k nh i tng, trong
khi hu phn ca mt ngi do thin tm t (metta-jhna) th s c i tng l tt c chng
sanh trong v tr v bin; c hai i tng ny u l nhng khi nim.
Trong cc ci v sc (arpvacara bhmi), i tng ca bhvaga ch l kamma (nghip) hoc
mt nghip tng, khng c th tng. Chng hn, trong ci khng v bin x hu phn ca
mt ngi s c h khng v bin k nh i tng, v trong ci v s hu x, n s c s vng
mt hay phi hu ca thc thuc khng v bin x l i tng; c hai i tng ny u l
nhng khi nim.
Trong ci thc v bin x, hu phn ca mt ngi s c thc thuc h khng v bin l i
tng, cn trong ci phi tng, phi phi tng x, n s c thc thuc v s hu x l i tng,
nhng i tng ny l nghip (kamma).
Khi chng ta ni "cc ci dc", "cc ci sc " v "cc ci v sc", chng ta ang m ch cc ci
c thc, nhng ni c thc. Nhng khi chng ta ni "ci siu th" (lokuttara bmi), ch "ci"
y ch l php n d. Thc t, hon ton khng phi mt ni no c. Khi chng ta ni "ci
siu th", chng ta ch mun ni n bn o, bn qu v Nit-bn; ch khng phi l ni. Chnh
v vy, khng c bhvaga (hu phn) trong ci siu th. Cng khng c hu phn trong bn
tm o v bn tm qu, v l khng c Danh-sc (nma-rpa) trong Nit-bn, nn cng khng
c "danh" cho hu phn duy tr (lm nhim v ca n), iu ny c ngha khng th c bt k
tm bhvaga no trong Nit-bn c.

Hi 3.13: Th no l s khc nhau gia thin hip th (lokiya jhna) v thin siu th (lokuttara
jhna)?
p 3.13: Cc thin (jhna) hip th l bn thin sc gii v bn thin v sc, thng gi chung
l tm thin chng (sampatti). Cn thin siu th l cc thin chi kt hp vi cc o-Qu Tu.
Chng hn, khi hnh gi phn bit cc tm hnh ca s thin sc gii hip th k nh v thng,
kh hoc v ng v nu hnh gi thy Nit-bn th o Tu ca hnh gi thuc v s thin. y
l mt bc thin siu th.
Ti sao? Trong s thin sc gii hip th, thin ny tr thnh i tng ca Minh st
(vipassan), c nm thin chi tm, t, h, lc v nht tm. Trong s thin thuc siu th cng c
nm thin chi nh vy. y l cch lm th no o v qu c th l o thuc s thin v qu
thuc s thin. i vi cc bc thin khc cng c th tr thnh thin siu th theo cch nh vy.
-ooOoo-

[1] S.I.III.i B "Mallik sutta"

[2] Ps. II. iv "Metta kath"
[3] A. XI. ii.5 "Metta Sutta"
[4] D. III.1 "Paika Sutta" (Kinh Ba - L - 24), Vinaya I.1 Vs, VII "Buddhnussati Kath" B125 -

130 (Ty nim n c Pht).

[5] y, asubba (bt tnh) v paikkla (ng tm) ng ngha vi nhau.
[6] Savega: "The sources of emotion, or of a sense of urgencies"("nhng cn nguyn lm pht

sanh s ng tm hay kinh cm.")

[7] Tm thin chng: Bn thin sc gii v bn thin v sc gii
[8] Chi tit thm v mi tng quan gia nimitta v tng
[9] Vs. III Gii thch v Bn Mi Mc Thin - P. 113
[10] Pi: saddh, vriya, sati, samadhi, pa.
[11] A. iv.iv.1 "sotnugata sutta" ("one who has heard sutta" - Ngi nghe kinh)
[12] D.11.8. "Sakkapaha sutta".
[13] Gandhabbas: cn-thc-b l cc nhc cng v v cng trong ci ch thin - T i Thin

vng.
[14] D.A.11.8. ch gii Trng B, Bi kinh " Thch s vn".
[15] T thin thc ra khng on c v minh, m ch nn v minh m thi. Xem thm chi

tit cu tr li 7.7. 7.8 trang...

[16] Tam gii: (1) (Kmvacara), gm nhn gii, sc sanh, ng qu, a - tu - la, a ngc v cc

ci ch thin. (2) Sc gii (rpavacara), gm cc ci Phm thin, y sc rt vi t. (3) V sc

gii (anpavacara), ni y ch c danh.
[17] Thp Kyaikthiyo v thp Shwedagon l hai ngi thp ni ting nht Min in

(Myanmar).
-ooOoo-

BI PHP THOI 4

Lm th no phn bit Sc

Hm nay chng ta s bn v thin t i[1] (catudhtu vavatthna), tc thin phn bit hay xc
nh t i hoc cc tnh cht ca sc (rpa). Sc l un u tin trong nm th un, bn un cn
li (th, tng, hnh, thc) c th gi chung l Danh (nma). Trong th gian ca nm un
(pacavokra), danh nng vo sc, tc l cc thc khi ln da vo sc cn tng ng ca
chng. i vi nhn, nh, t, thit v thn sc, cn v mn l mt. Nh vy, mt nhn thc khi
sanh nng vo sc c gi l nhn mn; mt nh thc khi sanh nng vo sc gi l nh
mn... vv... Nhng mn, nng vo thc khi sanh, li l danh (tc bhvaga: hu phn),
cn sc n da vo l tm cn, sc cht nm trong mu ni tri tim; v vy sc trn mn
nng vo cng cn gi l tm c (cn)[2].
thy c iu ny, hnh gi cn thy ra cc yu t ring bit l thnh phn ca sc, ngha l
hnh gi trc ht cn phi khm ph ra cc phn t cc nh gi l cc tng hp sc (rpakalpas). Hnh gi phi thy c rng sc khng l g khc ngoi tr cc tng hp sc ny.
Nhng y vn cha phi l thc ti cng tt (sc chn )[3]. Mun th nhp vo thc ti cng
tt, hnh gi cn phi thy rng mi loi tng hp sc c th bao gm cc gii (dhtu)[4] ring
bit. Ch khi y hnh gi mi c th thy c sc thc s l g, v mi c th thy n lin quan
n danh (nma) nh th no. y chnh l mc ch ca thin t i.
Tuy nhin, trc khi gii thch thin ny, chng ta cng cn bn tho mt cch ngn gn cc loi
tng hp sc khc nhau v cc gii ca chng. K gii thch v tp khi (ngun gc) ca sc,
nh vy hnh gi mi c th d dng hiu c loi thin su sc gi l thin t i ny.
Ba loi tng hp sc (Rpa-kalpa)
Nh cp trn, sc khng l g khc ngoi tr cc tng hp sc[5] (rpa-kalpa), v v cn
bn c ba loi tng hp sc.
1 - Cc tng hp tm (sc) - ahaka (tm sc cn bn)
2 - Cc tng hp chn (sc) - navaka (tm sc cn bn cng vi sc th chn)
3 - Cc tng hp mi (sc) - dasaka (chn sc cng vi sc th mi)
Ni chung sc thn ca chng ta bao gm ba loi tng hp sc ny trn ln vi nhau theo nhng
cch khc nhau vy thi.
Cc sc cht trong ba loi Tng hp sc
Loi tng hp u tin - cc tng hp tm sc - bao gm bn i (catu dhtu), cn gi bn "i
chng" (mahbhta) v bn s to sc hay sc y i sinh (upd rpa)[6] tng cng c tm:

1. t (pathvi)
2. Nc (po)
3. La (tejo)
4. Gi (vyo)
5. Mu (vaa)
6. Mi (gandha)
7. V (rasa)
8. Dng cht (oj)
Do c tm yu t nn loi tng hp sc ny c gi l Tng hp tm sc (ahaka kalpa), v
v dng cht l yu t th tm, nn n cng cn c gi l Tng hp sc c dng cht l yu
t th tm (ojahamaka kalpa). Tng hp tm sc ny c tm thy khp ton thn. L
nhng sc khng trong sut hay phi tnh sc (napasda rpa), v v tri, khng c s sng[7].
Loi tng hp sc th hai bao gm 8 sc cn bn ny v sc mng cn jivintindrya k nh yu t
th chn. V c chn yu t, nn loi tng hp sc ny c gi l Tng hp chn sc
(Navakakalpa), v v n c mng cn l yu t th chn, nn cng cn c gi l mt tng hp
c mng cn l yu t th chn (jvita navaka kalpa). Chng c tm thy khp ton thn v
cng l phi tnh sc (sc m). Do c mng cn, nn chng sinh ng, c s sng.
Loi tng hp sc th ba bao gm 8 sc cn bn, sc mng cn k nh th chn v thm yu t
th mi. V c mi sc, nn loi ny c gi l tng hp mi sc (dasaka kalpa). C ba
loi tng hp mi sc.
1.- Cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn (hay on nhn), cc tng hp mi sc thuc nh (on
nh), cc tng hp mi sc thuc t (on t), cc tng hp mi sc thuc thit (on thit), v
cc tng hp mi sc thuc thn (on thn) - gi theo Pi (cakhu- , sota- , ghna- , jivh- ,
kya dasaka kalpas )
Cc yu t th mi ca chng l nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc, thit tnh sc, v thn
tnh sc (pasad rpa).
2.- Cc tng hp mi sc thuc tm (tri tim) hadya dasaka kalpa, trong tng hp ny yu t
th mi ca chng l sc tri tim hay sc tm (hadya-rpa), sc ny l phi tnh sc
(napasda).
3. - Tng hp mi sc thuc tnh (bhva dasaka kalpas) yu t th mi ca chng l sc
tnh (bhva-rpa), cng l sc m hay phi tnh sc.
Cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn hay on nhn, on nh, on t, on thit, on thn c
tm thy trong c quan (gic quan) tng ng. Yu t th mi ca chng, tc sc tnh sc
(pasda rpa), l cn mn tng ng. Nm cn x vt cht cng gi l nm cn mn vt cht; c
ngha l nm x cn (vatthu: vt) nhn, nh, t, thit v thn x cng l nm cn mn (dvra)[8] nhn mn, nh mn, t mn, thit mn v thn mn vy.

Cc tng hp mi sc thuc tri tim c tm thy ni cht mu trong tri tim. Yu t th mi

ca chng, phi tnh sc, cng l x cn, tc vt hay tm cn (vatthu). Song khng phi l
mn (bhvaga hu phn), v mn l "danh", mc d n nng vo yu t vt cht th mi,
phi tnh sc ca mt tng hp mi sc thuc tri tim.
Bt c khi no mt i tng p vo mt trong nm cn mn, n cng ng thi p vo mn
th su ( mn - bhvaga)[9]. Chng hn khi mt sc trn p vo nhn mn, n p vo tnh
sc (thn kinh nhn), yu t th mi ca mt tng hp mi sc thuc mt (on nhn), v
ng thi p vo mn (bhvaga), v mn th li da trn sc m hay phi tnh sc, yu t
th mi ca mt tng hp mi sc thuc tri tim (on tm)[10]. Sc trn trc tin c bit
bi mt - thc, th n bi mt nhn - thc, v ri c bit bi thc thm na. Khi mt
thinh trn p vo nh mn, n p vo tnh sc cn, (thn kinh nh), yu t th mi trong tng
hp mi sc thuc tai..vv.. Ngoi cc i tng p vo nm cn mn ra cng c nhng i
tng ch p vo mn (bhvaga) thi: l cc loi php trn[11].
Cc tng hp mi sc thuc tnh c tm thy khp ton thn. Yu t th mi ca chng, phi
tnh sc, l sc tnh (bhva), sc ny c hai loi:
- Sc nam tnh (purisa bhva) l sc cung cp nhng c tnh th cht ca nam gii, nh
chng ta bit: "y l mt ngi nam". Sc ny ch tm thy nam gii.
- Sc n tnh (ithi bhva) l sc cung cp nhng c tnh th cht ca ngi n, nh chng ta
bit: "y l mt ngi n". Sc ny ch tm thy n gii.
Chnh v yu t th mi ca chng l sc tnh sc m cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn, nh,
t, thit v thn l sc tnh sc (thn kinh sc). Cn tt c cc loi tng hp sc khc u khng
phi l sc tnh sc, l l do ti sao chng li m hay khng r (phi tnh sc), chng hn nh
cc tng hp mi sc thuc tnh v tri tim chng ta va cp.
Bn loi ngun gc ca sc
Trn chng ta cp n nhng cu trc c bn ca sc cng tt (sc chn ), by gi chng
ta tip tc bn v ngun gc ca sc, iu m hnh gi cng s dn dn phi phn bit khi hnh
thin t i. Sc c mt trong bn ngun gc: kamma (nghip), tm, thi tit v vt thc. Do bn
ngun gc ny chng ta c bn loi sc:
1. Sc do nghip sanh - Kammaja-rpa
2. Sc do tm sanh - Cittaja-rpa
3. Sc do thi tit sanh - Utuja-rpa
4. Sc do vt thc sanh - hraja-rpa
Nh cp, sc ca thn chng ta khng g khc ngoi cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalpas), v
tt c tng hp sc u c t nht tm sc cn bn: t, nc, la, gi, mu, mi, v v dng
cht. Yu t th tm, dng cht, duy tr sc, l l do v sao khi khng cn dng cht, sc s
tan r.

By gi chng ta s tm hiu thm v mi trong bn loi ngun gc ca sc mu.

Sc do Nghip sanh
Sc do nghip sanh (Kammaja rpa) bao gm cc tng hp sc c mng cn l yu t th chn,
v cc tng hp mi sc thuc nhn, nh, t, thit, thn, tm v tnh. Do c sc mng cn, nn
chng c s sng. Dng cht (oj) ca chng l do nghip sanh.
Chnh trong sc do nghip sanh ny m chng ta thy ra mt iu g l s thc thuc Thnh
th Hai, Thnh v Ngun gc ca Kh (Tp ). Sc linh hot l sc c s sng, v s
sng ny l "sanh", Kh Thnh , v nh c Pht gii thch trong "Mahsatipahna sutta"
(Kinh i Nim X), sanh (Kh) c mt l do i (tanh), v i khi ln i vi bt c iu g
c xem l kh v kh lc: cc sc qua mt, p vo sc tnh sc ca cc tng hp mi sc
thuc mt (mt thp php hay on nhn) - tc nhn mn, v bhvaga ( mn); cc ting qua
tai, p vo sc tnh sc ca cc tng hp mi sc thuc tai (on nh) - tc nh mn, v mn
(bhvaga) v.v... Sc tnh sc y l ng mn/cn v sc phi tnh sc hay sc m l tm cn
hin hu do thm i i vi cc i tng sc, thinh, hng, v, xc v php kh lc, kh h.
c Pht cng gii thch rng nhn trc tip khin ti sanh l Nghip (kamma), nhng em li
mt kt qu, n i hi phi c i. V mc d nghip to ra sc vo lc ti sanh[12] ca mt kip
lm ngi l thin nghip (kusala kamma), song s ti sanh t thn n xy ra vn do th, m th
ny do i lm duyn, v i li do v minh: khng tu tri T thnh .
Sc do nghip sanh lc no cng c to ra (trong sut kip sng). N l nn tng ca tt c sc
khc. Mi st-na tm (cittakkhana) c ba giai on:
1. Sanh (uppda)
2. Tr (hiti)
3. Dit (bhaga).
mi giai on ny, sc nghip mi c sanh ra. iu ny c ngha rng trong mt tin trnh
tm (tin trnh ca s nhn thc) c 51 (17x3)[13] tng hp sc do nghip sanh c to ra. Thi
tit (utu) hay nhit ca chng to ra cc tng hp sc do thi tit sanh, v vt thc (hra) ca
chng to ra cc tng hp sc do vt thc sanh mi.
Sc do Tm sanh
Sc do tm sanh (cittaja-rpa) bao gm cc tng hp tm sc. Dng cht ca chng do tm sanh
(cittaja-oj), v ch c tao ra bi nhng tm no khi ln do nng tm cn, ch khng phi
nhng tm thuc ng mn. V ngoi kit sanh thc (thc ti sanh) ra, tt c cc tm khi ln
nng vo tm cn u to ra sc do tm sanh.
Mt v d c th gip hnh gi hiu c loi sc do tm sanh y l gin d v phin mun.
Gin d v phin mun u l "sn" (dosa), v mt tm sn s to ra sc do tm sanh vi ha i
thnh. l l do v sao, khi chng ta gin d v phin mun, chng ta li nng ln.

V d khc l s chuyn ng ca thn nh di ng t chi v thn ti, lui, ln, xung. Chng hn,
khi chng ta i, tm c hng vo chn. nh i to ra sc tm sanh trong cng chn v bn
chn, cng nh khp c thn, n c phong i thnh. Cng nh gi mang theo cc vt, y
phong i cng th, mang theo t chi v thn. S chuyn ng l c mt chui di ca cc tng
hp sc do tm sanh khc nhau c to ra trong cc v tr khc nhau. Cc tng hp sc do tm
sanh xut hin lc nng chn ln khc nhau vi cc tng hp sc do tm sanh lc h chn xung.
Mi tng hp sc xut hin v dit mt cng mt ch, v cc tng hp sc mi sanh ln ln
ch khc cng dit .
V d th ba l cc tm tnh ch (samatha), Minh St (Vipassan), o (Magga) v Qu (Phala).
Cc tm ny rt thanh tnh, mnh m v cao thng, v khng c cc ty phin no
(upakkilesa: cu u ca tm). iu c ngha rng nhng tm ny to ra rt nhiu th h sc do
tm thanh tnh v cao thng sanh, trong a i, phong i, ha i rt nh nhng v vi t.
Khi cc tng hp sc nh nhng v vi t y xc chm thn mn (yu t th mi trong cc tng
hp mi sc thuc thn) hnh gi cm nghim s thoi mi v thn rt ln, khng c s nng
n (a i). V l ho i ca cc tng hp sc, nh cp trn, to ra cc tng hp sc do
thi tit sanh, nn ha i trong cc tng hp sc do tm cao thng y sanh cng to ra rt
nhiu nhng tng hp sc do thi tit sanh bn trong cng nh bn ngoi thn vy.
S sng chi, rc r v ti sng sanh ln vi nhng tm cao thng y c to ra bi s sng
chi ca sc mu thuc sc do tm sanh v sc do thi tit sanh[14]. iu ny cng gii thch v
sao nc da v cc cn ca v hnh gi pht trin c cc tm cao thng ny li trong sng
v rng r[15]. Chng hn, sc c to ra bi cc tm thin nhn ca tn gi Anuruddha ta
khp mt ngn th gii sa b: cc th gii y c thp sng bi sc do tm cao thng sanh v
tr nn r rt i vi ngi. Chng ta cng vy, nu chng ta pht trin c tm nh v thanh
tnh y , c th chng ta s thy c cc cnh gii khc vv...[16]
Sc do Thi Tit sanh
Sc do thi tit sanh (utuja rpa) bao gm cc tng hp tm sc. Do l nhng tng hp tm sc
(khng c yu t th chn l mng cn) nn t thn chng khng linh hot[17]. Dng cht ca
chng l do thi tit sanh (utuj oj), thi tit ny xut pht t ha i (tejo-dhtu), yu t th ba
ca cc tng hp sc[18]. Ho i ca cc tng hp sc to ra cc tng hp sc do thi tit sanh,
ri t thn cc tng hp sc do thi tit sanh ny c ha i li to ra cc tng hp sc do thi
tit sanh v t thn chng li c ha i vv...[19]
y l cch lm th no ha i, theo nng lc ca n, to ra sc qua mt s cc th h.
Tt c sc khng linh hot u c to ra v duy tr bi thi tit. Mt th d kh r l cc loi
thc vt. Sc ca chng l sc do thi tit sanh v c to ra bi ha i ban u nm trong ht
ging. S tng trng ca chng khng l g khc ngoi s to tc lin tc ca sc do thi tit
sanh qua nhiu nhng th h. iu ny xy ra vi s tr gip ca ha i t ni t, mt tri
(nng), v nc (lnh).
Ha i trong cc loi , kim loi, khong vt v g cng c xem l rt mnh v to ra rt
nhiu th h sc. l l do ti sao sc ca chng c th ko di lu. Tuy nhin ha i trong

cc loi g mm, cy mm, tht, thc n v nc li rt yu, khng to ra c nhiu th h sc

nh vy, v cng l l do ti sao sc chng bao lu s tan r ra. Khi sc tan r, chnh l do ha
i khng cn to ra sc mi na, thay vo li t t n, nn sc thi mc, tan r, v phn
hy.
Khi sc b la t chy, chng hn nh khi ci ang chy, chnh l v ha i ca sc bn ngoi
(nhng ngn la tp vo g) h tr cho ha i ca sc bn trong (g), v mt s lng ha i
khng l hin ra, iu ny c ngha l ha i tr nn tng thnh v sc b chy tan.
Sc do Vt Thc sanh
Sc do vt thc sanh (hraja rpa) cng gm cc tng hp tm sc. Dng cht ca chng l
dng cht do vt thc sanh (hraja-oj). N c to ra bi thc n v thc ung chng ta
tiu th vo. Vt thc trong chn, vt thc trong thc qun (thc n trong ming, thc n va
c n vo cha tiu ho trong bao t, thc n tiu ho trn vn trong rut, phn), m, mu,
v nc tiu l nh nhau, tc ch l cc tng hp c dng cht l yu t th tm do thi tit to
khng linh hot.
Sc nng gip cho tiu ho l ha i ca cc tng hp c mng cn l yu t th chn, vn (nh
cp) do nghip sanh. Khi sc nng tr gip tiu ho gp dng cht ca cc tng hp c
dng cht l yu t th tm do thi tit sanh (utuja ojahamaka-kalpa) thuc thc n cha
tiu ho v tiu ho mt phn, th to thm ra cc tng hp c dng cht l th tm, chng l
nhng tng hp c dng cht l th tm do vt thc sanh, vi dng cht do vt thc sanh
(hraja oj) k nh th tm. Li na, khi dng cht y gp sc nng hay nhit tr gip tiu
ho (do nghip sanh), n ti to thm qua nhiu th h cc tng hp c dng cht l th tm.
ng thi n cng h tr dng cht trong cc tng hp sc do nghip sanh, do tm sanh, v do
thi tit sanh, cng nh cho s tn ti ca cc tng hp sc do vt thc sanh.
Dng cht ca thc n tiu th vo trong mt ngy c th ti to theo cch ny cho n by
ngy, mc d con s cc th h to ra ty thuc vo cht lng ca thc n. Thc n ch thin,
tc thc n thuc thin gii v c xem l th thng nht, c th ti to theo cch ny cho n
mt hoc hai thng.
V l cc tng hp c mng cn l th chn c tm thy khp thn th, nn tin trnh tiu ha
tm thy trong thc qun cng c tm thy khp tan thn, d mc yu hn. l l do
ti sao, khi du (gi) c bi ln da, hoc mt mi tim c chch di da chng hn, cht
thuc lan ta khp ton thn (c "tiu ha"). Nhng nu bi qu nhiu du (gi), kh nng tiu
ha km c th khin n mt mt thi gian lu hp th.
Nh vy kt lun phn bn lun ngn gn v ci ngun gc ca sc. D nhin, cn nhiu iu
cn phi c gii thch nhiu thm na, song chng y cng l hnh gi hiu r hn v
thin t i m by gi chng ta s bn n.
Nu mun t n Nit-bn, hnh gi cn phi bit v thy tt c nhng iu ny, v hnh gi cn
thy sc nh n thc s l, ch khng ch nh mt khi nim[20]. Trc ht hnh gi cn phi
thy c rng sc (rpa) bao gm cc tng hp sc - (rpa-kalpas), sau hnh gi cn phi

thu trit ci o tng v nguyn khi (khi tng) thy ra cc yu t ring bit ca mt tng
hp sc, tc l thy sc ti hu hay sc chn , ri hnh gi cn phi phn tch sc: thy cc
yu t khc nhau, tp khi ca chng, v nhim v ca chng l nh th no. c th lm c
iu , hnh gi phi khi i vi thin t i, tc l phi bit l thy bn i chng
(mahbhut): a i, thy i, ha i v phong i.
im khi u ca Minh st (Vipassan)
Mc d giai on ny hnh gi khng phi ang hnh Vipassan ch xc, song chng ta c th
ni rng y l im khi u ca Vipassan, bi v vo lc hon tt thin t i, hnh gi s
pht trin c kh nng phn bit sc chn , iu c xem l cn thit cho thin Minh
St. Nh vy c th ni lc ny hnh gi ang thu thp d liu cn thit thc hin cng vic
Minh St.
l l do v sao tu tp thin t i l iu cn thit i vi mi hnh gi. D cho con ng i
n Minh st ca mt ngi l u tin tu tp mt ti Thin Ch (samatha), chng hn nh
nim hi th cho n mt bc thin no , hoc con ng ca h bt u vi thin t i (ch
dn n cn nh), h cng cn phi hon tt thin t i trc khi c th i vo Minh St. C hai
con ng u c dy ti cc Thin Vin Pa-Auk Myanmar. Nu mt ngi trc tu tp
mt ti Thin Ch, h nn nhp t thin vo mi thi ta thin v sau khi xut khi thin y,
bt u hnh thin t i.
Hnh gi tu tp Thin T i nh th no
Theo Kinh in Pi, c hai cch tu tp thin t i: tm tt v chi tit. Cch tm tt dnh cho
hnh gi c tu nhy bn, v chi tit cho nhng hnh gi gp kh khn vi cch tm tt. c
Pht dy phng php tm tt trong Kinh i Nim X[21] (Mahsatipatthna).
V t khu qun st ngay thn ny, d n c t trong v tr no hay c sp xp nh th no,
cng ch c cc i (gii), nh vy, "thn ny ch c:
1. a i (pathavdhtu)
2. Thy i (ap-dhtu)
3. Ha i (tejo-dhtu)
4. Phong i (vyo-dhtu)"
Visudhi Magga (Thanh Tnh o) gii thch thm[22]: V th trc ht, hnh gi c tu nhy bn
(li cn) mun tu tp thin ny nn i vo c c. Ri hnh gi nn tc n ton th thn vt
cht ca mnh, v phn bit cc i theo cch tm tt nh vy: "Trong thn ny,
1) Ci g cng hay th l a i.
2) Ci g chy hay kt dnh l thy i
3) Ci g lm cho chn hay nng l ha i ;
4) Ci g y hoc h tr l phong i."[23]

V hnh gi nn tc v ch n n, qun st n ti lui nhiu ln nh "a i, thy i, ha

i, phong i", ngha l, qun st thn ny ch l cc i, khng phi mt chng sinh, v v ng.
Khi hnh gi thc hin n lc theo cch ny, khng bao lu nh s khi ln ni v y, nh ny
c cng c bi tu s soi sng s phn loi cc i, v ch l cn nh ch khng t n an
ch c bi v i tng ca n l cc php mi th c t tnh ring ca n.
Hoc cch khc, c bn thn phn ny c Trng lo Sriputta cp, nhm mc ch ch
r s vng mt ca bt k mt chng sanh no trong bn i chng nh vy: "Khi mt khong
khng c vy quanh bi xng, gn, tht v da, th t "sc" (rpa) c mt. V hnh gi nn
phn chia mi th trong bn phn ny, tch ri chng ra vi i tay tr tu, ri phn bit chng
theo cch ni ( trn). "Trong thn ny ci g cng hay th l a i ... c t tnh ring ca
n".
Cn Thin vin Pa-Auk Tawya th dy (hp theo b Php T - Dhammasangan), hnh gi nn
phn bit bn i trong ton thn theo mi hai c tnh.
1. a i (pathav-dhtu): (1) cng (2) th; (3) nng (4) mm; (5) trn mn (6) nh
2. Thy i (ap-dhtu): (7) chy ra (8) kt dnh
3. Ha i (tejo-dhtu): (9) nng (10) lnh
4. Phong i (vyo-dhtu): (11) h tr (12) y
tu tp thin t i ny, hnh gi phi hc cch phn bit mi trong mi hai c tnh ny, mi
ln mt c tnh. Thng thng, ngi mi hnh nn chn nhng c tnh no d phn bit
trc, sau mi n cc c tnh kh hn. Hnh gi thng c dy theo th t ny: y,
cng, th, nng, h tr, mm, trn mn, nh, nng, lnh, kt dnh, chy. Mi c tnh trc ht
phi c phn bit mt v tr no trn thn, ri sau khp c thn.
Lm th no thy mi hai c tnh
1. phn bit c tnh "y", hnh gi bt u bng cch thc, qua xc gic, s y vo
gia u khi hnh gi th v v th ra. Khi phn bit, hnh gi phi tp trung vo cho ti khi
"s y" hin hin r trong tm hnh gi. Ri chuyn ci bit hay thc ca hnh gi sang mt
phn no ca thn gn bn, v tm lc y . Theo cch ny hnh gi t t c th phn
bit c lc y trc tin trong u, ri n c, thn mnh, hai tay, hai chn v bn chn. C
lm i lm li nhiu ln nh vy cho n khi bt c ch no hnh gi t ci bit ca mnh trn
thn, hnh gi u thy lc y tht d dng. Nu lc y ca hi th gia u khng d phn
bit, th c gng cm gic lc y khi lng ngc n ra, hoc bng chuyn ng khi ang th.
Nu nhng ch cng khng r, th cm gic mch p, hoc bt k mt hnh thc hin hin
no khc ca lc y. Nh rng ch no c s chuyn ng, ch c lc y.
Cho d bt u u, hnh gi cng phi pht trin s hiu bit ca mnh i dn dn xung,
c th phn bit c lc y khp ton thn, t u cho n chn. mt vi ch n s r rng,
cn nhng ch khc c th km hn, nhng n c mt khp ton thn.

2. Khi cm thy hi lng rng mnh c th thy c c tnh y ri, hnh gi chuyn sang
tm c tnh cng. Bt u bng cch phn bit tnh cng ni rng. Cn 2 hm rng li v cm
nhn xem chng cng nh th no. Ri nh ra v cm nhn tnh cng ca chng. Khi hnh gi c
th cm nhn c iu ny, hy c gng phn bit c tnh cng khp ton thn theo cch c
h thng t u n chn, cng theo cch lm phn bit c tnh y vy. Khng nn c
lm cho thn cng thng.
Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c tnh cng khp thn xong, th tr li tm c tnh y
khp ton thn nh trc. C xen k phn bit gia hai c tnh ny, tc l gia y v cng, lp
i lp li nhiu ln, t u n chn cho n khi cm thy tho mn rng mnh c th lm c
cng vic ri.
3. K tip tm c tnh "th". Hnh gi ly li ch qua ch li mp rng, hay lt tay qua y o,
hoc trn da cnh tay ca hnh gi cm gic tnh cht th nhm ny. Sau c gng phn bit
c tnh th nhm khp ton thn theo h thng nh trc. Nu khng th cm gic c tnh
cht th nhm theo cch , hy c gng nhn vo c tnh y v cng li v hnh gi c th
phn bit tnh cht th nhm cng vi hai c tnh ny.
Khi c th phn bit c tnh th nhm ri, hnh gi tr li phn bit ba c tnh: y, cng,
th, mi ln mt c tnh khp ton thn v lm i lm li nhiu ln cho n khi cm thy hi
lng.
4. K tm c tnh "nng". t bn tay ny ln bn tay kia trn lng hnh gi, v cm gic
tnh cht nng ca bn tay trn, hoc cm gic tnh cht nng ca u bng cch ci v trc.
Thc hnh theo h thng cho n khi hnh gi phn bit c c tnh nng khp ton thn.
Khi c th phn bit r c tnh nng ri, hnh gi ln lt tm li bn c tnh y, cng, th
v nng khp ton thn nh trc, cho n khi cm thy hi lng.
5. K tip tm c tnh h tr. Bung li lng, cho thn hnh gi khum v trc. Ri ngay
thn ln v gi thng li. Lc gi cho thn thng y l c tnh h tr. Thc hnh theo h thng
cho n khi hnh gi phn bit c c tnh h tr khp ton thn. Nu khng r, c gng
phn bit n cng vi c tnh cng, nh vy c th lm cho n d thy hn.
Sau khi c th phn bit c tnh h tr d dng ri, hy tm li nm c tnh y, cng, th,
nng v h tr khp ton thn nh trc.
6. K n tm c tnh mm bng cch p st li vo pha trong ca mi di cm nhn tnh
cht mm ca n. Ri th gin thn, v thc hnh theo h thng (t u xung chn) cho ti khi
hnh gi c th phn bit c tnh mm tht d dng trn khp ton thn.
Sau tm li su c tnh: y, cng, th, nng, h tr v mm khp ton thn.
7. K tip tm c tnh trn mn bng cch thm t i mi v dng li ch trn t mp bn
ny qua mp bn kia.Thc hnh cho n khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c tnh trn mn
khp ton thn.

Sau tm li by c tnh trn khp ton thn.

8. K tip tm c tnh nh bng cch vy vy ngn tay ln xung, cm nhn tnh cht nh ca
n. Nu hnh gi khng cm nhn c bng cch y, hy tm c tnh nng tr li. Khi hnh gi
c th cm nhn c tnh nng ca ton thn, th vy vy ngn tay ln xung li v cm nhn c
tnh nh ca n. Thc hnh cho n khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c tnh nh khp thn.
Sau tm li tm c tnh nh trc.
9. K, tm c tnh nng (hay m) khp ton thn. c tnh ny thng rt d thy. Bt u
bng cch nhn bit, qua xc gic, c tnh nng bt k ch no n hin hin r rt nht i vi
hnh gi. Sau tm li tt c chn c tnh nh trc.
10. K n tm c tnh lnh bng cch cm nhn tnh cht lnh ca hi th khi n i vo mi,
ri phn bit n theo h thng trn khp ton thn.
n y hnh gi c th phn bit c c mi c tnh. Mi c tnh u ny c bit trc
tip qua xc gic, nhng hai c tnh sau, chy v kt dnh, phi c suy ra t mi c tnh
trn. l l do chnh ng ni v n sau cht vy.
11. Phn bit c tnh kt dnh, nhn thc r v thn ny c gi li vi nhau bi da, tht v gn
nh th no. Cn mu c gi li bn trong bi da, nh nc trong tri bong bng ra sao.
Khng c c tnh kt dnh, thn ny t hn s ri ra thnh tng ming v phn t ring bit. Lc
hp dn gi cho thn gn vo t ny cng l c tnh kt dnh. Nu nh vy vn khng r, hnh
gi hy phn bit c mi c tnh trn ti lui nhiu ln, mi ln mt c tnh, trn khp ton
thn. Khi hnh gi tr nn thin xo trong vic phn bit ri, hnh gi s thy rng tnh
cht kt dnh cng tr nn hin hin. Nu vn cha r, th ch phn bit hai c tnh y v cng,
lp i lp li nhiu ln. Lc , hnh gi s cm thy nh th ton thn ca mnh b qun trong
mt si dy. Hy phn bit trng thi y nh c tnh kt dnh, v tu tp n nh hnh gi tu
tp cc c tnh khc.
12. phn bit c tnh chy, hy thc v nc ming ang chy ra trong ming, mu ang
chy qua cc huyt qun, khng kh (hay gi) ang chy vo hai l phi, hay hi nng ang chy
khp ton thn. Nu nh vy vn khng r, th nhn vo n cng vi c tnh lnh, nng hoc
y, hnh gi c th s phn bit c c tnh chy.
Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c mi hai c tnh ny mt cch r rng khp ton thn,
t u n chn, hnh gi s lp i lp li chng nhiu ln theo th t ny. Khi tho mn,
hnh gi nn sp xp li th t theo cch cp trc, tc l u bi ging, l: cng, th,
nng, mm, trn, nh, chy, kt dnh, nng, lnh, h tr v y. Theo th t , hnh gi c gng
phn bit tng c tnh, mi ln mt v t u n chn. Hnh gi nn c gng phn bit theo
th t ny cho ti khi c th lm thc nhanh, t nht cng ba vng trong mt pht.
Trong lc thc hnh theo cch ny, cc i s tr nn mt qun bnh i vi mt s hnh gi: tc
l mt vi tnh cht c th tr nn thi qu, thm ch khng th chu ng ni. c bit cc c
tnh cng, nng v y c th tr nn thi qu. Nu s tnh ny xy ra, hnh gi nn tp trung

nhiu hn vo tnh cht ngc li (nh cng th tp trung vo mm chng hn), v tip tc tu tp
nh theo cch .
Chng hn, nu c tnh chy thi qu th tp trung nhiu hn vo c tnh kt dnh, hoc nu
c tnh h tr thi qu th tp trung nhiu hn vo c tnh y. Nhng cp i nghch l: cngmm, th-trn mn, nng-nh, chy-kt dnh, nng-lnh v h tr-y.
Chnh v li ch qun bnh cc i m mi hai c tnh ny mi c u tin dy trc. Khi
qun bnh cc i c ri, th vic c nh s d dng hn thi.
n y hnh gi tr nn thin xo cng vic phn bit mi hai c tnh trong ton thn. Vi
mi hai c tnh hin hin r rng, hnh gi lc ny s phn bit su c tnh u trong mt
ci nhn, nh l a i ; hai c tnh k trong mt ci nhn, nh l thy i; hai c tnh k trong
mt ci nhn, nh l ha i; v hai c tnh cui cng, trong mt ci nhn, nh l phong i.
Hnh gi nn lin tc phn bit t, nc, la, gi, nh vy an tnh tm v c nh. C th
lm i lm li iu ny hng trm, hng ngn, hoc hng triu ln cng tt.
Mt phng php hiu qu nhm gi cho tm an nh l khng di chuyn ci bit (s thc) ca
hnh gi t phn thn ny n phn thn khc nh trc na. Thay vo , ly mt ci bit khi
qut v thn. Tt nht, thng l lm mt ci bit khi qut nh th hnh gi ang ngoi u
nhn li vy. Cng c th thc hin iu ny nh th hnh gi ang nhn t trn u ca mnh
xung, mc d cch lm ny c th a n s cng thng v khng qun bnh ca t i.
Mi cch pht trin nh
Ph ch gii b Thanh Tnh o ni ti lc ny hnh gi nn pht trin nh theo mi cch[24].
Hnh gi phn bit bn i:
1. Theo trnh t (anupubbato) t, nc, la v gi, theo trnh t c Pht a ra.
2. Khng qu nhanh (ntisghato). Nu hnh gi phn bit t i qu nhanh, th s khng thy r.
3. Khng qu chm (ntisaikato). Nu hnh gi phn bit t i qu chm, th s khng i n
on cui.
4. Ngn tm tn lon. (Vikkhepapaibhanato) Hnh gi phi gi tm ch vo i tng thin,
y l bn i, v khng n phng i ni khc.
5. Vt qua khi nim (paattisamatikkamanato) Hnh gi khng ch tm nim, "t, nc,
la, gi" m cn bit r nhng thc ti m khi nim y biu hin: cng, th, nng, mm, mn,
nh, chy, dnh, nng, lnh, h tr v y.
6. Loi b nhng g khng r (anupahnamucanato): Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c c
mi hai c tnh ri, tm thi hnh gi c th b ra nhng c tnh no khng r rng, nhng
nu (lm vy) m n em n au nhc hay cng thng th thi, v c mt s mt qun bnh
trong cc i. Khi loi b nhng c tnh khng r ra, hnh gi cng cn phi gi li t nht mt

c tnh no cho mi i trong t i . Ngha l hnh gi khng th tin hnh ch vi ba, hai
hoc mt i c. V hn ht vn l khng loi b c tnh no c, nu mi hai c tnh u
r.
7. Phn bit cc c tnh (lakkhanato). Khi hnh gi mi bt u thin, cc c tnh ca mi i
vn cha r lm, nn hnh gi cng c th tp trung vo nhim v v s th hin ca cc i[25].
Tuy nhin khi nh ca hnh gi tr nn kh hn, hnh gi ch nn tp trung vo nhng c tnh
t nhin (sabhvalakkhana): cng v th ca a i, chy v dnh ca thy i, nng v lnh
ca ha i, v h tr ca phong i.
im ny hnh gi s thy l ch c cc i, ch khng thy chng nh mt ngi hay mt t
ng na.
8. 9. 10. Ph ch gii ngh thm l hnh gi nn pht trin nh ca mnh theo ba bi Kinh: (8)
"Adhicitta Sutta" ("Tng Thng Tm Kinh")[26] , (9) "Stibhva Sutta" ("Tr Nn Lnh Kinh"),
(10) "Bojjhanga Sutta" ("Tht Gic Chi Kinh")[27] .
Trong ba bn kinh ny c Pht khuyn nn qun bnh ng cn (indriya): tn, tn, nim, nh v
tu; v qun bnh Tht gic chi (Bojjhanga): nim, trch php, tinh tn, h, tnh, nh v x.
Nhng iu ny c bn n trong bi ging u tin.
Lm th no thy Sc chn
Thy thn tnh sc nh mt khi.
Khi hnh gi tip tc tu tp nh trn bn i v n gn cn nh (upacra samdhi) hnh gi s
thy cc loi nh sng khc nhau. i vi mt s hnh gi nh sng y c mu xm nh khi.
Nu tip tc tp trung vo bn i trong nh sng xm , n s tr nn cng lc cng trng hn,
t nh bng gn, v ri s trng sng nh my, lc y ton thn hnh gi s xut hin nh mt
hnh th trng tot. Nu hnh gi tip tc tp trung vo bn i trong hnh th trng tot y cui
cng n s tr thnh trong sut ging nh mt khi nc hay thy tinh vy.
Sc trong sut ny l nm sc thn kinh (pasda), hay cn gi nm "tnh sc": Thn tnh sc,
nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc v thit tnh sc[28]. Thn kinh thn hay thn tnh sc c
thy khp ton thn, trong tt c su cn, l l do ti sao ton thn hnh gi li xut hin
trong sut nh vy. Hnh gi thy cc tnh sc ny nh mt hnh th hoc mt khi trong sut,
bi v hnh gi vn cha hiu r ba loi khi tng (ghana), l khi tng v tnh tng tc,
khi tng v tng hp hay nhm v khi tng v nhim v. (xem li cu tr li 1.3 trn).
Lm th no thy cc Tng hp sc (Rpa-kalapas)
Nu hnh gi tip tc phn bit t i trong hnh th (hay khi) trong sut (tnh sc) y, n s lp
lnh v pht ra nh sng. Khi hnh gi tp trung vo t i trong hnh th (hoc khi) ny mt
cch lin tc trong t nht na gi, th hnh gi t n cn nh. Vi nh sng y, hnh gi
phn bit h khng gii trong hnh th trong sut, bng cch tm nhng khong khng nh .
Lc ny hnh gi s thy rng hnh th trong sut phn tn thnh cc phn t nh gi l cc tng

hp sc (rpa-kalpa) rpa (sc) + kalpa (nhm/tng hp). Sau khi t n giai on ny,
tc giai on tm thanh tnh (citta-visudhi), hnh gi c th tin hnh tu tp kin thanh tnh
(dihi-visuddhi), bng cch phn tch cc tng hp sc. y l giai on khi u ca thin
Minh st (vipassan).
(Nhng li ch ca nh)
Trc khi gii thch cch lm th no tu tp Minh st, chng ta hy nhn vo mt li ch thc
tin c c t c hai -- cn nh m mt hnh gi thun qun y t n, v an ch nh
(nh ca bc thin) ca v hnh gi theo c xe Tnh ch (samtha).
Trong thin Minh st, do cn phi phn bit nhiu, nn mt mi thng pht sinh. Khi iu ny
xy ra, mt s an ngh tm thi s rt li ch. Trong ch gii "Kinh Song Tm" (Dvedhvitakka
Sutta), mt bi kinh thuc Trung B I, c gii thch cch lm th no mt hnh gi c th an ngh
trong thin (jhna). Ch gii lin h t d: trong sut mt trn chin, i khi nhng binh lnh
cm thy mt mi. Th lc ca i phng c th hng mnh hn, v tn bay ti tp. V th binh
lnh phi rt vo thnh ly ca h. Bn trong thnh ly h c an ton do trnh khi nhng mi
tn ca i phng v c an ngh. Ri, khi h cm thy kho v c sc tr li, h ri khi
thnh tr li chin trn. Bc thin (jhna) y cng ging nh thnh ly, c th c dng
nh mt ni an ngh trong sut thi gian Minh st. Cc hnh gi Thin Qun, khng c mt bc
thin, v khi s trc tip vi thin T i, c th dng cn nh ca h nh mt thnh ly
an ngh. Trong c hai trng hp, hnh gi u c th tr li chin trng Minh st vi thn tm
ti tnh, v trong sng r rng. Nh vy, c mt ni an ngh s em li li ch rt ln trong
Thin Minh st.
Cc Tng hp Sc Trong sut v cc Tng hp Sc M
Cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalpa) chia thnh hai nhm: cc tng hp sc trong sut v cc tng
hp sc m. Cc tng hp sc no cha mt trong nm tnh sc (nhn-nh-t-thit v thn tnh
sc) l nhng tng hp sc trong sut. Cn tt c tng hp sc khc l m.
Phn tch cc tng hp sc
Lm th no thy Bn i
Trc tin hnh gi nn phn bit bn i, t, nc, la v gi ca cc tng hp sc trong sut
v cc tng hp sc m. Hnh gi s thy rng cc tng hp sc sanh v dit cc k nhanh,
khng th no phn tch c chng, v hnh gi vn thy chng nh nhng phn t c nh. Do
cha thu trit ba loi khi tng (ghana), nn hnh gi vn cn nm trong lnh vc khi nim
(paatti) ch cha n c lnh vc chn hay thc ti cng tt (paramatha)[29].
Chnh do hnh gi cha thu sut nhng khi nim v tng hp v hnh dng m cc phn t,
cc khi nh vn tn ti. Nu hnh gi khng phn tch thm na, m c gng hnh Minh st
bng cch qun s sanh v dit ca cc khi nh y, tc cc tng hp sc (rpa-kalpas), th
hnh gi vn ch ang c gng hnh Minh st trn cc khi nim m thi. V vy hnh gi phi

phn tch cc tng hp sc thm na, cho n khi c th thy cc i trong cc tng hp sc
ring l, t n thc ti cng tt - chn .
Nu, do cc tng hp sc sanh v dit cc k nhanh, hnh gi khng th phn bit bn i trong
cc tng hp sc ring l, th hy b qua s sanh - dit ca chng, t nh khi gp mt ngi no
m mnh khng mun gp, hnh gi s lm b khng thy hoc ti y vy. y cng th,
hnh gi s khng ch n s sanh dit ca cc tng hp sc m ch tp trung vo bn i
trong cc tng hp sc y m thi.
Nu vn khng thnh cng, hnh gi nn tp trung vo a i lc trong ton thn v lc th trong
mt tng hp sc ring l xen nhau. i vi thy i, ha i, v phong i cng lm nh vy.
Hnh gi cn phi phn bit c bn i trong mt tng hp sc "trong" ring l v trong mt
tng hp sc "m" ring l.
y l phng thc tin hnh m chng ti dy ti Thin vin Pa-Auk: hnh gi phn bit cc
i theo tun t tng i mt. Cc bn kinh gii thch rng hnh gi nn phn bit c bn i mt
ln, nhng cn phi hiu l cch ch dnh cho nhng hnh gi thin xo hay thuc hng li
cn. Bi v, phn bit cc i ca sc rt su xa, nng lc Minh st ca hnh gi s c thng
khng mnh v vng chc h c th thy tt c cc i mt ln. V th, chng ti dy h
phn bit cc i theo tun t tng i mt, t cn bn mt, t ci d nht n ci kh nht. Sau
, khi h tr nn rnh r trong php hnh ri, h c th thy c bn i (tm c tnh) trong
mt tng hp sc mt ln[30].
Khi hnh gi thy c bn i trong mt tng hp sc "trong" cng nh trong mt tng hp
sc "m" ring l l hnh gi hon tt giai on thc hnh Thin Ch (samatha) v hon tt
giai on Tm thanh tnh (citta visuddhi) v cng ang trong giai on khi u ca thc hnh
Minh st, tc Kin Thanh Tnh (dihi visudhi), v hnh gi ang phn bit danh sc chn
(nma-rpa pariggaha: nm bt c duyn khi ca danh sc) v phn tch Danh sc chn
(nma-rpa pariccheda: phn tch danh sc). l l do v sao thin T i li bao gm c Ch
ln Qun (samtha v vipassan)
Khi thnh cng, hnh gi phn bit bn i trong mt s cc tng hp sc trong v m ca cc
cn l nhn cn, nh cn, t cn, thit cn, thn cn v cn ln lt tng cn (x) mt.
Nh cp trn, cc tng hp sc trong v m, tt c u bao gm cng mt cn bn tm
sc. n y hnh gi phn bit c bn sc u (tc t, nc, la v gi), v s tip tc
phn bit bn sc cn li: mu, mi, v v dng cht.
Tuy nhin, trc khi tin hnh, trc ht chng ta cn phi bn n phng thc chung cho vic
phn bit bn sc ny.
B sch Xua o tng (The Dispeller of Delusion), ch gii b Phn tch ca Tng Diu Php,
ni[31]
Sabbopi panesa pabhedo manodvrikayavaneyeva labbhati (Mi hin tng u c bit bi
mt mnh tc hnh (javana)[32] mn m thi.[33])

Hnh gi ch c th bit c a i, thy i, ha i, v phong i ca mt tng hp sc, vi

thc m thi. i vi mu, mi, v ca mt tng hp sc cng vy, hnh gi ch c th bit theo
cch . Mc d rt d thy c mu vi thc, nhng thy c mi v v theo cch li
rt kh, bi v thi quen lu i ca chng ta l dng mi v li ( lm cng vic y). Do ,
khi thin ca hnh gi cha mnh v vng chc, nn dng t thc hoc thit thc tr gip.
Ti y, ti gii thch xong hai cch phn bit mt i tng, by gi chng ta s tm hiu
cch lm th no ngi hnh thin c th phn bit c mu, mi, v v dng cht trong cc
tng hp sc.
Lm th no thy Mu
Mu (vaa), yu t th nm cn phi phn bit, l i tng ca s thy (rparammaa: cnh
sc) v c tm thy trong tt c mi tng hp sc. Mu rt d nhn bit i vi thc, bi v
ch nhn cc tng hp sc hnh gi thy c mu. Mu th lun lun phi l mu ca mt ci
g, v ci g chnh l t i[34].
Lm th no thy Mi
Mi hay hng (gandha), yu t th su cn phn bit, l i tng ca s ngi
(gandhrammaa: cnh kh), v cng c thy trong cc tng hp sc. Do v thi quen lu i
ca chng ta l dng mi ngi, nn lc u hnh gi cn c t thc tr gip hnh gi nhn
bit c mi vi thc.
lm iu ny, trc ht hnh gi cn phn bit sc m hai loi thc (t thc v thc) ny
nng, l t tnh sc v sc tri tim (sc m hay phi tnh sc). T tnh sc l yu t th mi
ca tng hp mi sc c t l yu t th mi (hay on t). Cn sc tri tim l yu t th
mi ca tng hp mi sc c tri tim l yu t th mi (on tm).
tm t tnh sc ny, u tin hnh gi phn bit t i ni mi, nhng phi chc chn l ang
nhn vo mt tng hp mi sc trong mi thuc t cn ch khng phi thuc thn cn. Ch
nhng tng hp t mi sc mi c t tnh sc.
K n, thy c sc tri tim, hnh gi cn phn bit mn (bhvaga - hu phn) sng
chi[35]. Cng vic ny tng i d, v hnh gi phn bit c t i trong cc tng hp sc
trong v m thuc su cn ri.
n y, sau khi phn bit c t tnh sc (t mn) v bhavaga ( mn), hnh gi c th
tin hnh phn bit mi ca mt tng hp sc gn vi tng hp t mi sc ch m hnh gi
phn bit tnh sc (sc trong sut). Hnh gi s thy rng mi tc ng vo t mn v mn
cng mt lc.

Lm th no thy V
V (rasa), yu t th by cn phn bit, l i tng ca v gic hay thn kinh thit (rasmman:
sc cnh v), cng c tm thy trong tt c cc tng hp sc. Nh i vi mi (t), lc u
hnh gi s cn c t thc tr gip bit c v vi thc. V y cng vy, trc tin hnh
gi nn phn bit sc m hai loi thc ny nng. Sau khi lm c iu , hnh gi phn
bit v ca mt tng hp sc. Hnh gi c th ly mt tng hp sc t nc ming trn li ca
mnh.
Lm th no thy Dng cht
Dng cht (oj) l yu t th tm cn phn bit. N cng c thy trong mi tng hp sc, v
nh cp trc, gm bn loi[36]:
1- Dng cht do Nghip sanh (Kammaja oj)
2- Dng cht do Tm sanh [37] (Cittaja oj)
3- Dng cht do Thi tit sanh (Uttuja oj)
4- Dng cht do Vt thc sanh (hraja oj)
Kho st bt k tng hp sc no hnh gi cng s thy dng cht. T dng cht ny chng ta
thy cc rpa kalpas (tng hp sc) t tr i sinh si ny n lin tc.
Sau khi phn bit c tm yu t hay sc cn bn c mt trong mi tng hp sc ri, hnh
gi nn c gng phn bit ba sc cn bn cn li c tm thy trong cc tng hp sc c bit l: sc mng cn, sc tnh (nam-n) v sc tri tim[38].
Lm th no thy c Sc Mng Cn v Sc Tnh
Sc mng cn (Jitindriya) ch duy tr s sng ca sc do nghip sanh, nn cng c ngha l n
ch c tm thy (sc nghip) .
Nh ni trc[39], v l tt c cc tng hp sc trong sut u do Nghip sanh, nn cng rt
d dng cho hnh gi phn bit mng cn ny trc trong mt tng hp sc trong sut. Phn
bit mt tng hp sc c mt l yu t th mi (on nhn hay mt thp php), v thy rng
sc mng cn ch duy tr (s sng) cc sc ca tng hp sc ring n m thi, ch khng duy tr
sc ca cc tng hp khc.
K hnh gi cng cn phn bit sc mng cn trong mt tng hp sc m. Thn c ba loi
tng hp sc m c sc mng cn l:
1- Cc tng hp sc c tri tim l th mi (hadaya dasaka-kalpa) - ch trong tri tim[40].
2- Cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi (bhva dasaka-kalpa) - khp ton thn[41].
3- Cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn (jvita navaka-kalpa)[42].

Trc tin phn bit sc mng cn ca mt tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn hoc ca mt

tng hp sc c tnh l th mi c xem l d nht. phn bit r hai tng hp sc ny,
hnh gi hy tm sc tnh (bhva-rpa).
Lc ny hnh gi phn bit c sc mng cn trong mt tng hp sc trong sut thuc v
mt, v vy hy nhn li vo mt v phn bit mt tng hp sc m c sc mng cn. Bi l cc
tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn v cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi u c tm thy
trong tt c su cn, nn n s l mt trong hai m thi. Nu n c sc tnh, th l mt tng
hp sc c tnh l th mi, ngc li, nu khng c th l mt tng hp c mng cn l th
chn. Trong trng hp , hy phn bit mt tng hp sc m khc cho n khi hnh gi phn
bit c sc tnh, ri tm sc ny trong mt tng hp sc thuc tai (nh), mi (t), li (thit),
thn v tri tim (nhc on tm).
phn bit mt tng hp sc m thuc tri tim, hnh gi tp trung vo mn hay bhavaga
chi sng tr li. Mun thy r, hy lc lc ngn tay ca hnh gi, v nhn xem ci tm mun lc
lc ngn tay y. Ri c gng phn bit cc tng hp sc h tr cho bhavaga (tm hu phn).
Hnh gi cng c th tm chng phn di ca bhavaga: l nhng tng hp sc m c tri
tim l th mi [43].
Nh vy, hnh gi hon tt vic phn bit tt c sc trong cc tng hp sc: t, nc, la,
gi, mu, mi, v, dng cht, mng cn v sc tnh. V hnh gi cng phn bit c chng
trong cc tng hp sc trong v m ni su cn. Giai on k tip trong vic phn bit sc l
phn tch sc ca mi (cn) trong su cn (gic quan): mt, tai, mi, li, thn v tri tim (heart)
thy ra nhng loi tng hp sc khc nhau .[44]
Hnh gi khi s bng cch phn tch ch hai loi trong sc tnh sc (sc trong sut).
Cch phn tch
Lm th no phn tch cc tnh sc (sc trong)
Mi gic quan c mt s loi tng hp sc ha ln vo nhau. Chng hn mt, tai, mi, li c hai
loi tng hp sc trong sut pha ln vi nhau ging nh bt go v bt m vy - l tng hp
sc trong sut thuc gic quan tng ng, v tng hp sc trong sut thuc thn. Chng hn, hai
loi tng hp sc trong mt l:
1. Tng hp sc c mt l th mi (on nhn) - cakkhu dasaka kapla - yu t th mi l
nhn tnh sc.
2. Tng hp sc c thn l th mi (on thn) - kya dasaka kalpa - yu t th mi l thn
tnh sc.
Cc tng hp sc c thn l th mi hay "on thn" c tm thy khp su gic quan (mt,
tai, mi, li, thn v tim), ha ln vi cc tng hp . Nh trong con mt, n ha ln vi cc
tng hp sc c mt l th mi (on nhn); trong tai, n ha ln vi on nh (sata dasaka
kalpas) v.v... Cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi (on sc tnh) cng th, c tm thy
khp cc gic quan, v cng trn ln vi cc tng hp sc trong sut khc. thy c tt c

nhng tng hp ny, hnh gi cn phn tch cc tng hp sc trong sut trong nm gic quan, v
nhn dng loi tnh sc tng ng vi mi th (nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc, thit tnh
sc) cng nh thn tnh sc .
1) Nhn tnh sc hay thn kinh nhn (cakkhu pasda): Nhy cm i vi mu sc, trong khi thn
tnh sc (thn kinh thn) li nhy cm i vi s xc chm (cc i tng c th s m c).
S khc nhau ny cho php hnh gi bit c th no l th mnh ang tm. u tin, phn bit
t i trong con mt thy r mt tng hp sc trong sut, v phn bit sc tnh sc ca tng
hp sc . Ri nhn vo sc mu ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc cch con mt mt khong no
. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc no th tnh sc y l mt nhn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc
c mt l th mi - on nhn). Ngc li, th l mt thn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c
thn l th mi - on thn).
2) Thn tnh sc (kya pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi s xc chm, hay i vi nhng
i tng c th s m c. Nhng i tng y l t, nc, la, gi (a i, thy i, ha
i, phong i). Hnh gi phn bit mt tnh sc ni con mt tr li. Ri nhn vo a i, ha
i, hay phong i ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc no,
tnh sc y l thn tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c thn l th mi, on thn).
3) Nh tnh sc (sota pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi m thanh. Trc tin hnh gi phn
bit mt tnh sc ni tai. Ri lng nghe. Nu m thanh tc ng trn tnh sc, tnh sc y lnh
tnh sc - (hay thn kinh nh) - (ca mt tng hp sc c nh l th mi). Ri phn bit thn tnh
sc nh trc hnh gi lm ni con mt.
4) T tnh sc (ghna pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi mi. Cng nh trc, hnh gi
phn bit mt tnh sc ni mi. Ri ngi mi ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n
tc ng trn tnh sc, tnh sc y l mt t tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c t l th mi). Ri
phn bit tng hp sc c thn l th mi nh lm vi mt v tai.
5) Thit tnh sc (jivh pasda). l yu t nhy cm i vi v. Phn bit mt tnh sc trong
li (thit). Ri nm v ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc gn bn. Nu n tc ng trn tnh sc,
th tnh sc y l mt thit tnh sc (ca mt tng hp sc c thit l th mi). Sau phn bit
tng hp sc c thn l th mi nh lm vi mt, tai v mi.
Khi phn tch xong hai loi tnh sc ni mi trong nm gic quan, hnh gi cng cn thy rng
thn tnh sc (trong cc tng hp sc c thn l th mi) cng c tm thy trong tri tim, v
sc tnh m (ni cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi - on sc tnh) cng c tm thy trong
tt c su gic quan.
Sau khi lm nh th, hnh gi s phi phn tch c nm loi tnh sc[45] , v hai trong su loi
sc m. By gi hnh gi cn phn tch cc sc m cn li ni mi trong su gic quan.

Nm mi bn sc trong con mt
T trc n y chng ta bn v ba loi tng hp sc cn bn.
1. Cc tng hp mi ca mi trong su gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li, thn v tm (tim)
2. Cc tng hp chn thuc mng cn
3. Cc tng hp tm
Mt, tai, mi, li, thn v tm (tim) bao gm, nh by gi chng ta bit, by loi tng hp
sc, tng cng c su mi ba sc[46]. Tuy nhin khi phn tch sc ca mt gic quan, cc kinh
Pi ni hnh gi ch nn nhn vo su loi tng hp sc (tr cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th
chn ra). Nh vy hnh gi s ch tp trung vo nm mi bn loi sc (63 - 9 = 54).[47]
Ring cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn, sau hnh gi s phn bit theo cch khc. V
v l mt trong su loi tng hp sc c thn l th mi, nn khi phn tch sc ca thn (ngoi
mt, tai, mi, li v tri tim), hnh gi ch c th phn tch nm loi tng hp sc, tng cng c
bn mi bn loi sc (54 - 10 = 44) m thi.
Nh vy chng ta s nhn vo nm mi bn loi sc ni ca con mt chng hn:
1- Tng hp sc c mt l th mi[48] (on nhn hay Mt thp php). l yu t nhy cm
i vi mu, trong sut v do nghip sanh.
2- Tng hp sc c thn l th mi[49] (on thn hay Thn thp php). l yu t nhy cm
i vi cc i tng c th s m c (xc trn - a i - ha i v phong i), trong sut do
nghip sanh.
3- Tng hp sc c tnh l th mi[50] (on tnh hay Tnh thp php). l sc m v do
nghip sanh.
V ri c thm ba loi tng hp sc na, mi loi c tm sc, tng cng l hai mi bn
(3x8=24). l ba loi tng hp sc c vt thc l th tm, c ba u l sc m.
4- Tng hp tm c dng cht do tm sanh (cittaja ojahumaka kalpa)
5- Tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh (uttuja ojahamaka kalpa)
6- Tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh (kraja ojahamaka kalpa)
Ba loi tng hp sc u (cc tng hp mi sc) u do nghip (kamma) sanh, trong khi ba loi
tng hp sc sau (cc tng hp 8 sc) th hoc do thi tit hoc do tm, hoc do vt thc sanh.
Nh ni phn u ca bi ging ny, c bn ngun gc ca sc[51]. n y th hnh gi
phn bit c cc tng hp sc do nghip sanh ri, v vy chng ta s bn n cch phn bit
loi tng hp c dng cht l th tm bit n thuc th no (trong ba th k trn: tm, thi
tit, vt thc).

Lm th no thy sc do tm sanh
Nh cp trong phn gii thiu, mi tm sanh ln nng vo sc tri tim (ngoi tr tm tc
sanh hay kit sanh thc) s to ra rt nhiu cc tng hp tm c dng cht do tm sanh (cittaja
ojahamakalpa). Cc tng hp ny l nhng sc m v tri khp ton thn.
l l do v sao, nu hnh gi tp trung vo hu phn (bhavaga), hnh gi s thy rt nhiu
tm nng ni sc tri tim ang to ra cc tng hp sc. Nu iu ny khng r, hy tp trung
vo hu phn tr li v vy vy 1 ngn tay. Lc hnh gi s thy 1 s ln cc tng hp sc
c to ra do tm mun vy vy ngn tay. ng thi hnh gi cng thy rng nhng tng hp
sc nh vy c th khi sanh bt c ch no trn thn.
Lm th no thy sc do thi tit sanh
Nh ni trong phn gii thiu, ha i (tejo) cng c gi l "thi tit" hay "nhit" (Utu) v
c thy trong 1 tng hp sc. Ha i ca cc tng hp sc to ra cc tng hp tm c dng
cht do thi tit sanh (utuja ojahamaka kalpa). T thn chng li cha ng ha i, vn to
ra thm cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh. Hnh gi cn thy rng tin trnh ny
xy ra trong tt c cc loi tng hp sc ni mi gic quan.
u tin, phn bit ha i trong mt tng hp sc c mt l th mi chng hn. Ri thy rng
n to ra cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh. y l th h th nht. K phn bit
ha i trong mt tng hp sc ca th h th nht thuc cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi
tit sanh y, v thy rng n cng sanh si ny n tip: l th h th 2. Theo cch ny hnh
gi s thy rng thi tit trong tng hp c mt l th 10 (vn bn thn n l do nghip sanh)[52]
sinh si ny n qua 4 hoc 5 th h[53].
Hnh gi cn phi thy c rng tin trnh ny xy ra cho mi loi tng hp sc trong mi gic
quan, v cng cn phi t mnh thy c bao nhiu th h tng hp sc 8 c dng cht do thi
tit sanh m mi loi tng hp sc y to ra.
Lm th no thy sc do vt thc sanh
Nh cp trn, bn phn thuc thn, l vt thc cha tiu ho, vt thc tiu ha
(phn) m v nc tiu, ch l nhng tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh (utuja
ojahamaka kalpa). V sc nng tiu ho thc n trong thn (trong thc qun) chnh l ha
i thuc cc tng hp c mng cn l th chn (jvita navaka kalpa), vn l tng hp sc do
nghip sanh.
Khi dng cht ca cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh gp sc nng tiu ho thc
n, th sc c to ra thm, sc l cc tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh (hraja
ojahamaka kalpa). Bn thn chng c dng cht (dng cht ny do vt thc sanh hraja
oj) vn sinh si ny n theo cng cch qua nhiu th h. Vt thc n vo trong ngy s ti to
nh th ny cho n mt tun l, trong sut thi gian y n cng h tr dng cht trong cc
tng hp sc do nghip sanh, do tm sanh v do thi tit sanh, cng nh trong cc tng hp sc
do vt thc trc sanh[54]. Vt thc ca ch thin ti to cho n mt hoc hai thng.

 thy nhng iu ny hnh gi phi "thin" trong khi ang n. V, vo lc y cc tng hp sc

do vt thc sanh c th c thy lan to khp ton thn, t h thng thc qun: ming, cung
hng, bao t, v rut. Trc tin hnh gi phn bit t i trong thc n mi n vo nhng ch
y, v thy cc tng hp sc ti . C tip tc nhn cho n khi hnh gi thy c rng khi sc
nng tr gip tiu ha (ha i ca cc tng hp c mng cn l th chn) gp dng cht ca
thc n mi n vo (cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit sanh), th nhiu th h cc tng
hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh c to ra, dng cht ny lan ta khp ton thn.
Hnh gi thy rng chng l sc m v gm tm loi sc. Hnh gi cng c th thy nhng iu
ny sau khi n xong, trong trng hp th hnh gi phn tch vt thc cha tiu ha trong
bao t v rut.
K tip, hnh gi cn phn bit cc tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh khi chng lan
ta khp ton thn, v i n mt chng hn. Phn bit tm loi sc trong cc tng hp tm ti
ni v thy rng dng cht ca chng l dng cht do vt thc sanh (hraja oj). Ri thy
nhng g xy ra khi n gp dng cht do nghip sanh (kammaja oj) ca cc tng hp c mt l
th mi (on nhn); cng vi sc nng hay nhit tr gip tiu ha, n khin cho dng cht
thuc cc tng hp c mt l th mi y to ra bn hoc nm th h cc tng hp tm c dng
cht do vt thc sanh[55]. Con s cc th h c to ra ty thuc vo sc mnh ca c hai loi
dng cht.
Hn na, trong bn hoc nm th h tng hp sc y, cn c thi tit. Hnh gi cng c gng
phn bit giai on tr ca n thy rng n cng ti to qua nhiu th h.
Hnh gi cng c gng phn bit thy rng khi dng cht do vt thc sanh gp dng cht
ca cc tng hp c thn l th mi, v cc tng hp c tnh l th mi do nghip sanh thuc
con mt, th bn hoc nm th h tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh c to ra. V
cng trong nhng th h ny, thi tit s sinh si ny n qua nhiu th h.
Li na, khi dng cht do vt thc sanh gp dng cht ca tng hp tm c dng cht do tm
sanh thuc con mt (cittaja ojatthamaka kalpa), th hai hoc ba th h tng hp tm c dng
cht do vt thc sanh c to ra, v cng trong cc th h ny, thi tit sinh si ny n qua
nhiu th h.
V cn na, c hai loi tng hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh; l loi i trc v loi
ni tip theo sau.
Khi dng cht do vt thc trc to gp dng cht ni tip theo sau ca cc tng hp tm c
dng cht do vt thc sanh v nhit tr gip tiu ha, th mi n mi hai th h th h tng
hp tm c dng cht do vt thc sanh c to ra, thi tit cng sinh si ny n qua
nhiu th h.
Trong mi trng hp, dng cht ca bt k tng hp sc no (do nghip sanh, do tm sanh, do
thi tit sanh, hay do vt thc sanh) th s ti to ch c khi n c h tr bi sc nng hay
nhit tr gip tiu ha.

Sau khi phn bit tt c cc loi tng hp c dng cht l th tm trong mt, bit chng sinh
si ny n nh th no, v cc yu t trong cc tng hp sc m chng to ra cng ti to ra
sao, hnh gi lc y phn bit c c thy nm mi bn loi sc ni mt. K , hnh gi
nn lm y nh vy i vi tt c cc loi sc trong nm gic quan cn li; l tai, mi, li,
thn, v tm.
TM TT
Hm nay chng ta lun bn kh tm tt v cch lm th no phn tch cc tng hp sc,
trong khi php hnh thc s i hi nhiu hn. Chng hn, phng php chi tit i hi phi
phn tch ci c gi l bn mi hai phn ca thn cp trong kinh Gii Phn Bit
(Phtuvibhanga Sutta) thuc Trung B Kinh, l: hai mi phn thuc a i, hai mi phn
thuc thy i, bn phng din ca ha i v su phng din ca phong i[56]. Nu hnh gi
mun bit cch lm th no tu tp theo phng php chi tit ny, hnh gi nn i n mt bc
thy thch hp. Nh thc hnh c h thng, dn dn hnh gi s tr nn thnh tho hn trong
vic phn bit cc tng hp sc, vn c to ra do bn nguyn nhn: nghip, tm, thi tit, v
vt thc.
Vi vic phn bit sc hon mn, hnh gi k nh hon tt phn u ca tu minh st th
nht, l Danh Sc Phn Tch Tr (Nma-rpa pariccheda nama).
n y chng ta s tm tt li vic phn bit sc (Rpa kammatthna)
thy cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpas), hnh gi phi tu tp nh cho n cn nh bng cch
tp trung vo bn i, t, nc, la v gi.
Khi hnh gi c th thy c cc tng hp sc, hnh gi phi phn tch chng thy tt c
nhng yu t (sc) c mt trong cc tng hp sc ring l, chng hn nh trong mt tng hp sc
c mt l th mi (on nhn hay mt thp php), hnh gi phi thy t, nc, la, gi, mu,
mi, v, dng cht, mng cn, v tnh nhn sc.
Vi phng php tm tt hnh gi phi phn bit nm mi bn sc trong mt gic quan, ri
cng phn bit y nh vy i vi nm gic quan cn li.
Vi phng php chi tit, hnh gi phi phn bit tt c cc loi sc trong c bn mi hai phn
thuc thn.
Khi hon tt vic phn bit sc (rpakammatthna), hnh gis c thin xo thy tt c
cc yu t (sc) ca c su gic quan vi mt ci nhn thong qua, v cng s thy c bn mi
hai phn thuc thn vi ci nhn thong qua nh vy. y l nhng g hnh gi ang nhm ti
khi kinh qua thin, i t sc ny n sc khc, t gic quan ny n gic quan khc; t d nht
n kh nht.
iu ny cng ging nh ang nhn vo mi ci tr cu thang. Chng ta c th nhn vo
chng tng ci mt, nh mt, hai, ba, bn v.v... cho n mi, v ri chng ta c th nhn c
mi ci mt ln, vi mt ci nhn thong qua. Khi hnh gi c th thy tt c cc loi sc vi

mt ci nhn thong qua, chng s tr thnh i tng cho vic hnh minh st ca hnh gi; hnh
gi s thy tt c sc l v thng, kh, v v ng [57]. Tuy nhin nu, ngay c sau khi hon
tt vic phn bit sc ri, m hnh gi vn khng th thy tt c sc vi mt ci nhn thong qua,
th nn thy tng sc mt, lm i lm li nhiu ln, v c gng thy tt c chng vi mt ci
nhn thong qua[58].
n y hon tt phn tho lun ca chng ta v vic phn bit Sc (Rpa-kammatthna). Trong
bi ging k tip chng ti s ni v cch lm th no phn bit Danh (Nma-kammatthna).
PH BN 1. HAI MI TM LOI SC
cui giai on phn bit sc, hnh gi s phi kho st mi tm loi sc thc v chn trong
mi loi sc khng thc.[59]
Mi tm loi sc thc gm:
Tng cng
Bn i Chng (Mah bhta)
1.
a i
(Pathav dhtu)
2.
Thy i
(po dhtu)
3.
Ha i
(Tejo dhtu)
4.
Phong i
4
(Vyo dhtu)
Nm loi tnh sc (pasda rpa:sc trong sut)
1.
Nhn tnh sc
(Cakkhu pasda)
2.
Nh tnh sc
(Sota pasda)
3.
T tnh sc
(ghna pasda)
4.
Thit tnh sc
(jivh pasda)
5.
Thn tnh sc
5
(kya pasda)
Bn loi Hnh Cnh Sc (gocara rpa: sense - field materiality)
1. Mu (sc)
(vanna)
2. Thanh
(saddha)
3. Hng (kh)
(gandha)
4. V
4
(rasa)
1
Dng cht
(oj)
1
Mng cn
(jitindriya)
1
Sc tri tim
(hadaya rpa)
(tm c hay sc vt)
Hai loi sc tnh
(bhva rpa)
1. Sc tnh nam
(purisabhva rpa)
2. Sc tnh n
2
(itthi bhva rpa)
18
Mi loi sc khng thc gm:
1. Sc h khng
(ksa dhtu)
2. Thn biu tri
(kyavinnatti)
3. Khu biu tri
(vacnnatti)
4. Sc khinh
(lahut)
5. Sc nhu
(mudut)

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Sc thch nghip [60]

Sc sinh
Sc tin
Sc d
Sc dit

(kammannat)
(upacaya)
(santati)
(jarat)
(aniccata)

PH BN 2. CC SC CN BN CA MT [61]
[3 loi tng hp mi (3x10 =30) + cc tng hp Chn (9) + 3 loi tng hp tm (3x8=24) = 63
sc]
Loi

Tng hp Mi Mt [62]
Tnh cht
Trong sut
Ngun gc Kamma (nghip
sanh)
c tnh
Nhy cm vi nh
sng [63]

Tng hp Mi Thn
Trong sut
Kamma

Tng hp Mi Tnh
M
Kamma
Xc nh tnh (nam n)

1.

Nhy cm vi s xc
chm (t, la, v
gi)
t

2.

Nc

Nc

Nc

3.

La

La

La

4.

Gi

Gi

Gi

5.

Mu

Mu

Mu

6.

Mi

Mi

Mi

7.

8.

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

9.

Mng cn

Mng cn

Mng cn

10.

Nhn tnh sc

Thn tnh sc

Sc tnh

PH BN 3. Cc Sc Cn Bn Ca Thn
[2 loi tng hp mi (2x10=20) + tng hp mng cn (9) + 3 loi tng hp 8 (3x8=24) = 53
sc]
Loi

Tng hp Thn

Tng hp Tnh
Mi sc
M
Nghip
Xc nh tnh

Mi sc
Trong sut
Nghip
Nhy cm vi xc (t - la
- gi)
t

Nc

Nc

La

La

Gi

Gi

Mu

Mu

Mi

Mi

Dng cht

Dng cht

Mng cn

Mng cn

10

Thn tnh sc

Sc tnh

Tnh cht
Ngun gc
c tnh

Hai loi tng hp mi ny c thy c 6 gic quan

Loi

Tng hp Tm

Tnh cht
Ngun gc
1

Tng hp chn
Mng cn
M
Nghip
t

M
Tm
t

M
Thi tit
t

M
Vt thc
t

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

La

La

La

La

Gi

Gi

Gi

Gi

Mu

Mu

Mu

Mu

Mi

Mi

Mi

Mi

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

Mng cn

Cc tng hp chn thuc mang cn, v tng hp tm hon ton ging nhau trong khp 6 gic
quan.

PH BN 4. Cc Sc Cn Bn Ca Tm (tri tim)
[3 loi tng hp 10 (3x10=30) + tng hp chn (9) + 3 loi tng hp tm (3x8=24) = 63 sc]
Loi

Tng hp mi
thuc Thn
Trong sut
Nghip
Nhy cm vi Xc
(t, la, gi)
t

Tng hp mi
thuc Tnh
M
Nghip
Xc nh tnh

Tng hp mi (*)
thuc Tri Tim
M
Nghip
H tr gii v
Thc gii
t

Nc

Nc

Nc

La

La

La

Gi

Gi

Gi

Mu

Mu

Mu

Mi

Mi

Mi

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

Mng cn

Mng cn

Mng cn

10

Sc tri tim

Thn tnh sc

Sc tnh

Tnh cht
Ngun gc
c tnh

(*) Nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc, v thn thc sanh ln nng vo tnh sc (thn kinh),
tc sc th mi (mn) thuc cc tng hp: mt mi sc, tai mi sc, mi mi sc, li
mi sc, v thn mi sc, trong khi tt c cc tm (thc) khc (bao gm gii v thc gii)
sanh ln nng vo cc tng hp c sc tri tim m l th mi. Xem li trn.

Loi

Tng hp Tm

Tnh cht
Ngun gc
1

Tng hp chn
thuc Mng cn
M
Nghip
t

M
Tm
t

M
Thi tit
t

M
Vt thc
t

Nc

Nc

Nc

Nc

La

La

La

La

Gi

Gi

Gi

Gi

Mu

Mu

Mu

Mu

Mi

Mi

Mi

Mi

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

Dng cht

Mng cn

Cc tng hp chn, thuc mng cn v cc tng hp tm hon ton ging nhau trong khp 6 gic
quan.
*

HI P 4
Hi 4.1: Mt v b tt (bodhisatta), k c c B tt Arimetteyya (Di Lc), c phi l phm phu
khng (puthujjana)? Nu nh B tt Di Lc cng l mt phm phu ging nh chng ta, th vo
lc ngi h sanh tr thnh Pht Di Lc (Metteya Buddha), c s khc nhau no gia nhng
iu kin ngi thnh Pht v chng ta hay khng?[64]
p 4.1: S khc nhau l cc ba la mt (Prami) ca ngi chn mi, nh trng hp c
Pht Thch Ca ca chng ta khi cn l Thi t S t a vy. Cc v B tt nh vy s phi trau
di cc ba la mt ca h trong nhiu kip sng. C mi ba la mt l:
B th (dna)
Tr gii (sla)
Xut gia (nekkhamma)
Tr tu (pa)
Tinh tn (viya)
Nhn ni (khant)
Chn tht (sacca)
Quyt nh (adhihna)
Tm t (mett)
Tm x (upekkh)
Khi cc ba la mt ny chn mi, chng s thc y b tt t b th gian, cho d h ang hng
th cc dc lc. Trong kip cui ca mnh, mt v b tt phi ly v v c mt ngi con trai;
y l mt quy lut t nhin. Ti qun tn v v con ca c b tt Di Lc ri. Theo Tam
tng Nguyn thy (Theravda Tipika), th l kip cht ca ngi, v khng c v A-la-hn no,
k c c Pht, cn ti sanh sau khi Bt Nit-bn (Parinibbna) c. S Dit hay Bt Nit-bn
ca cc ngi l s chm dt ca vng t sanh lun hi. Cc ngi s khng phi ti sanh u
na.[65]
Ly trng hp c b tt Thch Ca Mu Ni (Sakyamuni) ca chng ta v d. Trong kip cht
ca ngi, trc khi gic ng ngi cng l mt phm nhn. Nh th no? Nm trn mi su tui,
ngi tr thnh thi t S t a v ci cng cha Dadula (Yasodhar). H c mt con trai l
La hu la. Ngi cng hng th dc lc trong hn mi ba nm. Mc d ngi khng c nm trm
thin n bn tay tri v nm trm thin n bn tay phi ca mnh nh cc v ch thin, nhng li
c vy quanh bi hai mi ngn c cng cha. y l kmasukhallikanuyogo - th hng dc
lc, m chm trong dc lc.
Sau khi t b nhng dc lc y, ngi hnh kh hnh trong khu rng Uruvela (u lu tn loa).
Sau su nm kh hnh v b, ngi cng t b php hnh ny, v hnh theo trung o, khng bao
lu sau th t n gic ng vin mn. Sau khi gic ng, trong bi php u tin ca mnh,
"Dhamma cakkapavattana" - Chuyn Php Lun, Ngi tuyn b:
Kmesu kmasukhallikanuyogo ho, gammo, puthujjaniko, anariyo, anatthasahito.
S th hng dc lc ny l thp hn (hno), l php hnh ca hng dn d (gammo), php hnh
ca hng phm phu (puthijjaniko).

 l php hnh ca hng cha gic ng, phi thnh nhn (anariyo), khng em li li ch
(anatthasahito).
iu ny c ngha, s th hng dc lc khng phi l php hnh ca cc bc gic ng. V dc
lc l v b (khng li ch) v mc d chng em li nhng li ch th gian, chng hn nh hnh
phc ci ngi, v hnh phc cc ci phm thin (brahma), song chng li khng em li li
ch siu th, l hnh phc ca Nit-bn, trng thi m chng ta ch c th th hng bng o
- Qu Tu.
V vy, trong bi php u tin ca Ngi, c Pht cng b rng bt lun ai hng dc u l
phm phu c. Khi cn l mt v b tt, ngi cng th hng dc lc, l chung sng vi
Dadula trong hong cung. Vo lc y, ngi cng l mt phm nhn, v s hng th dc lc l
php hnh ca k phm phu.
iu ny khng ch dnh cho c b tt ca chng ta thi, m cho tt c cc v b tt. C th c
nhiu v l b tt y, trong s thnh chng ny. Qy v nn suy xt vn ny tht cn thn:
nhng v b tt y l phm nhn hay cc bc thnh nhn (ariya)? Ti ngh l qy v c th
bit c cu tr li ri.
Hi 4.2: Sau khi hon tt kho thin, mt hnh gi c th c o Tu (Maggaa) v Qu
Tu (Phalaa) khng? Nu khng, v sao khng?
p 4.2: Hnh gi c th c, song cn ty vo cc ba la mt ca h. Hy ly trng hp ca
Ngi Bhiya Druciriya[66] lm in hnh. V ny hnh Ch-Qun (Samatha-Vipassan) n
hnh x tr (sankhrupekkha) trong thi k gio php c Pht Ca Dip (Kassana). Tri qua
hai mi ngn nm thc hnh, nhng Ngi khng c mt o Qu Tu no c, v Ngi c
c Pht Padumuttara (Thng Lin Hoa Pht) th k. Chnh v th Ngi s tr thnh v
Khippbhi tc l v s tc chng A-la-hn thnh qu trong thi k gio php c Pht Thch
Ca. Do , cc ba la mt ca Ngi ch vo lc y mi chn mi[67]. Cc v thanh vn t khc
c t tu phn tch (Patisambhid a) trong thi k gio php c Pht Thch Ca cng vy,
tc l h phi hnh Ch-Qun cho n hnh x tr trong thi k gio php ca cc v Pht trc;
y l mt quy lut t nhin. T tu phn tch gm:
1. Tu phn tch v ngha hay cn gi l Ngha V Ngi Gii (attha paisambhid a) y
l mt loi tu minh st v qu, tc minh st kh thnh .
2. Tu phn tch v php hay cn gi l Php V Ngi Gii (Dhamma paisambhid a). y
l mt loi tu minh st v nhn, tc minh st kh tp thnh hay thnh v nhn sanh ca
kh.
3. Tu phn tch v vic ch nh ngn ng hay cn gi l T V ngi Gii (Ninutti
paisambhid a). y l tu bit v vn phm, c bit l vn phm Pli.
4. Tu phn tch v cc loi tr hay cn gi l Bin Ti (ng bin) V Ngi Gii (Paibhna
paisambhid a), tc l tu minh st bit r ba loi tu phn tch k trn.

C nm nhn khin thnh tu T Tu Phn tch ny:

1) Chng c (adhigama) - chng A-la-hn thnh o v A-la-hn thnh qu, hoc bt k o
qu no khc.
2) Tinh thng kinh in (pariyatti) - hc v hiu r php hc.
3) Nghe (savana) - lng nghe ging php mt cch chm ch v knh trng.
4) Hi (parupuccha) - lun bn nhng on kh v nhng li gii thch cha thu o trong kinh
v ch gii.
5) Tin n lc (pubbayoga) - thc hnh Ch-Qun cho n hnh x tr (sankhrupekkh a)
trong thi k gio php ca cc v Pht trc.
Nu hnh gi no thc hnh trong thi k gio php ny m khng t n Nit-bn, c th l v
cc Ba-la-mt ca h cha chn mi. L do cng c th l h nhn c li th k xc nh
ni mt v Pht qu kh, hoc pht nguyn gii thot sanh t lun hi (sasra) trong thi k
gio php ca c Pht tng lai, nh thi k gio php ca c Pht Di - Lc chng hn. V d
nh c hai ngn v t khu ni, tt c u l A-la-hn bc thng, nhp Nit-bn cng mt
ngy vi Yasodara (Dadula - cng l mt thnh ni A-la-hn). V sao? Trong thi k gio php
ca c Pht Dpakara (Nhin ng) h pht nguyn c gii thot t sanh lun hi trong
thi k gio php ca c Pht Thch Ca, tc l cch bn A tng k v mt trm ngn i kip
sau. tr thnh mt v thnh A-la-hn bc thng khng i hi ngi phi trau di cc Bala-mt lu nh vy, song hai ngn v t khu ni ny phi li trong vng sanh t lun hi thi
gian lu di n nh vy ch l v nguyn lc ca h, ch khng phi v mt li th k xc nh.
Hi 4.3: Mt hnh gi hon tt kha thin, nhng vn cha t n o tu (maggaa) v
qu tu (phala), nu nh ca ngi y thi tht th minh st tu ca ngi y cng s thi
tht lun c phi khng? Nh vy ngi y c th b sanh vo cc c o (apya: a ngc, ng
qy, sc sanh, ...) khng?
p 4.3: Minh st tu ca ngi y c th cng s thi tht, song iu rt him. Nu ngi y
khng duy tr php hnh trong mt thi gian lu, th Ch-Qun (samatha-vipassan) ca h c
th t t suy yu i. Tuy nhin, nghip lc vn tn ti nh mt lc ng ngm.
Trong ch gii kinh in Pli[68] c dn chng mt trng hp. S kin xy ra Sri Lanka (Tch
Lan). C khong ba mi v t khu v sa-di (Samneras) i n nh l ngi i thp (x li)
ti Kaly, khi h trn ng mn xung ni vo l chnh, h gp mt ngi n ng ngc
chiu ang i ln. Ngi n ng ny lm ngh t than, ngi ng ta nhem nhuc vi tro than,
thm ch ci kh vng duy nht m ng mang cng lm lem lm luc, bi th trng ng chng
khc g mt cy than en. Sau khi lm xong cng vic hng ngy ca mnh, ng lm mt b ci
than chy khng ht ri theo ng mn i ln, vi tc tai di n tn lng, v ng i din vi
cc v t khu.
My ch sa-di trng thy ng, ni a vi nhau "Cha ng , ng ni ng , ch ng , phi
khng?" ri h ci ln khi i xung. Mt ngi hi "Ny c s, tn ng l g?" Nghe hi n
tn mnh, ngi n ng cm thy h thn, t gnh ci xung v sa son li y phc, ng cung
knh cho v trng lo (Mahthera) vi nh cm chn ngi li mt lt.

Cc v t khu ng ch, nhng my ch sa-di i n v ci ln ngay c trc mt v trng

lo. Ngi n ng ni vi Mahthera: "Bch ngi, c phi cc ngi ci khi trng thy con
khng? Cc ngi ngh rng mnh hon thnh i xut gia ca mt v t khu ch bng y o
sao. Th nhng cc ngi vn cha t n s nht tm y! Trc y con cng l mt sa mn
nh cc ngi, v con cn rt ni ting vi nhng nng lc thn thng trong gio php ny na
y. i vi con, h khng nh t v t ging nh h khng, xa nh gn v gn nh xa vy.
trong mt khonh khc, con c th thm nhp vo mt trm ngn h thng th gian (thi dng
h). Vy m by gi cc ngi xem tay ca con y! Gi n chng khc g tay ca con kh."
Ri ch vo mt thn cy, ng ni tip, "Ngi di gc cy y con tng ly tay s mt trng
v mt tri. Con cn ngi vi mt trng v mt tri, xem n nh t ch chn vy. Nhng
nng lc thn thng ca con l nh vy, nhng do d dui m gi y chng khng cn na.
Ch nn d dui! Do d dui ngi ta i n bi hoi nh th ny y. Ch nhng ai sng mt
cch tch cc mi on tn c sanh, gi, cht. Do , hy ly con lm bi hc, v ng c xao
lng vic hnh cc thin php thuc Ch-Qun (samatha-vipassan). Hy c gng tinh tn, bch
cc ngi!"
Nh vy, ng va khuyn va cnh gic h. Kinh cm trc nhng li ca ng ta, ngay ti ch
y, ba mi v t khu hnh Ch-Qun v c A-la-hn thnh qu. Do Ch-Qun nht thi c
th b thi tht do d dui (pamda), nhng sc mnh ca nghip vn tn ti.
C bn loi ngi t n Nit-bn. Loi th nht l c Gic Pht (Paccekabuddha), y
chng ta s khng cp n. Ba loi cn li l: (1) mt v b tt, (2) mt v thng th thanh
vn (agga svaka), (3) mt v i thanh vn (mah svaka), v (3) v thanh vn thng (pakati
svaka).
1) c B tt ca chng ta, trong thi k ca c Pht Nhin ng (Dpakara) c tm
thin chng (sam paatti) v nm thn thng hip th (ng thng). Trong cc kip qu kh,
Ngi cng hnh Ch-Qun n "Hnh x tu" (Sankhrupekkhaa). Nu Ngi thc s
mun c Nit-bn, Ngi c th c mt cch nhanh chng, do nghe mt bi k ngn m c
Pht Nhin ng thuyt v T Thnh . Nhng ngi khng ch mong mi Nit-bn, m mun
pht nguyn thnh Pht trong tng lai, nn sau ngi nhn c li th k xc nh ca c
Pht Nhin ng.
Trong sut bn A-tng-k (asakkheyya) v mt trm ngn i kip (kappa), tc l t thi c
Pht Nhin ng cho n thi k c Pht Ca Dip (Kassapa), c B tt ca chng ta th
gii lm t khu chn kip, mi ln u c mt v Pht hung dn. Trong mi kip lm t
khu, vic hc tp ca c B tt gm by loi php hnh.[69]
1. Hc thuc lng Tam Tng (Tipiaka Buddhavacanaugga hitv)[70]
2. Thanh tnh trong bn loi gii (Catu prisuddhi sle supatihya)[71]
3. Mi ba php hnh u (Terasa dhutagni samdya)
4. Lun lun hnh hnh u tr trong rng (araaa pavisitv)[72]
5. Tm thin chng (aha sampattiyo)
6. Nm thn thng hip th (paca abhia)
7. Hnh minh st cho n Thun Th Tu (Vipassana vahatv yva anulomaana)[73]

Nhng Ba-la-mt (Pramis) ny cn phi c hon tt chng c Nht thit Tr

(sabbautaaa) Nhng trc khi cc ba-la-mt chn mi, tc l t lc c th k cho n lc
sinh lm Thi t S - t - a, c B tt ca chng ta c khi cng ti sinh vo cnh gii sc
sanh do bt thin nghip to t nhng kip trc. Tuy nhin, nhng kip lm t khu v
nhng kip lm sc sinh rt xa nhau. y l iu t nhin khi cn lm B tt vy.
2) Mt s v Thng th Thanh vn (Agga svaka) cng phi c th k xc nh, chng hn
nh tn gi X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin c c Pht Anomadass th k. Hn na, cc v
i thanh vn (mah svaka) i khi cng phi c th k, nh tn gi nanda v tn gi
Kassapa c c Pht Padumuttara (Thng Lin Hoa) th k. Trong thi c Pht ca chng
ta, tt c nhng bc thanh vn t ny u tr thnh nhng bc A-la-hn c t tu phn tch
(xem li cu tr li 4 - 2). Nhng v A-la-hn ny cng s phi thin xo trong lnh vc ChQun cho n Hnh X Tu, vo thi ca cc v Pht trc; y l mt nh lut c nhin. T lc
c th k cho n thi k c Pht ca chng ta, mt s v trong h i khi cng phi ti sinh
vo mt trong bn c o - a ngc, ng qy, sc sinh, v Atula - do nhng bt thin nghip,
nh chng ta thy c nhng kip h cng lm th vi c B tt. y l iu t nhin ca mt v
thng th thinh vn hoc mt v i thinh vn.
3) Cn v cc v t thinh vn bc thng, nu h hnh Ch-Qun mt cch ht lng v t
n cc tu nh Tu Nm bt Nhn Duyn (paccaya - pariggaha aa) hoc Sanh Dit Tu
(udayabba na), hoc Hnh X Tu (sakhrupekkha a), h s khng phi ti sinh vo mt
trong bn c o (apya) sau khi cht, mc d trong kip hin ti c th h khng c o qu
no c. iu ny c Thanh Tnh o gii thch:
... laddhassso laddhapatiho niyatagatiko casotpanno nma hoti
(... v tm c s gim khinh (kh au) trong Gio Php ca c Pht, v tm c ni an
n, c c mt sanh th chc chn, tt p, v th v y c gi l mt v Tiu Nhp Lu
(ca sotapanna)
Nh vy bc Tiu Nhp Lu c th c ti sanh vo cnh gii ch thin, ni c bn iu c
th xy ra. Trong "Sotnugata Sutta"[74] (kinh "Ngi Nghe Kinh") c Pht dy:
1. Nu bc Tiu Nhp Lu, ngay khi va ti sanh thin gii, lin suy t trn Php (dhamma),
Php ny s hin r trong minh st tr ca v y, v v y c th c Nit-bn mt cch nhanh
chng.
2. Nu v y khng t n Nit-bn do suy t trn Php vi minh st tr nh vy, v y c th
c Nit-bn do nghe mt v t khu c thn thng, v i ln thin gii ging php.
3. Nu khng c c hi nghe php ni mt v t khu, v y c th c c hi nghe php t cc
ch thin php s (dhamma - kathika deva), nh phm thin Sanankumra, v.v... v c Nitbn do nghe php y.
4. Nu khng c c hi nghe php ni cc v ch thin php s, v y c th c c hi gp bn b
tng l thin hu hnh gi trong kip qu kh thin gii trong thi k gio php ca mt v
Pht no . Nhng v thin hu hnh gi y c th nhc, chng hn nh: "Ny bn, hy nh n

php th ny, th n m chng ta tng hnh trong nhn gii i!" Lc y, v ny c th nh n

php (dhamma) v nu thc hnh vipassan, v y c th c Nit-bn nhanh chng.
Mt trng hp in hnh v mt v Tiu Nhp Lu c ti sanh thin gii v sau c
Nit-bn rt nhanh y, l tn gi Samaa - devaputta (Sa mn Thin t). Ngi l mt v t
khu hnh Ch-Qun mt cch nhit tm. Ngi cht trong lc ang hnh thin v c ha
sanh thin gii. Khng bit mnh cht, ngi tip tc hnh thin trong ta lu i ca mnh trn
thin gii. Khi cc thin n trong ta lu i y thy ngi, h hiu rng ngi t hn phi l mt v
t khu trong kip trc, do h t mt tm gng trc mt ngi v lm n ln (cho ngi
bit). Nghe ting n, ngi m mt v trng thy mnh trong gng. Ngi cm thy rt tht vng
v khng mun lm mt v ch thin, ngi ch mun Nit-bn.
V th m ngay lp tc ngi i xung gp c Pht nghe php. Lc y c Pht ang thuyt
php v T thnh . Sau khi nghe php, Samaa - devaputta c nhp lu thnh o v nhp
lu thnh qu.[75]
Nh vy, khi mt v thinh vn bc thng hnh Ch-Qun rt nhit tm, c c tu nm bt
nhn duyn, tu sanh dit, hoc tu hnh x, mc d v y c th khng c mt o qu no
trong kip ny, cng vic thc hnh m v y lm bo trc rng v y rt c th s t n
chng vo mt kip no trong tng lai.
Vo lc cht, mt v hnh gi c th khng c nng lc Ch hoc Qun mnh m, song do thin
nghip hnh Ch-Qun kin tr, mt tng (nimitta) tt s xut hin ti mn ca v y. Ci cht
c th xy ra vi tng tt y lm i tng, nht l do thin nghip ny, chc chn v y s i
n mt ni an vui, v c th c Nit-bn .
Tuy nhin, nu v y hnh Vipassan (qun) cho n nhng st - na ca tc hnh tm cn t
(marasanna javana), v y s thuc loi ngi u tin m kinh "Sotnugata" cp, tc ngay
khi va ti sinh thin gii, v y lin suy t trn php, th c th s c Nit-bn nhanh chng.
Hi 4.4: Liu mt hnh gi hon tt kha thin, nhng cha t n Nit-bn, c th c
Php Tr Tr (dhammahiti a) hay khng? Nu c, tr y c thi chuyn khng?
p 4.4: Hnh gi c th c tr y.
Pubbe kho susma dhammahiti a pacch nibbne a
(Php Tr Tr (dhammahiti aa) phi n trc, sau o Tr (tu) mi n ly Nit-bn
lm i tng vy.)
y l nguyn vn li gii thch ca c Pht cho t khu Susma[76]. Susma trc y l mt
du s ngoi o (paribhjaka), ng xut gia (t khu) "trm" php. Nhng c Pht thy rng
ng s c Nit-bn trong mt vi ngy na nn chp nhn cho ng xut gia.
Susma nghe ni rng c nhiu v A-la-hn i n c Pht v bo rng h c A-la-hn thnh
qu. V vy ng hi h xem h c c tm thin chng v ng thng khng? H p "khng".
"Nu cc v khng c tm thin chng v ng thng, cc v c thnh qu A-la-hn bng cch

no?" Lc cc v t khu tr li "pavimutt kho maya vuso susma" "Ny hin gi

Susma, chng ti c gii thot khi phin no v c A-la-hn thnh qu bng c xe thun
qun (suddha - vipassan ynika)". Susma khng hiu iu ny, v th ng hi c Pht cu
hi nh trn v c Pht tr li:
"Ny Susma, Php Tr Tr phi n trc ri sau o tu mi n ly Nit-bn lm i tng
vy."
iu ny ngha l th no? o Tu khng phi l kt qu ca tm thin chng v ng thng, m
n l kt qu ca cc minh st tr. V th o Tu ch c th khi ln sau khi cc minh st tu
khi ln. Trong "Kinh Susma", tt c cc minh st tu u m ch n Php Tr Tr. Php Tr
Tr l minh st tr v tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca cc Hnh, tc cc php hu vi
(sakhra dhamma), l: Danh, Sc, v cc nhn ca chng, y l l do v sao Php Tr Tr
n trc, ri o Tr ly Nit-bn lm i tng n sau.
Sau , c Pht thuyt cho Susma nghe mt bi php v Tam Lun[77] (teparivaa dhamma desan), kinh ny cng ging nh Kinh V Ng Tng "Anattalakkhaa sutta"[78]. Khi bi php
va dt, Susma cng c A-la-hn qu, mc d ng khng c tm thin chng v ng thng chi
c. Ngha l vo lc , ngi hiu r ngha bi php ca c Pht , v tr thnh mt v theo c
xe thun qun.
Nu mt hnh gi c Php Tr Tr, th d khng c Nit-bn trong kip hin ti, minh st tr
ca h cng s khng thi gim. Nghip lc Minh st ng ngm ca v ny vn c sc mnh.
Nu v y l mt v thanh vn bc thng, c th v y s c Nit-bn trong kip k.
Hi 4.5: Hnh gi c th c cc php siu th ch vi cn nh khng?[79]
p 4.5: c. mc cn nh cng c nh sng rc r v ta chiu. Vi nh sng y, hnh gi
c th phn bit cc tng hp sc (rpa - kalpa), danh chn , sc chn , v cc nhn ca
chng. Lc hnh gi c th tip tc thin minh st theo tng giai on.
Hi 4.6: Liu ch vi st-na nh (khanika samdhi) ngi ta c th hnh nim th
(vedanrupassan satipatthan) t cc php siu th c khng?
p 4.6: y chng ta cn xc nh ci gi l st-na nh . Th no l st-na nh? C hai
loi st-na nh:
- St-na nh trong thin ch (samtha)
- St-na nh trong thin qun (vipassan)
St-na nh trong thin ch c bit mun ni n nh vn ly t tng (patibhga nimitta) lm
i tng, nh t tng hi th (npn patibhga nimitta) chng hn. N l loi nh i trc
cn nh, v dnh cho v hnh gi theo c xe tnh ch (samatha ynika).
i vi v hnh gi theo c xe thun qun (suddha vipassan ynika) c mt loi st-na nh
khc. Mt v thun qun tha hnh gi thng thng phi bt u vi thin t i t n

cn nh hay st-na nh, v thy cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpas), cng nh t i trong mt

tng hp sc. Thanh Tnh o ni rng l cn nh. Song ph ch gii (s gii) ca b Lun
ny (TT) th cho rng ch l php n d, ch khng phi cn nh thc th, bi v cn nh
thc th l gn vi nh ca bc thin ri.
Nhng Jhna (bc thin) khng th no c c vi loi thin t i. Khi hnh gi c th thy
c bn i trong mt tng hp sc ring bit th c nh su. Mc d vy, hnh gi cng
khng th c thin nh dng chng (t i) lm i tng c. C hai l do gii thch iu
ny.
- thy c t i trong cc tng hp sc ring bit, tc l thy sc chn (paramattha
rpa), v thy sc chn th thc l thm su v cng. Hnh gi khng th no c thin
(jhna) vi thc ti cng tt (paramattha) lm i tng c.
- Hnh gi khng th nh su trn t i trong cc tng hp sc ring bit bi v cc tng hp
sc dit ngay khi chng va sanh. iu c ngha rng v i tng lun lun thay i, cho nn
hnh gi khng th c thin vi mt i tng lun lun thay i nh vy c.
Nh vy, v thin t i khng to ra jhna (bc thin), nn chng ta c th hiu rng cn nh
vn ly t i trong cc tng hp sc ring bit lm i tng s khng phi l cn nh thc th,
m ch l st-na nh thi.
n y chng ta s bn n st-na nh trong thin minh st. iu ny c ni n trong
phn nim hi th (npnsati) ca b Thanh Tnh o[80].
y hnh gi nn bit rng st-na nh minh st l thy mt cch trit tnh cht v thng,
kh, v ng ca Danh-sc chn v cc nhn ca chng. Khng thy Danh-sc chn v cc
nhn ca chng c th no c st-na nh c khng? iu khng th c.
Khi mt ch tha hnh gi mun hnh minh st, trc c thin hi th (npna) th nhp
vo s thin. y l Ch (samatha). V y xut khi thin ny v phn bit ba mi bn tm
hnh ca s thin, ri phn bit v thng, kh, v ng bng cch thy tnh cht sanh dit ca
cc php thuc thin y (jhna dhamma). i vi nh thin, v.v... hnh gi cng lm theo cch
tng t.
Vo lc phn bit nh vy vn c nh. Vi nh ny hnh gi tp trung vo tnh cht v thng,
kh, v v ng ca cc php thin . nh ca hnh gi lc y cng thm su, v khng i n
cc i tng khc. y l st-na nh, bi v i tng ch tn ti nht thi; ngay khi sanh ln,
n dit lin ti .
Cng vy, khi hnh gi ang hnh minh st thy ra hoc l tnh cht v thng, kh hoc v
ng ca Danh-sc chn v cc nhn ca chng, th tm hnh gi thng khng ri i tung.
C th ni tm hnh gi lc y chm su vo mt trong tam tng (v thng - kh - v ng).
y cng gi l st-na nh.

Nu hnh gi c th thy danh sc chn v cc nhn ca chng mt cch trit v r rng,

m trc khng hnh thin ch, th d nhin, i vi hnh gi vic hnh thin ch l khng cn
thit. Bng khng, hnh gi phi tu tp mt trong nhng mc thin ch, v pht trin mt mc
nh va c th thy c danh sc chn v cc nhn ca chng.
Tuy nhin, trong kinh Samdhi (nh kinh), mt bi kinh thuc Tng ng B, c Pht c ni:
Samdhim bhikkave bhvetha, samhita bhikkave bhikkhu yathbhtam pajnti.
(Hy tu tp nh, ny cc t khu, sau khi tu tp nh, v t khu s tu tri cc Php nh chng
thc s l - yathbhtam pajnati)
Do , hnh gi nn tu tp nh tu tri nm un, cc nhn v s dit ca chng; hnh gi nn
tu tp nh tu tri tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca chng. Cn s dit ca chng c th
hnh gi s thy vo lc c A-la-hn thnh o v Bt Nit-bn (Parinibhna)
Cng trong Kinh Samdhi (nh) thuc "Tng ng S Thc" (Sacca Samyutta). c Pht dy
hnh gi nn tu tp nh tu tri T Thnh .
Nh vy, nu v hnh gi mun phn bit ch cm th thi (qun th), hnh gi cn bit r v
nhng s kin c c Pht gii thch sau y:
Sabba, bhikkhave,
Anabhijnam aparijna virjaya appajaha abhabbo dukkhakkhayya ...
Sabbanca kho, bhikkhave,
Abhijnam parijana virjaya pajaha bhabbo dukkhakkayya.
(Ny cc t khu, Nu mt v t khu khng bit r tt c Danh-sc, v cc nhn ca chng vi
ba loi t tri (parinna)[81], v y khng th t n Nit-bn. Ch nhng v no, ny cc t khu,
Bit r chng vi ba loi t tri mi c th t n Nit-bn)
y l nhng g c trch ra t kinh "Aparijnana" trong "Salyatana Vagga" thuc Tng
ng B Kinh[82]
Hn na, trong kinh "Ktgra" Phm S tht (Sacca Vagga)[83] c Pht cng ni rng, khng
tu tri T Thnh vi Minh St Tu v o tu, ngi ta khng th t n ch chm dt
vng lun hi (Samsra) c. V vy, nu mt hnh gi mun t n Nit-bn, h phi c
gng bit r tt c danh, sc v nhn ca chng vi ba loi t tri (parinna).
Ba loi t tri y l g?
1) Tr t tri (Nta parinn). y l tu hay "Tr phn tch danh sc" (nam rpa pariccheda
a) v "Tr phn bit nhn duyn" (Paccaya pariggaha a). l nhng tu minh st bit
r tt c danh sc v cc nhn ca chng.

2) Thm t tri (tana parinn). y l tu thm st (tam tng Sammasana a) v tu thy s

sanh dit (udayabbaya a). Hai tu ny nhn thc thu o tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng
ca danh sc chn v cc nhn ca chng.
3) Tr t tri (Pahna parinn). y l cc tu minh st cao hn, t "Tu thy hoi dit (Bhanga
a) n "o tu" (magga a)
Nhng li dy ca c Pht trong hai bn kinh trn ("Aparijnana Sutta" v "Ktgara Sutta")
rt quan trng. V vy, nu hnh gi mun hnh minh st bt u vi nim th, hnh gi phi nh
nhng im sau:
- Phi phn bit c danh sc.
- Phn bit mt mnh th khng vn cha , hnh gi cng cn phi phn bit cc tm hnh
ng sanh vi th y trong tin trnh nhn thc mn.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta vn c th gic ng nh phn bit mt php (Dhamma) duy
nht, song l, ch bao lu tt c cc php khc c phn bit trc: hoc trong kip hin
ti ny hoc trong mt kip no qu kh. Ly v d nh tn gi X Li Pht chng hn. Khi
v y nghe tn gi Assaji tht ln mt cu k (dhamma), l tr thnh mt v nhp lu. Sau ,
ngi mi xut gia lm t khu v hnh thin. Trong kinh on Gim ("Anupada Sutta"[84]), c
Pht m t tn gi X Li Pht rt thin xo nh th no trong vic phn bit cc tm hnh
ring l ca cc thin chng m v y tun t chng[85]. Nhng, cho d tn gi hnh thin
nghim ngt n nh vy, tn gi vn khng t c A-la-hn thnh qu.
Ri, mt ngy kia, dc Pht ging kinh "Dghanakha" (Trng Tro kinh) cho ngi chu ca
tn gi X Li Pht, gii thch v mt php (Dhamma): Th (Vedan)[86]. Lc by gi tn gi
X Li Pht ang ng sau lng c Pht hu qut cho ngi, v lng nghe li dy. Cui thi
php, tn gi c A-la-hn thnh qu, cn ngi chu c nhp lu. Tn gi dc A-la-hn thnh
qu nh suy t trn mt php duy nht, song cng l v trc y ngi thin qun trn nm
un.[87]
iu cn nhc li y l, c Pht ni rng nu mt v t khu khng bit r tt c Danh-sc
v cc nhn ca chng vi ba loi t tri (k trn), v y khng th no t n Nit-bn c.
Do , nu hnh gi c gng phn bit ch mt mnh "th" nh "th kh" thi chng hn, m
hon ton khng phn bit danh-sc chn l khng . y "ni khng " c ngha l hnh
gi s khng t n Nit-bn c vy.
Hi 4.7: c Pht l mt bc i A-la-hn. Th no l s khc nhau gia Ngi v cc v t
nh tn gi X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin, cng l cc bc A-la-hn?
p 4.7: A-la-hn thnh o ca c Pht lun lun kt hp vi ton gic tr hay nht thit tr
(Sabbannuta a), cn A-la-hn thnh o ca cc v t bao gm s gic ng (bodhi) ca ba
hng t (thinh vn).

- S gic ng ca bc Thng th Thanh vn (Aggasvaka bodhi)

- S gic ng ca bc i Thanh vn (Mahsvaka bodhi)
- S gic ng ca bc Thanh vn thng (Pakatisvaka bodhi)
A-la-hn thnh o ca cc v t thinh vn i khi kt hp vi t tu phn tch (Patisambhid
a)[88]; i khi kt hp vi Su Thng Tr hay Lc Thng (Abhinn)[89]. i khi kt hp vi
Tam Minh (Tevijja)[90]; hoc c khi ch l A-la-hn Thnh o thun ty: Cu Phn Gii thot
(Ubhatobhga vimutta)[91] hoc Tu Gii thot (Pann vimutta)[92]. Nhng khng bao gi kt
hp vi Ton Gic Tr (Sabbannuta a). Nh vy, cho d l Thng Th Thinh Vn, A-lahn thnh o ca tn gi X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin cng khng kt hp vi Ton Gic Tr.
Ngc li, A-la-hn thnh o ca c Pht khng nhng kt hp vi Ton Gic Tr, m cn vi
tt c cc tr khc, cng nh cc c c bit ca mt v Pht.
Mt iu khc na l, do cc ba la mt thnh thc ca ngi, m ch Pht t mnh c o,
Qu, v Ton Gic Tr, khng cn mt v thy. Trong khi mt v thinh vn t ch c th c
cc o, Qu tu do nghe php (Dhamma) lin h n T Thnh ni mt v Pht, hoc t
ca mt v Pht, ch h khng th t mnh thc hnh m khng c thy ch dn c. y l
nhng im khc nhau.
Hi 4.8: Kip sng "trung gian" hay "thn trung m" (antara bhava) l g?
p 4.8: Theo Tam Tng Pi (Theravda Pitaka) khng c g c xem l thn trung m nh
vy. Gia st-na tm t (cutti citta) v st-na tm tc sinh hay kit sinh thc (patisandhi) theo
sau ca n, khng c nhng st-na tm khc, hay bt c th g tng t nh mt thn trung m
xen vo c. Nu mt ngi s sanh thin gii sau khi cht, th gia t tm ca h v kit sanh
thc ch thin khng h c st-na tm hay bt k th g ging nh mt kip sng trung gian
(thn trung m) y. Ngay khi ci cht xy ra, kit sanh thc ch thin pht sanh lin. Cng
vy, nu mt ngi s sanh vo a ngc sau khi cht, th gia t tm ca v y v kit sanh thc
trong a ngc, s khng c mt th g c xem nh thn trung m c. Ngi ny s i thng
vo a ngc sau khi cht.
nim v thn trung m thng pht sanh khi c ngi no cht, phi sng trong ng qu
gii mt thi gian ngn, v ri ti sanh lm ngi tr li. H c th ngh rng kip sng ng qu
ca mnh l mt ci g ging nh mt kip sng trung gian hay thn trung m. Vn thc s
xy ra l nh th ny: sau khi t tm ca kip lm ngi dit, kit sanh thc ng qu khi ln,
sau khi t tm ng qu dit, mt kit sanh thc ca ngi sanh ln tr li. Ngi phi chu kh
trong ng qu gii l v nghip bt thin ca h. Nghip lc ca nghip bt thin y chm dt ch
sau mt thi gian ngn, v bt ly kit sanh thc ca ngi tr li, do nghip thin h lm
chn mui.
Kip sng ngn ngi trong th gii ng qu b lm tng l mt kip trung gian do nhng
ngi khng th thy s thc ca vng lun hi hay vng duyn sinh. Nu nh h c th phn
bit c php duyn sinh vi minh st tr, th nim tin sai lm ny s bin mt. V th chng ti
mun ngh qu v nn hc cch phn bit php duyn sanh ny vi minh st tr ca mnh, lc
y vn lin quan n thn trung m s bin mt khi tm qu v.

Hi 4.9: Cc php mn thin nim hi th v phn bit t i c ging nhau khng? Ti sao
chng ta phi hnh thin t i ch sau khi hnh nim hi th?
p 4.9: Cc php mn ny khng ging nhau. Trong thin minh st hnh gi phi phn bit
danh vsc, v cc nhn cachng, l l do ti sao phi c hai loi thin: phn bit sc v
phn bit danh.
Khi dy phn bit sc, c Pht lun lun dy thin t i, hoc tm tt hoc chi tit. V th, nu
hnh gi mun phn bit sc, hnh gi cn phi thc hnh theo nhng ch dn ca c Pht. Tt
hn nn hnh thin t i vi s tr gip ca nh su nh t thin hi th, bi v n s gip ta
thy c sc chn , danh chn v cc nhn ca chng mt cch r rng.
Tuy nhin nu hnh gi khng mun hnh thin ch nh nim hi th, th hnh gi c th hnh
thin t i trc tip cng c, khng c vn g c. iu ny chng ta bn lun mt cu
hi trc ri.
Hi 4.10: Thin s c th vui lng gii thch (cho chng con bit) nh sng kinh nghim trong
lc thin mt cch khoa hc c khng ?
p 4.10: nh sng c thy trong lc hnh thin l g? Chng ta bit mi tm (citta), tr tm
tc sinh (kit sanh thc), khi ln nng vo sc vt hay tm c (hadayavatthu - heart-base) s
to ra sc do tm sinh (cittaja rpa), cng gi l cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpas). Mt tm c th
to ra nhiu tng hp sc do tm sinh. Trong s cc tm nng vo sc vt ny, cc tm thin
tnh ch (samtha bhvan citta) v cc tm thin minh st (vipassan bhvan citta) c xem
l rt mnh v y nng lc, chng to ra rt nhiu cc tng hp sc. Khi chng ta phn tch cc
tng hp sc y, chng ta thy c tm loi sc. l: a i, thy i, ha i, phong i, mu,
mi, v, v dng cht. Sc mu y rt sng. Tm thin ch v thin minh st cng mnh th
mu cng sng hn. Bi l cc tng hp sc sanh khi cng mt lc v ni tip nhau, nn mu
ca tng hp sc ny v mu ca tng hp sc khc sanh ln st sao vi nhau ging nh trong
mt bng n in vy; l l do v sao nh sng xut hin.
Hn na, trong mi tng hp sc do tm thin ch v thin minh st to ra cn c ha i, yu t
ny cng to ra nhiu tng hp sc mi. Nhng tng hp ny c gi l sc do thi tit sinh,
bi v chng c to ra bi ha i (yu t la), vn l thi tit (utu). iu ny xy ra bn
ngoi cng nh bn trong. Khi chng ta phn tch cc tng hp sc ny, chng ta thy tm loi
sc nh nhau: t, nc, la, gi, mu, mi, v, v dng cht. Mu cng li l mt trong tm sc
y. Do sc mnh ca tm thin ch v minh st, mu cng bng sng. Nh vy s bng sng
ca mu ny v s bng sng ca mu khc pht sinh st sao vi nhau, ging nh mt bng n
in.
nh sng ca sc do tm sinh v ca sc do thi tit sinh xut hin cng mt lc. Sc mu do
tm sinh ch xut hin bn trong, nhng sc mu do thi tit sinh pht hin c bn trong ln
bn ngoi v truyn to khp mi hng cho n ton v tr (cakhavaa) hoc xa hn, ty theo
sc mnh ca tm thin ch qun y. Chng hn, Tr Phn Tch Danh Sc ca c Pht to ra nh
sng chiu n mi ngn th gii; tm thin nhn (dibba cakkhu citta) ca tn gi Anuruddha
to ra nh sng chiu n mt ngn th gii; cn minh st tr ca cc v thnh t khc to ra

nh sng ln n mt do tun hoc hai do tun, v.v... khp mi hng ty theo sc mnh ca tm
thin ch v qun ca h.
Thng thng, khi t n sanh dit tr, rt nhiu hnh gi hiu ra rng nh sng ny l mt
nhm cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpa). Trong khi ang hnh thin ch h vn khng bit l
mt nhm cc tng hp sc nh vy, bi v cc tng hp sc rt vi t. Khng d g thy v hiu
cc tng hp sc ny khi ch hnh thin ch khng thi. Nu hnh gi mun bit vi s chc
chn, hnh gi nn c gng c c Sanh - Dit tr. l cch khoa hc nht hiu nh
sng kinh nghim trong lc thin.
Hi 4.11: Liu nhng hnh gi phn bit c ba mi hai thnh phn ca thn (32 th
trc) c th thy chng ni ngi khc, khi h m mt khng?
p 4.11: iu cn ty. Cc hnh gi mi thc hnh ch c th thy c nhng th phn
bn ngoi vi mt m. H c th thy c cc th phn bn trong vi i mt minh st tr ca
h m thi. Nu qu v mun bit iu ny mt cch khoa hc, hy c gng t thy n vi minh
st tr ca mnh.
Tuy nhin, mt v trng lo (Mahthera) do thc hnh t trc c th thy c b xng ca
ngi khc bng i mt m ca mnh, nh trng lo Mah Tissa chng hn, l mt ngi
thin xo trong thin qun b xng (ct tng qun). Ngi lun lun hnh thin qun b xng
bn trong k nh bt tnh cho n s thin, ri chuyn sang minh st. Ngi phn bit c
danh-sc, cc nhn, v tnh cht v thng, kh, v ng ca chng. y l php hnh thng l
ca ngi.
Mt hm trn ng i kht thc (piapta), t cha Anuradhapura n lng Mahgma. Trn
con ng y, ngi gp mt ph n, c ny c gng li cun s ch ca ngi vi ting ci
ln. Khi nghe m thanh (ca ting ci), ngi ngng u nhn, ch thy hm rng nng, v ri
dng hm rng y lm ti thin. Do php hnh lin tc c trc ca ngi, nn ngi ch thy c
ta nh mt b xng ch khng phi nh mt ph n. Ngi ch thy mt b xng. Ri tp
trung trn b xng ca chnh mnh, ngi c s thin v nhanh chng pht trin minh st. ng
ngay trn con ng y, ngi c A-la-hn thnh qu.
Ngi ph n ny, do ci nhau vi chng nn b v nh cha m mnh. Chng nng ln theo, v
cng gp trng lo Tissa. Anh hi ngi: "Bch ngi, ngi c gp mt ph n i trn ng ny
khng?" Trng lo tr li, "Ny th ch (dyaka), ta chng bit nam hay n, ta ch thy mt b
xng ang i trn ng ny."
Cu chuyn ny c Thanh Tnh o cp trong chng ni v Gii.[93]
y l mt th d cho thy bng cch no mt ngi hnh thin qun b xng mt cch trit
, nh trng lo Tissa, c th thy b xng ca ngi khc vi mt m ca mnh.
-ooOoo-

[1] Dhtu thng dch l "gii" (element), tuy nhin ni dung ny n lin quan n t i

(mah-bhta: i chng) nn chng ti dch l "i" cho d hiu. ND

[2] Xem "Mhagoplaka sutta" (i kinh Ngi Chn B) M.I bit thm li gii thch ca

c Pht v s cn thit ca vic phn bit cc sc t i.

[3] V s khc nhau gia cc rpa-kalpas v sc chn , xem cu tr li 7.6 sau.
[4] Dhtu (gii: cht khng th phn tch thm c na). Xem kinh a Gii M.III

(Bahudhtuka sutta), Cng xem Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o) - B lun ny gii thch rng
cc gii "khin cho thc tnh (ca mt php) c mang theo (dhrenti). "Are elements since
they cause (a state"s) own individual essence to be borne (Attano sabhva dhrentti dhtuyo)
Vs. XV. "Dhtuvitthra kath B. 518 ("Element Details Explaination N. 21).
[5] Kalapa: thng dch l on, bn, nhm.
[6] Sc y i sinh (updrpa): s d c gi nh vy l v sc ny xut pht t hay nng vo
bn i chng.
[7] Thc ra, ha i ca cc tng hp sc vn c mng cn (life faculty) duy tr cc tng hp tm

sc ng sanh, l l do v sao mc d cc tng hp tm sc ny khng c mng cn, chng

vn c sc sng. Khngc cht la ca mng cn, th sc h hoi, nh trng hp ngi cht:
thn c s sng y tr thnh xc cht v tri.
[8] T dvra (mn) m t s kin rng cc i tng cn mt ca vo, qua mt thc bit c
n.
[9] Xem li phn gii thiu hoc S.V.IV.2.
[10] Tng hp 10 sc thuc tri tim (on tm): gm 8 sc bt ly (cn bn) (1) t, (2) nc, (3)

la, (4) gi, (5) mu, (6) mi, (7) v, (8) dng cht, v (9) mng cn, (10) sc tri tim.
[11] Xem li phn gi thiu trn.
[12] Vo lc ti sanh lm ngi trong bo thai, sc c mt trc tin ch l nhng tng hp mi

sc thuc tri tim, thn v tnh (on tm, on thn v on tnh), tt c u do nghip sanh.
[13] Chng ta bit tui th ca mt sc php ko di 17 st na tm, m mi st na (n v cc nh
ca thi gian) cn chia lm 3 giai on - sanh - tr - dit - nn khi ni sc nghip sanh mi giai
on ny th c 51 sc c thy.
[14] Xem li Phn Gii Thiu.
[15] Chng hn nh khi Upka gp c Pht lc Ngi mi gic ng lin ni: "Ny hin gi, cc
cn ca hnh gi tht l trong sng, mu da ca hnh gi tht l thanh tnh v sng lng." M.I.
(Kinh Thnh Cu - Noble Search Sutta).

[16] Xem "Anuruddha Mahvitakka sutta" A.A. VIII. I. iii.10.

[17] Xem ghi ch s 2.
[18] Tejo (la - ha) v Utu (thi tit hay nhit) cng ni n mt hin tng.
[19] Th d: Ha i (tejo) ca mt tng hp sc do nghip sanh (kammaja) t n to ra cc tng

hp sc do thi tit sanh (utuja):

Kammaja --> 1st utuja --> 2nd utuja --> 3rd utuja --> 4th utuja --> 5th utuja
1st, ... 5th: cc th h sc do thi tit sanh ln lt.
[20] Xem "Mahgoplaka sutta" (i Kinh Ngi Chn B) M.I.iv.3.
[21] D.ii. 9 "i Nim X Kinh" - cng xem Kinh s 10 Trung B I.
[22] Vs. xi. (Catu Dhtu vavahna Bhvan B 306).
[23] Xem ghi ch cui trang.
[24] Vs. T.i.xi. "Catudhtu vavatthna - bhvan" D 308 (Thin Xc nh Bn i).
[25] t - c tnh t nhin: cng, mm, th, mn, nng, nh; Nhim v: tc hnh nh nn tng

(cho tt c cc loi sc khc); S th hin: tip nhn (tt c cc loi sc khc trong cng tng hp
sc - rpa kalapa). Nc - c tnh t nhin: lng, chy, nh git. Nhim v: Dn n, m rng;
S th hin: lin kt, kt dnh; La - c tnh t nhin: nng, lnh; Nhim v: lm cho m, gi,
tiu ho, chn; Th hin: mm (nh trong vic nu cc vt sng thnh ra thc n c th n c.
Gi - c tnh t nhin: h tr; Nhim v: chuyn ng, y, Th hin: mang theo.
[26] A.II.ii.v.11 (Cng gi "Nimitta sutta" - Tng Kinh)
[27] (9) A.VI.IX.I ("Stibhva Sutta" ("Tr Nn Lnh Kinh") (10) S.V.II.vi 3 ("Tht Gic chi
Kinh") cng cn gi "Aggi Sutta" ("Kinh v la").
[28] Pasda rpa: sc thn kinh hay sc tnh sc. Trong tp sch ny, ty ch, ty ni c th dch
l sc trong sut hay sc thn kinh hoc sc tnh sc, ngha u nh nhau. Ring cc sc khc
(ngoi tnh sc) th dch l sc phi tnh sc hay cc sc m (khng trong sut). ND.

Trong tp sch ny, ty ch, ty ni c th dch l sc trong sut hay sc thn kinh hoc sc tnh
sc, ngha u nh nhau. Ring cc sc khc (ngoi tnh sc) th dch l sc phi tnh sc hay cc
sc m (khng trong sut). ND
[29] Khi tng v tng tc tnh (santati - ghana), khi tng v tng hp (samha - ghana) v
khi tng v nhim v (kiccaghana). Xem li cu tr li 1.3 trn bit thm chi tit v khi
tng v danh v sc.

[30] Mc du hnh gi phn bit c mi hai c tnh, song y hnh gi ch phn bit

tm c tnh trong mt tng hp sc nht nh: nh vi a i, mt l: cng, th, nng (hoc

mm, mn, nh); thy i: chy, dnh; ha i: mt l nng (hay lnh) ; phong i: h tr, y. V
khng c nhng c tnh i nghch trong mt tng hp sc.
[31] Vbh A.XVI.I "Ekakaniddesa Vannana" B.766.
[32] Ci bit thc s v mt i tng c thc hin bi by tc hnh tm (javana) trong tin
trnh nhn thc mn, iu ny bt k l mn no qua i tng n. (Xem li phn gii
thiu trn).
[33] Li gii thch ca c Pht v cch lm th no cn bit cc i tng ca nm cn khc,

xem li li trch dn trn.

[34] Thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw gii thch rng v nh khi chng ta thy s trong sut ca mt tm
knh do nhn vo tm knh, y cng vy chng ta thy s trong sut ca mt tng hp sc do
phn bit t i, t i ny l "tm knh" c s trong sut vy.
[35] Ni v s sng chi ca bhavaga (hu phn) l mun s dng n d vy thi, v thc ra s

chi sng ca cc tng hp sc do chnh hu phn to ra, hay cc tng hp sc do tm sanh, yu

t thi tit (nhit) ca n to ra cho cc tng hp sc sng thm. Mt tm thin Ch hoc Minh
st to ra cc tng hp sc c bit chi sng v khng c cc ty phin no (uppakilesa).
Mun bit thm chi tit, xem li phn "Sc do tm sanh" trn, trang...
[36] Xem li trn, on ni v sc do Nghip, Tm, Thi tit v Vt thc sanh.
[37] Theo cch dng thng thng trong Kinh in Pi th "citta thng dch l "tm", nhng c

khi cng l "thc", theo ngha ny n ng ngha vi vina (thc), nh trng hp y vy.
[38] Khi phn bit mi v v, chnh mn (danh), ch khng phi tm cn (sc) lm vic phn

bit, cn vn cn phi c phn bit.

[39] Tng hp sc c mt l th mi (on nhn) gm tm sc cn bn (bt ly) - [t, nc,

la, gi, mu, mi, v, dng cht.]

[40] Tng hp sc c tri tim l th mi (on tm): Tm sc cn bn cng vi mng cn v sc
tri tim. Tng hp sc c tnh l th mi (on tnh) gm: 8 sc cn bn cng vi mng cn v
sc tnh (nam-n). Tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn (on mng cn) gm: tm sc cn
bn cng vi mng cn. Xem thm bng 2 - 4 sau
[41] Xem ch thch trn.
[42] Xem ch thch trn.
[43] Tng hp sc c tri tim l th mi hay on Tm gm: 8 sc cn bn cng vi mng cn

v sc tri tim.

[44] Su gic quan cng gi l su cn, nhng v cc cn (tnh sc cn) nh c gii thch,

thc s ch l sc hay yu t th mi trong cc tng hp sc thch hp, nn c l s c xem l

an ton hn khi ni "gic quan" y, ch ci thc th vt l, tc nhn cu hay con ngi mt
vy.
[45] l nhn tnh sc, nh tnh sc, t tnh sc, thit tnh sc, v thn tnh sc, 6 sc m gm:
sc tri tim, sc tnh, sc mng cn, sc do tm sanh, sc do thi tit sanh, sc do vt thc sanh.
[46] Ly mt lm v d: 1) cc tng hp sc c mt l th mi (10 sc); 2) Cc tng hp sc c
thn l th mi (10 sc) 3) cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi (10 sc) ; cc tng hp sc c
mng cn l th 9 (9 sc); 5) cc tng hp sc tm do tm sanh (8 sc) ; 6) cc tng hp sc tm
do thi tit sanh (8 sc); 7) cc tnghp sc tm do vt thc sanh (8 sc). Nh vy
(10+10+10+9+8+8+8=63). S lng ny cng p dng cho tai, mi, li v tri tim. Ring thn
ch c nm mi ba sc (63 - 10=53).
[47] Cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn ch c k trong s phn tch ci c gi l bn

mi phn thuc thn (VS XVIII) Da vo TT, Thin s Pa - Auk Sayadaw hng dn thin
sinh phn bit cc tng hp sc c mng cn l th chn. Tuy nhin, nu mun hnh gi c th
gm n vo im ny.
[48] Tng hp sc c mt l th mi gm: 8 sc cn bn (t, nc, la, gi,mu, mi, v v

dng cht) + mng cn+ nhn tnh sc l mi. Tng hp sc c thn l th mi gm: 8 sc
cn bn + mng cn + thn tnh sc. Tng hp sc c tnh l th mi gm: 8 sc cn bn +
mng cn + sc tnh. Cc tng hp sc c dng cht l th tm gm 8 sc cn bn.
[49] Xem ghi ch trc
[50] Xem ghi ch trc
[51] Xem ghi ch trc
[52] Xem li trang trn bit sc do nghip sanh.
[53] Ha i (tejo) ca 1 tng hp sc do nghip sanh (kammaja) to ra cc tng hp sc do thi
tit sanh (utuja) qua nm th h:

Kammaja --> 1st utuja --> 2nd utuja --> 3rd utuja --> 4th utuja --> 5th utuja
[54] Cc tng hp sc do vt thc trc sanh, xem trang sau.
[55] Dng cht do vt thc sanh v nhit tr gip tiu ha l nhn h tr, cn dng cht ca

cc tng hp c mt l th mi l nhn lm pht sinh.

[56] M.III. IV.10 (Dhtu Vibhanga Sutta)
[57] Xem chi tit di "Tr thm st tam tng"

[58] C hai cch phn bit: nh mt nhm (kalpa sammsana) v tng php mt (anupada).

Xem Vsxx.B 606 "Magg magga Nnadassana Visuddhi Niddesa" (M t v o Phi o Tri
Kin Thanh Tnh). Cng xem MIII. II.1 Anupada Sutta
[59] y hnh gi s khng kho st sc sinh (Upacya) v n ch ni n th h sc u tin

trong mt kip sng (tc s hon tt cc cn ca thai nhi trong bo thai). Sc ny hnh gi phn
bit trc khi phn bit duyn khi. Xem thm trang ... di.
[60] Nhng sc ny ch tn ti trong cc sc do tm sanh, do thi tit sanh v do vt thc sanh.
[61] Vi cc gic quan khc nh tai, mi, li, thay vo ch thch hp. Ring thn& tm, xem

bng 3 & 4.
[62] i vi tai, mi v li, thay l: tng hp Mi - Tai; tng hp Mi - Mi; tng hp Mi

- Li
[63] i vi nh mn, t mn v thit mn, thay vo ln lt l m thanh, mi, v v.
[64] Thnh chng ca thin s Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw y phn ln l nhng Pht t theo

truyn thng i tha (Mahyna), i vi h cu cnh khng phi l A-la-hn Thnh qu m l

Pht qu.
[65] Xem sau
[66] Apadna II. "Bhiyatthera Apadna"
[67] A.A.I. XIV.III "Bhiya Drucriyattheravatthu" B 216
[68] Vbhi A. VIII. I "Suttantabhjaryavannan" - Ch gii kinh.
[69] MA. II. IV.I "Ghaikna Sutta" Bi kinh ny ch lit k cc php 1,2,3 v 4 cng vi php
th 5 l: gata - pacc - gata - vattaprayamn samanadhammmakaront (hnh phn s sa
mn hnh khi i ra ngoi v i tr v). y mun ni ti vic hnh thin (ch-qun) trong mi
thi gian, ngha l khi i ra ngoi kht thc, cng nh khi i kht thc tr v tr x. T nhng
ngun gii thch v php hnh ca v b tt, th php th 5 ny c th c hiu nh c bit
gm lun 5,6 & 7. Tuy nhin, cc kinh khc, sa mn php (samana dhamma) cp n 7
php hnh ny.
[70] y l gantha dhura (phn s hc kinh in), cng cn gi l Pariyatti (hc), t (2) n (7)

l Vipassan dhura (phn s hnh minh st, cng cn gi l Patipatti (hnh)

[71] V 4 loi gii, xem cu tr li 2.3 trn
[72] Mc d "hnh rng" c k trong 13 php u , song y Ch Gii cp n
ring ra nhm mc ch nhn mnh vy thi.

[73] y l Hnh x tu (sankhrupekkha)

[74] A.IV.IV.V.I "Sotnugata Sutta"
[75] SI. I.V.6 "Acchar Sutta" (kinh Ch thin) & SA. Ibid.
[76] S.II.I.VII.10 "Susma sutta"
[77] y, Tam Lun (3 vng) ni n ba c tnh v thng, kh, v v ng.
[78] S. III. I. II. I. 7
[79] Xem li trn bit thm v cc loi nh.
[80] VS.VIII npnasati Kath B235 # N232.
[81] Ba s t tri (Parinn): s thu hiu cc Php:

- Tr t tri (Ntaparinn)
- Thm t tri (tranaparinn)
- Tr t tri (Pahnaparinn)
[82] S.IV.I.III.4 "Pathama aparijnana Sutta"
[83] First Non-Understanding Sutta
[84] MIII.II.1 "Anupada Sutta" (kinh on Gim)
[85] Chi tit v vic lm th no phn bit cc tm hnh ring l trong nhng thin chng ca
hnh gi, xem How to discern Jhana Cognitive Processes, sau. (Hnh gi lm th no phn
bit cc tin trnh tm thin)
[86] M II.III.4 "Dghanakha Sutta"
[87] Chi tit lin quan n vic thc hnh trong qu kh ca nhng v c o, xem cu tr li 43, 5-2
[88] V T Tu Phn Tch, xem li cu tr li 4-2 trn
[89] Su Thng tr hay Lc thng gm: (1) bin ho thng (iddhi-vidh), (2) thin nh thng
(dibba sota); (3) tha tm thng (parassa ceta pariyanna); (4) thin nhn thng (Dibba cakkhu);
(5) tc mnh thng (Pubbe nivsnussatti); (6) lu tn thng (savakkhaya)
[90] Tam Minh: Tc mnh minh, thin nhn minh, v lu tn minh.

[91] Cu Phn Gii thot (Ubhatobhga Vimutta) mun ni ti nhng v, u tin thot khi sc

gii vi vic chng cc thin v sc, th n, thot khi lun v sc gii vi vic chng A-lahn Thnh qu.
[92] Tu Gii Thot (Pann Vimutta) ni n cc v A-la-hn thun qun.
[93] I.VS.1 "Indriyasamvaraslam" B15 ("Sense Restraint Morality" N55)

-ooOoo

BI PHP THOI 5

Phn bit Danh

Trong bi ging va ri, chng ta bn v cch lm th no tu tp thin t i, cng

nh lm th no phn bit cc phn t ca sc gi l "Rpa kalpa" (tng hp sc). Trong
bi ny, chng ta s bn mt cch tm tt v cch phn bit danh (nma kammahna), giai
on k tip trong thin Vipassan - Minh st.
Ti s bt u bi ging bng cch gii thch tm lc nhng s kin c bn v tm cn phi
c hiu c s phn bit "danh".
Nh trong Abhidhamma (Vi diu php) gii thch, tm con ngi gm mt ci tm (citta)
bit i tng ca n, v cc tm s phi hp cng khi ln vi tm y. C nm mi hai
tm s, chng hn xc (phassa), th (vedan), tng (sa), t (cetan), nht tm
(ekaggat), mng cn (jvitindriya), v tc (manasikra)[1].
C tng cng tm mi chn loi tm[2], chng c th c sp xp theo hai cch, mt l
theo tnh cht thin, bt thin v v k ca chng, v hai l theo cnh gii ca chng nh:
dc gii (kmvacara), sc gii (rpavacara), v sc gii (arpavacara) hoc siu th
(lokuttar)[3]. Tuy nhin, c th chng ta ch ni v hai loi tm cn bn:
1) Tm thuc tin trnh nhn thc (citta vthi),
2) Tm "Phi tin trnh" (vthi mutta) tc tm ra ngoi tin trnh nhn thc nh: vo lc ti
sinh, lc cht, v trong hu phn (bhavaga)[4].
C su loi tin trnh tm (tm l). Nm loi u l cc tin trnh nhn thc thuc nhn mn,
nh mn, t mn, thit mn, v thn mn, m cc i tng tng ng ca chng ln lt l
cc sc, thinh, hng, v, v xc. Chng c gi chung l 'tin Trnh Nhn Thc Ng Mn"
hay "Tm L Ng Mn" (paadvra vthi)[5]. Loi tin trnh nhn thc th su ly tt c mi
i tng[6] lm i tng ca n, v c gi l 'tin Trnh Nhn Thc Y Mn" hay "Tm
L Mn"[7] (manodvra vthi). Mi tin trnh nhn thc bao gm mt chui cc loi tm
khc nhau. Cc tm trong bt k mt tin trnh nhn thc no cng khi ln hp theo trt t
t nhin ca tm (cittaniyma). Nu mun phn bit danh, hnh gi phi thy c chng khi
cc tm ny khi ln trong trt t t nhin y.
lm c nh vy, trc ht hnh gi phi tu tp nh vi - hoc nim hi th
(npnasati) hoc mc thin ch khc, hoc thin t i. Mt v thun qun tha hnh gi
cng phi hon tt vic phn bit sc (rpa kammahna), trc khi khi s phn bit danh
(nm kammahna). Tuy nhin, v ch tha hnh gi (samatha - vehicle yogi) c th chn:
phn bit danh trc, hoc phn bit danh ca cc bc thin v y t n trc (tc danh
thuc bn thin sc gii v bn thin v sc)[8]. Mc d vy phn bit danh dc gii, v y
cng cn phi hon tt vic phn bit sc trc.[9]

Bn Giai on Phn Bit Danh.

Danh c phn bit theo bn giai on:
1) Phn bit tt c cc loi tm (citta) khi ln bn trong.
2) Phn bit mi v mi tm hnh (nma dhamma) trong tt c cc loi tm.
3) Phn bit trnh t tm, tc l phn bit tin trnh nhn thc (vthi) khi ln su mn
(dvr)
4) Phn bit danh bn ngoi (bahiddha nma)[10] , mt cch chung chung.
Phn Bit Tin Trnh Tm Thin (Jhna)
Nu hnh gi c thin, vi mc nim hi th chng hn, th ch khi u tt nht
phn bit danh l tm thin v cc tm s ng sanh vi n.
C hai l do lm iu ny. Th nht l khi tu tp thin (jhna), hnh gi phn bit nm
thin chi, nh vy c ngha l hnh gi c mt kinh nghim no trong vic phn bit cc
tm s phi hp. L do th hai, l tc hnh tm thin (jhnajavana citta) khi ln rt
nhiu ln lin tip nhau, do s ni bt v d dng cho vic phn bit hn. iu ny tng
phn vi tin trnh tm dc gii (kmvacara vithi) tc hnh (javana) ch khi by ln
trc khi mt tin trnh tm mi khi ln.[11]
V th, phn bit danh ca bc thin (jhna) hnh gi bt u bng cch lp li s thin,
vi mc hi th chng hn. Xut khi thin y v phn bit Hu phn - bhavaga (
mn), v t tng hi th (npna - paibhga nimitta) cng vi nhau. Khi nimitta (tng)
xut hin hu phn, hy phn bit cc tm hnh - l nm thin chi theo c tnh ring
ca chng. Nm thin chi l:
1. Tm (vitakka): hng v t tm vo t tng hi th (npna - paibhga nimitta)
2. T (vicra): Gi cho tm neo trn t tng y.
3. H (piti): Thch th i vi t tng.
4. Lc (sukha): An vui vi t tng.
5. Nht tm (ekaggat): S hp nht ca tm trn t tng hi th.
Thc hnh cho n khi hnh gi c th phn bit c nm tm hnh (tm s) mt ln trong
mi tc hnh tm s thin (javara citta).
Sau khi phn bit c nm thin chi theo cch ny, hnh gi cn phn bit hai mi chn
tm hnh cn li[12]. Hnh gi bt u vi mt trong ba: thc (viaa), xc (phassa), hoc
th (vedan); ty theo tm s no ni bt nht. Ri mi ln thm vo mt tm hnh: u tin
phn bit mt loi (tm hnh), k thm mt na, nh vy hnh gi phn bit c hai loi
tm hnh, thm mt na, nh vy hnh gi thy c ba; thm mt na, thy bn, v.v... Cho
n khi cui cng hnh gi thy c c ba mi bn loi tm hnh trong mi tc hnh tm
thin.

Sau , phn bit tt c cc loi tm hnh trong trnh t ca su loi tm hnh thnh mt tin
trnh mn (manodvra vthi) ca s thin. Su loi tm l:
1. mn hng tm (manodvrvajjana) (12 tm hnh)
2. Chun b tm (parikamma) (34 tm hnh)
3. Cn hnh tm (upacna) (34 tm hnh)
4. Thun th tm (anuloma) (34 tm hnh)
5. Chuyn tc (gotrabhu) (34 tm hnh)
6. Mt chui khng gin on ca cc tc hnh tm thin (jhna javana citta), cng 34 tm
hnh m cho n by gi hnh gi phn bit c.
phn bit c tt c nhng tm hnh ny, hnh gi phi lp li s thin nh trc, xut
khi thin y v phn bit bhavaga (hu phn) v t tng cng nhau. Khi t tng xut
hin trong hu phn, th phn bit tin trnh mn thin va khi. Hnh gi phn bit mi
trong s cc loi tm khc nhau trong tin trnh mn s thin, v mi hai hoc ba mi
bn loi tm hnh ca chng.
Sau khi lm xong vic ny, cho hnh gi c mt s hiu bit v danh (nma) ni
chung, hy phn bit c tnh c xem l chung cho tt c danh (nma), tc cho c ba mi
bn tm hnh, l c tnh nghing v (namana) v bm dnh vo i tng, y l t
tng hi th (npna - paibhga nimitta)
Theo cch thc y, hnh gi cn phn bit v phn tch danh (nma) ca nh thin, tam thin
v t thin hi th, cng nh cc bc thin thuc cc mc thin khc m hnh gi c,
chng hn nh thin bt tnh, kasia trng, v thin tm t, v.v...
Tuy nhin, nu hnh gi ch c cn nh, vi thin t i, hnh gi phi khi s vic qun
danh ca mnh cn nh y, hnh gi khng th phn bit danh ca mt tm - thin m
khng c thin. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, hnh gi phi lp li cn nh vi thin t
i, y sc trong sut (tnh sc) ca thn hnh gi lp lnh v pht sng. Sau khi tr
mt lc, chuyn sang Minh st vi mt ci tm ti tnh v trong sng, hnh gi s phn
bit danh ca cn nh y.
n y, sau khi hnh gi phn bit c cc tin trnh tm khc nhau trong tt c cc
php thin ch trc ca mnh, c th l cn nh hay nh ca bc thin (an ch nh), ri
hnh gi chuyn sang phn bit cc tm hnh khc nhau ca mt tin trnh tm dc gii
(kmvacara vthu).[13]

Lm th no phn bit Tin Trnh Tm Dc Gii

Tc Nh L v Phi Nh L.
Mt tin trnh tm dc gii c xem l thin hoc bt thin ty thuc vo s tc nh l
(yoniso manasikra), hoc tc phi nh l (ayoniso manasikra). Nh vy, tc s quyt
nh mt tm dc gii l thin hoc bt thin.
Nu hnh gi nhn vo mt vt v bit n ch l danh, sc, nhn - qu, v thng, kh, v
ng, hoc bt tnh, th tc ca hnh gi l nh l tc , v tc hnh tm y l thin.
Nu hnh gi nhn vo mt vt v thy n theo khi nim, nh n ng, n b, chng sinh,
vng, bc, hoc thy n l thng, lc, ng, tnh, th tc ca hnh gi l phi nh l tc , v
tc hnh tm y l bt thin.
Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp ngoi l, mt tc hnh tm lin quan n khi nim cng
c th l thin, nh khi ang hnh thin tm t v ang tc s cng dng chng hn. Hnh
gi s nhn ra s khc nhau ny khi phn bit cc tin trnh tm y.
Lm Th No Phn Bit Tin Trnh Tm Mn
Mun phn bit tin trnh tm dc gii, hnh gi phi khi s bng cch phn bit mt tin
trnh tm mn, v cc loi tm c xem l t hn. Hnh gi c th khi s vi mt
tin trnh mn thin.
Mt tin trnh mn thin thuc dc gii gm mt chui ba loi tm sau:
1. Mt mn hng tm (manodvr vajjana) (12 tm hnh)
2. By tc hnh tm (javana citta) (34/33/32 tm hnh)
3. Hai tm thp di (talrammaa citta) (34/33/32/12/11 tm hnh)
phn bit c iu ny, hnh gi phi khin cho mt tin trnh - mn khi ln. Trc
tin, hnh gi phn bit bhavaga ( - mn), ri nhn tnh sc (cakkhu pasda) trong mt tng
hp sc mt. Khi n xut hin - mn (bhavaga), hnh gi nhn thc c n: "y l
nhn tnh sc" hoc "y l sc" (hoc v thng, kh, v ng hoc bt tnh), v thy bng
cch no mt tin trnh mn li khi ln .
K tip, phn bit cc loi tm hnh khc trong cc tm thuc tin trnh mn , hnh
gi cng lm nh lm vi tin trnh - mn thin (jhna), tc l bt u vi hoc thc
(tm), hoc th, hoc xc - ty yu t no trong ni bt nht. Ri mi ln thm vo mt
tm hnh - trc tin phn bit mt loi (tm hnh), ri thm vo mt, nh vy hnh gi phn
bit hai loi tm hnh; thm vo mt na, nh vy hnh gi thy c hai; thm vo mt
na, nh vy hnh gi thy c ba; thm vo mt na, nh vy hnh gi thy c bn,
v.v... cui cng cho ti khi hnh gi thy c c ba mi bn, ba mi ba hoc ba mi hai
tm hnh trong mi tm ca tin trnh - mn thin thuc dc gii. C lm i lm li nh

vy nhiu ln cho n khi hnh gi cm thy tha mn (l hon tt cng vic).

Nh vy hnh gi cn phn bit cc tin trnh - mn xy ra khi nhn vo mi sc trong
mi tm loi sc thc (rpa-rpa), v trong mi loi sc khng thc (arpa-rpa) c
kho st khi hnh gi phn bit sc (rpa kammahna) [14]
Lm Th No Phn Bit Tin Trnh Ng Mn.
Mt khi hnh gi hon tt vic phn bit tin trnh nhn thc qua mn, hnh gi nn tip
tc phn bit tin trnh nhn thc qua ng mn, khi s vi tin trnh nhn mn.
phn bit c cc tm hnh ca mi tm trong mt tin trnh nhn mn, hnh gi lm
cho mt tin trnh nhn mn khi ln. u tin, hnh gi phn bit nhn mn trc, ri n
bhavaga ( - mn), xong phn bit c hai mt ln. Th n tp trung vo mu ca mt
nhm cc tng hp sc k bn khi n xut hin c hai mn, nhn thc n k nh "y l
mu", v thy bng cch no mt tin trnh nhn mn khi ln trc , ri (hp vi trt t
t nhin ca tm) (citta niyma) nhiu tin trnh mn khi ln tt c, vi cng mt i
tng.
Tin trnh nhn mn s gm mt chui by loi tm ni theo nhau.
1. Mt ng mn hng tm (pacadvrvajjana) (11 tm hnh)
2. Mt nhn thc (cakkhuvia) (8 tm hnh)
3. Mt tip th tm (sampaicchana) (11 tm hnh)
4. Mt suy c tm (santraa) (11/12 tm hnh)
5. Mt quyt nh tm (vohapana) (12 tm hnh)
6. By tc hnh tm (javana citta) (34/33/32 tm hnh)
7. Hai tm thp di (tadrammaa citta) (34/33/32/11 tm hnh)
Sau tin trnh ny mt chui tm bhavaga (hu phn) s ni theo, v ri n ba loi tm
thuc tin trnh mn, nh m t trc.
1. Mt mn hng tm
2. By tc hnh tm
3. Hai thp di tm.
Sau khi phn bit hai loi tm (trong tin trnh nhn mn v mn) trn, k tip hnh gi
phn bit cc loi tm hnh cn li thuc cc tin trnh mn - y l cc tin trnh mn
c cng i tng (mu) theo sau tin trnh nhn mn[15]. Cng nh trc, hnh gi bt u
vi yu t no ni bt nht trong ba tm php: thc, xc, v th ny. Ri mi ln thm vo
mt, cho n khi hnh gi thy c tt c cc loi tm hnh khc nhau trong mi tm.
Sau hnh gi phn bit cc tin trnh nhn thc thuc bn mn khc - nh, t, thit, v
thn, theo nh cch lm i vi nhn mn.

n giai on ny, hnh gi pht trin c kh nng phn bit danh kt hp vi cc tm

thin, v by gi cng cn phi phn bit danh kt hp vi cc tm bt thin. lm c
iu ny, hnh gi ch n gin ly cng nhng i tng m hnh gi ly khi phn bit
cc tm thin, thay vo ch tc phi nh l n chng m thi.
D nhin, y ch l mt s gii thch tm tt, song nhng v d a ra y t ra cng
hnh gi hiu c nhng g c i hi phi c trong vic phn bit danh bn trong.
Tm li, t trc n y, hnh gi hon tt ba giai on u ca vic phn bit danh:
1. Hnh gi phn bit tt c cc loi tm (citta) khi ln bn trong[16].
2. Hnh gi phn bit mi v mi tm hnh hay danh php (nma dhamm) trong tt c
cc loi tm.
3. Hnh gi phn bit cc chui tm, l cc tin trnh nhn thc (vthi) khi ln su
mn.
Nh cp trc, cng cn c mt giai on th t na phn bit danh - m gi y
chng ta s bn n.
Lm Th No Phn Bit Danh Bn Ngoi.
Giai on th t l phn bit danh bn ngoi. Hnh gi bt u bng vic phn bit t i bn
trong, ri bn ngoi ni o qun hnh gi ang mc. Hnh gi s thy rng o qun ca mnh
phn nh ra thnh cc tng hp sc (rpa - kalpas), v rng hnh gi c th phn bit c
tm loi sc trong mi tng hp y. Chng l cc tng hp tm c dng cht do thi tit
sanh (utuja ojahamaka kalpa), v thi tit (uju) m chng sanh ln y l thi tit trong
cc tng hp sc.
Hnh gi nn lun phin phn bit gia sc bn trong v sc bn ngoi khong ba hoc bn
ln, ri vi nh sng ca nh, (hnh gi) phn bit sc bn ngoi hi xa mt cht, nh sn
nh chng hn. hnh gi cng c th s phn bit c tm loi sc trong mi tng hp
sc, v nn lun phin phn bit gia sc bn trong v bn ngoi ba bn ln nh trc,
Theo cch ny, hnh gi dn dn m rng lnh vc phn bit ca mnh n sc trong ta nh
hnh gi ang ngi, khu vc chung quanh n, gm c cy ci v cc to nh khc, v.v... cho
n khi hnh gi phn bit c tt c cc sc khng linh hot bn ngoi. Trong khi lm
nh vy, hnh gi cng s thy sc linh hot (sc trong sut, v.v...) trong cc i tng khng
linh hot (inanimate objects): l cc loi cn trng v sinh vt nh b khc trn cy ci,
nh ca, v.v...
Mt khi phn bit c tt c sc khng linh hot bn ngoi ri, hnh gi gi by gi
tip tc phn bit tt c sc linh hot, l sc ca cc chng sanh khc, sc bn ngoi c
tm thc. Hnh gi ch phn bit sc ca chng thi, v thy rng chng khng phi l n
ng, n b, mt ngi, hay mt chng sanh, m ch l sc. Ri phn bit tt c sc bn ngoi

mt ln, xong phn bit tt c cc loi sc khc nhau c bn trong ln bn ngoi.

lm iu ny, trc ht hnh gi nn thy su loi tng hp sc cn bn[17] trong con mt
ca chnh mnh ri trong con mt bn ngoi, tc mt ca mt chng sanh khc. Nh khi
hnh gi phn tch sc, l phn bit nm mi bn loi sc, nhng by gi phn tch v phn
bit n c bn trong ln bn ngoi[18]. i vi nm cn cn li, v cc loi sc cn li cng
lm y nh vy.
n y, sau khi hnh gi phn bit c sc mt cch hon ton, hnh gi s tip tc
phn bit danh bn trong v bn ngoi.
Hnh gi phn bit danh bn trong bng cch khi s li vi - mn, v ri cc tin trnh
ng mn, phn bit tt c cc tm hnh (danh php) thin v bt thin ca chng.
lm iu ny bn ngoi, hnh gi cng lm nh phn bit bn trong vy, nhng
phn bit nhn mn v bhavaga ( mn) ca cc chng sanh khc chung chung. Ri, khi
mu ca mt nhm cc tng hp sc xut hin c hai mn, th cng phn bit tin trnh ng
mn khi ln y, v sau nhiu tin trnh mn khi ln, tt c c cng mt i tng.
Hnh gi nn lm i lm li nh vy nhiu ln, lc bn trong lc bn ngoi, v cng lm vy
i vi mi trong bn mn khc (nh, t, thit, v thn mn), cho n khi hnh gi cm thy
tha mn. Trng hp hnh gi c c thin (jhna), (nu c th) hnh gi cng nn phn
bit cc tin trnh mn thin bn ngoi. Tin trnh mn y c th l ni mt thin gi
khc, mc d nh ca bc thin hin nay rt him c trong nhn gii. Nhng hnh gi s d
dng thy nhng chng sanh ang nhp thin ni cc ci ch thin v phm thin.
Theo cng mt phng thc nh trc, hnh gi nn dn dn m rng tm phn bit ca
mnh cho n khi c th thy sc khp v tr v bin. Ri hnh gi nn phn bit danh v
sc cng nhau khp v tr v bin.
Cui cng, hnh gi xc nh tt c danh v sc vi tr tu thy khng c chng sinh,
khng c n ng, n b, m ch c danh v sc khp v tr v bin ny. Nh vy l
kt lun vic phn bit danh (nma kammahna).
Sau khi t n giai on ny trong tu tp thin ca hnh gi, tc l sau hnh gi pht trin
c nh v dng n phn bit hai mi tm loi sc [19], cng nh tt c nm mi ba
loi danh khp v tr v bin [20]. Hnh gi hon tt tu minh st th nht - Danh-sc
Phn Tch Tu (nma-rpa pariccheda a)
Bi ging k tip ca chng ti s l v giai on minh st k tip: phn bit Duyn Khi
(paiccasam uppda).

BNG 5. NG MN L TRNH TM (xem cui trang)

BNG 6. MN L TRNH TM (xem cui trang).
*
HI P 5
Hi 5.1: Tm thin chng (sam patti)[21] c th dng lm phng tin t n Danh Sc
Phn Tch Tr (nma-rpa pariccheda a), v thy ra s sanh dit vi t ca chng, nh
vy m tr nn nhm chn v c o Tr (tu) - maggaa. Ngoi li ch ny ra, cn
nhng li ch no khc ca tm thin chng?
p 5.1: C nm li ch ca thin nh.[22]
1) Li ch th nht ca thin nh (jhna concentration) l hin ti lc tr (dihadhamma
sukha vihra) tc l th hng hnh phc ca thin ngay trong kip hin ti. iu ny mun
ni n cc v A-la-hn. Mc d cc v A-la-hn thun qun (vipassana) ng nhin c cc
thin siu th (lokuttra jhan), song h vn mun tu tp cc thin hip th (lokiya jhan) v
mun th hng lc tr ca thin ny. Bi l h l cc bc A-la-hn, vi cc phin no
c loi tr bng o tu (iu ny cng c ngha l cc trin ci ca h c on tr),
nn vic tu tp thin i vi h rt d. L do khc na gii thch ti sao h li thng pht
trin thin (nh) l v mun chng dit (nirodhnisamsa - dit th tng nh), mt nh
chng i hi phi c s tinh thng tm thin chng.
Phn s ca mt v t khu l: hc kinh in (pariyatti: php hc), hnh thin minh st
(patipatti), v c bn o, bn qu (paivedha). l nhng g cc v A-la-hn lm, v
th khng cn vic g phi lm na i vi h. H hnh thin nh khng v l do g khc
hn l hng thin lc (jhnasukha) trong kip hin ti ny.
2) Li ch th hai ca thin nh l li ch trong vic minh st (vipassannisasa): thin
nh l mt h tr cho minh st tr, v vi jhna (bc thin) hnh gi c th thy danh-sc
chn v cc nhn ca chng mt cch r rng, ng thi c th phn bit tnh cht v
thng, kh, v v ng ca chng (d dng hn tm bnh thng).
Khi mt hnh gi hnh minh st thu o, c bit l ln n o Tu (magga a) v
Qu Tu (phalaa), hoc Hnh x tu (sakhrupekkh a), th cc bc thin (jhna)
thng rt vng. Cc bc thin ny lm cho minh st tr tr nn r rng, trong sng, mnh m
v y nng lc hn. Minh st tr mnh m v y nng lc y, ngc li cng bo v cho
jhnas khi ri xung (bc thp).
Hn na, khi hnh gi hnh minh st trong mt thi gian lu di, mt mi c th pht sinh.
Lc y hnh gi nn nhp thin mt lc cho tm c ngh ngi. Ly li sc khe xong hnh
gi c th chuyn sang minh st tr li. Nh vy, mi lc mt mi xy ra hnh gi li c th

an ngh trong bc thin ca mnh.[23]

Th nn, nh nh m minh st c r rng trong sng, mnh m, y nng lc v kho bo
v. p li, minh st hy dit cc phin no ngn chn tm nh, v gi cho n vng chc.
Samtha (thin ch) bo v thin qun v ngc li l th.
V li, nh ca bt thin khng ch l mt h tr cho vic phn bit danh-sc v cc nhn
ca chng thi, m v tm thin chng y t thn chng cn l "danh", v c k vo vic
phn bit danh.[24] Nu mt hnh gi phn bit c danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng (k
c tm thin chng) l v thng, kh, v v ng, ln n hnh x tr (sakhrupekkha
a), v sau v y c th duy tr vic phn bit ca mnh i vi cc hnh (danh php) ca
bc thin ch vi mt trong tm thin chng l . y l lin kt Ch-Qun vi nhau
(yuganaddha), ging nh hai con b cng ko mt chic xe vy. l mt s h tr khc
cho vic chng o, Qu, v Nit-bn.
3) Li ch th ba ca thin nh l cc nng lc thn thng (abhinisasa): nu mt hnh
gi mun lm ch cc thn thng hip th, nh tc mng thng (pubbenivsnussati
abhi), thin nhn thng (dibba - cakkhu), thin nh thng (dibba - sota), tha tm thng
(paracitta vijnama), bin ho thng (iddhividha), bay trong h khng, i di nc, v.v...
hnh gi phi tu tp mi kasia v tm thin chng theo mi bn cch.[25]
4) Li ch th t ca thin nh l ci chng ta gi l "mt sanh hu c bit"
(bhavavisesvahnisasa). l, nu hnh gi mun ti sanh vo mt ci phm thin no
sau khi cht, hnh gi phi tu tp nh, nh mi kasia, nim hi th, thin tm t.
Nhng c chc chn sinh vo ci phm thin y th thin (jhna) phi c duy tr cho
n giy pht cht.
5) Li ch th nm ca thin nh l chng dit (nirodhnisasa): s chng dit (tn nh) l
s dit tm thi ca dng tm thc (citta), cng vi cc tm s v sc cht do tam sanh
(cittaja rpa). "Tm thi" c ngha l ch t mt cho ti by ngy, ty thuc vo quyt nh
trc ca hnh gi (adhihna)
Ch cc v bt lai (angmi) v A-la-hn mi c th chng dit. i vi cc v A-la-hn,
ngoi lc ng, v ngoi lc tc n cc khi nim, cn ra, h chng bao gi ngng thy s
sanh - dit hoc ch s dit ca danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng, tnh trng ny ko di sut
ngy ln m v nm ny qua thng n.[26] i khi h cm thy "chn" v ch mun khng
phi thy cc hin tng hay "php dit" (bhanga dhamma) y na. Nhng, v th mng ca
h cha ht, tc l vn cha n thi nhp v d Nit-bn - Parirbbna - ca h. V th,
chm dt vic thy cc php dit , h nhp dit tn nh.
V sao cc v A-la-hn khng bao gi ngng thy cc hin tng y? Bi v, vi A-la-hn
thnh qu, cc ngi on dit cc trin ci i nghch vi cc thin chi, v do c
nh. Tm nh thy php chn (paramattha dhamma) nh chng thc s l, v th n
lun lun thy danh sc chn nh chng thc s l, chnh l thy "php dit" (bhaga
dhamma). Khi mt v nhp dit tn nh, gi s trong by ngy, th by ngy y v ny khng

thy cc php dit na, bi v (s chng dit ko di bao lu) tm v cc tm s l ra s thy

cc hin tng y dng li ri (nn khng thy na vy).
Mc d cc v A-la-hn c th tr trong Nit-bn chng (A-la-hn thnh qu nh), song h
vn thch tr trong dit (tn nh) hn, v d rng thnh qu nh ly v vi gii hay Nit-bn
lm i tng, vn cn tm hnh thuc cm th. Cn trong Dit tn nh, hnh duy nht
cn li l sc hnh (sc php) (material formation) thuc sc do nghip, thi tit, v vt thc
sanh, khng c sc do tm sanh, v cng khng c tm.
Mun nhp dit tn nh, hnh gi phi thit lp s thin, xut khi thin y v phn bit cc
php s thin ny l v thng, kh, hoc v ng. Hnh gi c tun t lm nh vy cho n
thc v bin x (viancyatana), thin v sc th hai. Ri hnh gi phi nhp "v s hu
x", thin v sc th ba (kicayatana jhna), xut khi thin y v thc hin bn s
quyt nh.
1. Suy xt xem mc th mng ca mnh (c cn by ngy khng), ri trong mi quyt
nh thi hn chng dit (tn nh), ti a l by ngy, cui thi hn hnh gi s t ng
xut thin.
2. Nu c Pht cn n, hnh gi s t ng xut, trc khi c mt v t khu n gi.
3. Nu Tng chng cn n, hnh gi s t ng xut, trc khi c mt v t khu n gi.
4. Bn mn vt dng ca hnh gi khng b tiu hoi bi la chy, nc tri, chut gm, mi
xng, v.v...
Sau hnh gi nhp phi tng phi phi tng x, bc thin v sc th t (nevasa
nsayatana jhna). Ch sau mt hoc hai st - na tm trong thin chng y, hnh gi lin
nhp dit tn nh trong thi hn nh, chng hn nh by ngy. Hnh gi khng thy bt
c iu g trong khi chng dit, v tt c tm v tm s dng li.[27]
Hi 5.2: Dng l thuyt nhn thc v thng, kh, v v ng, hay dng nh phn bit
cc php chn (paramattha dhamma), cch no c xem l d nht v nhanh nht
chng Nit-bn?
p 5.2: G l v thng? V thng l nm un [28]. nh ngha ny c cp trong
nhiu bn ch gii. Nu mt hnh gi thy nm un mt cch r rng, h c th thy v
thng, kh, v v ng: khng c g kh hiu c. Nhng khng thy nm un, h c th thy
v thng, kh, v v ng nh th no? Nu h c gng lm nh vy m khng thy nm
un, th minh st (vipassan) ca h s ch l minh st c thuc lng ch khng phi minh
st thc th. Ch c minh st thc th mi lm pht sanh cc o-Qu Tu.
Th no l nm un? l sc un, th un, tng un, hnh un v thc un. Sc un tc l
hai mi tm loi sc (rpa). Th un, tng un, hnh un l nm mi hai tm s
(cetasika). Thc un l tm mi chn loi tm (citta). Hai mi tm loi sc l nhng g

c gi l sc, cn nm mi tm s v tm mi chn loi tm l nhng g c gi l

Danh. V th, nm un v danh-sc l mt, khng khc.
Tt c nhng th y l danh-sc chn . Nu mt hnh gi thy c danh-sc chn ny,
h c th hnh minh st v thy tnh cht v thng, kh, v v ng ca nhng php danhsc y. Cn nu khng th thy danh-sc chn , h hnh minh st nh th no, v danh sc
v cc nhn ca chng l nhng i tng cn thit ca Minh st Tr kia m? y l minh st
thc th. Ch c minh st thc s nh vy mi to ra cc o v Qu Tu m thi.
Trong "Kinh i Nim X" [29] c Pht dy rng ch c mt con ng c nht (ekyana)
t n Nit-bn, khng c con ng no khc. Con ng y l g? c Pht ni phi
hnh thin nh trc, v mt ci tm an nh c th lm pht sinh ci thy Danh-sc ti hu
(chn ) v cc nhn ca chng. Li na, mt ci tm an nh c th lm pht sinh ci thy
tnh cht v thng, kh, v v ng ca danh sc chn v cc nhn ca chng. Nhng
chng ta khng th ni u l con ng nhanh nht t n Nit-bn c, v iu ny
ty thuc vo cc balamt ca mt ngi.
Chng hn, tn gi X Li Pht cn n lc khong hai tun t n thnh o v thnh
quA-la-hn, trong khi tn gi Mc Kin Lin ch cn c by ngy. Cn tn gi Bhiya
Daruciriya ch cn nghe mt thi php rt ngn, l "Dihe dihamatta" (Trong ci thy
ch c ci thy)[30]. Ni chung, tc m mi v trong h t n A-la-hn thnh qu ty
thuc vo cc balamt ring ca h.
Hai v tn gi X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin tu tp cc balamt ca h trong mt
Atngk (asakheyya) v mt trm ngn i kip (kappa), cn tn gi Bhiya Daruciriya th
vo khong mt trm ngn i kip. Nhng A-la-hn thnh o ca hai v X Li Pht v
Mc Kin Lin li kt hp vi tr gic ng ca mt bc thng th thanh vn (aggasvaka
bodhi a), trong khi A-la-hn thnh o ca tn gi Bhiya ch kt hp vi tr gic ng ca
mt bc i thinh vn (Mahsavaka bodhi a). Nh vy, tr gic ng ca mt bc thng
th thanh vn cao hn tr gic ng ca mt bc i thanh vn l iu tt nhin.[31]
V ch c mt con ng c nht t n Nit-bn, nn cc v thnh t ny khng phi
t n A-la-hn thnh qu do mt c nguyn, m h t n c l nh s n lc trong
kip hin ti cng vi n lc trong tin kip, tc cc balamt ca h h tr.
Hi 5.3: Vng sanh t lun hi (sasra) th khng khi u hoc chm dt. Cc chng
sinh cng nhiu khng tnh k, nh vy nhng ngi tng l m ca chng ta cng hng
h sa s. Lm th no chng ta c th tu tp tm t bng cch qun rng tt c chng sanh
tng l m ca chng ta c? Liu chng ta c th c thin tm t (mett jhna) bng
cch qun tt c chng sinh tng l m ca chng ta khng?
p 5.3: Thin tm t khng lin quan n qu kh v v lai. N ch lin quan n hin ti.
Ch c i tng hin ti mi c th to ra thin tm t (mett jhna), ch khng phi mt
i tng no qu kh v v lai; chng ta khng th c thin bng cch ri tm t n
ngi cht. Trong vng lun hi bt tn ny c th khng mt ngi no cha tng l cha

hoc m ca chng ta thc y, nhng thin tm t khng dnh lu g n vng lun hi bt

tn y. Cho nn khng nht thit phi suy t rng ngi ny tng l m ta, ngi ny l
cha ta, v.v...
Trong "T Bi Kinh" (Kararyamett Sutta) c Pht dy:
Mt yath niya puttamyus ekaputtamanurakkhe;
Evam pi sabbabhtesu, mnasa bhvaye aparimna.
Ngha l: V nh mt ngi m vi a con c nht chc chn s hy sinh c cuc i b cho
n nh th no, v t khu cng s m rng lng t n tt c chng sinh nh th y.
y l hng dn ca c Pht. Song ch mt mnh thi ca ngi m thi th khng th
a n thin (jhna). Nu chng ta m rng lng t vi ngha "Cu mong con ngi ny
c an vui v hnh phc", n s to ra thin.
Hi 5.4: (Nhng cu hi sau y tt c c gii p chung bng mt cu tr li)
- Trong thi k ca c Pht c mt v b tt (bodhisatta) no khng? Nu c, v y c
o hay ch l mt phm nhn (puthujjana)?
- Ti sao mt bc thnh (ariya) khng th tr thnh mt v b tt?
- Mt v thinh vn (svaka) c th chuyn i tr thnh mt v b tt c khng? Nu
khng, v sao khng?
- Theo li dy ca Sayadaw (ch ngi Pa-Auk) khi mt ngi c th c Nhp lu thnh o
tu v Nhp lu thnh qu tu (sotpatti maggaa) v (sotpana phalaa), h c th
chn khng c nh vy c khng? V c mun v pht nguyn hnh B tt o?
p 5.4: Trc khi c mt o hay qu no , ngi ta c thay i nh ca mnh,
nhng sau ( c ri) th khng c na. Trong nhiu bi kinh, c Pht dy rng
"o" khi ln theo mt quy lut t nhin (sammatta niyma). Quy lut t nhin y ni r:
- Nhp lu Thnh o to ra Nhp lu Thnh Qu, sau khi c v y c th tin ti giai on
Nht lai (sakadgmi - T--hm, tng thnh th hai), ch khng th no thi chuyn
xung a v phm phu c.
- Mt v Nht lai c th tin ti giai on bt lai (A-na-hm - angmi), ch khng th thi
chuyn xung a v nhp lu hay phm phu c.
- Mt v Bt lai c th tin ti giai on A-la-hn, ch khng th chuyn xung a v nht
lai, nhp lu hay phm phu c.
- Mt v A-la-hn nhp v d Nit-bn sau khi cht, ch khng th thi chuyn xung cc

tng thnh thp hn, hoc xung a v phm phu hay bt k giai on no khc.
Qu v A-la-hn l chm dt. y l quy lut t nhin. Lin h n A-la-hn thnh qu, c
Pht nhiu ln ni:[32]
Ayamantim jti, natthidni punabbhavoti.
(y l i sng cui cng, khng cn phi chu ti sanh na.)
iu ny c ngha rng ngi ta khng th thay i nh ca mnh, v pht nguyn tr
thnh mt v b tt sau khi c o, qu. Hn na, sau khi c mt v Pht hay A-lahn th k xc nh ri, ngi ta khng th thay i nh c na. Tuy nhin, mt ngi
c th nguyn ch i, v s tr thnh mt v A-la-hn vo mt thi im no trong
tng lai, v ri thay i nh v c A-la-hn trong kip ny, th c.
Visuddhi-magga (Thanh Tnh o) c a ra mt v d v mt v trng lo (Mahthera),
tn gi Mahsagharakkhita, thc hin iu ny[33]. Ngi l mt ngi thnh tho trong
t nim x, hnh Ch-Qun n Hnh X Tu, v cha tng th hin mt thn hnh hoc
khu hnh no m khng chnh nim. Ni chung, ngi tu tp cc balamt thuc Ch-Qun
c th c qu v A-la-hn nu mun. Nhng, v mun gp c Pht Di Lc
(Arimetteyya Buddha), ngi quyt nh ch, v ch tr thnh bc A-la-hn trong gio php
y (ca c Di Lc). Theo quy lut t nhin chng ta va cp, nu lc ny ngi c A-lahn th chc chn s khng th no gp c Pht Di Lc.
Tuy nhin, vo lc sp cht, mt s ng ngi t tp, v h ngh ngi l mt v A-la-hn,
v rng ngi sp nhp v d Nit-bn (Parinibibbna), mc d trong thc t ngi vn l mt
phm nhn. Khi ngi t ca ngi ni cho ngi bit l c rt nhiu ngi t tp, v ng
rng ngi sp bt Nit-bn, th trng lo ni: "i, ta mong c thy c Pht Di Lc
trong tng lai, nhng nu mt hi chng ln nh th ny t tp, th ta thin th", v ngi
hnh minh st. Lc ny ngi thay i nh, hn na trong nhng kip qu kh ngi cha
nhn c mt li th k no c, nn chng my chc ngi c A-la-hn. Trong thi c
Pht (Thch Ca), khng cp n mt trng hp th k xc nh cho mt v b tt no c
ngoi tr c b tt Di Lc, lc l mt v t khu tn Ajita. Tam tng (Tipitaka) cng
khng ni n vic khi no th v Pht sau c Pht Di Lc s xut hin, nn chng ta khng
th ni c l trong thi k c Pht c bao nhiu v b tt.
Hi 5.5: Liu c th hnh gii thot o (vimutti magga) v b tt o (con ng tr thnh
Pht) ng thi c khng? Nu c, php mn y l g?
p 5.5: Gii thot (vimutti) l thot khi nhng phin no hay vng lun hi (samsra). Khi
mt v b tt thnh Pht, h thot khi vng lun hi vo lc Bt Nit-bn (Parinibbna).
Nu hnh gi l mt v Thinh vn (svaka), c gng c A-la-hn thnh qu v thnh cng,
hnh gi cng s thot khi vng lun hi vo lc Bt Nit-bn ca mnh. Mt ngi khng
th va thnh mt v Pht va thnh mt v Thinh vn c. H phi chn mt trong hai,
nhng c hai u thot khi vng lun hi khi h t n qu v A-la-hn. Con ng t

n A-la-hn thnh o cng l o l gii thot cui cng ri (vimutti magga) vy.
Hi 5.6: Php mn (thin) ny ch gii thot, hay n cng dnh cho b tt o na?
p 5.6: Cho c hai. Trong mt bi ging trc, chng ta cp n vic c Pht
Sakyamuni (Thch Ca Mu ni) khi cn l b tt trong cc kip qu kh tng lm t khu
chn kip. Nu nhn li php hnh ca ngi trong chn kip lm t khu y, chng ta s thy
l gm tam hc: Gii, nh, v Tu. c b tt c th hnh v c tm thin chng, ng
thng v minh st cho n hnh x tu.
Hin nay hnh gi cng ang tu tp Ch-Qun da trn gii hnh. Khi thc hnh tam hc
Gii - nh - Tu cho n hnh x tu, hnh gi c th chn mt trong hai con ng. Nu
mun gii thot, hnh gi c th chn con ng i n Nit-bn (A-la-hn); cn mun tr
thnh mt v b tt, hnh gi c th chn con ng b tt: khng c vn g c.
Hi 5.7: Tt c nhng thin nghip v c nghip ca mt v A-la-hn c nht thit phi chn
mi (cho qu) trc khi v y bt Nit-bn khng?
p 5.7: Khng phi tt c. Mt s thin nghip hay c nghip no c th thnh thc v
cho qu ca chng. Nu nhng nghip no khng chn mi chng s khng cho qu, v c
gi l "v hiu nghip" (ahosi kamma). Chng hn, bt thin nghip ca mt trong nhng
kip qu kh m tn gi Mc Kin Lin to cho qu ngay trc khi bt Nit-bn ca ngi.
Mt trong nhng tin kip trc, tn gi c gng st hi cha m m la ca mnh nhng
khng thnh cng. Do c nghip , ngi chu kh trong a ngc qua hng ngn nm, v khi
thot khi a ngc, ngi cn b ngi ta git trong khong hai trm kip na. Trong mi kip
b git y, s ca ngi u b nghin nt. Thm ch trong kip cui cng, tng t xng
trong thn ngi cng b nghin nt, k c xng s.
Ti sao vy? Nghip bt thin chn mi. Tr phi cc thin nghip v bt thin nghip
chn mi, cn khng chng s khng to ra qu bo c. Chng ch l nghip (kamma) theo
tn gi m thi.
Hi 5.8: Sau khi gic ng, c phi c Pht ni, "Ban u tt c chng sinh u c tr tu
v nhng c khc ca Nh Lai (Tathgata) ng khng?
p 5.8: Hin nay qu v u chp nhn rng c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni thnh t s gic
ng vin mn. Qu v nn xt li xem nhng c gii thot ca Nh Lai c hin din trong
mi chng sinh hay khng, c bit l trong chnh qu v. Qu v c bt k mt c tnh no
ca Nh Lai hay khng?

Hi 5.9: Tng khng (sunnat) ca v A-la-hn trong ng un ca chnh mnh c ng nh

tng khng ca ngi ni cc php v tnh bn ngoi khng?Nit-bn c ng nh nhp vo
khng (tnh) khng?
p 5.9: Tng khng trong ng un ca chnh mnh v tng khng trong cc php v tnh
bn ngoi ging nhau.
Nit-bn c mnh danh khng tnh (sunnat) l do "o". Khi mt hnh gi tu tri cc
hnh (sankhna dhamma) l v ng, vnu vo lc v y thy Nit-bn, thi o tu ca v y
c gi l khng tnh gii thot (sunnat vimokkha). o c gi l khng tnh gii thot,
th i tng ca o, tc Nit-bn, cng c gi l khng tnh. y khng tnh gii
thot c ngha l thot khi cc phin no nh thy tnh cht v ng ca cc hnh.
Hi 5.10: C phi tt c kinh in u do mt mnh c Pht dy khng?
p 5.10: Hu ht cc kinh (sutta) trong Tam tng u do c Pht dy. Ch mt t bi kinh
c ni l do cc v t ca ngi nh tn gi X Li Pht, Mc Kin Lin, i Ca Chin
Din v nanda thuyt. Nhng cc bi kinh do cc v t thuyt cng c cng ngha nh
chng c c Pht dy. Bng chng cho chy l trong mt vi bn kinh y c Pht
t tn thnh bng cch ni ln li Sdhu (lnh thay), nh trong kinh "i Ca Chin Din
Nht D Hin Gi" ca Trung B chng hn.[34]
Hi 5.11: Do chng ta khng th thy c Pht trong lc nhp nh, nu nh nng lc thn
thng chng ta thy ngi th chng ta c th trao i php (dhamma) vi ngi c khng?
p 5.11: Khng, hnh gi khng th lm th c. Chng ta bit c mt loi thn thng
c gi l "tc mnh thng" (pubbenivasnussati). Nu mt ngi c c thn thng ny,
v gp mt v Pht trong kip qu kh no ca mnh, h c th thy s kin ch nh
mt kinh nghim qu kh, ch khng phi l mt kinh nghim mi. Nu c trao i php, th
cng ch l nhng cu hi v cu tr li c, ch khng th l nhng cu hi v tr li mi
c.
-ooOoo-

[1] Nh vy Danh bao gm 1 tm + 52 tm s = 53 loi Danh.

[2] Chi tit v 89 loi tm, xem trn.
[3] V 4 cnh gii, xem ghi ch trn.
[4] Chi tit lin quan n Bhavaga, xem cu tr li 3.12 v bng 4 & 5
[5] Xem li bng 5
[6] Vn cn bt tt c mi i tng, xem phn trch dn Kinh "Unnbha Brahmin"

trn
[7] Xem bng 6.
[8] i vi cc thin v sc, hnh gi khng nn phn bit "Phi tng phi phi tng x thin"

v rt tinh t.
[9] Xem Vs T1.XVIII "Dihi Visuddhi Niddesa" D664 (M t v Kin Tnh)
[10] MI.10 "Satipatthna Sutta" (Kinh Nim X). Theo cch ny, v y tr qun tm k nh

tm bn trong, hoc v y tr qun tm k nh tm bn ngoi. y khng phi l Tha Tm

thng (ceto - pariya - nna) m l nng lc Minh St. V vy, thng th khng th phn bit
danh bn ngoi mt cch chi tit c. Xem li phn trch dn "Aggregates Suttas" trn.
[11] Tin trnh tm thin y l tin trnh tm thin sc gii (rpavacara)
[12] Ba mi bn tm hnh trong s thin l tm thin v ba mi ba tm s ca n (cc ch

in m l 5 thin chi). 1 - Tm (thc), 2 - Xc, 3 - Th (lc), 4 - Tng, 5 - T, 6 - Nht

tm, 7 - Mng cn, 8 - Tc , 9 - Tm, 10 - T, 11 - Thng gii, 12 - Cn, 13 - H, 14 - Dc,
15 - Tn, 16 - Nim, 17 - Tm, 18 - Qy, 19 - V tham, 20 - V sn, 21 - X trung tnh,, 22 Tnh thn, 23 - Tnh tm, 24 - Khinh thn, 25 - Khinh tm, 26 - Nhu thn, 27 - Nhu tm, 28 Thch thn, 29 - Thch tm, 30 - Thun thn, 31 - Thun tm, 32 - Chnh thn, 33 - Chnh
tm, 34 - Tu quyn.
[13] Ba ci: 1 - dc gii (kmvacara), gm nhn gii, thin gii v kh gii, 2 - Sc gii

(rpvacara) gm cc phm thin gii vi sc rt vi t, 3 - V sc gii (arpavacara), y

ch c danh.
[14] Khi phn bit sc, tt c nhng loi sc ny cn phi c phn bit. Trong bi ging s

4 "Lm th no phn bit sc" gii thch r iu ny. i vi cc sc thc v sc khng

thc, xem li bng 1

[15] Chi tit, xem bng 5 & 6.

[16] Cn phi hiu rng cho n lc ny cc loi tm siu th vn cha t n.
[17] Su loi tng hp sc cn bn: 1- cc tng hp sc c mt l th mi, 2- cc tng hp

sc c thn l th mi, 3- cc tng hp sc c tnh l th mi, 4- cc tng hp tm do tm

sanh, 5- cc tng hp tm do thi tit sanh, v 6- cc tng hp sc do vt thc sanh - xem li
trn.
[18] Mc d trong thc t hnh gi phn bit su mi ba loi sc ri, song y hnh gi

ch phn bit nm mi bn loi. Ti sao hnh gi phi lm iu ny c gii thch chi

tit trn.
[19] V 28 loi sc, xem li trn
[20] V 53 loi danh, xem ghi ch cui trang trn
[21] Bn thin sc gii v thin v sc.
[22] Vis. XI "Samdhi Niddesa" B.362 (M t nh I. 120)
[23] Chi tit, xem li trn
[24] Xem li trn
[25] Chi tit, xem Vs. XII, "Iddhividha Niddesa"
[26] Xem sau, bit thm chi tit v "Sanh Dit Tr"
[27] Vs. XXIII "Nirodhasampatti katha" B879 (Thch gii Dit tn nh) N43
[28] Aniccanti khandhapancakam ... pancakkhandh aniccati (Vbh.A.II.I "Suttantabhjaiya

vannan)
[29] D.II.9 "Mahsatipatthna Sutta"
[30] U.I.10 "Bhiya Sutta"
[31] V bn loi ngi t n Nit-bn, xem li trn; i vi bn loi A-la-hn thnh o,

xem cu tr li 4.7
[32] D.III.6 "Pasdika Sutta"[33] Vs.I "Pathamasita pancakam" B20
[34] M.III. 133 "Mahkaccyana Bhaddekaratta Sutta"

- Ng mn l trnh ca nhn mn (nh, t, thit v thn mn) c cng cu trc, vi i tng

tng ng ca chng. Cc thnh phn v trnh t ca tin trnh nhn thc ng mn (ng mn l
trnh) l nh nhau i vi tt c v hp theo qui lut t nhin ca tm (Citta-niyama)
- Thi gian (tn ti) ca mt tm gi l st na tm (citta kkhaa). Tui th ca sc bng mi
by st na tm.
- Mi tm (citta) c mt giai on sanh (uppda) [], mt giai on tr (hiti) [| ], v mt giai
on dit (bhaga) []
- i tng ca tm hu phn y ht nh nhau sut kip sng. N chnh l i tng ca tc hnh
tm cui cng thuc kip trc.
- Gia mi tin trnh tm thng c mt s bt nh cc tm h phn khi ln, ty theo ngi.
c Pht c rt t tm h phn gia mi tin trnh tm.

Tin trnh nhn thc mn ( mn l trnh tm) c th khi ln vi mt trong nm tin trnh
ng mn i trc; chng cng c th khi ln vi tin trnh mn i trc. Cc thnh phn v
trnh t ca tin trnh nhn thc l nh nhau cho tt c (l ): theo quy lut t nhin ca tm
(citta niyama)
Mi tm c 3 giai on sanh [], tr [|], v dit []
i tng ca hu phn hon ton ging nhau trong sut kip sng. l i tng ca tc
hnh tm cui cng thuc kip trc.
Gia mi tin trnh nhn thc c mt s tm hu phn bt nh khi ln, ty ngi.
Mt v Pht c rt t tm hu phn gia mi l tm.

Ci Bit ca mi tin trnh nhn thc c thc hin bi by tc hnh tm.

Sau tin trnh nhn thc u tin (tin trnh nhn thc ng mn), th mt chui tin trnh mn
s theo sau. Ton b phng thc din tin nh sau:
1. Tin trnh nhn thc ng mn n ly i tng; trong trng hp con mt v cnh sc, n
ch nhn ra rng c sc vy thi.
2. Tin trnh mn nhn thc mu sc y, so snh mu sc hin ti vi mt mu no qu
kh; bit c mu sc qu kh.
3. Tin trnh mn bit c mu l g ri; bit tn ca mu y.
4. Tin trnh mn bit ngha ca i tng; thy ton b hnh nh, khi nim, c quyt
nh bi kinh nghim qu kh (do tng-sa)
5. Tin trnh mn nh gi v cm nhn. y mi l s m u ca nhn thc thc th, khi
vng tng (papaca) xy ra th nghip (kamma) c thc hin, nh chng ta tng tri i
tng l thng, lc, ng v.v...
(Tin trnh nhn thc mn thuc Minh St (Vipassana) thy cc i tng l v thng, kh,
v ng...
6. Vi cng i tng ny, s khi ln v s tin trnh tm (hnh - sakhara) tng cng
nhn thc.
Chnh t tin trnh nhn thc th nm tr i mi c ci bit v s thc ch nh (khi nim):
n ng, n b, bnh, chu, vng, bc v.v... V cng t tin trnh tr i cc trng
thi tm thin khi ln t nh l tc , vi lng knh trng bc thy ca mnh, nh tng Pht
hay v T khu chng hn; hoc cc trng thi tm bt thin khi ln t phi l tc , vi s luyn
i chng, v, con ci, ti sn... chng hn. Tin trnh s tip tc cho n khi tm hng n mt
i tng mi.
-ooOoo

BI PHP THOI 6

Lm th no thy nhng mc xch ca Duyn Khi

Trong bi ging va ri, chng ta bn v cch phn bit danh (nma) v trong bi trc,
chng ta cng bn v cch phn bit sc (rpa). Nu hnh gi c th phn bit c danh v
sc theo cch m t, hnh gi cng s phn bit c cc nhn ca chng. iu ny c ngha
l phn bit c duyn khi ca cc php (paticcasammuppda). Duyn khi y mun ni
v cch cc nhn v qu hot ng nh th no qua ba thi qu kh, hin ti v v lai.
c Pht dy bn cch phn bit duyn khi ty theo cn tnh ca ngi nghe, v cn c mt
php th nm na do Tn gi X Li Pht ging c ghi li trong V Ngi Gii o
(Patisambhidmagga)[1]. Mun gii thch nhng phng php ny mt cch chi tit s phi mt
mt khong thi gian, v th chng ta s ch tp trung vo hai phng php m ti thin vin PaAuk ti thng dy cho hu ht cc thin sinh. l php mn th nm ca Tn gi X Li Pht
v php mn th nht do c Pht dy trong "Kinh i Duyn" thuc Trng B v "Phm
Nhn Duyn" trong Tng ng B.[2]
C hai phng php u lin quan n vic phn bit nm un hin ti, qu kh v v lai[3]. Phn
bit un no trong l nhn v un no l qu. Khi hnh gi c th lm c iu ny ri, hnh
gi cng c th hc bit cch phn bit duyn khi theo nhng phng php khc m kinh v
ch gii dy.
Phng php th nm
Tam Lun Trong Duyn Khi
Duyn khi hay Thp Nh Nhn Duyn (paticcasammuppda) gm mi hai chi phn.[4]
Mi hai chi phn ny c th ni l gm ba lun (vng) - hai vng thuc v nhn (nm nhn) v
mt vng thuc qu (nm qu).[5]
1. Phin no lun (Kilesavaa)
- V minh (avijj)
- i (tah)
- Th (updna)
2. Nghip lun (Kammavaa)
- Hnh (sakhra)
- Nghip hu (kammabhava)
3. Qu lun (Vipkavata)

- Thc (via)
- Danh Sc (nma rpa)
- Lc nhp (salyatana)
- Xc (phassa)
- Th (vedan)
Phin no lun l nhn cho nghip lun, m nghip lun ny l nhn cho qu lun, ni cch khc,
l sanh, gi, cht (cc chi phn th 11 v 12). Vic phn bit duyn khi i hi phi thy
c trnh t xoay ca ba lun (vng) ny, v khi u vi s phn bit qu kh.
Hnh Gi Phn Bit Qu Kh Ca Mnh Nh Th No?
phn bit qu kh, hnh gi bt u bng vic cng dng hng hoa hoc n nn ti mt
ngi thp (th X li), hoc nh tng c Pht. Hnh gi nn nguyn c ti sanh theo
mun, nh nguyn tr thnh mt t khu, mt tu n, mt ngi nam, mt ngi n hay ch
thin chng hn.
Sau , hnh gi s i ngi thin, pht trin nh v ln lt phn bit danh-sc bn trong cng
nh bn ngoi. y l iu cn thit bi v nu hnh gi khng th phn bit c danh-sc bn
ngoi th s gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic phn bit danh-sc qu kh. L do l v phn bit
danh-sc qu kh cng tng t nh phn bit danh-sc bn ngoi vy.
K tip, hnh gi phi phn bit danh-sc xut hin khi ang thc hin vic cng dng ti thp
th X li hay hnh tng Pht, nh th l cc i tng bn ngoi. Khi lm iu ny, hnh
nh ca hnh gi lc ang cng dng s xut hin, hnh gi phi phn bit t i trong hnh nh
.
Khi hnh nh ny phn tn ra thnh nhng tng hp sc (rpa kalpa), hnh gi phi phn bit
tt c sc php thuc su mn, c bit l 54 sc trong tm - cn.[6] Lc y, hnh gi c th s
phn bit c tm hu phn v nhiu tin trnh mn khi ln gia. Hnh gi nn nhn vo
cc tin trnh mn y, qun st cho n khi thy ra tin trnh mn thuc phin no lun vi
hai mi tm hnh trong mi st-na tm tc hnh v tin trnh mn thuc nghip lun vi ba
mi bn tm hnh trong mi st-na tm tc hnh.
y, chng ta c th minh ha vi mt v d thc tin, trng hp ang cng dng hng,
hoa, n, nn trc mt tng Pht v pht nguyn c ti sanh thnh mt v t khu.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh l o tng cho rng "mt v t khu" thc s hin hu.
- Tham i l lng ao c v mong mi i sng ca mt v t khu.
- Th l s chp trc vo i sng .
Ba chi phn v minh, i, th ny c tm thy trong cc tm to thnh vng phin no
(kilesavaa).

Nu hnh gi nguyn c sanh lm ngi n:

- V minh l o tng cho rng "ngi n" thc s hin hu.
- i l lng mong c v kht khao cuc sng lm ngi n.
- Th l s chp trc vo i sng ngi n y.
Trong cc v d trn, hnh (sakhra) l t thin[7] (kusalacetan) v s cng dng, v nghip
(kamma) l nghip lc ca chng. C hai c tm thy trong cc tm to nn vng nghip lun
(kammavaa) ca duyn khi.
Nh vy, khi hnh gi c th phn bit c danh-sc ca nghip lun v phin no lun thuc
qu kh gn ri, hnh gi nn i ngc tr v qu kh xa hn, tc l v mt im thi gian no
trc lc cng dng v phn bit danh-sc ging nh trn lm. Tip tc i ngc xa thm
cht na v lp li tin trnh. Theo cch nh vy, hnh gi phn bit danh-sc ca mt ngy
trc, mt tun trc, mt thng trc, mt nm trc, hai nm trc, ba nm trc, v.v... Cui
cng, c th hnh gi s phn bit ngay tr li thi im ca kit sanh thc (paisandhi citta)
pht sanh vo lc th thai trong kip hin ti ca hnh gi.[8]
Khi i tm cc nhn ca s th thai, hnh gi phi i ngc xa hn na thy, hoc l danh-sc
thuc thi cn t trong kip trc ca hnh gi, hoc i tng ca tc hnh tm cn t (mara
sanna javana citta).
C ba i tng kh d cho tc hnh tm cn t l:
1. Nghip (kamma). C nhng ngh to ra mt hnh ng thin hoc c c bit trong qu kh,
nh b th hoc st sanh chng hn.
2. Nghip tng (kammanimitta). y c th l mt ngi thp, mt v t khu, hng hoa hoc
mt i tng cng dng.
3. Th tng (gatinimitta). Ni hnh gi phi th sanh. i vi trng hp sanh li lm ngi
th l bo thai ca ngi m tng lai v thng c mu ging nh mt tm thm .
i tng xut hin do nghip lc to ra kit sanh thc (paisandhicitta)[9]. Khi hnh gi phn
bit iu ny, c th hnh gi cng s phn bit c cc hnh v nghip vn to ra cc un
thuc v qu (vipka) ca kip ny v v minh, i, th kip trc[10]. Sau , hnh gi nn phn
bit cc tm hnh (danh php) khc ca vng nghip lun v phin no lun.

Nhng V D
Mt N Hnh Gi Phn Bit iu G?
lm cho vn sng t hn, chng ti a ra v d v nhng g mt n hnh gi c th phn
bit. Khi n hnh gi ny phn bit danh-sc vo lc cn t, c ta thy c nghip ca mt n
nhn ang cng dng tri cy n mt v t khu. Bt u vi t i, c xem xt thm na
danh-sc ca n nhn . C thy rng n nhn y l mt thn n rt ngho v tht hc. Ngi
ny suy ngh v s au kh ca mnh v thc hin vic cng dng n mt v t khu vi
c nguyn c ti sanh lm mt ngi n c hc trong mt thnh ph ln.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh (avijj) l o tng cho rng mt n nhn c hc thc thnh ph ln thc s hin
hu.
- Mong c kht khao kip sng lm ngi n hc thc l i (tah).
- S chp trc vo kip sng lm ngi n hc thc l th (updna).
- T thin (kusalacetan) cng dng tri cy n mt v t khu l hnh (sakhra).
- Nghip (kamma) l nghip lc ca chng.
Trong kip ny hnh gi l mt ngi n c hc thc sng trong mt thnh ph ln Myanmar
(Min in). C c th (vi chnh kin) trc tip phn bit c bng cch no nghip lc cng
dng tri cy trong kip trc ca c cho ng un d thc trong kip ny.
Kh nng phn bit cc nhn v qu theo cch ny c gi l Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn
(paccaya pariggaha a).
Mt Hnh Gi Nam Phn Bit Nhng G?
y l mt v d hi khc mt cht. Mt nam nhn phn bit thy rng quanh thi cn t tc
hnh tm (mara sanna javana citta) c bn nghip tranh nhau. l nghip dy kinh, nghip
thuyt php, nghip hnh thin v cui cng l nghip dy thin. Khi v ny thm st xem nghip
no trong bn nghip ny to ra nm un d thc ca kip ny th thy rng l nghip hnh
thin. Khi thm st thm ( phn bit mc thin no mnh hnh), v y thy l thin
minh st (vipassan) thy v thng, kh v v ng trong danh-sc. Thm st thm na, v y
thy rng, trc v sau mi thi ta thin, v y nguyn c ti sanh li lm ngi nam,
c xut gia lm t khu v l mt t khu lm cng vic hong php.
Trong trng hp ny:
- V minh l o tng cho rng mt nam nhn, mt v s, hoc mt v s lm cng vic hong
php l thc ti cng tt (chn ).
- i l ao c kht khao c nh vy.
- Th l chp trc vo .
- Hnh l nhng hnh ng thuc tu tp minh st.
- Nghip l nghip lc ca chng (nhng hnh ng y).

Hnh Gi Phn Bit Cc Kip Ca Qu Kh Thm Na Nh Th No?

Khi hnh gi c th phn bit c kip qu kh gn nht ca mnh theo cch ny, ng thi
c th thy nm nhn tin kip l v minh, i, th, hnh, nghip v nm qu ca chng trong kip
hin ti l kit sanh thc, danh sc, lc nhp, xc, th ri, hnh gi cn phi phn bit lui dn tr
li kip th hai, th ba, th t v c th lui li cng nhiu (kip qu kh) bao nhiu cng tt theo
cng cch thc nh trn.
Nu hnh gi phn bit mt kip qu kh hoc tng lai trong ci Phm Thin (Brahma), hnh
gi s ch thy ba cn - nhn, nh v - tri vi su cn m bnh thng vn thy cc ci ch
thin v nhn loi.
Lm Th No Phn Bit Tng Lai?
Mt khi nng lc minh st tr ny c pht trin (nh phn bit cc nhn v qu qua cc kip
qu kh y), hnh gi c th phn bit cc nhn v qu trong cc kip tng lai theo cng cch
thc nh th. Tng lai m hnh gi s thy, tt nhin vn c th thay i, l kt qu ca c cc
nhn qu kh ln hin ti m mt trong s l "thin" hnh gi ang hnh[11]. phn bit
tng lai, hnh gi bt u bng cch phn bit danh-sc hin ti ri nhn vo tng lai cho n
thi im cht trong kip ny. Lc , mt nghip, hoc nghip tng hay th tng s xut hin
do sc mnh ca mt nghip c bit no hnh gi thc hin trong kip ny. C th lc y
hnh gi s phn bit c danh-sc kit sanh (paisandhi nma rpa) vn s c to ra trong
kip tng lai[12].
Hnh gi phi c gng phn bit c tht nhiu kip sng trong tng lai sao cho n kip v
minh dit khng cn d tn. iu ny xy ra cng vi s chng c A-la-hn Thnh o
(Arahattamagga) ca hnh gi. Nh vy, hnh gi c tip tc phn bit vo trong tng lai cho
n khi thy c rng nm un, danh-sc dit khng cn d tn, ngha l, vo cui ca kip c
A-la-hn, lc Bt Nit-bn hay nhp V D Nit-bn ca hnh gi. Lc hnh gi s thy rng
vi s dit ca v minh, danh-sc cng dit, ng thi hnh gi cng thy ra s dit hon ton
ca cc php (dhamma), l khng cn ti sanh na.
Theo cch ny hnh gi phn bit nm un thuc qu kh, hin ti v v lai, v cng phn bit
lun tng quan nhn qu ca chng. y l nhng g chng ta gi l phng php th nm, do
Tn gi X Li Pht dy. Sau khi hon tt vic phn bit, lc ny hnh gi c th hc cch chng
ta gi l phng php th nht, mt trong bn phng php do c Pht dy.
Phng Php Th Nht
Phng php th nht[13] ca phn bit duyn khi hay thp nh nhn duyn
(paticcasamuppda) qua ba kip sng v theo chiu thun. Phng php ny bt u vi cc
nhn trong kip qu kh, l v minh v hnh. Hai nhn to ra qu trong kip hin ti: d thc
thc (bt u vi kit sanh thc), danh sc, lc nhp, xc v th. Ri, c cc nhn trong kip
ny: i, th, v hu, to qu sanh, gi, cht v mi hnh thc khc ca kh trong kip tng lai.

Hnh gi phi tm ra v minh, i v th trong vng phin no (lun), thy ra n tc ng n

vng nghip lun nh th no, v ri nghip lc ca nghip lun ny n lt n to ra nm un
lc th thai, v trong sut kip sng ra sao.
iu kt lun cho li gii thch tm lc ca ti v cch lm th no phn bit duyn
khi theo cc phng php th nht v th nm. D nhin c rt nhiu chi tit na m hnh gi
c th hc ra qua vic thc hnh vi mt bc thy thch hp.
Khi phn bit y cc nhn ca danh-sc trong qu kh, hin ti v v lai ri, hnh gi k
nh hon tt tu minh st th ha, Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn (paccaya pariggaha a).
*
HI P 6
Hi 6.1: Nu mt hnh gi hnh php nim hi th (npnasati) nhng khng th thy "tng"
(nimitta), h cn phi kim tra li thn v tm nh th no c th tr nn tt hn v nhp vo
thin (jhna) c? Ni cch khc, th no l nhng iu kin cn thit c mt "nimitta"?
p 6.1: Thc hnh thng xuyn l iu cn thit i vi mi loi thin. Trong nim hi th,
hnh gi phi c chnh nim v hi th trong mi oai nghi, v nht l phi lm iu y vi lng
tn knh. Khi i, ng hoc ngi, khng nim i tng no khc ngoi hi th, tc l hnh gi
ch nn theo di hi th m thi. C gng ngng suy ngh, ngng ni chuyn. Nu hnh gi c
c gng lin tc theo cch ny, sc tp trung ca hnh gi s dn dn tt hn. Ch c nh su v
mnh m mi c th to ra "tng" (nimitta). Khng c nimitta, c bit l paibhganimittta (t
tng), hnh gi khng th c thin (jhna), v i tng ca thin hi th (npna jhna's
object) l t tng hi th.
H 6.2: Oai nghi ngi c nh hng g n kh nng tp trung v nhp thin i vi ngi mi
hnh thin khng? C nhiu hnh gi ngi thin trn mt ci gh nh, h c th nhp thin c
khng?
p 6.2: Oai nghi ngi rt tt i vi nhng ngi mi hnh thin. Nhng vi nhng ai c
ba-la-mt (pram) trong nim hi th ri th c th nhp thin bt k oai nghi no. Mt v
hnh gi thin xo (kho lo) cng c th nhp thin bt c oai nghi no. V th, h c th
nhp thin c khi ang ngi trn gh.
Tn gi X Li Pht (Sariputta) v Tn gi Tu B (Subhti) l nhng in hnh cho vic ny.
Chng ta bit, Tn gi X Li Pht rt thnh tho trong vic nhp dit tn nh. Khi i bt trong
lng, Ngi lun nhp thin dit ti mi nh trc khi nhn phn cng dng ca h. Ngi ch
nhn ca cng dng sau khi xut khi dit tn nh. l hnh nguyn ca Ngi.
Tn gi Tu B li rt thnh tho trong thin tm t. Ngi cng nhp thin tm t mi nh
trc khi nhn ca cng dng. Ngha l ch sau khi xut khi thin tm t, Ngi mi nhn phn
cng dng ca th ch. Ti sao cc Ngi lm vy? V mun cho th ch c c li ch cao
nht. Cc Ngi bit rng, nu cc Ngi lm th th thin nghip v lng v th thng s khi ln

trong tin trnh tm ca cc v th ch. Cc Ngi c lng t mn nh vy i vi nhng th ch

cn phi c th. Nh vy, h c th nhp thin trong khi ang oai nghi ng. T nhng v
d ny hnh gi c th suy nghim v thin hi th cng theo cch tng t.
Hi 6.3: i tng ca t thin hi th l g? Nu t thin khng cn hi th, lm th no c
th c mt nimitta c?
p 6.3: Mc d khng c hi th v v hi th ra, nhng t thin hi th vn c t tng
(paibhganimitta). T tng hi th y xut pht t hi th bnh thng, t nhin. y l l do
v sao i tng (ca t thin) vn l hi th v - ra (asssa - passsa). iu ny c gii
thch trong Ph ch gii ca Thanh Tnh o (Visudhimagga Sub-commentary)[14].
Hi 6.4: Ngi hnh thin c th nhp vo mt thin chng v sc (arpajhna sampatti),
hoc hnh thin tm t trc tip t nim hi th c khng?
p 6.4: Hnh gi khng th nhp vo mt thin chng v sc trc tip t t thin hi th c.
V sao? Cc thin v sc, c bit l Khng v bin x thin (ksnacyatana jhna), c
t n bng cch loi b mt i tng kasia no . Sau khi loi b i tng kasia v tp
trung vo khong khng (ksa) cn li th i tng ca Khng v bin x thin s xut hin.
Khi hnh gi thy h khng, hnh gi phi m rng n ra dn dn. V khi n c m rng
theo mi hng, i tng kasia s bin mt. Hnh gi phi m rng khong khng y cho n
v tr v bin. l i tng ca Khng v bin x thin. Thin ny n lt n li tr thnh
i tng ca Thc v bin x thin (vinacyatana jhna). S phi hu hay vng mt ca
Khng v bin x thin l i tng ca V s hu x thin (kicayatana jhna). Thin
ny cui cng l i tng ca Phi tng - phi phi tng x thin (neva sa n sayatana
jhna). Nh vy, bn thin v sc u da trn t thin kasia v i tng ca n. Khng loi
b kasia hnh gi khng th i vo cc thin v sc c. Do , nu mt hnh gi hnh nim
hi th n t thin ri, mun i vo cc thin v sc, trc tin v y phi hnh mi kasia
cho n t thin . Ch khi y hnh gi mi c th tip tc i vo thin v sc c[15].
Trng hp hnh gi mun hnh thin tm t (mett bhvan) t t thin hi th, hnh gi c
th lm c khng c vn g. Hnh gi phi thy c "ngi" l i tng ca thin tm t
vi nh sng ca t thin hi th. Nu nh sng ca hnh gi khng mnh, c l cng c mt
cht vn . Tuy nhin iu rt him. Nu sau khi c t thin kasia trng, hnh gi hnh
thin tm t c th s nhanh chng thnh cng. l l do v sao y chng ti dy thin
kasia trng trc thin tm t[16].
Hi 6.5: Lm th no mt ngi c th quyt nh c khi no th cht, l, chn ngy gi
cht cho mnh?
p 6.5: Nu hnh gi hnh nim hi th n A-la-hn Thnh o, hnh gi c th bit chnh
xc ngy gi nhp Nit-bn ca mnh. Thanh Tnh o c cp trng hp mt v Trng lo
nhp V D Nit-bn (parinibbna) lc ang i kinh hnh. u tin, v y vch mt ng trn
con ng kinh hnh ca mnh ri ni vi cc t khu bn rng mnh s nhp Nit-bn khi i
n vch ny. iu xy ra mt cch chnh xc nh Ngi ni. Nhng v khng phi A-lahn cng c th bit c th mng ca h nu hnh php duyn khi (paticcasamuppda),

tng quan gia cc nhn v qu ca qu kh, hin ti v v lai, nhng khng tuyt i chnh xc
nh v Trng lo va cp. Tc l h khng bit chnh xc thi gian, ch c th bit trong giai
on no th h s cht vy thi.
Nhng nhng ngi ny khng phi cht hoc nhp V D Nit-bn theo mun ca h m l
hp theo quy lut ca nghip. C mt bi k do Tn gi X Li Pht by t c th cho chng ta
hiu c iu ny.
"Nbhinandmi jvita, nbhinandmi maraa,
klaca patikankhmi, nibbisa bhatako yath."
(Ta khng vui thch sng, cng khng vui thch cht.
Ta ch thi Nit-bn, nh ngi lm ch lng.)
Khi mt ngi mong mi c cht nh vy th ci cht gi l "cht do quyt nh"
(adhimuttimaraa). Ci cht ny thng ch c cc v B tt hon thin mi c th thc hin.
Ti sao cc ngi lm vy? Khi cc ngi ti sanh thin gii, ni y khng c c hi tu tp cc
ba-la-mt. Cc ngi khng mun ph thi gian, v th m c lc cc ngi quyt nh cht (trc
thi hn) mong c ti sanh vo ci nhn loi ng hu tu tp cc ba-la-mt.
Hi 6.6: Nu mt ngy no chng ta b cht trong mt tai nn, chng hn nh rt my bay,
liu lc tm chng ta c th "ri khi thn" chng ta khng c s au n no v th xc
khng? Lm th no? Do nng lc hnh thin liu ngi ta c th khng cm thy s hi vo lc
v c gii thot khng? Mc nh no c i hi phi c?
p 6.6: Mc nh cn phi c l nh thuc Bin Ha Thn Thng (iddhividha abhi).
Vi nng lc y, hnh gi c th thot khi him nguy. Nhng nu hnh gi c mt bt thin
nghip chn mi sn sng cho qu ri th khng c. Hy nh n trng hp ca Tn gi
Mc Kin Lin. Ngi rt thnh tho trong vic s dng thn thng. Th nhng, ng ci ngy m
bt thin nghip ca Ngi chn mi th Ngi khng th nhp thin c na. y khng phi
do phin no hay trin ci ngn ngi m ch l do nghip bt thin ca Ngi n lc cho qu.
l l do v sao m bn tho khu c th nghin nt xng Ngi. Ngh rng Ngi cht, bn
cp b i. V ch lc , Ngi mi c th nhp thin tr li, ng thi phc hi cc thn thng
ca mnh. Ngi quyt nh (adhihna) rng, thn ny hy nguyn vn tr li, ri n thnh cu
c Pht cho php Ngi c nhp Nit-bn. Sau , Ngi tr v ngi cha Kalasla ca Ngi v
nhp Nit-bn . Chng ta thy, trc tin, nghip bt thin ca Ngi cho qu, ri n ht hiu
lc. Ch khi Ngi mi c th phc hi cc thn thng ca mnh.
Nh vy, nu hnh gi khng c nghip bt thin sp chn mi, ng thi c cc nng lc thn
thng th c th thot khi tai nn xy ra. Tuy nhin, vi nh lc ca thin bnh thng v thin
minh st khng cu hnh gi khi s him nguy nh vy. Thc s chng ta c th ni
rng, v sao ngi ny li gp tai nn ny chc chn phi do nghip bt thin ca h n lc cho
qu vy thi.
Tm khng th "ri khi" thn v tm sanh nng vo mt trong su cn. Su cn ny l nhn
cn, nh cn, t cn, thit cn, thn cn v cn. Nhng cn ny nm trong thn chng ta. Mt

tm khng th khi ln trong ci nhn loi ny m khng c cn. l l do v sao ni tm

khng th ri khi thn[17].
Tuy nhin, y chng ti c th a ra gi thit l nu hnh gi c thin th vo lc tai nn xy
ra, hnh gi cn phi nhanh chng nhp thin. iu c ngha hnh gi cn phi hon thin kh
nng lm ch vic nhp thin ca mnh. Nu ngay lc nguy him hnh gi nhp thin c th
nghip thin c th cu hnh gi, tuy nhin chng ta khng th ni chc. Cn nu hnh gi
ang trong thin vo lc st-na t (xy ra), hnh gi c th ti sanh vo mt trong nhng ci
Phm thin.
Trng hp hnh gi thin xo trong minh st (vipassan), hnh gi phi ang thc hnh lc xy
ra nguy him, tc l phi qun tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca php hnh (sakhra
dhamma). Nu hnh gi c th thc hnh minh st mt cch trit trc khi ci cht xy ra,
hnh gi c th c mt trong cc o qu v t n cnh gii vui sau khi cht. Cn nu c Ala-hn Thnh qu, hnh gi s nhp V D Nit-bn (parinibbna). Tuy nhin, nu hnh gi
khng c thn thng, chng c thin, cng khng th hnh minh st, hnh gi vn c th thot
nn nh vo thin nghip nng . Tc l nu hnh gi c thin nghip bo m th mng lu
di th cng c th l mt c hi thot khi him nguy, ging nh c B tt Mahjanaka
vy. Ngi l ngi duy nht sng st trong mt v m tu. Sau khi bi trong bin c by ngy,
by m, Ngi c mt v ch thin cu sng.
Hi 6.7: Sau khi c o - qu, mt v Thnh (ariya) khng thi chuyn thnh phm nhn
(puthujjhana), y l mt quy lut t nhin (sammatta niyma). Tng t, ngi nhn c
li th k th khng th t b hnh nguyn B tt ca mnh. y cng l mt quy lut t nhin.
Nhng c Pht li tuyn b rng, cc php l v thng. Nh vy, nhng quy lut c nh ny
c hp vi quy lut v thng khng?
p 6.7: y, qu v nn hiu th no l c nh v th no l v thng. Quy lut ca nghip
(kamma) cng b bt thin nghip (akusalakamma) cho qu xu v thin nghip (kusalakamma)
cho qu tt. y l quy lut t nhin ca nghip (kammaniyma). Liu iu c ngha rng cc
thin v bt thin nghip l thng (nicca) khng? C th suy ngh v iu xem!
Nu cc thin nghip l thng th hy suy xt iu ny, hin ti qu v ang nghe php
(dhamma) lin quan n Thng php (Abhidhamma) ca c Pht. y l thin nghip thuc v
nghe php (dhammas vena kusala kamma). N c thng khng? Th ngh v iu xem!
Nu iu l thng th trong sut cuc i, qu v s ch c nghip ny m khng c cc
nghip khc. Qu v c hiu khng? Thin nghip cho qu tt, bt thin nghip cho qu xu. y
l quy lut t nhin, nhng n khng c ngha rng nghip l thng. T thin
(kusalacetan)[18] v t bt thin (akusalacetan) l nghip. Ngay va sanh ln, chng s dit tc v thng. l tnh cht t nhin ca chng. Song nghip lc, kh nng to ra nghip qu,
vn tn ti trong tin trnh danh-sc.
Gi s c mt cy xoi. Hin nay khng c qu no trn cy. Nhng chc chn rng mt ngy
kia, nu duyn, n s cho qu. y l quy lut t nhin. Qu v c th ni kh nng sanh qu
hin hu trong cy. Kh nng l g? Nu chng ta nghin cu l, cnh, v v cung ca n,

chng ta khng th thy iu . Nhng nh th khng c ngha l n khng tn ti, bi v mt

ngy kia cy xoi s cho qu, nu khng c mt iu kin bt thng no cn tr. Cng th,
chng ta khng ni thin nghip v bt thin nghip l thng. Chng ta ch ni nghip lc tn
ti trong tin trnh danh-sc nh mt kh nng, v rng, mt ngy no , khi lc y chn mi, n
s cho qu ca n.
By gi, chng ta bn n quy lut c nh, quy lut t nhin (sammatta niyma)[19]. Chng ta
ni cc php thuc o v qu l cc php thuc quy lut t nhin, nhng chng ta khng bo
rng chng l thng (nicca). Cc php y cng v thng (anicca), song sc mnh ca o tu
vn tn ti trong tin trnh danh-sc ca nhng v t n mt o, qu v Nit-bn. Sc mnh
hay nng lc y tn ti theo quy lut t nhin, c nh v c mt h qu t nhin. Chng hn,
nng lc ca Nhp Lu Thnh o (Sotpattimagga) dn n Nhp Lu Thnh qu
(Sotpattiphala), v l mt nhn h tr cho cc qu chng cao hn. Nhng n khng th a n
nhng qu thp hn. y cng l mt quy lut t nhin.
y, qu v nn suy xt n iu ny: c A-la-hn Thnh qu khng phi l d. Qu v
phi thc hnh vi n lc ln, yu t kin tr mnh lit l cn thit. Chng hn, trong kip cht
ca c B tt Sakyamuni (Thch Ca Mu Ni), Ngi thc hnh rt gian kh (hn su nm
trng) c A-la-hn Thnh qu kt hp vi Ton Gic Tr (Sabbauta a, cn gi l
Nht Thit Tr). Qu v c th tng tng l n gian nan bit chng no! V th, nu sau khi
c A-la-hn Thnh qu vi mun vn kh khn nh th, Ngi li tr thnh phm nhn
(puthujjhana) th qu ca vic thc hnh ny s l g? Qu v nn suy ngh thn trng v iu
ny.
Lin quan n s kin va nu, chng ta hy nhn xem khi no th mt v B tt c th nhn
c mt li th k xc nh.
"Manussatta lingasampatti, hetu satthradassana;
Pabbjj guasampatti, adhikro ca chandat;
Ahadhammasamodhna abhinhro samijhati."
Mt v B tt c th c th k xc nh khi tm iu kin sau y c hon tt:
1. Manussatta: phi l ngi.
2. Ligasampatti: phi l nam nhn.
3. Hetu: nhn. C cc ba-la-mt t n Thnh qu A-la-hn trong khi nghe mt v Pht
thuyt mt cu k ngn lin h n T Thnh . iu ny c ngha, v y trc phi thc
hnh minh st mt cch trit cho n "Hnh X Tu".
4. Satthradassana: tng kin bc o s, ngha l phi gp mt v Pht.
5. Pabbjja: xut gia. Phi l ngi xut gia, c th l o s hoc t khu v c c tin vng
chc i vi quy lut nghip bo.

6. Guasampatti: phi c tm thin chng v ng thng.

7. Adhikro: phi c ba-la-mt tip nhn mt li th k xc nh ni mt v Pht. Ngha l
trong cc kip trc, v y phi hnh cc ba-la-mt cn thit t n Ton Gic Tr
(Sabbauta a). Ni cch khc, v y phi gieo nhng ht ging tr tu (vijj) v c hnh
(carana) c c Ton Gic Tr trong thi k gio php ca c Pht qu kh. Theo
"Yasodhar Apadna" th thi t S-t-ta tng lai pht nguyn c Ton Gic Tr trc mt
hng t v Pht (cng cha Da-du--la tng lai cng nguyn cho Ngi t c nh vy) v
tu tp cc ba-la-mt di s hng dn ca cc v Pht ny. Chng hn, trn con ng tu tp
cc ba-la-mt, Ngi ly thn mnh lm cu cho c Pht Dpankra (Nhin ng) v mt
trm ngn v t khu bng qua, vn bit rng hnh ng ny phi tr gi bng chnh mng sng
ca mnh.
8. Chandata: hoi bo mnh lit. Phi c hoi bo mnh lit mun c Ton Gic Tr. Hoi bo
nh th no l mnh lit? Gi s ton th gian ny l hm than ang chy. C ngi bo rng,
"ngi s c Ton Gic Tr nh bng qua hm than ang chy", v y s bng qua khng cht
do d. y, xin hi qu v, qu v c dm bng qua hm than ang chy khng? ng ni
n ton th gian, nu ch t Taiwan (i Loan) n Pa-Auk (Min in) l hm than ang chy,
liu qu v c dm i qua khng? Nu bit chc rng c th c Ton Gic Tr theo cch , c
B tt s bng qua hm than ang chy y lin. l sc mnh lit ca hoi bo mun c Ton
Gic Tr ca Ngi.
Nu tm yu t ny c mt trong mt v B tt, chc chn v y s nhn c li th k xc nh
t mt v Pht. Nhng yu t ny hin hu trong c B tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta khi Ngi
cn l o s Sumedha v thi c Pht Nhin ng. l l do ti sao Ngi c c Pht
Nhin ng th k:
"ng s c Ton Gic tr sau bn a-tng-k (asankheyya) v mt trm ngn i kip (kappa)
vi tn Gotama (C m)."
y, li th k y l "xc nh" vi ngha nh th no? c gi l xc nh bi n khng th
b thay i. iu khng c ngha n l thng. Danh-sc ca c Pht Nhin ng l v
thng. Danh-sc ca o Sumedha l v thng. y l mt s thc, nhng nghip lc, c bit
l nghip lc cc ba-la-mt ca h khng th tiu hoi khi v y cha c Ton Gic Tr. Nhng
li ni ca c Pht Nhin ng, c xem l li th k xc nh, cng khng th b thay i v
b xem l h ngy c. Nu nhng li y b thay i, do vic th k xc nh khng phi l
chn tht th s pht sinh ra vn , mt v Pht ni li h vng. iu l khng th. c
Pht ch a ra li th k khi Ngi thy rng tm iu kin trn c hon thnh. Chng hn,
nu mt ngi rt thnh tho trong ngh trng trt, trng mt cy chui di nhng iu kin
thch hp nht, chc chn ng ta c th ni cho qu v bit cy chui y s ra qu trong bao lu.
Ti sao? V ng ta rt rnh v trng trt, hn na, ng cn thy nhng bng hoa v l nh ang
nh ra t cy. Cng vy, khi mt ngi hon tt tm iu kin, c Pht c th thy c
ngi y s c qu Ton Gic, y l l do Ngi a ra li th k xc nh.
Vo thi c Pht Nhin ng, B tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta l o s Sumedha, mt phm
nhn. Kip cui cng, khi B tt S-t-ta cha gic ng cng vn l phm nhn. Ch sau khi

gic ng, Ngi mi tr thnh c Pht Sakyamuni. Sau khi c A-la-hn Thnh o kt hp vi
Ton Gic Tr, Ngi khng th thay i A-la-hn o ca mnh c, y l mt quy lut c nh
t nhin (Sammatta niyma). Quy lut c nh y l A-la-hn o khng th thay i. Nh
vy, khng c ngha A-la-hn o l thng, m phi hiu rng kt qu ca n c mt do mt
nghip lc khng th thay i c m thi. iu ny chnh xc ngha l g? N c ngha chc
chn rng A-la-hn Thnh o s to ra A-la-hn Thnh qu, v chc chn rng n s hy dit
mi phin no, c nhng bt thin nghip ln thin nghip, v nu khng chng s cho qu sau
khi nhp V D Nit-bn. Quylut ca nghip ny c gi l quy lut c nh t nhin (quy
lut c nhin) v khng th thay i c. Nh vy, quy lut c nh t nhin v mt li th k
xc nh khng mu thun vi quy lut v thng.
Li na, cng cn gii thch thm l, pht nguyn hay c nguyn thi th khng c Ton
Gic Tr. Khi cc v B tt c th k xc nh th tm iu kin k trn phi c hon
thnh. Hn na mt li th k xc nh thi vn khng a n Pht qu. Ngay c sau khi
th k, cc v B tt vn phi tip tc tu tp mi php ba-la-mt trn ba cp :
1. Mi ba-la-mt cn bn (pram): t b v con v cc ti sn bn ngoi.
2. Mi ba-la-mt bc trung (upapram): t b t chi v cc c quan (trong thn th) nh mt,
tay, v.v...
3. Mi ba-la-mt bc thng (paramattha pram): t b mng sng.
Ht thy c ba mi php ba-la-mt. Nhng nu tng kt li chng ta ch c b th (dna), gi
gii (sla), tu tm (bhvan), tc hnh Thin An ch v Minh st.
Ba-la-mt l nhng thin nghip cao thng. Cc v B tt phi hon thin cc php y bng
cch t b (x ly) ti sn hu tnh cng nh v tnh, chn tay v mng sng ca h. Nu hnh gi
tin mnh l mt v B tt, hnh gi c th v c mun hon thin cc php ba-la-mt ny khng?
Nu c th v nu nh hnh gi cng c mt v Pht th k ri th mt ngy no hnh
gi s c Ton Gic Tr. Nhng theo truyn thng Pht gio Theravda, ch mt v Pht duy
nht c th xut hin mt thi gian nht nh no m thi. Cn h phi hon thin ba-la-mt
ca mnh trong bao lu? Sau khi c th k, c B tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta tu tp
cc php ba-la-mt trong bn a-tng-k v mt trm ngn i kip. y l th gian ngn nht.
Tuy nhin chng ta khng th ni ch xc l phi mt mt thi gian bao lu trc khi c th
k. V vy, pht nguyn hay c mun thi s khng tr thnh mt v Pht.
Hi 6.8: Khi mt v Thanh Vn bc thng (pakatisvaka) hnh Ch-Qun ln n Tu Phn
Bit Nhn Duyn, hoc Sanh Dit Tu, hoc Hnh X Tu, v y s khng cn phi ti sanh vo
bn c o (a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh v Atula). Cho d v y c mt Ch-Qun do d dui th
thin nghip ca vic hnh Ch-Qun cng vn tn ti. Trong kinh "Sotnugata" cng ni rng
v y s t n Nit-bn nhanh chng[20]. Nh vy, ti sao trong phn Hi v p ngy hai
thng su va ri, Sayadaw c ni rng mt v B tt c mt c Pht th k ri, d v y
hnh thin Ch-Qun cho n Hnh X Tr, v y vn c th b ti sanh vo kh cnh[21]? iu
ny c cp trong Kinh no? Xin Sayadaw cho bit.
p 6.8: S d c iu ny l v con ng thc hnh ca B tt v con ng thc hnh ca v
Thanh vn thng khng ging nhau. Qu v c th xc chng iu ny trong cc bn Kinh Pi

- Buddhavamsa (Pht S) v Cariyapitaka (Hnh Tng). Hai con ng ny khc nhau nh th

no? Mc d mt v B tt c c Pht th k, vo lc y, cc ba-la-mt ca h vn cha
thnh thc t n Ton Gic Tr. V y cn phi tu tp cc ba-la-mt thm na. Chng hn,
sau khi c c Pht Nhin ng th k, c B tt Sakyamuni cn phi tip tc trau di cc
ba-la-mt trong bn a - tng - k v mt trm ngn i kip. Gia kip c th k v kip p
cht, mt v B tt c lc phi ti sanh trong loi sc sanh v mt nghip bt thin trc . Lc
, Ngi vn cha th hy dit hon ton nghip lc bt thin. V vy, khi cc nghip bt thin
chn mi, Ngi khng th thot khi qu bo ca chng. y l mt quy lut t nhin.
Nhng mt v Thanh vn bc thng c Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn, hoc Sanh Dit Tu,
hoc X Hnh Tu, c cc ba-la-mt c o - qu tu. V l do ny, h c o - qu, tc
l thy Nit-bn ngay trong kip ny hoc trong kip tng lai no ca h. y cng l mt
quy lut t nhin.
Hi 6.9: Mt v A-la-hn cng c th a ra li th k xc nh. Nn nh ngha nh th no v
li th k xc nh trng hp ny? Trong Kinh no, hoc trong ngun tham kho no chng
ta c th tm thy thng tin ny?
p 6.9: V cc ngun tham kho, vui lng xem trong b Pht S (Buddhavamsa) v Apadna
trong vn h Pi. Tuy nhin cn phi nh rng, ch cc v A-la-hn c bit c V Lai Phn Tr
(Angatamsa a), mt tr ph ty ca Thin Nhn Thng (dibbacakkhu) mi c th a ra li
th k xc nh. Hn na, h ch c th thy mt s kip gii hn trong tng lai ch khng phi
nhiu a-tng-k hay i kip nh mt v Pht c.
Hi 6.10: C th hnh Vipassan khi ang trong thin chng Phi tng phi phi tng x c
khng? C th tm cu tr li trong Kinh no hay ngun tham kho no?
p 6.10: Hnh gi khng th hnh Vipassan khi ang trong bt k thin chng no - Phi
tng phi phi tng x cng l mt thin chng (jhna). V sao? Bi v trong vic tu tp minh
st, chng ta thng khng dng nhng i tng ging nhau nh thng dng tu tp thin
nh c[22]. Hn na, Jhna (bc thin) chng ta tu tp bng cch tp trung vo mt i tng
duy nht (tng hi th - npnanimitta, hoc kasia nimitta). Trong khi , chng ta tu tp
vipassan bng cch qun cc i tng khc nhau. Chng hn, i tng ca cc bc thin hi
th l t tng hi th - y l mt khi nim ch khng phi l mt s thc tuyt i. Nhng
i tng ca vipassan khng phi l mt khi nim m l danh-sc chn v cc nhn ca
chng k c cc php thin - jhna dhamma ( l 34 tm hnh thuc s thin, 32 tm hnh
thuc nh thin, 31 tm hnh thuc tam thin, t thin v cc thin v sc)[23].
Ch sau khi xut khi thin ngi ta mi c th hnh minh st - trn tm v cc tm s ca
bc thin y chng hn. iu ny c cp trong kinh "Anupada" - Bt on. c Pht
m t chi tit cch thin ca Ngi X Li Pht trong mi lm ngy sau khi c Nhp Lu
Thnh o [24].
Tn gi X Li Pht nhp vo s thin. Xut khi s thin, Ngi phn bit tng tm hnh trong
34 tm hnh ca thin y, cc trng thi v thng, kh, v ng do thy cc giai on sanh - tr dit ca chng. Theo cch ny, Ngi ln lt phn bit cho n V s hu x thin. y gi l

minh st cc php ring bit (anupadadhamma vipassan - c bit php qun), trong cc tm
hnh c phn bit theo tun t tng php mt. Nhng khi t n Phi tng phi phi tng x,
Ngi ch c th phn bit cc tm hnh nh mt nhm. y gi l minh st do thm st theo
nhm (kalpa sammasana vipassan). Ch c c Pht mi c th phn bit cc tm hnh ca
Phi tng phi phi tng x theo tun t tng php mt bi v chng cc k vi t, ngay c mt
bc Thng th Thanh vn nh Tn gi X Li Pht cng khng th lm c.
Hi 6.11: Mt ngi km tr nh, mc bnh h gic, ri lon thn kinh, t qu hay ri lon
chc nng ca no b v thn kinh c th hnh loi thin ny c khng? Nu c, ngi y
cn phi thn trng nhng g?
p 6.11: Ngi nh vy vn c th hnh loi thin ny c, nhng thng khng thnh cng
v h khng th tp trung lu. Ni " lu" y c ngha rng khi s tp trung ca mt
ngi mnh m v vng chc, n phi c duy tr trong nhiu gi v trong nhiu thi ta thin
mi c. Thng th s tp trung ca nhng ngi mc bnh nh vy khng kin tr. y l
vn . Nu h c th duy tr s tp trung qua nhiu thi ta thin lin tc cng nh qua nhiu
ngy v nhiu thng th h c th thnh cng.
C mt in hnh ni bt l trng hp ca Pancr. Ngi chng, hai a con, cha m v anh
em ca b u cht cng mt ngy. Qu au kh, b pht in v b i lang thang khng o qun
che thn. Mt hm, b n cha Jetavana (K Vin Svatthi) gp lc c Pht ang ging
php. Do cng hnh cc ba-la-mt trong kip trc, cng vi lng t bi ca c Pht, b lng
nghe php vi lng tn knh. Ln hi, tm b yn tnh v hiu c ngha ca php. Chng bao
lu b tr thnh mt v Nhp Lu (Sotpanna). B xin php xut gia t khu ni v tip tc hnh
thin. Nh c th duy tr nh tm v pht trin minh st tr m mt ngy kia, tm thin ca b
chn mi. B tr thnh mt bc A-la-hn vi T Tu Phn Tch v cc nng lc thn thng. c
Pht xc nhn b l ngi tinh thng gii lut nht trong s cc t khu ni.
Cc ba-la-mt ca b c tu tp t thi gio php ca c Pht Padumuttara (Thng Lin
Hoa) cho n thi k gio php ca c Pht Kassapa (Ca Dip). Hi , b l cng cha con
ca vua Kik. B hnh phm hnh Komri trong sut hai mi ngn nm. "Komri
brahmaccariya" l gi ng gii, nhng thay v gii khng t dm, l phi gi s trong trng
hon ton, B trau di Tam hc gii, nh, tu khi cn l ngi ti gia trong sut hai mi
ngn nm nh vy. Cc ba-la-mt ca b chn mi trong thi k gio php ca c Pht Thch
Ca. Bi th, d in lon, b vn c th phc hi tm tr, hnh theo Tam hc v tr thnh mt v
A-la-hn.
Khi hnh thin, ngi nh vy cn phi c bc thin tri thc (kalynamimitta) gip . Bc thin
tr y c th l nhng v thy c phm cht o c hay bn ng phm hnh tt. Thuc men
v thc phm thch hp cng l nhng tr gip cn thit. T kinh nghim ring ca mnh, ti
thy hu ht nhng ngi nh h kh c th duy tr s tp trung, nn thng h khng thnh
cng.
Hi 6.12: Trng hp mt ngi khng c nhng quan h tnh cm tt p ca con ngi, nu
thnh cng trong vic c thin th c ci thin c s kho lo ca h trong giao tip vi mi
ngi khng? Liu vic c thin c th sa c nhng vn nh vy khng?

p 6.12: Nhng vn ny thng pht sinh do tm sn (dosa). l mt trong nhng trin

ci (chng ngi cho thin). Bao lu mt ngi khng th thay i c thi ny, h khng
th c thin cng nh cc o - qu. Mt th d r rng cho iu ny l trng hp ca Tn gi
Xa-nc (Channa Thera). ng sinh cng ngy vi c B tt ca chng ta, trong hong cung ca
vua Tnh Phn Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v). L con ca mt n t, ng tr thnh mt trong
nhng ngi bn thi th u ca thi t S-t-a. iu ny sau khin ng pht sanh tm ng
mn i vi mi ngi. ng ngh rng: "Ngi ny l vua ca ta; c Pht l bn ta; Php
(dhamma) l php ca chng ta. Khi Ngi ri b hong gia, chnh ta theo Ngi n b sng
Anoma ch no phi ai khc. X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin v.v... cng ch l nhng a hoa n
mun m thi!" V ngh nh vy nn ng lun lun dng nhng ngn ng th tho, khng c
lng tn knh i vi cc bc trng lo nh Tn gi X Li Pht, Mc Kin Lin v cc v
khc. V th, chng mt ai c quan h thn thin vi ng. Khi c Pht cn ti th, ng khng h
c thin hay mt o-qu no v khng th loi b c tm ng mn v sn hn ca mnh.
Vo m nhp V D Nit-bn, c Pht dy Tn gi nanda nn thi hnh hnh pht Phm-n
(Brahmadanda) i vi Tn gi Channa. Phm-n ngha l khng ngi no ni chuyn vi
Tn gi Channa na d ng y c mun ni. Khi thy khng ai ni chuyn vi mnh th lng ng
mn v sn hn ca Tn gi cng mt. Tng s (Sanghakamma) ny din ra trong ngi cha
Ghositrma Kosamb, nm thng sau ngy Nit-bn ca c Pht.
Tn gi Channa sau Tng s y bn ri Ghositrma, i n cha Isipatana ni vn Lc gi
gn Benares. Ngi tinh tn hnh thin nhng khng c kt qu. V th, mt hm, Ngi i n
Tn gi nanda thnh cu gip . V sao Ngi khng thnh cng? Ngi cng phn bit tnh
cht v thng, kh v v ng ca nm un, nhng li khng phn bit duyn khi
(paticcasamuppda). Tn gi nanda dy cho Ngi cch phn bit duyn khi, ng thi
cn dy bi Kinh "Kaccnagotta" [25] cho Ngi. Sau khi nghe xong bi php, Tn gi c Nhp
Lu. Ngi tip tc thc hnh v chng bao lu tr thnh mt v A-la-hn. V th nu mt ngi
c th thay i c c tnh xu ca mnh v hnh Ch-Qun ng cch, h c th c thin
cng nh o-qu.

[1] Ps. I.1.4. Dhammahitina Niddeso (M t v Php Tr Tri - Standing on Phenomena

Knowledge Description). Hoc xem trong Vs.XVII "Pa Bhmi Niddesa" B653 ("M t v
t cho Tu sanh" N284
[2] Mahnidna Sutta (Kinh i Duyn, D.11.2); Nidna Vagga (Phm Nhn Duyn) S.11)
[3] y, thin s Pa-Auk ang ni v nng lc thin minh st, vn cho hnh gi kh nng thy

ch nm th un (S.A.III.I.VIII.7), ch khng phi ni v thn thng. Chng ta bit Tc Mng

Thng (Pubbenivsnussati abhi) c kh nng thy: 1 - Cc un kt hp vi php siu th
(lokuttara dhamma), l cc un (bn/ nm trong Phm Thin gii; nm trong nhn/ thin gii)
ca nhng ngi c mt trong bn Thnh o tm v Thnh qu tm; 2 - Cc th un
(updnakkhandha); 3 - Dng tc, tng mo, thc n, lc v kh, v.v... 4 - Cc khi nim nh
tn v chng tc v.v...
[4] Xem li Mahnidna Sutta (i Duyn Kinh) D.11. hoc AIII.II.11.I
[5] Xem li ghi ch cui trang trn.
[6] Cch phn bit xem li Bi IV "Lm Th No Phn Bit Sc".
[7] T (cetan) l mt tm s thuc hnh un c c Pht xc nhn l yu t quyt nh tnh
cht o c ca nghip.
[8] Trong ci ng un, danh-sc pht sinh do duyn thc v ngc li. Xem trn.
[9] Xem li cu tr li 3.12.
[10] Cng c ci gi l Phi qu thc un (avipka), c ngha cc un ny l qu (phala) ca mt

nhn (hetu). Chng hn nh trong sc do tm sanh, vn khng phi do nghip sanh.

[11] Vn tng lai s thay i nh th no, xem thm trn.
[12] Sanh (jti) l s th hin ca cc un, cc un ny cng l danh-sc. Xem thm chi tit Vs.

XVIII. "Pa Bhmi Niddesa" (M t t cho Tu sanh - Description of the Soil in which
Understanding Grows.)
[13] Xem "Mahnidna sutta" (Kinh i Duyn D11.2); "Nidna Vagga" S.11
[14] Trong trng hp ny, tng hi th (npnanimitta) vn khi ln nng theo hi th bnh

thng, t nhin cng c gi l hi th v - ra (Asssa - passsa nissya uppannanimitta

patha asssa - passsa smaameva vutta). Vs.T1.VIII. "Anpnassati Kath B215".
[15] Chi tit lin quan n vic tu tp cc thin v sc
[16] Xem cu tr li 2.2 trn.

[17] V vn thn - tm hay danh-sc ph thuc ln nhua, xem li trn.

[18] T (cetan), mt tm s trong nhm hnh, l s c , quyt tm, ch lm. c Pht bo

"t l nghip".
[19] Sammatta niyma: chnh tnh quyt nh.
[20] A.IV.IV.V.I "Sotnugata sutta"
[21] Xem li cu tr li 4.3.
[22] Ngoi tr cc thin chng v sc th hai v th t, khi hnh gi tp trung vo tm thuc

thin v sc i trc (khng phi l mt khi nim). Xem li phn "Bn thin v sc" trn.
[23] Xem li bit cch phn bit cc tin trnh tm.
[24] M.III "Anupada sutta" - Bt on Kinh.
[25] S.II "Kaccnagotta Sutta" v S.III "Channa Sutta".

-ooOoo-

BI PHP THOI 7

Tu tp cc Tu Minh St nh th no thy Nit-bn

Trong bi ging va ri, chng ta bn lun mt cch tm tt lm th no phn bit duyn

khi theo phng php th nht v th nm. Hm nay, chng ta s bn n cch lm th no tu
tp cc minh st tu thy Nit-bn.
C mi su tu minh st (Vipassan a) cn phi c tu tp theo tun t thy Nit-bn.
Tu minh st th nht l Tu Phn Tch Danh Sc (Nmarpapariccheda a). Tu ny
c gii thch phn phn bit danh-sc ri.
Tu minh st th hai l Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn (Paccayapariggaha a). Tu ny cng
c gii thch trong bi ging va ri khi chng ta ni v cch phn bit cc nhn ca danh-sc
trong qu kh, hin ti v v lai, y cng l cch phn bit duyn khi.
Sau khi tu tp xong hai tu y, hnh gi cn phi hon thin chng bng cch phn bit nhiu ln
tt c danh, tt c sc v tt c cc chi phn ca duyn khi theo c tnh, nhim v, s th hin
v nhn gn ca chng. Thc s, kh c th gii thch iu ny theo li tm tt, tt hn l hnh
gi phi hc thm chi tit vo lc hnh thc th.
By gi chng ta s i vo cc tu cn li mt cch tm tt.
Lm Th No Tu Tp Tu Thm St (Tam Tng)
Tu minh st th ba l Tu Thm St (Sammasanaa). l thm st cc hnh theo nhng
phm tr. tu tp tu ny, hnh gi chia cc hnh thnh nhng phm tr [1].
- Hai phm tr l danh v sc.
- Nm phm tr l nm un [2].
- Mi hai phm tr l mi hai x [3].
- Mi hai phm tr l mi hai chi phn ca duyn khi [4].
- Mi tm phm tr l mi tm gii [5].
Sau , hnh gi qun ba c tnh (tam tng) v thng, kh v v ng trong mi phm tr.
Chng hn, i vi trng hp ca nm phm tr, c Pht trong "Kinh V Ng Tng"
(Anattalakkhana Sutta) [6] dy phn bit nm un (tt c sc, th, tng, hnh v thc) vi
chnh tr tu theo ba cch:
1. "Ci ny khng phi ca ti" (neta mama)
2. "Ci ny khng phi l ti" (nesohamasmi)
3. "Ci ny khng phi t ng ca ti" (nameso att) [7].

V trong "Khandha Sutta" (Kinh Un), Tng ng B III, c Pht gii thch "tt c" l: Qu
kh, hin ti v v lai; bn trong v bn ngoi; th v t; h lit v cao thng; xa v gn.
tu tp tu ny, trc tin hnh gi phi thit lp li t thin. Nu hnh gi thuc hng thun
qun tu tp thin t i th lp li nh cho n khi nh sng chi bng v mnh m. Trong c
hai trng hp, hnh gi ly "sc" k nh phm tr th nht. l hnh gi phn bit sc thc
ca mi mn trong su cn mn, thy ra s sanh dit ca n v bit l v thng (anicca).
Hnh gi cn phi lm iu ny bn trong v bn ngoi ri dn dn m rng tm tng ca
mnh t gn n xa cho ti v tr v bin.
Theo cng cch thc nh trn, hnh gi thy ra ci kh m ngi ta phi thng xuyn cm nhn
do s sanh v dit ca sc y v bit l kh (dukkha). Cui cng thy sc l rng khng,
khng c mt t ng thng hng no c v bit k nh v ng (anatta).
Phm tr k tip, hnh gi cn phi thy c v thng, kh v v ng trong l danh.
Trc tin, phn bit tt c danh su mn, l thy tm v cc tm s trong mi st-na tm
ca tng tin trnh thuc su cn mn v bhvaga (hu phn) - tm khi ln gia hai tin trnh
nhn thc. Hnh gi cng theo ng th thc lm vi sc vy.
Sau khi thy hai phm tr ny (tc thy danh v sc thuc su mn hin ti), hnh gi by
gi cn phi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc trong sut kip ny, t thc ti sanh
(kit sanh thc) cho ti t tm. y cng vy, hnh gi thy ba c tnh, mi ln mt v lm i
lm li, lc bn trong v lc bn ngoi.
Tip theo, hnh gi cn thy c v thng, kh v v ng ca cc kip qu kh, hin ti v v
lai m hnh gi phn bit khi phn bit duyn khi. y cng vy, hnh gi thy ba c
tnh, mi ln mt (c tnh), bn trong v bn ngoi lun phin nhau trong tt c danh v sc
thuc qu kh, hin ti v v lai.
Sau , hnh gi cng cn phi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca mi trong mi hai chi phn
thuc duyn khi trong ba thi qu kh, hin ti v tng lai theo phng php th nht, mi ln
mt chi phn, lp i lp li, lc bn trong, lc bn ngoi nh trc.
giai on ny, hnh gi c th thy rng vic tu tp cc tu minh st cao hn ca mnh c
nhanh chng hn, i ht giai on ny n giai on khc cho ti khi chng c A-la-hn Thnh
qu. Nu khng, c mt vi cch luyn tp tng cng tu gic ca hnh gi.
Cch Tng Cng Tu Minh St.
Bn Mi Cch Tng.
Bi tp u tin l thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc, bn trong v bn ngoi, qu
kh, hin ti v tng lai theo bn mi cch tng khc nhau (cattrskra anupassan).
Trong ngn ng Pi, 40 cch tng ny u tn cng vi tip v ng "to", v th chng ta gi
nm na l 40 "to".

C mi cch tng khc nhau v v thng:

1. Aniccato: v thng
2. Palokato: phn tn
3. Calato: hay thay i
4. Pabbanguto: d h hoi
5. Addhuvato: khng bn
6. Viparimadhammato: phi chu bin hoi
7. As rako: khng c ct li
8. Vibhavato: phi chu dit vong
9. Maraadhammato: phi chu cht
10. Sankhatato: hu vi.
C hai mi lm cch tng v kh.
1. Dukkhato: kh
2. Rogato: bnh hon
3. Aghato: tai ha
4. Gaato: ung nht
5. Sallato: mi tn
6. bdhato: au n
7. Upaddavato: bt hnh
8. Bhatato: s hi
9. tito: bnh dch
10. Upassagato: mi e da
11. Atnato: khng c s bo v
12. Aleato: khng c ni che ch
13. Asaraato: khng c ni nng ta
14. Vadhakato: st nhn
15. Aghamlato: ci ngun ca tai ng
16. dnavato: nguy him
17. Ssavato: phi chu (nh hng) ca lu hoc
18. Mrmasato: ming mi ca Ma vng
19. Jtidhammato: phi chu sanh
20. Jardhammato: phi chu gi
21. Bydhidhammato: phi chu bnh
22. Sokadhammato: khin cho su kh
23. Paridevadhammo: khin cho bi ai
24. Upassadhammo: khin cho tuyt vng
25. Samkilesadhammo: phi chu phin no.

C nm cch tng v v ng:

1. Anattato: v ng
2. Suato: khng
3. Parato: bit lp
4. Rittato: trng rng
5. Tucchato: v dng.
Trong khi thy bn mi "to" ny trong danh-sc, bn trong v bn ngoi, qu kh, hin ti v v
lai nh vy, tu gic ca mt s hnh gi s tin trin a n s chng c A-la-hn Thnh qu.
Ngoi ra, cn c cch luyn tp khc gi l by cch qun sc (rpasattaka) v by cc qun
danh (nmasattaka).
By Cch Qun Sc.
Sc m hnh gi phn bit trong by cch ny l sc thuc bn loi theo ngun gc (sc do
nghip sanh, do thi tit sanh, do tm sanh v do vt thc sanh).
(1) Cch th nht: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc trong ton b kip sng ny
t lc ti sanh cho n lc cht, c bn trong ln bn ngoi.
(2) Cch th hai: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc nhng giai on khc nhau
trong kip ny c bn trong ln bn ngoi. Hnh gi xem qung i ny l mt trm nm v chia
n thnh ba giai on ba mi ba nm. Ri thy rng danh v sc trong mi giai on sanh v
dit , ch khng i qua giai on k tip, iu c ngha chng l v thng, kh v v
ng vy.
K chia qung i ny thnh nhng giai on cng lc cng nh hn v cng thy theo cch
nh vy. y, hnh gi ln lt chia mt trm nm ca cuc i ny thnh: mi giai on 10
nm, hai mi giai on 5 nm, hai mi lm giai on 4 nm, ba mi ba giai on 3 nm, nm
mi giai on 2 nm, mt trm giai on 1 nm, ba trm giai on 4 thng, su trm giai on 2
thng v hai ngn bn trm giai on na thng, v cui cng chia mi ngy thnh hai giai on,
ri su giai on. mi trng hp nh vy hnh gi thy ra rng sc trong mt giai on sanh
ln v dit ch khng chuyn qua giai on k tip, iu c ngha rng n l v thng,
kh v v ng vy.
Ri gim cc giai on xung cn khong thi gian ca mi chuyn ng thn nh bc ti,
bc lui, nhn trc, nhn hai bn, co dui chn tay v.v... Sau hnh gi chia mi bc chn
thnh su giai on: nhc, d, bc ti, h, t v nhn. Cng thy v thng, kh v v ng
trong sc ca mi giai on hng ngy trong qung i mt trm nm ny.
(3) Cch th ba: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc do vt thc sanh [8]. l,
hnh gi thy chng trong sc ca cc giai on lc i v lc tha mn, v thy rng n
khng di chuyn t giai on i sang giai on tha mn (v ngc li), mi ngy trong
qung i mt trm nm ny.

(4) Cch th t: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc do thi tit sanh. l thy

chng trong sc ca nhng giai on lc nng, lc lnh v thy rng n khng chuyn t giai
on ca cm gic nng sang giai on ca cm gic lnh (v ngc li), mi ngy trong qung
i mt trm nm ny.
(5) Cch th nm: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc do nghip sanh. l, thy
rng sc ca mi trong su cn mn sanh v dit ch khng chuyn sang mn khc, mi
ngy trong qung i mt trm nm ny.
(6) Cch th su: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc do tm sanh. l thy chng
trong sc ca cc giai on khi vui v hi lng, khi khng vui v bun ru, mi ngy trong qung
i mt trm nm ny.
(7) Cch th by: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc khng linh hot trong hin ti,
tc l sc khng c su ni x, chng hn nh st, thp, ng, ch, vng, bc, nha, ngc trai,
qu, i mi, cm thch, san h, t, , b tng, cy ci... Cc loi sc ch tm thy bn
ngoi.
Trn y l by cch qun sc.
By Cch Qun Danh.
Trong by cch qun danh, hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca cc tm - minh st
(danh) vn thy ba c tnh trong by cch qun sc. iu ny c ngha rng, i tng ca
hnh gi, trong mi trng hp, l mt tm minh st, tm ny s c hnh gi thy vi mt tm
minh st theo sau [9].
(1) Cch th nht: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca sc thuc by cch qun sc,
nhng thy sc ch nh mt nhm. K , hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh
thy sc ny. Ngha l, hnh gi thy sc un l v thng v ri thy s v thng, kh v v
ng ca chnh tm minh st y trong mi trng hp, vi mt tm minh st theo sau. i vi sc
un (sc thy theo nhm) c thy nh kh v v ng hnh gi cng lm theo cch thc nh
vy.
(2) Cch th hai: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh qun mi trong by cch
qun sc. Ngha l, hnh gi thy sc mi trong by cch qun sc l v thng, ri thy s v
thng, kh v v ng ca chnh tm minh st trong mi trng hp vi mt tm minh st
theo sau. i vi sc c thy nh kh v v ng hnh gi cng lm theo cch thc nh vy, v
cng lm vy i vi mi trong cc tm minh st trong nhng giai on nht nh mi ngy
ca qung i mt trm nm ny.
(3) Cch th ba: Hnh gi li thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh qun mi trong by cch
qun sc, nhng lm nh th bn ln lin tip. Ngha l, hnh gi li thy mi trong by cch
qun sc nh v thng v ri thy s v thng, kh v v ng ca tm minh st u tin
vi mt tm th hai, v tm minh st th hai vi mt tm th ba v.v... cho n khi vi tm minh
st th nm hnh gi thy ra v thng, kh v v ng ca tm minh st th t.

(4) Cch th t: Hnh gi cng lm nh trc, nhng tip tc cho n vi tm minh st th mi

mt, hnh gi thy ra v thng, kh v v ng ca tm minh st th mi.
(5) Cch th nm: Hnh gi thy v thng, kh v v ng ca danh loi tr cc t kin.
y, mt ln na, hnh gi thy cc tm minh st ca by cch qun sc, nhng tng cng
tng v ng vt qua cc t kin, c bit l ng kin.
(6) Cch th su: Hnh gi thy ra v thng, kh v v ng ca danh loi tr mn. Mt ln
na, hnh gi thy cc tm minh st ca by cch qun sc, nhng tng cng tng v thng
vt qua mn.
(7) Cch th by: Hnh gi thy ra v thng, kh v v ng ca danh chm dt tham i. Mt
ln na hnh gi thy cc tm minh st ca by cch qun sc, nhng tng cng tng kh
vt qua tham i.
Trn y l by cch qun danh. Mc d khng tuyt i cn thit, song nu thc hin nhng bi
tp ny i vi danh v sc thuc hin ti, qu kh v v lai, bn trong v bn ngoi s rt li ch.
Cng vi vic hon tt nhng bi tp ny, danh v sc chc chn s tr nn r rng i vi hnh
gi.
n y, phn gii thch v cch lm th no tu tp tu thm st cc hnh trong cc phm tr
hon tt, nh vy chng ta s bn n cch tu tp tu v s sanh dit ca cc hnh.
Hnh Gi Tu Tp Sanh Dit Nh Th No.
Tu Sanh Dit (Udayabbaya a) l tu tri s sanh v dit ca cc hnh: danh-sc, nm un,
mi hai x, mi tm gii, T Thnh v duyn khi (hay mi hai nhn duyn), bn trong
v bn ngoi, hin ti, qu kh v v lai [10]. Thc s tu hay tr ny gm hai:
1. Tu v nhn duyn (paccayato) - nhn duyn sanh v dit ca cc hnh.
2. Tu v st-na (khaato) - st-na sanh v dit ca cc hnh.
thy c nhn duyn sanh v dit ca cc hnh, hnh gi phi thy n theo phng php th
nm trong hai phng php phn bit duyn khi nh m t trong bi ging trc.
thy c st-na sanh v dit ca cc hnh, hnh gi phi thy nm un sanh v dit nh th
no trong mi st-na tm, t ti sanh cho n cht ca mi kip hnh gi phn bit.
C hai phng php tu tp Tu Sanh Dit. Phng php tm tt (ch thy tnh cht nht thi
ca cc hnh) v phng php chi tit (thy c hai - nhn duyn v tnh cht nht thi ca cc
hnh). y, ti ch gii thch phng php chi tit m thi.
Phng php chi tit c tu tp trong ba giai on. l, hnh gi thy:

1. Ch s sanh (udaya) - nhn duyn v st-na sanh ca cc hnh.

2. Ch s dit (vaya) - nhn duyn v st-na dit ca cc hnh.
3. C sanh ln dit (udayabbaya) - nhn duyn v st-na sanh - dit ca cc hnh.
Tu tp Tu Sanh Dit theo phng php th nm ca duyn khi nh th no?
- Qun tnh sanh.
khi s cho vic tu tp Tu Sanh - Dit theo phng php chi tit, hnh gi phi thy i thy
li nhiu ln nhn duyn sanh ca cc hnh v st-na sanh ca chng. y gi l qun tnh cht
sanh (samudayadhammnupassi).
Chng hn, hnh gi thy nhn duyn sanh ca sc theo phng php th nm ca duyn khi
nh va cp. iu ny c ngha l hnh gi nhn tr li cho ti nhng st-na cn t ca
kip trc thy nm nhn qu kh a n s khi sanh (udaya) ca sc do nghip sanh trong
kip ny. Tun t tng php mt, hnh gi thy s sanh khi ca v minh, i, th, hnh v
nghip. Mi php to ra s sanh khi ca sc do nghip sanh trong kip ny nh th no.
Sau , hnh gi thy s sanh ca sc do nghip sanh trong mi st-na tm, t ti sanh cho n
cht.
iu ny c ngha l hnh gi thy nm un vo lc sanh (udaya) ca nhng tm ngoi tin trnh
(vhimuttacitta), l tm tc sinh (paisandhicitta - kit sanh thc), tm hu phn (bhavaga)
v tm t (cuticitta). Hnh gi cng thy s sanh ca nm un thuc mi st-na tm trong bt k
tin trnh tm (vthi) ngang qua su mn no xen vo gia (nhng tm ngoi tin trnh y). Hnh
gi thy iu ny trong mi kip qu kh m hnh gi phn bit v trong tt c cc kip v lai
cho n tn thi im Bt Nit-bn ca hnh gi [11].
Sau , hnh gi cng cn phi thy s sanh theo nhn duyn ca sc tun t do thi tit sanh, do
tm sanh v do vt thc sanh. Hnh gi thy v sao:
- Tm khin cho sc khi ln: sc do tm sanh.
- Thi tit khin cho sc khi ln: sc do thi tit sanh.
- Vt thc khin cho sc khi ln: sc do vt thc sanh.
Trong mi trng hp nh vy, hnh gi cng thy s khi sanh trong st-na ca loi sc c
bit.
Sau khi lm xong iu ny, hnh gi cn phi thy s sanh theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ca
danh; thy s sanh ca danh-sc theo cng cch thc nh vy trong kip k. Tuy nhin, lit k
y chi tit y s phi mt mt thi gian nn chng ta s thng qua v trong mi trng
hp ch gii thch chi tit v sc m thi.

- Qun tnh dit.

Sau khi thy s sanh (udaya) theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ca danh v sc, gi hnh gi s
thy i thy li nhiu ln ch s dit (vaya) ca danh v sc y. y gi l qun tnh dit
(vayadhammnupassi).
S dit ca v minh, i, th, cc hnh v nghip lc[12] xy ra khi hnh gi c A-la-hn, v s
dit ca ng un xy ra vo lc Bt Nit-bn ca hnh gi. Trong khi s sanh theo nhn duyn l
loi v minh, i, th, hnh v nghip lc ring bit m hnh gi phn bit mi kip ni n xy
ra th s dit li lun lun xy ra cng mt kip - tc khi nm un khng cn sanh na sau Bt
Nit-bn (Parinibbna). Mc d vy, Nit-bn v A-la-hn Thnh o thc s vn khng hin l
v chng ta vn cha chng c Bn Thnh o Tu (maggaa) v Bn Thnh Qu Tu
(phalaa). S d chng ta hiu c rng Parinibbna (s dit ) ca chng ta xy ra v
khng cn s sanh ca nm un m thi.
Chng hn hnh gi thy s dit theo nhn duyn (nirodha) ca sc theo phng php th nm
ca duyn khi. l khi hnh gi mong i thi im hnh gi tr thnh mt v A-la-hn v
thy rng khi c A-la-hn Thnh o, A-la-hn Thnh qu th tt c mi phin no u dit v
vo cui kip sng y cc hnh dit tn - l ci thy trc tip s kin Bt Nit-bn ca hnh
gi. Sau s kin y, danh-sc mi khng cn sanh hay dit na. Nu hnh gi c A-la-hn trong
kip ny, s kin s l tng lai. Nu hnh gi c A-la-hn trong mt kip tng lai no
ca mnh th s kin cng tng lai. Ln lt hnh gi thy rng s dit (nirodha) ca v
minh, i, th, cc hnh v nghip theo tun t (mi chi phn dit) khin cho sc do nghip sanh
dit.
Sau khi thy c s dit theo nhn duyn ca sc do nghip sanh, by gi hnh gi ch thy
s dit theo st-na ca sc y.
Sau , hnh gi thy s dit theo st-na ca sc nghip trong mi st-na tm, t sanh cho n
cht, trong mi kip qu kh v tng lai m hnh gi phn bit[13]. iu ny c ngha l
hnh gi thy nm un vo lc sanh ca cc tm ngoi tin trnh nh kit sanh thc, cc tm hu
phn v tm t. Hnh gi cng thy s sanh ca nm un mi st-na tm trong bt k tin trnh
tm ngang qua su mn no xen vo gia (cc tm ngoi tin trnh y).
Sau , hnh gi cn phi thy s dit theo nhn duyn ca sc do tm sanh, do thi tit sanh v
do vt thc sanh, ln lt tng sc mt. Tc l hnh gi thy v sao:
- S dit ca tm li khin cho c s dit ca sc do tm sanh.
- S dit ca thi tit khin cho c s dit ca sc do thi tit sanh.
- S dit ca vt thc khin cho c s dit ca sc do vt thc sanh.
Trong mi trng hp, hnh gi cng thy s dit theo st-na ca loi sc c bit y.
Sau vic ny, hnh gi phi thy s dit theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ca sc na.

- Qun tnh sanh v dit

Mt khi hnh gi thy c s dit ca danh-sc theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ri, lc ny
hnh gi s thy i thy li nhiu ln c s sanh ln s dit ca danh-sc y. y gi l qun tnh
sanh dit (samudayavayadhammnupassi). N i hi phi thy, trc tin s sanh v dit theo
nhn duyn ca chng, sau n s sanh v dit theo st-na ca chng. Hnh gi thy (mi
danh-sc) theo ba cch lin tip:
1. S sanh ca nhn v qu ca n.
2. S dit ca nhn v qu ca n.
3. Tnh v thng ca nhn v qu ca n.
Chng hn hnh gi thy theo tun t v sao:
- S sanh ca mi nhn: v minh, i, th, cc hnh v nghip khin cho c s sanh ca sc do
nghip sanh.
- S dit ca mi nhn y khin cho c s dit ca sc do nghip sanh.
- Mi nhn v sc n sanh ra u l v thng.
Cng vy, hnh gi thy theo tun t v sao:
- Tm li khin cho c s sanh khi ca sc do tm sanh.
- S dit ca tm khin cho c s dit ca sc do tm sanh.
- Tm l v thng v sc do tm sanh y cng v thng.
i vi sc do thi tit sanh, sc do vt thc sanh, hnh gi cng thy theo cch nh vy.
y l cch hnh gi thy s sanh v dit ca sc va theo nhn duyn ln theo st-na. Sau
hnh gi phi thy s sanh v dit ca danh theo nhn duyn v theo st-na.
Nh vy, theo cch va phc ha, hnh gi thy s sanh v dit theo st-na v theo nhn duyn
cng ca nm un, ng thi thy tam tng v thng, kh v v ng trong nm un y. Hnh
gi phi lm cng vic ny i vi nm un bn trong, nm un bn ngoi v nm un thuc qu
kh, hin ti v v lai.
Cch Tu Tp Tu Sanh Dit Theo Phng Php Th Nht Ca Duyn Khi.
K tip hnh gi cng cn phi tu tp tu ny vi phng php th nht ca duyn khi. Trong
trng hp ny, thy s sanh theo nhn duyn ca cc hnh, hnh gi thy cc php duyn
sanh theo chiu thun tun t tng php mt v thy ra rng[14]:
- V minh (1) duyn hnh (2)
- Hnh duyn thc (3)
- Thc duyn danh-sc (4)
- Danh-sc duyn lc nhp (5)
- Lc nhp duyn xc (6)

- Xc duyn th (7)
- Th duyn i (8)
- i duyn th (9)
- Th duyn hu (10)
- Hu duyn sanh (11)
- Sanh duyn lo, t , su, bi, kh thn, kh tm v tuyt vng (12).
thy s dit ca cc hnh theo nhn duyn A-la-hn Thnh qu v lc nhp V D Nitbn, hnh gi thy cc php duyn dit theo chiu thun tun t tng php mt v nhn ra
rng[15]:
- Cng vi s dit khng cn d tn ca v minh, cc hnh cng dit.
- Vi s dit ca cc hnh, thc dit.
- Vi s dit ca thc, danh-sc dit.
- Vi s dit ca danh-sc, lc nhp dit.
- Vi s dit ca lc nhp, xc dit.
- Vi s dit ca xc, th dit.
- Vi s dit ca th, i dit.
- Vi s dit ca ca i, th dit.
- Vi s dit ca th, hu dit.
- Vi s dit ca hu, sanh dit.
- Vi s dit ca sanh, gi, cht, su, bi, kh thn, kh tm v tuyt vng dit.
Chnh theo cch ny m mi hnh thc ca kh dit.
Nh trc, hnh gi thy c s sanh theo nhn duyn v theo st-na ln s dit theo nhn duyn
v theo st-na ca cc hnh. Hnh gi thy cc php duyn sanh v duyn dit theo chiu thun
tun t tng php mt, l:
1. V minh duyn cho cc hnh.
2. Vi s dit khng cn d tn ca v minh, cc hnh cng dit.
3. V minh l v thng, cc hnh cng v thng.
Hnh gi thy cc php duyn khi theo cng cch y, bn trong v bn ngoi, qu kh, hin
ti v v lai.
y l s gii thch ht sc tm tt v cch lm th no tu tp Tu Sanh v Dit ca cc hnh.

Lm Th No Vt Qua Mi Ty Phin No Ca Minh St

Khi hnh gi p dng cc phng php ny v tu gic ca hnh gi cng lc cng tr nn mnh
hn, chnh giai on ny, mi ty phin no ca minh st (dasa upakkilesa) c th pht sinh.
l[16]:
1. nh sng (obhsa)
2. Tu (a)
3. H (pti)
4. Khinh an (passaddhi)
5. Lc (sukha)
6. Quyt nh (adhimokkha)
7. Tinh tn (paggaha)
8. Nim (upathna)
9. X (upekkha)
10. Tham chp (nikanti)
Ngoi tr nh sng (ho quang) v tham chp ra, cc ty phin no cn li l nhng php thin,
v do vy khng phi l nhng phin no. Tuy nhin chng c th tr thnh nhng i tng cho
bt thin php (tc l hnh gi c th chp trc vo chng), l l do v sao chng c gi l
nhng ty phin no. Nu hnh gi kinh nghim mt trong nhng ty phin no ca minh st
ny, hnh gi cn phi vt qua s tham chp v mong mi rt c th s khi sanh nh thy n
l v thng, kh v v ng. Theo cch , hnh gi mi c th tip tc pht trin tin b ca
mnh c.
Hnh Gi Tu Tp Tu Qun S Tan R Nh Th No
Sau khi tu tp xong tu qun s sanh dit, tu gic ca hnh gi v cc hnh c bn vng
v thanh tnh hn. Lc ny hnh gi phi tu tp tu qun s tan r (bhanga a). lm c
iu ny, hnh gi ch tp trung vo st-na dit (vaya) v tan hoi (bhanga) ca cc hnh. Hnh
gi khng thy s sanh ca cc hnh, khng thy s tr (hiti) ca cc hnh, khng thy cc
tng (nimitta) ca cc hnh ring bit, khng thy s khi chuyn ca qu trnh to ra cc hnh.
S dng nng lc minh st tr ca mnh, hnh gi ch thy s tan hoi ca cc hnh v tng tri
chng l v thng, kh v v ng.
1. Hnh gi thy s hoi dit, s sp v tan hoi ca cc hnh, tc thy c tnh cht v
thng ca chng.
2. Hnh gi thy s tan r lin tc ca cc hnh l ng s, tc thy c tnh cht kh ca
chng.
3. Hnh gi thy s khng tn ti ca bt k mt ct li thng hng no trong cc hnh, tc
thy c tnh cht v ng.
Hnh gi phi thy v thng, kh v v ng khng ch s tan hoi ca danh-sc m cn trong
s tan hoi ca cc tm minh st thy c iu ny na. Tc l, hnh gi phi thy s hoi
dit ca sc v bit n l v thng. l tm minh st th nht ca hnh gi. Ri, vi mt tm
minh st th hai, hnh gi thy s tan hoi ca tm minh st th nht, v nh vy, bit n l v

thng na. Hnh gi cng lm th vi danh, ri li lm nh vy i vi danh v sc tu tri

chng l kh v v ng. Hnh gi c lp i lp li nhng bi tp ny nhiu ln, lun phin gia
bn trong v bn ngoi, gia danh v sc, cc hnh (thuc) nhn v cc hnh (thuc) qu qu
kh, hin ti v v lai[17].
Tu Tri Mi Mt Tu Minh St u Tin
Khi hnh gi tip tc phn bit s tri qua v dit ca cc hnh theo cch ny, tu gic vng
mnh ca hnh gi s tin trin qua su minh st tu k tip.
n giai on ny, hnh gi tu tp c mi mt tu u trong s mi su tu minh st.
Nm tu u m hnh gi tu tp trc l:
1. Tu Phn Tch Danh Sc (Nma-rpa pariccheda a)
2. Tu Phn Bit Nhn Duyn (Paccaya - pariggaha a)
3. Tu Thm St (Sammasana a)
4. Tu (qun) S Sanh Dit (Udayabba a)
5. Tu (qun) S Tan Hoi (Bhanga a)
V su tu k tip m hnh gi s i qua l:
6. Tu (qun) S Kinh y (Bhaya a)
7. Tu (qun) S Nguy Him (dnava a)
8. Tu Ym Ly (Nibbid a)
9. Tu Dc Thot (Mucitukamyat a)
10. Tu Gin Trch (Paisankh a)
11. Tu X Hnh (Sankhrupekkh a)
Bi l hnh gi tu tp nm tu minh st u mt cch thu o nn su tu k tip cng s
nhanh chng pht trin. C mt vi hng dn thm cho cc tu ny, song chng ti khng c
thi gian gii thch y.

Bit v Thy Nit-bn

Sau khi chng c cc tu ny, hnh gi vn tip tc cng vic thy s tri qua v dit mt ca
mi hnh khi chng khi ln, vi c mun thot khi chng, hnh gi s thy ra rng cui cng
tt c cc hnh u dit. Tm hnh gi trc tip bit v thy Nit-bn - l thc trn vn v
(v vi) Nit-bn k nh i tng.

Khi tm thy Nit-bn, hnh gi kinh qua nm tu cn li cng vi s khi ln ca tin trnh tm
o (maggavthi). Nm tu l:
12. Tu Thun Th (Anulama a)
13. Tu Chuyn Tc (Gotrabh a)
14. Tu o (Magga a)
15. Tu Qu (Phala a)
16. Tu Phn Khn (Paccavekkhana a)
Tin trnh tm o qua nm tu cui cng ny sanh ln c by giai on:
1. Mt mn hng tm khi ln thy cc hnh k nh v thng, kh hoc v ng ty theo
cch Tu X Hnh khi nh th no.
2. Mt tc hnh tm (javana) u tin khi ln (lm "cng vic chun b" - Parikamma), thy
cc hnh theo cng cch y. N duy tr tnh tng tc ca tm[18].
3. Mt tc hnh tm th hai khi ln ("cn hnh" - upacra), cng thy cc hnh theo cng cch
y.
4. Mt tc hnh tm th ba khi ln ("thun th"" - anuloma), cng thy cc hnh theo cng
cch y.
Thc ra, ba tc hnh tm (chun b, cn hnh v thun th) ny l thnh phn ca tu th mi
hai - Tu Thun Th (anuloma a).
Thun (th) theo ci g? Theo nhng g n trc v theo nhng g s n sau. Tu ny thun
theo nhng phn s thy s thc trong tm tu minh st n trc (t Tu Qun S Sanh Dit
n Tu X Hnh), v n cng thun theo ba mi by php thuc tm o[19] d phn vo s
gic ng s n sau. Tu Thun Th l tu cui cng c cc hnh k nh i tng ca n.
5. Mt tc hnh tm th t khi ln c Nit-bn lm i tng. y l tu th mi ba l Tu
Chuyn Tc (Gotrabh a).
Mc d tm ny bit (v vi) Nit-bn, n vn khng hy dit cc phin no, nhim v ca n l
chuyn tm t phm tc sang thnh tc m thi.
6. Mt tc hnh tm th nm khi ln, c Nit-bn lm i tng. y l tu th mi bn, vn
tiu dit cc phin no thch ng - Tu o (Magga a).
7. Tc hnh tm th su v th by khi ln vi Nit-bn lm i tng. Chng l tu th mi
lm - Tu Qu (Phala a).
Phn Khn Tu (Paccavekkhana a)

Tu th mi su v cng l tu cui cng l Tu Phn Khn. Tu ny lm nhim v xt li nm

php:
1. Xt li o Tu
2. Xt li Qu Tu
3. Xt li Nit-bn
4. Xt li nhng phin no b tiu dit
5. Xt li nhng phin no cha b tiu dit[20].
Nh vy hnh gi t n chnh tr v T Thnh v t mnh chng ng Nit-bn. Vi
s chng ng ny, tm hnh gi c tnh ha v thot khi mi t kin. Nu hnh gi c tip
tc theo cch ny, c th hnh gi s t n A-la-hn Thnh qu v nhp V D Nit-bn.
D nhin cn c nhiu chi tit v vic tu tp tu ny nhng chng ti phi b qua bi gii thch
ny c tm gn nh c th. Cch tt nht hc v php hnh ny l tham d mt kha thin
vi mt v thin s c kh nng v lc y hnh gi c th hc mt cch h thng hn theo tun
t tng bc mt.
*
HI P 7
Hi 7.1: S khc nhau gia tng (sa) v tng un (sakkhandha); gia th (vedna) v
th un (vednakkhandha) l g?
p 7.1: Mi mt loi tng hp li vi nhau th gi l tng un. Mi mt loi th hp li
vi nhau th gi l th un. Th no l mi mt? Qu kh, hin ti, v lai, bn trong, bn ngoi,
th, t, h lit, cao thng, gn v xa. C nm un cn c hiu theo cch nh vy. C th xem
li Kinh Un (Khandha Sutta) trong Tng ng B Kinh c thm li gii thch.
Hi 7.2: K c, s suy on v sng to thuc v tm s no? Chng l mt phn ca nm un,
nhng ti sao chng li tr thnh kh (dukkha)?
p 7.2: Th no l k c? Nu qu v nh n cc i tng thin ch, nh tng kasia hoc
tng hi th th l chnh nim (samm sati). Nu qu v c th thy danh-sc chn
(paramattha nma-rpa) qu kh, hin ti v v lai cng vi cc nhn ca chng v thy chng
l v thng, kh v v ng, y cng l chnh nim. Nim kt hp vi minh st tr. Nim ny
c ba mi ba tm hnh phi hp, tt c hp chung li gi l bn danh un (nmakkhandha).
Nh n c Pht, Gio Php v Ch Tng (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha), v nhng dp cng
dng lm trong qu kh cng l chnh nim. Khi nh n cc hnh ng to ra thin php
th cng l chnh nim, nhng s khng phi l chnh nim khi n to ra cc bt thin php.
y l nhng tng bt thin, tc l nhng tng kt hp vi cc php bt thin; chng cng l
bn danh un.
Cc danh un d thin hay bt thin cng u v thng. Ngay khi sanh ln, chng lin dit.
Chng phi chu sanh dit lin tc nh vy nn gi chng l kh.

Hi 7.3: Tm s no lm vic "bt ly i tng" lin h?

p 7.3: Tt c tm (citta) v cc cc tm s phi hp (cetasika) cng bt mt i tng. Khng
c i tng, chng (tm, tm s) khng th khi ln. Tm v cc tm s phi hp l ch th
(nhn thc). Ch th - rammaika dhamma - khng th khi ln m khng c i tng
(rammana). Arammaika l php (dhamma) bt ly i tng. Ni cch khc, ch th l php
bit mt i tng. Nu khng c i tng cn c bit th s khng c php lm vic bit.
Cc nhm tm v tm s khc nhau bt ly nhng i tng khc nhau. C tm mi chn loi
tm v nm mi hai loi tm s, tt c bt ly i tng tng ng ca chng. Chng hn, cc
tm o v tm qu cng vi cc tm s (maggacitta - cetasika v phalacitta - cetasika) ch bt
mt i tng duy nht l Nit-bn. Mt tm thin hi th v cc tm s ca n ch bt mt i
tng duy nht l t tng hi th (npn patibhga nimitta). Tm v tm s thin kasia t
ch bt t tng kasia t l i tng. Tt c nhng tm y l nhng tm siu th v sc gii.
Ring tm dc gii (kmvacaracitta) bt ly nhng i tng tt xu khc nhau. Nu mun bit
r hn v vn ny, qu v nn nghin cu Vi Diu Php, chnh xc hn nn xem phn
rammaa (i tng) ca b Vi Diu Php Yu Ngha (Abhidhammattha Sangaha).
Hi 7.4: Lm vic phc v cho tng chng (Sangha) c nh hng g n thin ca mnh khng?
iu ty thuc vo cc nhn, hay chng ta c th thnh tu mt mc nh no ri sau
hy lm vic th khng c nh hng g?
p 7.4: Trong nhiu bi kinh c Pht thng qu trch cc v t khu lm nhng vic sau:
- a thch lm vic (kammrmat)
- a thch ni chuyn (bhassrmat)
- a thch ng ngh (niddrmat)
- a thch hi chng (sanghaikrmat)
- Khng phng h cc cn (indriyesu agutta dvrat)
- Khng tit trong n ung (bhojne amattaut)
- Khng c gng thc hnh Ch-Qun vi s tit ch ng ngh (jgariye ananuyutt)
- Li bing khng thc hnh Ch-Qun (kusita, kosajja)
V th, nu c cng vic g (hnh gi) cn phi lm cho Tng chng hay cho chnh bn thn mnh
th hy c gng hon tt nhanh chng cng sm cng tt tr li vi vic hnh thin ca mnh
vi tm an tnh.
Nu hnh gi thch lm vic nhiu qu th l mt chng ngi cho thin v nim vng chc v
mnh m trn i tng thin lc y kh c th t c. Ni chung, thch lm vic s khng to
ra nh tm tt c.
Hi 7.5: Liu mt ngi tu tp thin vi xu c th c li g t vic c thin khng? V cn
v mt ngi xi tin ca Tng[21] cho mc ch c nhn ca h v khng ngh vic lm l
sai lm. Khi h c t thin, tm ca h hoc quan kin ca h c thay i khng?
p 7.5: Trong trng hp ny qu v nn phn bit mt ngi ti gia v mt v t khu. Nu
mt v t khu phm mt ti (patti) th lm mt chng ngi cho vic c thin. Chng

hn, nu h chim hu vt dng (t vt dng) hp php ca Tng xi ring cho mnh th iu

s tr ngi cho vic c thin, tr khi h sa sai ti (patti). C ngha l v y phi tr li
nhng vt dng c gi tr tng ng vi nhng vt dng hp php (ca Tng) m v y
dng. Ri v y phi th ti trc Tng hoc mt v t khu khc. Sau khi sm hi ti li, nu v
y hnh Ch-Qun, v y c th c thin hoc o - qu. Cn nu khng sa li m v y thc s
c thin th c th v y khng phi l mt v t khu thc th v do , ti y cng khng phi
l mt ti.
i vi ngi ti gia, thanh tnh gii hnh cng cn thit. V nu h lm cho trong sch gii
hnh ca mnh trc khi hnh thin l iu rt tt, tc l, nu h th tr ng gii hoc bt gii.
Nh th tr gii lut, trong lc hnh thin, gii hnh ca h trong sch, h c th c thin, mc
d trc khi thin h l ngi xu. V d, trong Ch Gii Php C (Dhammapada) c ghi li cu
chuyn v n t Khujjuttar. C l t n ca Smvat - Hong hu ca vua Udena. Hng ngy
vua Udena a cho c tm ng tin vng mua hoa cho hong hu, nhng c ch mua bn
ng, cn ly bn ng cho mnh. Ngy n, c Pht cng tng chng n d trai tng ti nh
ngi bn hoa. Khujjuttar ph ngi bn hoa dng vt thc cho ch tng. Sau ba n, c Pht
thuyt php. Trong sut thi php y, Khujjuttar khi tm h thn v n cp tin v quyt
nh t nay v sau khng hnh ng nh th na. Quyt nh ca c l mt th d v gii
c thanh tnh trong khi lng nghe php. Sau khi nghe ht thi php vi tm thin, Khujjuttar
tr thnh mt v Nhp Lu. T , c mua hoa vi tt c s tin vua a. Khi a hoa cho
hong hu Smvat, hong hu rt ngc nhin v thy hoa nhiu hn thng l. Khujjuttar lin
k li tt c[22].
Cng nn xt n trng hp ca Tn gi Angulimla. Trc khi tr thnh mt t khu, Ngi l
mt st nhn kht ting. Nhng khi l mt t khu, Ngi thanh tnh gii hnh ca mnh v
tinh tn hnh thin. V th Ngi c A-la-hn Thnh qu.
Cn lu y l trong vng lun hi, mi ngi ai cng tng to nhng thin nghip v c
nghip. Khng ngi no trnh khi nhng c nghip c. Nhng nu h thanh tnh gii hnh ca
mnh trong lc hnh thin th nhng c nghip trc khng th ngn cn vic chng thin ca
h[23]. Tuy nhin, ch l khi no nhng c nghip trc khng thuc v mt trong nm
nghip v gin (anantariya kamma)[24]. Nm v gin nghip l: git cha, git m, git mt v Ala-hn, vi c lm cho mt v Pht chy mu, gy chia r trong Tng chng.
Nu phm vo mt trong nhng c nghip ny th khng th c thin hay o v qu c,
nh trng hp vua Ajtasattu (A-x-th). Vua Ajtasattu c ba-la-mt tr thnh mt v
Nhp Lu sau khi nghe xong Kinh Sa Mn Qu (Smaaphala Sutta). Nhng v ngi git
cha ca mnh l vua Bimbisra nn iu khng xy ra.
Qu v hi, vy th sau khi c thin, tm ca nhng ngi nh vy hoc quan kin ca h c
thay i khng. Chng ta bit thin c th loi tr cc trin ci trong mt thi gian di, c ngha
l, nu h nhp thin trong mt gi th trong thi gian cc trin ci s khng khi ln. Khi h
xut thin, cc trin ci c th tr li do phi l tc . V th chng ta khng th ni chc c l
tm ca mt ngi nh vy s chuyn i hay khng vi vic chng thin. Chng ta ch c th
ni rng bao lu h cn trong bc thin th chng cc trin ci khng khi ln, vy thi[25].

Cng c nhng ngoi l, nh trng hp ca Trng lo Mahnga [26]. Mc d ngi hnh

thin Ch-Qun trong hn su mi nm song vn cn l phm phu (puthujjana). Tuy nhin, do
vic thc hnh Ch-Qun vng chc ca ngi, khng c phin no no xut hin trong sut su
mi nm y. Chnh v iu ny, ngi ngh mnh l mt v A-la-hn. Nhng mt trong nhng
t ca ngi l v A-la-hn Dhammadinna bit r v gin tip gip ngi nhn ra iu .
Khi Trng lo Mahnga nhn ra rng mnh cn l phm nhn, ngi tin hnh Vipassan v ch
t pht sau ngi c qu A-la-hn. Nhng y l trng hp rt him.
Mt im khc qu v cng cn phi nh, ngi l mt bc lo thng php hc (pariyatti) cng
nh php hnh (paipatti). Ngoi ra ngi cn l mt v thin s (kammahncariya), c rt
nhiu v A-la-hn, nh Dhammadinna, l t ca ngi. Mc d ngi thng tho trong ChQun, song c nhng hiu lm vn khi ln trong tm do mt s tng t no trong cc kinh
nghim. V th, nu qu v ngh v bn thn mnh rng "ta t n s thin" v.v..., qu v nn
xem xt li kinh nghim ca mnh mt cch ton din qua nhiu ngy, thm ch nhiu thng. Ti
sao? Nu l jhna hoc vipassan thc th th chng c li cho hnh gi, v thin hoc minh
st y c th gip qu v t n "Nit-bn" thc s, y l "Tnh "[27] ca truyn thng Pht
gio Theravda. Nhng "thin gi to" v "minh st gi to" khng th lm pht sanh nhng li
ch ny.
V th chng ti mun ngh l qu v khng nn ni vi nhng ngi khc "ti c s
thin", v.v... qu sm, v c th c ngi no s khng tin qu v. Cng c th kinh nghim
ca qu v l thc, nhng cng c th l cha phi, nh Trng lo Mahnga. Qu v nn
thc v vn ny.
Hi 7.6: Th no l s khc nhau gia tng hp sc (rpakalpa) v sc chn
(paramattharpa)?
p 7.6: Rpakalpa l nhng phn t nh. Khi hnh gi phn tch nhng phn t nh y h
thy sc chn (paramattharpa). Trong mt tng hp sc c t nht tm loi sc l: t, nc,
gi, la, mu, mi, v v dng cht. Tm loi sc ny l sc chn . Trong mt s cc tng hp
sc c thm sc th chn na l sc mng cn (jvita rpa) v mt s khc cn c thm sc th
mi l sc tnh (bhva rpa) hoc sc tnh sc (pasdarpa). Tm, chn hay mi loi sc ny
u l sc chn .
Hi 7.7: Khi mt hnh gi c th thy cc tng hp sc hay sc chn ri, liu tm (citta) v
kin (dihi) ca h c thay i khng?
p 7.7: Khi mt hnh gi vi minh st tr thy c sc chn trong mi tng hp sc ri th
tm v kin ca h s thay i nhng ch tm thi v minh st tr (tu) loi tr t kin v cc
phin no khc ch trong nht thi thi. Chnh Thnh o (ariyamagga) theo tng giai on mi
hy dit hon ton cc t kin v nhng phin no khc.
Hi 7.8: nh tnh ha tm (cittavisuddhi) nh th no? Cc loi phin no (kilesa) no c
loi tr bng nh?

p 7.8: Thc hnh nh l trc tip i u vi nm trin ci. Cn nh v nh ca s thin

loi tr nm trin ci trong mt thi gian di. nh ca nh thin loi tr tm (vitakka) v t
(vicra). nh ca tam thin loi tr h (pti). nh t thin loi tr lc (sukha). Theo cch ny,
tm c thanh tnh nh nh v v th cng gi l thanh tnh tm.
Hi 7.9: Vipassan (minh st) tnh ha kin (dihi visuddhi) nh th no? Cc loi phin no
no c loi tr bng (tu) minh st?
p 7.9: Trc khi thy sc chn cng nh cc nhn v tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng
ca chng, mt hnh gi c th c nhng t kin hay t tng nh "y l n ng, n b, m,
cha, t ng v.v..." Nhng khi v y thy r th t kin ny c loi tr tm thi. V sao n c
loi tr? V v y thy rng ch c danh-sc chn v cc nhn ca chng. V y cng thy rng
ngay khi chng khi ln, chng lin dit, l tnh cht v thng ca chng. Chng lun lun
phi chu sanh dit nh vy nn bn cht ca chng l kh. Khng c mt t ng no trong danhsc v cc nhn ca chng nn bn cht ca chng l v ng. y l minh st tr (vipassan
a). Chnh chnh kin (samm dihi) ny loi tr cc t kin (micch dihi). Minh st tr
cng cn loi tr cc phin no nh tham v mn vn l nhng k "ng la" vi t kin. V th,
trong lc mt hnh gi hnh vipassan th chnh kin c mt nhng ch tm thi, bi v khi v y
ngng thin, t kin s xut hin li do phi nh l tc (ayonisomanasikra). Lc v y li
tng "y l n ng, n b, m, cha, t ng, v.v..." v nhng phin no kt hp nh tham,
sn, mn cng s khi sanh. Khi v y tr li vi thin minh st, t kin ny li bin mt. V th,
minh st tr ch tm thi loi tr cc t kin v phin no m thi. Tuy nhin, khi hnh gi t
n o v qu th o Tu (magga a) s hy dit cc t kin y v nhng phin no khc
mt cch hon ton, tng giai on mt.
Hi 7.10: Th no l s khc nhau gia tm v kin?
p 7.10: Tm l citta, nhng trong cittavisuddhi (thanh tnh tm), n li c bit cp n
mt tm, nh cn nh tm (upacra samdhi citta) hoc an ch - thin tm (appan jhna citta).
Dihi c ngha l t kin v l mt tm s (cetasika). Tm s ny khi sanh cng vi bn tm
cn tham. Mt tm cn tham (lobhamlacitta) hoc phi hp vi t kin, hoc phi hp vi ng
mn.
T kin y l ng tng (attasa). C hai loi ng tng:
1. Ng tng ph thng ca th gian (loka sasa attavda). y l mt loi t kin c mt
nh h qu ca tp qun, tng cho rng c n ng, n b, cha, m, v.v...
2. Ng kin (atta dihi). y l mt loi t kin c mt nh h qu ca tham i (tah), tng
cho rng c mt t ng bt kh hoi (atta), v cho rng t ng bt kh hoi y do mt sng to
ch (paramatta) to ra.
Thc s khng c mt t ng no trong ba mi mt ci m ch c danh-sc v cc nhn ca
chng. Danh-sc y cng lun lun v thng, kh v v ng. Ngoi ba mi mt ci ny cng
khng c t ng. Minh st tr ny gi l chnh kin minh st (vipassan samm dihi). N th
tiu t kin mt cch tm thi, gm lun c t kin v t ng. Nhng ch c o tr (magga

a), tc chnh kin thuc Thnh o (magga sama dihi) mi hy dit hon ton t kin.
Nh vy, thc s chng ta c ba loi kin: t kin (micch dihi); chnh kin minh st
(vipassan samm dithi), cn gi l chnh kin hip th (lokiya samm dhi); chnh kin
Thnh o (magga samm dihi), cn gi l chnh kin siu th (lokuttara samm dihi).
Kinh Brahmajla Sutta (Kinh Phm Vng. D1) lun bn n c thy su mi hai t kin hin
hnh. Tt c t kin y u c sp di danh mc t kin v t ng, cn c gi l "thn
kin" (sakkya dihi). T thn (sakkya) l nm un nn thn kin tc l xem nm un nh l t
ng. Cng c nhiu loi chnh kin, nhng loi kin chn chnh nh vy c gi l chnh kin
v T Thnh (catusacca samm dithi):
- Chnh kin thin (jhna samm dihi): thin tr kt hp vi cc thin chi.
- Chnh kin phn bit danh-sc (nma-rpa pariggha samm dihi): tr (qun) danh-sc chn
.
- Chnh kin v nghip v nghip qu (kammassakat samm dihi): tr thuc v s phn bit
nhn duyn.
- Chnh kin minh st (vipassan samm dihi): minh st tr (qun) tnh cht v thng, kh v
v ng ca danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng.
- Chnh kin Thnh o (magga samm dihi): tr v Nit-bn.
- Chnh kin Thnh qu (phala samm dihi): tr v Nit-bn.
Hi 7.11: Ngi hnh thin nn hnh nh l tc (yoniso manasikra) nh th no trong i
sng hng ngy v trong lc hnh Ch-Qun (samatha vipassan) ca h?
p 7.11: Nh l tc hiu qu nht l minh st. Nu qu v hnh n mc minh st
(vipassan) ri, qu v s c nh l tc hiu qu nht. Nh vy, nu qu v hnh minh st trong
i sng hng ngy, minh st y s to ra nhng kt qu tt, nh o v qu thy Nit-bn. Cn
nu qu v khng th hnh n mc minh st c, qu v nn suy xt n s kin rng, cc
php hu vi l v thng (sabbe sakhra anicca). y cng l tc nh l nhng rt yu v
ch c tnh cch gin tip thi.
Qu v cng c th thc hnh bn phm tr (brahmavihra), c bit l x phm tr
(upekkhbrahmavihra). l loi tc nh l cao cp nht, bi v thc hnh x phm tr l
thy quy lut ca nghip ng theo tinh thn "sabbe satt kammassak" (tt c chng sinh u l
ch nhn ng ca nghip h lm). i khi qu v cng c th phn tnh n nhng hu qu ca
phi l tc . Phi l tc khin cho nhiu bt thin nghip tun t xy n. Nhng bt thin
nghip ny s to ra mun vn kh au trong bn c o (apya). Hiu c iu ny l nh l
tc . Qu v nn thc hnh nh vy thng xuyn trong i sng hng ngy ca mnh.
Hi 7.12: Th no l s khc nhau gia tc (manasikra) v thc hnh Tht Gic Chi
(bojjhanga)?
p 7.12: Khi qu v hnh Tht Gic Chi, tc thng ng u ba mi bn tm hnh. C khi
ba mi bn tm hnh cn c gi l minh st tr, v trong ba mi bn tm hnh y, tu
(pa) l yu t chnh vy.

 y, qu v nn bit n ba loi tc lin quan n ni dung ny.

1. Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho i tng (rammaa paipdaka manasikra)
2. Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho tin trnh tm (vthi paipdaka manasikra)
3. Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho tc hnh tm (javana paipdaka manasikra).
Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho i tng tc l tm s tc . Nhim v ca n l lm cho i
tng r rng n tm ca hnh gi.
Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho tin trnh tm l ng mn hng tm (pacadvrvajjana) trong
tin trnh tm ng mn (pacadvravthi). Nhim v ca n l cho tt c cc tin trnh ng mn
kh nng bt ly i tng tng ng ca n.
Tc k nh nhn cn bn cho tc hnh tm l mn hng tm (manodvrvajjana) trong tin
trnh tm mn (manodvrvthi) v quyt nh tm (vohapana) trong tin trnh tm ng mn.
Trong trng hp ny tc , hoc l nh l, hoc l phi nh l. Nhim v ca n l lm cho tc
hnh (javana) khi ln. Nu l nh l tc th tc hnh s l thin i vi phm nhn
(puthujjana) v cc bc hu hc (sekkha). Cn i vi cc bc A-la-hn th n ch l duy tc
(kiriya). Khi tc phi nh l th tc hnh tm lun lun l bt thin, mt iu khng th xy ra
trong cc v A-la-hn.
Hi 7.13: Xin thin s hoan h gii thch bng s c khng? Trong h thng thin ny, c
cn thit phi thc hnh hn ba mi loi mc thin (kammahna) khng? Lm nh vy
c li ch g?
p 7.13: Chng ti khng quan tm n cc s . N c da trn loi s m mt ng
thy gio, loi ngi rt quan tm n cc s , v.
trung tm thin Pa-Auk, chng ti dy nhiu loi thin ch (samatha) cho nhng ai mun hnh
chng. Nu h khng mun hnh ht nhng mc y m ch mun mt mc duy nht, nh
nim hi th chng hn, th chng ti ch dy h thin . Khi h c thin, chng ti a h
thng vo minh st theo tun t mt cch h thng.
Trong khi hnh Ch-Qun, i khi c th c nhng trin ci nh tham (rga), sn (dosa) v t
duy lan man (vitakka - tm) xen vo khuy dng thin nh v minh st ca qu v. Cc ti
thin sau y c xem l nhng v kh hu hiu nht loi tr cc trin ci .
Trong Kinh Meghiya, c Pht khuyn:
Asubh bhvetabb rgassa pahnya
(Hnh gi nn hnh thin (qun) bt tnh loi tr dc tham).
Mett bhvetabb bypdassa pahnya
(Hnh gi nn hnh thin tm t loi tr sn).

npnassati bhavetabb vitakkupacchedya.

(Hnh gi nn hnh nim hi th loi tr t duy lan man).
Hn na, mt tm c nh c th thy cc php chn (paramattha dhamma) nh chng thc
s l. Trong cc php hnh nh, tm thin chng (sampatti) c xem l rt cao v vng
mnh, v th, nhng ai mun hnh tm thin chng mt cch trit , chng ti cng s dy thin
kasia. Nu qu v mun hiu s mt cch trn vn, qu v cn phi hnh Ch-Qun cho n
cc o - Qu Tu. Ch lc y qu v mi hiu y s .
V sao chng ti khng quan tm n cc s ? Bi v, thc ra n khng trnh by ton b
h thng trn mt trang giy. Chng ti gii thch ton b h thng ny trn hn ba ngn su
trm trang giy Min in ri. Mt trang giy khng cch g c.
Hi 7.14: Mt tm sn c th to ra nhiu th h tng hp sc do thi tit sanh (utuja
ajahamaka kalpa) v lm cho mt le sng ln c khng?
p 7.14: Khi ni "mt tm to ra nh sng" l ch ni theo php n d thi, bi v thc s,
ngoi tm kit sanh (paisandhi citta) ra, tt c cc tm sanh ln nng vo cn (sc tri tim hadayavatthu) u to ra cc tng hp sc do tm sanh (cittajakalpa). Trong s cc tng hp
sc ny lun lun c mu (vaa). Mu ny s sng hn nu tm l mt tm thin ch hay
tm thin minh st. iu ny c cc bn kinh Pli, cc bn Ch Gii v Ph Ch Gii
cp n. Tuy nhin, nhng ngun y khng h ni rng sc do tm sanh c to ra bi mt tm
sn cng pht ra nh sng.
Hi 7.15: Tm thy c thy danh-sc ca chnh n bao gm trong danh-sc khng? N c c
k trong tu khng?
p 7.15: C, tm y thy c[28]. Qu v c th thy iu ny mi giai on minh st, c
bit giai on Tu (qun) S Tan Hoi (bhanga a). Trong Thanh Tnh o c ni:
"taca aca vipassati" (Chng ta phi hnh minh st trn c "ci s tri" - ta, ln tr
(nng tri) - a) [29]
"Ci s tri" y l nm un v cc nhn ca chng, vn phi c bit vi minh st tr. "Tr"
(nng tri) c ngha l minh st tr bit tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca nm un v cc
nhn ca chng, tc l cc php hnh (sakhra dhamma). Minh st tr l tu, l chnh kin
minh st. Thng thng chnh kin minh st khi ln cng vi ba mi ba hoc ba mi hai
tm hnh, nh vy thnh ra ba mi bn hoc ba mi ba tm hnh. Chng c gi l minh st
tr v cng l cc danh php bi v chng c khuynh hng nghing v i tng y l tnh
cht v thng, kh v v ng ca cc hnh.
Ti sao qu v cn phi thy t thn minh st tr cng l v thng, kh v v ng? Bi v mt s
hnh gi c th hi hoc ngh, khng bit minh st tr ny l thng hay v thng, lc hay kh,
c ng hay v ng. tr li cho cu hi ny, qu v cn phi thy tin trnh tm minh st t
thn n l v thng, kh v v ng, c bit ba mi bn tm hnh trong mi st-na tm tc
hnh, dn u bi minh st tr. Hn na, mt s hnh gi c th tr nn hnh din v h c th

hnh minh st gii v thnh cng. Chnh v loi tr v ngn nga nhng phin no ny m
qu v cn phi thy c minh st tr hoc tin trnh tm minh st t thn n cng l v thng,
kh v v ng.
Hi 7.16: Lm cch no vt qua trng thi tm khng thch v chn ngn trong sut nhng
giai on hnh thin lu di hoc mt mnh trong rng vng? Loi tm ny c phi l mt
php bt thin khng?
p 7.16: Trng thi tm ny gi l gii i (kosajja) v thng c xem l mt php bt thin
kt hp vi tham hoc sn v.v... Trng thi tm ny sanh khi l v phi l tc . Nu tc phi
nh l ca mt ngi c chuyn i v thay th bng nh l tc , ngi y c th thnh cng
trong thin.
vt qua trng thi tm ny hnh gi phi thnh thong nh li rng, thnh cng ca c B
tt Sakyamuni ca chng ta l do s kin tr ca Ngi. Hnh gi cng nn nh li nhng cu
chuyn v cc v A-la-hn phn u vi mun ngn kh khn nh th no thnh cng trong
thin php ca h, cui cng mi c qu v A-la-hn. Chng mt ai khng n lc li c th c
c thnh cng. c bit trong thin s kin tr l rt cn thit. Nh l tc cng rt quan
trng. Hnh gi phi c gng tc n tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng trong cc php hu vi.
Nu c nh th, mt ngy no hnh gi s thnh cng.
Hi 7.17: Xin thin s hoan h cho mt v d v mt nguyn c m khng i cng vi v minh,
i v th c khng?
p 7.17: Nu qu v hnh minh st khi ang thc hin nhng thin nghip v thy c tnh
cht v thng, kh v v ng ca cc thin nghip y th v minh, i v th khng khi sanh.
Cn nu qu v khng th hnh minh st (trong lc lm thin nghip) th hy pht nguyn nh
sau:
"Ida me pu Nbbnassa paccayo hotu."
(Cu mong phc bu ny hy l mt tr duyn cho s chng c Nit-bn)
Hi 7.18: Nu nm un l v ng vy th bch Ngi, ai l ngi ang thuyt php? Ni khc
hn, nu nm un l v ng, khng c Sayadaw (ch thin s Pa-Auk) l ngi ang thuyt
php. Nh vy, c mt tng quan nh th no gia nm un v t ng?
p 7.18: C hai loi s thc: s thc theo ch nh (sammuti sacca) v s thc theo chn
(paramattha sacca).
Qu v nn phn bit r rng gia hai loi s thc ny. theo s thc ch nh th c c Pht, c
Sayadaw, c cha, c m, v.v... Nhng theo s thc chn hay s thc cng tt th khng c c
Pht, khng c Sayadaw, khng c cha, khng c m, v.v... iu ny qu c th thy c nu
c minh st tr mnh. Nu qu v nhn vo c Pht vi minh st tr, qu v ch nhn thy
danh-sc chn , l ng un. Ng un hay danh-sc ny l v thng, kh v v ng. Khng
c mt t ng no c. Cng vy, nu qu v nhn vo ti hay vo mt ngi no vi minh st
tr, qu v ch thy danh-sc chn , nm un, m nhng php ny u l v thng, kh v v

ng. Ni cch khc, khng c c Pht, khng c Sayadaw, khng c cha, m v.v... Ch c nm
un v cc nhn ca chng, gi chung l cc hnh. Nh vy, cc hnh ny ang ni v cc hnh
khc, c khi v Nit-bn. Hon ton khng c ng. vy, chng ta ni v mi tng quan nh
th no y?
Chng hn, nu c ai hi qu v "sng th di hay ngn", qu v s tr li th no? Hoc nu
h hi "lng ra en hay trng", qu v tr li ra sao? Nu ci ng khng c thc, chng ta
khng th ni v s tng quan gia n v nm un c. Ngay c c Pht cng khng tr li
loi cu hi ny. V sao? Gi s qu v ni "sng th di", iu c ngha rng qu v chp
nhn th c sng. V nu qu v ni "sng th ngn", th cng c ngha tng t. Hoc nu qu
v ni "ra c lng en" hay "trng" th chng khc no qu v chp chn ra c lng! Cng vy,
nu c Pht ni nm un v t ng c lin quan, hay khng c lin quan, c ngha Ngi chp
nhn c mt t ng. l l do v sao c Pht khng tr li loi cu hi ny. V th, chng ti
mun ngh qu v c gng hnh thin cho n mc vipassan. Ch khi y qu v mi c th
loi tr t kin v t ng ny c.
Hi 7.19: c Pht dy cho cc v t khu "Thn Ch Rn" (Mantra). c Thn Ch y c
ging nh thin tm t khng? C phi nim ch l mt truyn thng ca B-la-mn du nhp
vo o Pht khng?
p 7.19: Thn ch l g? Th no l "Thn Ch Rn"? Chng ti khng bit cc thn ch c
phi c truyn vo t n Gio hay khng. Nhng trong Kinh in Thng Ta B
(Theravda) c mt bi Kinh Bo H (Paritta Sutta) gi l Khandha Paritta [30]. c Pht dy
Kinh Bo H ny cc v t khu c tng hng ngy. C mt iu lut (vinaya) quy nh rng
nu mt v T khu hay T khu Ni tr rng no m qun khng c Kinh Bo H ny t nht
mi ngy mt ln, v y xem nh phm mt ti.
C mt ln, vo thi c Pht, mt v t khu n ang tr trong rng th b mt con rn c cn
cht. Do s kin ny m c Pht dy bi Kinh Khandha Paritta. Mc ch ca Kinh Bo H
ny cng ging nh thin tm t vy. Trong Kinh a ra nhng cch khc nhau m rng lng
t n cc loi rn v rng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cng c mt li xc nhn v s thc lin quan
n Tam Bo v nhng n c ca Pht cng nh cc v A-la-hn. Chng ti s tng bi Kinh
Bo H ny ti hm nay. N rt c oai lc. Qu v c th gi l "Thn Ch Rn" cng c.
Ci tn khng quan trng lm. Qu v c th gi n bng bt c tn g mnh thch. C mt s v
s Min in dng Kinh Bo H ny tng cho nhng ngi b rn c cn rt c hiu qu.
Khi h tng Kinh Bo H ny nhiu ln v khi nn nhn ung nc c tng bi Kinh y, nc c
dn dn tan bin. Thng thng th h khi, nhng khng phi trng hp no cng c nh
vy. c Pht dy Kinh Bo H ny cc v t khu ngn nga cc loi rn c. Nu cc v
tng Kinh vi lng knh tin v m rng lng t n tt c chng sinh, k c cc loi rn, th s
khng gp him nguy. Nu cc v cn gi gii nghim tc na, th khng c s tai hi no c th
xy n vi h c.
-ooOoo-

[1] Vs. T1. XIV "Pa Kath" (Gii thch v Tu) v Vs. XX "Maggmagga adassana

Visuddhi Niddesa" B694 (M t v o Phi o Tri Kin Thanh Tnh). N9.

[2] Nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh, thc) xem li trn
[3] Mi hai x: nhn, nh, t, thit, thn, , sc, thanh, hng, v, xc v php (6 ni x v 6
ngoi x).
[4] V minh, hnh, thc, danh-sc, lc nhp, xc, th, i, th, hu, sanh, gi - cht - su - bi - kh

- u no.
[5] Mi hai x v su loi thc tng ng ca chng: nhn thc, nh thc, t thc, thit thc,
thn thc v thc.
[6] S.III "Anattalakkhana Sutta"
[7] Ch gii "Kinh Gio Gii Xa-nc" (Channavda Sutta) gii thch rng "Ci ny khng phi
ca ti" l qun v thng; "Ci ny khng phi l ti" l qun kh; "Ci ny khng phi t ng
ca ti" l qun v ng.
[8] iu ny c ngha rng hnh gi phn bit c bn loi sc sanh khi do s h tr ca sc

do vt thc. Nguyn tc ny cng p dng cho s phn bit sc do nghip, do tm v do thi tit
sanh.
[9] Tm minh st minh st (qun) tin trnh mn: mt mn hng tm v by tc hnh, i
khi c hai tm thp di theo sau na. Trong mn hng tm c mi hai tm hnh, v trong mi
tc hnh tm c ba mi bn, ba mi ba hoc ba mi hai tm hnh. (Xem li bng 6)
[10] Vs.XX "Maggmagga adassana visuddhi Niddesa B.723 (M t v o Phi o Tri
Kin Thanh Tnh) N93.
[11] Trong mt vi trng hp, hnh gi bt u ch vi mt kip hin ti ny thi, k mi

nhn vo cc kip qu kh v tng lai.

[12] Mc d vn c nghip lc nm di nm un hin ti, ngha l bc A-la-hn vn cm th lc,
kh do nghip qu kh. Song s khng c nghip lc trong cc hnh hin ti to ra nghip
mi.
[13] C lc Thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw hng dn thin sinh khi s bng cch nhn vo kip

ny, sau nhn vo cc kip qu kh v tng lai.

[14] MI.IV.8 "Mahtanhsankhata Sutta" (i Kinh i on Tn)
[15] Ibid.
[16] Xem thm trong Vs. XX (B.634 - N107)

[17] Cc hnh thuc nhn l cc php hay chi phn ca duyn khi: v minh, hnh, thc, danh-

sc, lc nhp, xc, th, i, th, hu. Cc hnh thuc qu l sc do nghip sanh, do tm sanh, do
thi tit sanh v do vt thc sanh v cc tm hnh thuc qu.
[18] Trong mt s trng hp, nu tu ca hnh gi cc mnh, tm ny s khng khi ln v nh

vy tc hnh tm u tin l "cn hnh" (upacr).

[19] y l ba mi by php tr b (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma): T Nim X, T Chnh Cn,
T Nh Y Tc, Ng Cn, Ng Lc, Tht B Phn, Bt Thnh o.
[20] Cc php 1,2,4 v 5 hnh gi cn phi ch ng lm v i hi phi bit cch lm (cng vic

phn khn y).

[21] c Pht xem l mt trng ti nu v t khu no th nhn, s hu hoc s dng tin.

iu cm ny c thin s Pa-Auk Sayadaw tun th.

[22] Dh. AI. II.I "Smvat vatthu".
[23] Ni cch khc, nu nhng c nghip qu kh lm cho khng th c thin th s khng c ai
c th c thin ht!
[24] Xem A.V.ix.3 "Parikuppa Sutta". Nm nghip ny c gi l "v gin" v chc chn chng

s chn mi trong kip hin ti v cho qu ti sanh trong i a ngc Avici (A-t) nh trng
hp ca c vua Ajtasattu.
[25] Xem cu tr li 7.7 v 7.9 bit r hn.
[26] Vs.xx. "Vipassanupakkilesa Kath" B.733.
[27] Tnh c gi l Ty Phng, Cc Lc Quc trong truyn thng Mahyna (i Tha),
ni y c c Pht gi l Pht A-Di- ang ch i nhng ai c ti sanh v nh nim
danh hiu ca ngi. Ni chung, mc ch ca truyn thng i Tha l vng sanh Tnh v ai
i n u s thnh Pht v h s i cu tt c chng sanh khp Ta-b th gii! Cn Tnh
m thin s Pa-Auk ni y (truyn thng Pht gio Theravda) ch nh mt biu trng
cho Nit-bn ph hp vi thnh chng theo i Tha, ch Ngi khng ni rng Nit-bn l
mt ni, hay khng mun dng bt k mt cch no so snh vi Ty Phng Tnh v.v...
Xem li phn ni v cnh gii siu th (lokuttarabhmi) cu tr li 3.12.
[28] Chi tit lin quan n iu ny xem "By cch qun danh" v "Lm th no tu tp Tu

(qun) S Hoi Dit".

[29] Vs.XXI "Bhangnupassana Kath" B742.
[30] A.IV.11.ii.7. "Ahirja Sutta" (Kinh Cha Cc Loi Rn). S d gi Khandha (nhm, un),

Paritta (Bo H) bi v tm t (metta) y c m rng n tt c chng sinh theo cc nhm:

bn loi rn, cc chng sinh khng chn, hai chn, bn chn, nhiu chn.

BI PHP THOI 8

Nhng c nguyn ca c Pht cho cc hng t

v gio php ca Ngi
(Bi ging nhn ngy l Veskha)
c Pht T B Th Hnh [1]
Ma h (Vassa) cui cng, c Pht tri qua trong ngi lng Veuna. Thi gian y, mt cn au
kch lit khi ln ni Ngi. Vo ngy trng trn thng Asha (thng 6), mt cn au lng but
nhc cc bt ng tn cng Ngi, do nghip i trc.
Mt trong nhng tin kip ca Ngi, c Pht tng l v s. C ln Ngi nh ng mt i
th v lm gy lng ngi ny. Bt thin nghip y khi chn mui cho qu ca n, l mi
thng trc ngy nhp V D Nit-bn ca Ngi. Nghip qu y mnh n ko di cho n
lc cht. Mt th kh nh vy c gi l "th (kh) chm dt vo lc cht"
(maranatikavedan), tc l n ch dng li khi ci cht xy ra[2].
c Pht ngn khng cho th kh khi ln nh nhp A-la-hn Thnh qu nh
(Arahattaphala sampatti) v thc hin mt quyt nh (adhihna). Trc tin, c Pht nhp
A-la-hn Thnh qu nh da trn by cch qun sc (rpa sattaka vipassan). Sau khi hnh
nhng php qun y xong v ngay trc khi nhp vo A-la-hn Thnh qu nh, c Pht quyt
nh: "K t hm nay cho n ngy Nit-bn, mong cho nhng th kh ny khng khi ln", sau
Ngi mi nhp Thnh qu nh. A-la-hn Thnh qu nh l tm qu A-la-hn vi Nit-bn
lm i tng, khi ln lin tc trong mt thi gian di. Do vic hnh vipassan trc kin tr
v mnh lit m A-la-hn Thnh qu nh cng mnh lit v kin tr nh vy. Chnh nh n lc
ca minh st v nh lc ca Thnh qu m th kh khng khi ln trong mi thng cn li
cho n ngy i Nit-bn ca c Pht. Nhng trong thi gian , mi ngy c Pht u phi
nhp Thnh qu u n.
Sau ma an c (Vassa), c Pht vn du t ni ny n ni khc, v cui cng n ti T - x ly (Vesl). Ba thng trc ngy trng trn thng Veska (rm thng T), tc l vo ngy rm
thng Ging ti ngi thp Cpla (Cpla cetiya), c Pht quyt nh x b th hnh
(yusankhra ossajana), ngha l, vo ngy Ngi quyt nh:
"Temsamattameva pana sampatti sampajjitv tato para na sampajjissmti citta
sampajjitva citta uppdasi"
(T hm nay cho n trng trn thng Veskha ta s thc hnh Thnh qu nh ny. Ri sau
ta s khng hnh php y na.)
c Pht tuyn b nhng c nguyn ca Ngi
Vo ngy , trc chng Tng t khu ti i ging ng ca cha mahvana, c Pht thng
bo Ngi x b th hnh. Ngi ni vi chng t khu:

"Tasmtiha bhikkhave ye te may dhamm abhi desit, te vo sdhuka uggahetva

sevitabb bhvetabb bahulktabb.
(Ny ch t khu, ta gii thch r nhng Chn l (dhamma) m ta t mnh thng tri cho cc
ngi. Cc ngi cn phi kho hc tp, trau di, tu tp v thc hnh thng xuyn nhng php
y).
Nh vy, c Pht ch dy php m Ngi t chng. y c Pht tuyn b nhng c
nguyn ca Ngi cho Gio Php v ch dy Tng chng:
1. Tng chng cn phi nm vng nhng li dy ca Ngi, nhng nm vng thi th cha .
y l c nguyn th nht ca c Pht.
2. Ngi ch dy Tng chng nn trau di php. Trong Pi thng gi l sevitabb, c ngha rng
chng ta phi c gng hiu php ny bng s thc hnh thng xuyn, nn chng ti dch l trau
di. y l c nguyn th hai ca c Pht.
3. Cui cng Ngi ch dy Tng chng phi tu tp (bhvetabb) cc php. Khi chng ta trau di,
nht thit phi c s tng trng v tin b.
iu c ngha l g? Khi chng ta hnh php, ch c nhng thin php (kusala dhamma) khi
ln trong tin trnh tm ca chng ta. Cc thin php l, gii thin php (sla kusaladhamma),
nh thin php (samdhi kusaladhamma) v tu thin php (pa kusaladhamma). Nhng
thin php ny phi khi ln khng gin on cho n qu v A-la-hn. Nu mt v Thanh Vn
t (Svaka) ca c Pht c A-la-hn Thnh qu th vic thc hnh (bhvan) ca h k nh
hon tt. V th, mt t ca c Pht phi thc hnh nhng li dy ca c Pht cho n khi
t n cu cnh, tc l s trau di phi c pht trin cho n Thnh qu A-la-hn. t n
A-la-hn Thnh qu chng ta phi thc hnh thng xuyn. V l do , c Pht a ra li
ch dn "bahulktabba", c ngha l chng ta phi thc hnh mt cch thng xuyn. y l
c nguyn th ba ca c Pht.
Nhng c nguyn ny v sao li khi ln trong tin trnh tm ca c Pht?[3]
"Yathayida brahmacariya addhaniya assa cirahikika."
( cho li dy thun tnh ny c th c an lp v bn lu).
l, duy tr li dy thun tnh ny sao cho n c th bn vng trong mt thi gian lu di.
Phn S Ca Chng Ta Vi T Cch L Nhng Pht T.
Duy tr li dy ny khng cho tht tn l bn phn ht sc quan trng ca mi ngi Pht t.
Do , chng ta phi c gng:
- Nm vng (hiu r) tt c nhng li dy ca c Pht.
- Thc hnh nhng li dy ca c Pht nh th no hiu c php y qua kinh nghim t
thn.
- Thc hnh nhng li dy cho n qu v A-la-hn.

y l nhng bn phn ca mi Pht t. L mt Pht t, chng ta phi theo nhng ch dn ny.

Nu khng theo nhng iu ny, chng ta ch l Pht t trn danh ngha ch khng phi ngi
Pht t chn chnh. Tm li, ngi no hnh theo ba phn s ny mt cch trit , ngi y l
mt Pht t chn chnh. V th, hm nay qu v c th quyt nh:
- Ta s c gng nm vng tt c nhng li dy ca c Pht.
- Ta s c gng thc hnh nhng li dy y hiu c chng qua kinh nghim t thn.
- Ta s thc hnh nhng li dy ca c Pht cho n qu v A-la-hn.
Chng Ta C Th Lm Li ch Cho i Nh Th No
Nu chng ta thc hin c ba bn phn th c th ni rng chng ta ang th theo nhng
ch dn ca c Pht. V sao?
"Tadassa bahujanahitya bahujanasukhya loknukampya atthya hitya sukhya
devamanussna"
(V an lc v li ch cho s ng,
Xut pht t lng bi mn cho i,
V s an lc v hnh phc ca ch Thin v nhn loi.)
C thc hnh theo nhng ch dn ca c Pht, chng ta mi c th truyn trao Gio Php n
cc th h tng lai nh mt di sn, mi c th dy cho cc hng ch Thin v loi ngi:
- Hy c gng nm vng tt c nhng li dy ca c Pht.
- Hy thc hnh nhng li dy ca c Pht hiu c chng qua kinh nghim t thn.
- Hy thc hnh nhng li dy ca c Pht cho n qu v A-la-hn.
Chng Ta C Th Chng T c Tin Ca Mnh Nh Th No?
Qu v c nim tin vng chc ni nhng li dy ca c Pht khng?
Trong Ch gii Kinh Ghakra [4] c ni:
"Pasanno ca pasannkra ktu sakkhissati."
(Nhng ngi c nim tin chn chnh i vi Tam Bo c th biu l lng knh tn ca h qua
vic thc hnh.)
Nu mt ngi nam hay n no khng biu l c lng tnh tn ca h (theo cch ) th chng
ta khng th ni rng ngi y c mt c tin trong sch tht s. Nu qu v c c tin chn
chnh ni nhng li dy ca c Pht, qu v phi kho hc nhng li dy y, thc hnh nhng
li dy y khng ngng ngh khi cha c A-la-hn Thnh qu. y l nhng di hun quan trng
ca c Pht trc lc nhp dit. Nu chng ta c nim tin ni c Pht, chng ta phi tun theo
nhng di hun ny. Khi chng ta c nim tin ni cha m ca mnh, chng ta phi vng theo
nhng ch dn ca h. Cng vy, "Cha" chng ta y chnh l c Pht, chng ta phi vng
theo nhng di hun ca "Cha" mnh ging nh vy.

Chng Ta Phi Hc V Hnh Nhng G?

Nhng li dy l g? l[5]:
- T Nim X (Cattaro Satipahn)
- T Chnh Cn (Cattaro Sammappadhn)
- T Thn Tc (Cattaro Iddhipd)
- Ng Cn (Pacindriyni)
- Ng Lc (Paca Bala)
- Tht Gic Chi (Satta Bojjhanga)
- Bt Thnh o (Ariya Atthangiko Maggo)
Tt c c Ba Mi By Php thit yu cho S Gic Ng (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma). Chng ta s
lun bn mt cch tm tt nhng php ny y. Trong Kinh in Pi, c Pht dy Ba Mi
By Php Tr Gic Ng theo nhiu cch khc nhau ty theo khuynh hng ca ngi nghe.
Nhng li dy ca c Pht trong Kinh in Pi c th rt gn ch cn Ba Mi By php ny.
Nu c ng li th ch c Bt Chnh o. V nu c c ng thm na th ch c Tam hc:
Gii, nh, Tu.
Cn Bn Cho Vic Thc Hnh
Trc tin chng ta phi hc "gii hc" thc hnh. Nu khng bit gii hc, chng ta khng
th no tnh ha nhng hnh vi c x ca mnh. Ri chng ta phi hc thm ch (samatha)
kim sot v tp trung tm . Nu khng bit v thin ch, chng ta s trau di nh nh th no?
Nu khng hnh nh, lm sao chng ta c th kim sot c tm mnh? Sau , chng ta phi
hc cch lm th no trau di tr tu. Nu khng bit v tu hc, chng ta trau di tr tu ra
sao?
V th, thanh tnh gii hnh, kim sot tm v tu tp tu ca mnh, trc ht chng ta phi
thu r Php (dhamma). Th n, chng ta phi trau di v tu tp php y cho n A-la-hn
Thnh qu.
Trong Kinh i Nit-bn, c Pht khch l hng t ca Ngi nhiu ln:
"Iti sila, iti samdhi, iti pa
Slaparibhvito samdhi mahapphalo hoti mahnisaso,
Samdhiparibhvit pa mahapphal hoti mahnisas,
Paparibhvita cittam sammadeva savehi vimuccati,
Seyyathida kmsav bhavsav dihsav avijjsav."
(y l gii, y l nh, y l tu.
nh khi c tu tp vin mn da trn gii s em li qu ln, li ch ln.
Tu khi c tu tp vin mn da trn nh s em li qu ln, li ch ln.
Tm khi c tu tp vin mn vi tr tu s hon ton gii thot khi dc lu, hu lu, kin lu
v v minh lu.)

Tt c chng ta ai cng c tm. Nu chng ta c th kim sot c tm mnh, da trn gii, th

sc mnh ca tm c nh y s v cng k diu. Tm c th thm nhp vo sc chn . Sc
pht sinh di dng cc tng hp sc (rpa kalpa). Nhng tng hp ny nh hn cc nguyn t
(atoms). Thn chng ta do nhng rpa kalpa ny lm thnh v tm c nh c th phn tch
c cc tng hp sc . Tm nh cn c th thm nhp vo thc ti cng tt ca danh (danh
chn ), vo cc nhn ca chng v vo tnh cht sanh dit ca danh-sc cng nh cc nhn y.
Minh st tr thm nhp vo cc hin tng ny gi l tr tu. Tu y tin trin nh nh da trn
gii. Tm nh v tr tu to thnh nng lc. Nng lc ny c th dn n s chng c Nit-bn,
dit tn mi tham m, phin no v kh au.
Mi ngi u c tm. Khi tm c tu tp sung mn nh nh th minh st tr (tu) c th gii
phng con ngi ra khi cc cu u ca dc tham v vng lun hi mt cch hon ton. Song
nh phi da trn gii. i vi hng ti gia th ng gii l cn thit. l:
- Khng st sanh
- Khng trm cp
- Khng t dm
- Khng ni di
- Khng ung ru v cc cht say
Nm gii ny i vi nhng Pht t ti gia l cn thit. Nu ngi no phm vo mt trong nm
iu ny, t nhin h khng cn l mt Pht t chn chnh na. Php quy Tam bo ca ngi y
cng khng cn gi tr. Ngoi ra, ngi Pht t cn phi trnh nhng cch sinh nhai khng chn
chnh (t mng), tc l khng s dng nhng ti sn c c do st sanh, trm cp, t dm, ni
di, ni m thc, ni li th c hoc ni chuyn v ch. Ngi Pht t cng khng can d vo
nm loi ngh bt chnh l mua bn v kh, ngi, sc vt m tht, cc cht say v cc cht
c.
Nh vy, i vi ngi Pht t, gii rt quan trng. Ngoi s h tr cho vic chng c Nitbn, gii gip ngi Pht t c c trng thi an vui lc cn t - nhn t cn thit cho cnh gii
ti sanh. Nu hnh nghip ca mt ngi khng trong sch th khng d g c c mt th
tng tt p, bi v vo lc lm chung, nhng bt thin nghip y thng bm vo tm h, xut
hin trong tm h. V do bt ly mt trong nhng bt thin nghip lm i tng ca tm, h
thng i n nhng kh cnh sau khi cht.
Gii cng quan trng khng km trong vic mu tm hnh phc v an lc trong kip hin ti.
Khng trong sch gii hnh, con ngi khng th tm thy hnh phc v an lc. Thng thng,
mt ngi c nhiu c nghip, t nhin s t c thin hu. M ngi t c bn tt th kh c c
an vui hnh phc trong cuc i.
Thin Ch V Thin Qun
Trong Kinh Php C, c Pht dy:
"Yo ca vassasata jve, dussilo asamhito,
Ekha jvita seyyo, slavantassa jhyino."

(Du sng c trm nm

Khng gii, khng thin nh,
Cuc i ngi nh vy
Khng c g ng khen.
Tt hn sng ch mt ngy
M bit hnh gii, tu thin nh tm.)
V sao? V tm khi c tu tp sung mn qua thin nh c th pht sinh tr tu thm su, tc c
th thy Nit-bn, chm dt vng sanh t lun hi, hy dit mi phin no v kh au.
V th chng ta phi hnh thin ch v thin qun da trn gii. Khi chng ta hnh Ch-Qun,
chng ta phi hnh T Nim X (Cattaro satipahna):
- Nim thn (Kynupassan satipahna)
- Nim th (Vedannupassan satipahna)
- Nim tm (Cittnupassan satipahna)
- Nim php (Dhammnupassan satipahna)
Ci g l "thn" (kya)? Trong thin minh st c hai loi thn: sc thn (rpakya) v danh thn
(nmakya). Sc thn l mt tng hp hai mi tm loi sc. Danh thn l mt nhm cc tm v
tm s ca chng. Ni cch khc, hai thn y l nm un (khandha) - sc, th, tng, hnh v
thc.
Nhng nhng i tng ca thin ch (samatha) nh l hi th, ba mi hai th trc (asubha)
v t i cng c gi l thn. V sao? Chng cng l nguyn khi sc. Chng hn, hi th l
mt nhm cc tng hp sc do tm to. Nu chng ta phn tch cc tng hp sc y, chng ta s
thy c chn loi sc trong mi tng hp: t, nc, la, gi, mu, mi, v, dng cht v (m)
thanh (sc cnh thinh). B xng cng l nguyn khi ca cc tng hp sc. Nu l mt c th
sng th c tng cng nm loi tng hp sc. Nu phn tch cc tng hp sc y, chng ta thy c
bn mi bn loi sc.
Trong phn nim thn, c Pht dy hai loi thin: ch v qun. Trong mc qun thn, Ngi gm
lun nim hi th (npnasati) v ba mi hai th trc v.v... V th, nu hnh gi ang hnh
nim hi th, hnh gi cng ang hnh qun thn. Tt c nhng php thin ch y u i vo
phn qun thn. Sau khi hnh gi thnh cng trong vic hnh thin ch, hnh gi chuyn sang
thin minh st v thy hai mi tm loi sc. Nh th cng l ang hnh qun thn. Vo lc hnh
phn bit danh (nmakammahna), khi hnh gi phn bit cc cm th, th l qun th; khi
phn bit tm, l qun tm; khi phn bit xc, l qun php. Nhng ch phn bit th, tm v xc
thi th cha c cc tu minh st. V th, chng ta phi phn bit cc tm s cn li. Sau
khi phn bit xong danh v sc, chng ta cn phi phn bit cc nhn ca chng trong qu
kh, hin ti v v lai. y l tu phn bit Nhn Duyn (paccaya pariggaha a). Sau tu
phn bit Nhn Duyn, tc l khi hnh gi t n giai on minh st (vipassan), hnh gi c
th nhn mnh vo sc, hoc th, tm hay xc. "Nhn mnh" y khng c ngha l hnh gi
ch phn bit duy nht mt trng thi. Hnh gi c th nhn mnh sc nhng cng khng b qun
danh. Tc l, hnh gi cng phi phn bit th, tm v php na[6].

Hnh gi c th nhn mnh cc cm th. Nhng cc cm th thi cha . Hnh gi cn phi

phn bit cc tm hnh ng sanh vi chng, cc cn ca chng v cc i tng ca chng.
Nm cn v cc i tng ca chng l sc. i vi cc tm v php cng nh vy[7].
V th y, vipassan l qun tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc v cc nhn ca
chng. Cc php y dit ngay khi chng va sanh ln, l v thng. Chng b n p vi bi
s sanh dit lin tc, l kh. Trong cc php y khng c t ng, khng c g bn vng,
thng hng v bt t, l v ng. S phn bit tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc v
cc nhn, cc qu ca chng c gi l thin minh st. Khi mt hnh gi hnh thin ch v
qun, c th ni l hnh gi y ang hnh T Nim X.
Khi hnh gi hnh T Nim X, hnh gi phi khi T Chnh Cn. l:
- Tinh tn ngn khng cho nhng bt thin php khi sanh
- Tinh tn tr dit cc bt thin php sanh
- Tinh tn pht khi nhng thin php cha sanh (nh thin php, minh st thin php, Thnh
o thin php v.v...)
- Tinh tn tu tp cc thin php cho n A-la-hn Thnh qu.
Hnh gi phi hnh nh th no? Hnh gi phi hnh theo T Nim X . Khi hnh cn phi
khi bn loi tinh tn va cp, "d cho tht v mu ta c kh cn ch cn li xng v gn,
ta cng khng t b thin ny."
Khi hnh, hnh gi phi c T Thn Tc:
- Dc (chanda): lng mong mi kin tr v mnh lit mun t n Nit-bn.
- Cn (vriya): tinh tn kin tr v mnh lit t n Nit-bn.
- Tm (citta): tm kin tr v mnh lit t n Nit-bn.
- Thm (vimasa): minh st tu kin tr v mnh lit t n Nit-bn.
Nu c lng mong mi mnh m nh vy, chng ta s t n mc ch. Khng c iu g khng
th thnh tu nu c hoi bo. Vi tinh tn, tm v thm, khng c g khng th thnh tu.
Khi hnh ch v qun da trn gii, chng ta cng phi c ng cn. l:
- Tn (saddha): nim tin kin c ni c Pht v nhng li dy ca Ngi.
- Tn (vriya): vn dng tinh tn mnh.
- Nim (sati): phi c nim mnh trn i tng thin. Nu l thin ch, n phi l mt i
tng nh tng hi th (npna nimitta) hoc tng kasia (kasia nimitta). Nu l minh st
(qun), n phi l danh, sc v cc nhn ca chng.
- nh (samdhi): phi c nh mnh trn cc i tng ch v minh st.
- Tu (paa): phi c s hiu bit y v cc i tng thin ch v thin minh st.
Nm cn tinh thn ny s kim sot tm ca hnh gi, nh vy n khng i chch ra khi con
ng Bt Chnh, a n Nit-bn. Nu hnh gi khng c mt trong nhng cn ny, hnh gi
khng th t n mc tiu ca mnh c. Hnh gi khng th kim sot c tm ca mnh.

Nm cn ny c sc mnh kim sot c tm hnh gi, nh vy n khng ri khi i tng

thin ca hnh gi. Sc mnh ny cng c gi l lc (bala). Trn ngha ca lc, nm cn
tinh thn c gi l ng lc (pacabalni).
Ngoi T Nim X ra, Tht Gic Chi (satta bojjhaga) cng rt quan trng. l:
- Nim (sati)
- Trch php (dhammavicaya). y l minh st tu.
- Tinh tn (vriya)
- H (pti)
- An tnh (passadhi)
- nh (samdhi)
- X (upekkh)
Cui cng, c Bt Chnh o (Ariyo ahangiko maggo):
- Chnh Kin (samm dihi)
- Chnh T Duy (samm sankappa)
- Chnh Ng (samm vc)
- Chnh Nghip (samm kammanta)
- Chnh Mng (samm jva)
- Chnh Tinh Tn (samm vyma)
- Chnh Nim (samm sati)
- Chnh nh (samm samdhi).
Ni cch khc, l Gii, nh v Tu - Tam Hc. Chng ta phi hnh Tam Hc ny mt cch
h thng.
Tt c c 37 Php Tr Gic Ng. c nguyn ca c Pht l cc t ca Ngi phi nm vng
37 Php ny v thc hnh cc php y cho n qu v A-la-hn. Nu lm c iu , chng ta
c th truyn trao cho cc th h tng lai di sn ny. Nh vy, chng ta v cc th h tng lai
s nhn c nhng li ch trong i ny cho n khi chng c Nit-bn.
Nhng Li Khuyn Ca c Pht Cho Tng Chng.
Trong Kinh i Nit-bn, c Pht ni thm:
"Handa dni bhikkhave mantaymi vo,
vayadhamm sankhr appamdena sampdetha."
(Ny cc t khu, tt c hnh (php hu vi) phi chu s tan hoi,
Do hy phn u ch nn d dui.)
Tt c danh-sc v cc nhn ca chng c gi chung l cc hnh (sankhra) v chng c to
ra bi cc nhn tng ng ca chng. Cc hnh lun lun v thng.

Hnh gi khng nn qun v tnh v thng ny. Chnh do qun tnh v thng (ca cc php)
m qu v khao kht cho bn thn mnh, cho con ci, cho gia nh, v.v... Nu bit c mi vt
u mang tnh v thng th trong sut cuc i, chng ta s c gng thot khi n. V th, qu
v khng nn qun li khch l ca c Pht: "Tt c cc hnh phi tan hoi, do , hy phn u
ch nn d dui!"
c Pht dy tip:
"Na cira Tathgatassa Parinibbna bhavissati.
Ito tinna msna accayena Tathgato parinibbyissati".
(Gi dit ca Nh Lai sp n,
Ba thng na, k t hm nay, Nh Lai s nhp i Nit-bn.)
iu c ngha l Ngi s dit hon ton. Qu thc l au bun khi nghe nhng li . c
Pht cng ni:
"Paripakko vayo mayha, paritta mama jvita."
(Tui ta gi qu gi, th mng ch cn ngn ngi.)
Ri Ngi m t tui gi ca Ngi cho Tn gi nanda:
"Ny nanda, Ta nay gi yu, vt qua nm thng,
Nm nay ta tm mi, tri qua cuc i.
Nh mt chic xe c k, ny nanda, c rng gi li vi nhau vi nhiu kh khn, thn ca
Nh Lai cng vy, ch khi c h tr mi tip tc tn ti.
l, ny nanda, ch khi Nh Lai khng tc n cc i tng bn ngoi, vi s dit tr mt
cm th, chng v tr V Tng Tm nh, [8] thn ta mi c thoi mi."
"Pahya vo gamissmi, kata me saraamattano."
(T bit cc ngi ta ra i, ch nng ta vo chnh mnh m thi.)
iu c ngha Ngi s nhp i Nit-bn v ri b tt c. Ngi to dng ni nng ta cho
chnh Ngi bng qu v A-la-hn.
"Do vy, ny nanda, hy l hn o cho chnh mnh, hy nng ta vo chnh mnh, ng tm
s nng ta bn ngoi; hy ly Php lm hn o, ly Php lm ni nng ta, ch tm s
nng ta no khc.
V ny nanda, mt v t khu l hn o cho chnh mnh, l ni nng ta cho chnh mnh,
khng tm ni nng ta bn ngoi, ly Php lm hn o, ly Php lm ni nng ta, khng
tm s nng ta no khc, l th no?"
Cu tr li ca c Pht nh sau:

"Appamatt satimanto susl hotha bhikkhavo

Susamhitasankapp sacittamanurakkhatha."
(Nh vy, ny ch t khu, hy chuyn cn chnh nim v gii hnh trong sch.
Vi quyt tm vng chc, canh gi tm ca cc ngi.)
"Susl hotha bhikkhavo", c ngha, "Ny cc t khu, cc ngi phi c gng thanh tnh gii
hnh ca mnh. Cc ngi phi c gng l nhng v t khu c gii hnh hon ton trong sch."
iu ny mun ni chng ta phi trau di gii hc, l, chnh ng, chnh nghip v chnh
mng.
"Susamhita" ngha l, chng ta phi thc hnh nh hc, tc chnh tinh tn, chnh nim v
chnh nh. "Sankapp", ngha l tu hc, tc chnh kin v chnh t duy.
"Appamatt" ngha l thy, vi minh st tr, tnh v thng, kh v v ng trong cc hnh.
"Satimato" c ngha khi chng ta thc hnh Tam Hc - Gii, nh, Tu - chng ta phi c
chnh nim.
V th chng ta cn phi chnh nim v chuyn cn. Chnh nim v nhng g? Chnh nim v
T Nim X, danh v sc, hay ni khc hn, chng ta phi chnh nim trn cc hnh.
Cui cng, c Pht ni:
"Yo masmi dhamma vinaye appamatto vihessati
pahya jtasamsra dukkhassanta karissati."
(Bt c ngi no nhit tm theo ui Php v Lut (dhamma - vinaya) ny s vt qua vng t
sanh lun hi, on tn mi kh au.)
Nh vy, nu mun chm dt t sanh lun hi, chng ta phi theo nhng li dy ca c Pht,
tc l Bt Thnh o. Chng ta hy phn u n lc trc khi ci cht xy ra.
Cu mong tt c chng sinh c an vui hnh phc.
Ghi ch:
c Pht Gotama c ba loi Thnh qu nh:
1. A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh sau o (maggnantra phala sampatti)[9]. y l A-la-hn Thnh
Qu nh n lin sau thin nghip A-la-hn Thnh o (Noble Arahant-Path wholesome
kamma). N c c tnh ca v gin qu v c cp n nh st-na qu nh (khaika phala
sampatti). Ba st-na tm qu sanh lin sau A-la-hn Thnh o tm ca c Pht thuc v loi
ny.

2. A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh vng lai (valajana phala sampatti). y l A-la-hn Thnh Qu

nh ko di m mt v A-la-hn c th nhp vo lc no cng c. Thin qu ny c xem l
s th hng an lc tch tnh ca Nit-bn v cng cp n nh mt loi st-na qu nh. c
Pht thng xuyn nhp vo nh chng ny, ngay c trong lc Ngi ang thuyt php, khi m
thnh chng ang hoan h ni ln li "sdhu, sdhu" (lnh thay, lnh thay). y phi hiu l,
ch cn mt thi khc ngn ngi gia thi php, lc mi ngi ang hoan h ni li "sdhu", c
Pht nhp vo nh chng ny, ri xut lin tip tc thuyt php.
3. A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh duy tr th mng (yusankhra phala sampatti)[10]. Thnh qu
ny lun lun theo sau vipassan (minh st) vi by cch qun sc v by cch qun danh. Cc
php ny c c B tt thc hnh ngng Gic Ng di ci b v hng ngy t khi
chng au lng ca Ngi xut hin ngi lng Veluna cho n ngy Bt Nit-bn ca Ngi. Lc
sp hon tt cng vic minh st v nhp A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh, c Pht quyt nh: "K t
hm nay cho n ngy Bt Nit-bn, th kh ny s khng khi ln". Ri Ngi tip tc hnh
vipassan tr li sau nhp A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh.
Ci khc gia st-na Thnh qu nh v Thnh qu nh duy tr th mng l ch minh st i
trc. St-na A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh ch l s th hng an lc tch tnh ca Nit-bn c i
trc bi mt phng thc nhp vo minh st bnh thng. Trong khi A-la-hn Thnh Qu
nh duy tr th mng li c i trc bi mt phng thc hnh minh st cao hn i hi phi
c n lc ln, l thc hnh theo by cch qun sc (rpusattaka) v by cch qun danh
(arpusattaka). Ci khc trn phng din kt qu l st-na A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh ch nn
c mt th kh trong thi gian nhp nh chng y, nh mt vin ri vo nc ch xuyn
qua nc bao lu cn tc ng ca n, sau m bo li ph li. Cn A-la-hn Thnh Qu
nh duy tr th mng c th nn cn au trong mt thi hn nh (nh y c Pht
quyt nh 10 thng), ta nh mt ngi khe mnh lao vo h nc v vt sch m bo y,
nh vy m bo s khng ph li trong mt thi gian ng k.
-ooOoo-

[1] Th hnh (usankhr) theo Ch Gii biu th cho chnh tui th (yu), mt t c xc nhn

l ng ngha vi mng cn (jvitindriya), c chc nng duy tr s sng. Xem N.444/MN

[2] DA.II.3 "Mahparinibbna Sutta" (i Nit-bn Kinh).
[3] D.II.3 "i Bt Nit-bn Kinh".
[4] MA. II. iv.i (Ghakra Sutta)
[5] D.II.3 (Mah parinibbna Sutta - i Nit-bn Kinh)
[6] C bn nim x l thn, th, tm, php. Php l nhng thnh phn cn li ca danh thn. c
Pht gii thch Php cng nh nm un, mi hai x, nm trin ci, tht gic chi v T Thnh
. Thc ra kh c th tch cc phng din ca php ny ra c, v mi php bao gm cc
php khc. Chng hn, tu tri T Thnh l tu tri Bt Chnh o. Tu tri Bt Chnh o
cng l tu tri Tht Gic Chi. V cng l tu tri danh-sc, nm un v mi hai x v.v... V
vy, tt c Ba Mi By Php Tr Gic Ng cn phi c tu tri s gic ng xy ra.
[7] Thin s Pa-Auk bn v minh st qua vic ch phn bit cc cm th trong cu tr li 4.6
trn.
[8] y l A-la-hn Thnh qu nh vi V Tng Gii c Nit-bn lm i tng.
[9] y l A-la-hn Thnh qu nh vi V Tng Gii c Nit-bn lm i tng.
[10] Cn gi l A-la-hn Thnh Qu nh bo h th mng (yuplaka phala sampatti) hoc A-

la-hn Thnh Qu nh duy tr mng cn (jivtasankhra phala sampatti).

-ooOoo-

BI PHP THOI 9

Loi cng dng cao thng nht

(Ty h php n cc Th Ch, Ban T Chc v nhng Ngi Tr Gip) [1]
C hai loi cng dng:
- Cng dng cho qu sung mn
- Cng dng khng cho qu.
Qu v thch loi cng dng no? Xin vui lng tr li cu hi ny ca chng ti.
Chng ta hy nhn li nhng c nguyn ca c Pht dnh cho hng t (svaka) ca Ngi v
n lin quan dn s cng dng trong gio php ny. c nguyn ca qu v v c nguyn ca
c Pht ging nhau hay khc - iu ny chng ta s tm hiu trong Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng
(Dakkhinvibhanga Sutta)[2].
Mt thi c Pht ang tr ng trong vng quc ca dng tc Thch Ca (Sakyan) ni khu vn
Nigrodha ti Ca-t-la-v. Lc by gi, b Mahpajpatigotam i n c Pht mang theo mt
cp y mi m b nh nhng ngi th dt kho lo nht lm nn. Sau khi nh l c Pht,
b ngi xung mt bn v ni vi c Pht:
- Bch Ngi (Bhante), cp y mi ny do tay ti quay t, nh ngi dt dnh ring cho c
Pht, xin c Pht v lng bi mn m nhn n.
c Pht ni:
- Ny Gotam, hy cng dng n Tng chng (Sangha). Khi b cng dng y ny n Tng
chng th s cng dng y s ging nh va lm n ta, va lm n Tng chng vy.
B thnh cu c Pht n ba ln v c Pht cng tr li nh vy n ba ln. Lc y, Tn gi
nanda bn tha vi c Pht:
"Bch Ngi, xin Ngi hy hoan h nhn lnh cp y mi ny cho b Mahpajpatigotam. B
tng gip Ngi rt nhiu. B l di mu, l v nui ca Ngi, l ngi cho Ngi sa. B
cho Ngi b mm khi Mu hu qua i.
c Pht cng em li cho b rt nhiu li ch. Chnh nh c Pht m b quy y Pht, quy
y Php, quy y Tng. Chnh nh c Pht m b gi gii khng st sanh, khng trm cp,
khng t hnh trong cc dc, khng ni di, khng ung ru v cc cht say - l nhn sanh d
dui. Chnh nh c Pht m b c nim tin tuyt i ni Tam bo v c gii hnh m cc bc
thnh (ariya) yu mn. Chnh nh c Pht m b dt khi hoi nghi v Kh Thnh
(dukkhasacca), v Tp Thnh (samudayasacca), v Dit Thnh (nodrodhasacca) v v
o Thnh (maggasacca). Nh vy c Pht gip ch cho b Mahpajpatigotam rt
nhiu."

c Pht tr li nh sau:
"Thc s l vy, ny nanda, thc s l vy! Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s, m bit quy
y Tam Bo, ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o s bng cch t lng
cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s, bit gi gii khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khng t
hnh trong cc dc, khng ni di, khng ung ru v cc cht say, l nhn sanh d dui. Ta
ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng
dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s m c nim tin tuyt i ni c Pht, Gio php, ch Tng
v c gii c cc bc Thnh yu mn. Ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc
o s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu
cn thit u.
Khi mt ngi t, nh bc o s m dt hoi nghi v Kh Thnh , v Tp Thnh , v
Dit Thnh , v o Thnh . Ta ni rng khng d g cho ngi t y n p bc o
s bng cch t lng cung knh, ng dy tip nc, phc v v dng cng nhng nhu cu cn
thit u."
Ngang y, chng ta th bn lun ngha c Pht mun ni.
Nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua s hng dn ca mt bc o s th minh st tr
v T Thnh ca v y c li nhiu hn so vi nhng hnh ng tn knh, cng dng t vt
dng n bc o s. Nu ngi y tu tri T Thnh qua Nhp Lu Thnh o tu v Nhp
Lu Thnh qu tu (Sotpatti magga phalaa) th minh st tr ny s gip h thot khi bn
c o (apya: a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh, a-tu-la). Kt qu ny thc l k diu. Nhng ngi
d dui trong vic thc hin nhng thin nghip thng phi lang thang trong bn ci c. Bn
a x y ging nh cn nh ca h (pamattassa ca nma cattro apy sakagehasadis)[3]. Ch
thnh thong h mi ving thm cc ci lnh. Nh vy, thot khi bn a x qu thc l c hi
qu gi, khng th no em so snh vi nhng vic tn knh, cng dng t vt dng cho bc
o s ca ngi t.
Li na, nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua Nht Lai Thnh o tu v Nht Lai
Thnh qu tu (Sakadgmi magga phalaa), ngi y s tr li ci ngi ny ch mt ln
na. Cn nu v y tu tri T Thnh qua Bt Lai Thnh o tu v Bt Lai Thnh qu tu
(Angmi magga phalaa), minh st tr ny s gip v y thot khi mi mt ci dc. V y
nht nh s ti sanh vo mt Phm Thin gii no v khng bao gi tr li ci dc ny. Lc
ca Phm Thin gii th thng hn dc lc rt nhiu. Trong ci Phm Thin khng c n ng,
khng c n b, khng c gia nh, v.v... khng c nh nhau, ci nhau, chng cn phi n
ung. Th mng ca h rt di. Khng ai c th ph hoi hnh phc ca h. H thot khi mi
him nguy, nhng vn phi chu tiu hoi, phi chu ti sanh tr li, nu h khng c A-la-hn.
Hn na, nu mt ngi t tu tri T Thnh qua A-la-hn Thnh o v A-la-hn Thnh
qu (Arahatta magga-phalaa), minh st tr ny s dn n s gii thot khi vng lun hi

ca v y. Sau khi Bt Nit-bn nht nh v y s khng cn kh, khng cn sinh, hoi, bnh, t,
v.v... na. V th, nhng li ch ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng cung knh v dng cng t
vt dng n bc o s ca ngi t. D cho h c cng dng t vt dng cao nh ni Tu
Di, s cng dng y cng khng tr mn n ca h, bi v thot khi lun hi, hay thot
khi sanh, lo, bnh, t gi tr hn rt nhiu.
Th no l T Thnh m ngi t tu tri?
1. Kh Thnh (dukkhasacca) y l nm un. Nu mt ngi t nng vo v o s tu
tri Kh Thnh , minh st tr ny c gi tr hn hnh ng tn knh, cng dng t vt dng
n bc o s.
2. Tp Thnh (samudayasacca) y l duyn khi. Nu mt ngi t nng vo v o
s tu tri Tp Thnh hay duyn khi, minh st tr ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn
trng, cng dng t vt dng n bc o s.
3. Dit Thnh (nidrodha sacca) y l Nit-bn. Nu mt t nng vo bc o s tu
tri Nit-bn, minh st tr ny gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn trng, cng dng t vt dng n
bc o s.
4. o Thnh (magga sacca) y l Bt Thnh o. Ni cch khc, y l minh st tr
(vipassan a) v o tr (magga a). Nu mt ngi t c minh st tr v o tr do
nng mt v o s, nhng minh st tr ny c gi tr hn nhng hnh ng tn trng, cng
dng t vt dng n bc o s v nhng minh st tr ny a n s gii thot khi vng lun
hi, trong khi nhng hnh ng tn trng v cng dng t s khng th l nhn trc tip a
n s gii thot khi lun hi. Tuy nhin cng dng t s c th l mt nhn gin tip h tr
cho ngi ang hnh Ch-Qun t n Nit-bn c.
Nhng C Hi Khng Nn B L
y, mt ln na chng ti mun gii thch thm nm un l Thnh th nht, tc Kh
Thnh . Trong nm un c sc un v sc ny sanh khi nh nhng tng hp sc hay nhng
phn t rt nh. Khi phn tch, hnh gi thng thy rng chng c hai mi tm loi sc. Ngoi
Gio php ca c Pht, khng c bc o s no c th ni v nhng loi sc ny v lm th
no phn loi chng. Ch c c Pht v cc v t ca Ngi mi c th lm c iu .
Hn na, trong nm un cn c bn danh un. Ngoi kit sanh thc (tm tc sinh), tm hu phn
v tm t ra, cc hnh thuc v danh hay tm hnh ny khi ln u phi theo tin trnh tm.
c Pht dy ch xc c bao nhiu tm s phi hp vi mt tm trong mt st-na tm v Ngi
cn dy cch lm th no phn bit v phn loi chng na. Khng c mt bc o s no
ngoi c Pht c th ch r nhng tm hnh ny c bi v cc ngoi o s y khng thc s
liu tri. Song nu mt ngi t ca c Pht thc hnh chuyn cn v c h thng theo nhng
ch dn ca c Pht, h c th phn bit c cc tm hnh y mt cch r rng. y l mt c
hi khng g snh c cho hng t. Qu v khng nn l c hi ny.
Thm na, duyn khi l Thnh th hai hay Tp Thnh - Thnh v ngun gc ca
kh. c Pht cng dy cho hng t ca Ngi bit cch lm th no phn bit duyn khi.

Khi mt ngi t ca c Pht phn bit c duyn khi ng theo nhng ch dn ca Ngi,
h s tu tri mi tng quan gia nhn v qu. H s c c minh st tr bit r rng nhn qu
kh to ra qu hin ti v nhn hin ti to ra qu v lai. V y tu tri c rng trong ba giai
on qu kh, hin ti v v lai, hon ton khng c mt sng to ch no to ra qu v cng
khng c g khi ln m khng c nhn. Tr ny cng ch c c trong Gio php ca c Pht.
V th qu v khng nn b l c hi ny.
V li, khi mt ngi t phn bit duyn khi, v y thy c cc kip qu kh v cc kip
v lai. Nu phn bit vo nhiu kip qu kh, hnh gi c c minh st tr bit r loi bt thin
nghip no dn n ti sanh trong cc kh cnh v loi thin nghip no dn n ti sanh trong
cc ci lnh.
Tr hiu bit v ba mi mt ci v quy lut ca nghip ch c th tm thy trong Gio php ca
c Pht. Ngoi Gio php ca mt v Pht, khng ai c th bit c ba mi mt ci v quy
lut nghip bo vn to ra ti sanh trong mi ci y. Nh vy qu v cng khng nn b l c
hi ny.
Cn na, nu mt ngi t phn bit nhn qu trong cc kip v lai, v y cng thy c s
dit ca danh-sc. V y tu tri khi no th danh-sc ca mnh s dit. y l Thnh th ba Dit Thnh . Tr ny ch c th c c trong Gio php ca c Pht. V th hnh gi khng
nn b l c hi ny.
c Pht cng dy con ng i n trng thi dit , tc Thnh th t hay Ch-Qun
(samatha-vipassan). Ch-Qun c ngha l Bt Thnh o. Tr Phn Tch Danh-sc v Tr Phn
Bit Nhn Duyn l chnh kin. Tr (bit) v s dit ca danh-sc cng l chnh kin. S ch
tm vo T Thnh l chnh t duy. Chnh kin v chnh t duy y l minh st
(vipassan). Mun hnh minh st chng ta phi c nh ca thin ch (samatha), tc l chnh
tinh tn, chnh nim v chnh nh. Khi chng ta trau di ch qun, chng ta phi c thanh tnh
gii - chnh ng, chnh nghip v chnh mng. Trau di ch qun da trn gii, tc l trau di
Bt Chnh o v Bt Chnh o ny ch c th tm thy trong Gio php ca mt v Pht. Do
, qu v cng khng nn b l c hi ny. V sao? Minh st tr v T Thnh a n s
gii thot khi vng t sanh lun hi ca ngi t vy.
Mi bn loi cng dng theo c nhn
Nh cp, s gii thot ny vn c th c h tr bi nhng hnh ng b th hay cng
dng ca ngi t. Trong Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng m u bi ging ny c cp
n, c Pht gii thch 14 loi cng dng theo c nhn hay i nhn th
(ptipuggalikadakkhia) nh sau:
"Ny nanda, c 14 loi i nhn th:
- Cng dng n mt v Pht. y l i nhn th th nht.
- Cng dng n mt v c Gic Pht (Paccekabuddha). y l i nhn th th hai.
- Cng dng n mt v A-la-hn. y l i nhn th th ba.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l da n s chng c A-la-hn Thnh qu. y l

i nhn th th t.
- Cng dng n mt v Bt Lai. y l i nhn th th nm.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Bt Lai Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th su.
- Cng dng n mt v Nht Lai. y l i nhn th th by.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Nht Lai Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th tm.
- Cng dng n mt v Nhp Lu. y l i nhn th th chn.
- Cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l a n s chng c Nhp Lu Thnh qu. y l
i nhn th th mi.
- Cng dng n mt v ngoi gio php (c Pht) ly tham i vi cc dc do chng thin.
y l i nhn th th mi mt.
- Cng dng n mt phm nhn c gii c. y l i nhn th th mi hai.
- Cng dng n mt phm nhn khng gii c. y l i nhn th th mi ba.
- B th n mt con vt. y l i nhn th th mi bn."
Sau , c Pht gii thch nhng li ch ca mi bn loi cng dng ny.
Do b th n mt con vt, vi tm trong sch, s b th ny c th c p tr li gp mt trm
ln.
iu c ngha l vic lm y c th to ra kt qu trong mt trm kip. y, "tm trong
sch" tc l b th khng mong i p tr nh mong s gip t ngi th nhn chng hn.
Ngi lm phc ch tch to thin nghip, vi c tin mnh ni quy lut ca nghip. Gi
s mt ngi cho ch n vi ngh: "v y l con ch ca ta" - khng phi l mt trng thi
tm trong sch. Nhng nu mt ngi b th thc n cho chim chc th s b th y l trong sch
v h khng mong i iu g ni nhng con chim c.iu ny cng p dng cho nhng
trng hp khc cp. Chng hn, nu mt ngi cng dng t vt dng ti v t khu vi
ngh rng s cng dng ny s em li may mn trong cng vic lm n ca mnh th
khng phi l cng dng vi tm trong sch. Loi cng dng nh vy khng to ra nhng li
ch th thng.
Ri c Pht gii thch thm:
Do b th vi tm trong sch n mt phm nhn khng gii c, s b th ny c th c p
tr li gp mt ngn ln.
Do cng dng vi tm trong sch n mt phm nhn gii c, s cng dng y c th c
p tr li mt trm ngn ln.
Do cng dng n mt ngi ngoi gio php ly tham i vi cc dc nh chng thin, s
cng dng y c th c p tr mt ngn vn ln.
Do cng dng n mt v nhp vo o l dn n s chng c Nhp Lu Thnh qu, kt
qu ca s cng dng y khng th tnh k, khng th o lng c.

Nh vy, cn ni g n vic cng dng n mt v Nhp Lu; hoc n mt v nhp vo

o l dn n s chng c Nht Lai Thnh qu, hay n mt v Nht Lai; hoc n mt v
nhp vo o l dn n Bt Lai Thnh qu, hay n mt v Bt Lai; hoc n mt v nhp
vo o l dn n A-la-hn Thnh qu, hay mt v A-la-hn; hoc n mt v c Gic Pht;
hoc n mt v Ton Gic Pht?
y, mt s cng dng ngha l ngi y cng dng, v d thc n, ch cho mt ba.
Nu ngi y cng dng nhiu ln, nh lm trong nhiu ngy, hoc nhiu thng th khng c
ngn t no c th din t ht li ch ca s cng dng .
By Loi Cng Dng n Tng Chng
Sau c Pht gii thch cho tn gi nanda v cc loi cng dng khc.
C by loi cng dng n Tng chng (Sangha dna).
- Cng dng n c hai chng t khu Tng v t khu Ni c c Pht l ta ch. y l loi
cng dng th nht n Tng chng.
- Cng dng n c hai chng t khu Tng v t khu Ni sau khi c Pht Bt Nit-bn.
y l loi cng dng th hai n Tng chng.
- Cng dng n Tng chng t khu. y l loi cng dng th ba n Tng chng.
- Cng dng n chng t khu Ni. y l loi cng dng th t n Tng chng.
- Cng dng bng cch ni: "Xin tng chng hy ch nh chng ny v t khu v t khu ni
n con." y l loi cng dng th nm n Tng chng.
- Cng dng bng cch ni: "Xin Tng chng hy ch nh chng ny v t khu n con". y
l loi cng dng th su n Tng chng.
- Cng dng bng cch ni: "Xin Tng chng hy ch nh chng ny v t khu Ni n con".
y l loi cng dng th by n Tng chng.
Trn y l by loi cng dng n Tng chng. c Pht sau so snh nhng s cng
dng n c nhn (i nhn th) vi s cng dng n Tng chng.
Trong thi v lai s c nhng ngi ch l t khu trn danh ngha, ch cn "mnh vi vng
quanh c", c tnh, khng o c. Ngi ta s cng dng n nhng ngi khng o c
thay mt cho Tng chng y. Ngay c nh vy, mt s cng dng n Tng chng cng em
li phc bu khng th tnh k, khng th o lng c.
iu ny c ngha, s cng dng n Tng chng (Sangha dna) li ch hn rt nhiu so vi s
cng dng n c nhn (pipuggalika dakkhina). Nu b Mahpajpatigotam cng dng cp
y y n Tng chng c c Pht ta ch th li ch s th thng hn, kt qu khng th tnh k
v khng th o lng c. V th m c Pht khuyn b nn cng dng n Tng chng.
Trong bi Kinh, c Pht cng gii thch bn loi thanh tnh cng dng.

Bn Loi Thanh Tnh Cng Dng

l:
- Cng dng c thanh tnh bi th ch ch khng bi ngi th nhn. y, th ch l ngi
gii c, thin tnh v ngi th nhn l ngi khng o c, c tnh. Nh vy, s cng dng
y c thanh tnh bi th ch ch khng bi ngi th nhn.
- Cng dng c thanh tnh bi ngi th nhn ch khng do th ch. y, th ch l ngi
khng o c, c tnh v ngi th nhn l ngi gii c, thin tnh. Nh vy, s cng dng
y c thanh tnh bi ngi th nhn ch khng bi th ch.
- Cng dng khng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn. y, th ch v ngi
th nhn u l ngi khng gii c, c tnh. Nh vy, s cng dng y khng c thanh
tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn.
- Cng dng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn. y, th ch v ngi th
nhn u l ngi gii c, thin tnh. Nh vy, s cng dng y c thanh tnh bi c th
ch ln ngi th nhn.
c Pht gii thch thm:
"Khi mt ngi gii c b th n mt ngi khng o c,
Vi tm trong sch khng cu nhim[4],
Vt th c c mt cch chn chnh,
t nim tin ln vo qu ca nghip,
Gii c ngi b th lm thanh tnh cng dng."
c c nhng li ch cao thng, ngi b th phi hon tt bn iu kin k trn, v lc y,
mc d ngi th nhn l mt ngi khng o c, vic cng dng vn c thanh tnh bi
th ch.
Ch gii c cp n trng hp ca Vessantara[5]. c B tt ca chng ta trong mt kip
qu kh c tn l Vessantara b th ngi con trai v con gi ca mnh (sau ny l Rahula v
Uppalavaa) cho B-la-mn Jjaka, mt ngi c tnh v v o c. Cuc b th y l cuc
b th cui cng v cc ba-la-mt v b th ca B tt Vessantara c y . Sau khi hon
tt ba-la-mt cui cng ny, Ngi sn sng t n s gic ng, mt s kin m Ngi ch
ch thi gian chn mi m thi. Nh ba-la-mt b th ny v cc ba-la-mt khc trc , gi
y Ngi chc chn s c Nht Thit Tr (Sabbaut a). V th, chng ta c th ni rng b
th l mt tr duyn cho s chng ng ca Ngi. N c thanh tnh bi B tt Vessantara.
Vo lc , Vessantara l mt ngi gii c, thin tnh. S b th ca Ngi c c mt cch
chn chnh. Tm Ngi trong sch v khng cu nhim v Ngi ch c mt c nguyn l t n
gic ng. Ngi c c tin mnh ni Quy lut nghip bo. V th, s cng dng y c
thanh tnh bi ngi cho hay th ch.

Loi cng dng c thanh tnh bi ngi th nhn l khi mt ngi khng o c, tm
khng trong sch, y nhng tham m v sn hn v.v..., khng c c tin ni Quy lut nghip
bo, cng dng vt c c mt cch bt chnh cho mt ngi gii c. Ch gii cp n
mt ngi nh c. Ngi nh c ny sng gn ca sng Kalyani Sri Lanka (Tch Lan) ba
ln cng dng thc n n mt v Trng lo l bc A-la-hn. Vo lc sp cht, ngi nh c
y nh ti nhng ln cng dng ca mnh n v Trng lo. Do vy, nhng tng tt v mt
Thin gii xut hin trong tm ng. V th, trc khi cht ng ni vi thn quyn ca mnh
"Trng lo y cu ti". Sau , ng c ti sanh vo ci ch Thin. Trong trng hp ny,
ngi nh c l ngi khng o c v c tnh, nhng ngi th nhn l mt bc gii c. V
th, s cng dng ny c gi l thanh tnh nh ngi th nhn.
Loi cng dng khng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn l khi mt ngi
khng o c, tm khng trong sch, y nhng tham m v sn hn, khng c c tin ni
Quy lut nghip bo, cng dng vt c c mt cch bt chnh cho mt ngi khng o c.
Ch gii cp n trng hp mt ngi th sn. Khi ng ta cht, ng sanh vo cnh gii ng
qu. Lc v ng cng dng vt thc cho mt v t khu khng gii c hi hng phc
cho ng, ng qu ny khng th ni ln li "Sdhu" (lnh thay - t hoan h) c. Ti sao? Th
ch l mt ngi khng o c, khng c gii. V l v ca mt ngi th sn, b ta thng
ph vi chng khi ng git th. Hn na, vt cng dng ca b li c c mt cch bt chnh
do git th m ra. Tm b khng trong sch v nu trong sch v c hiu bit hn b khng i
sn cng vi chng. B khng c c tin ni nghip v qu ca nghip, v nu c b khng
lm vic st sanh. Trong khi ngi th nhn cng l ngi khng o c, c tnh nn s
cng dng y khng c thanh tnh bi c th ch ln ngi th nhn. B ta cng dng vt
thc nh vy ba ln v c ba ln u khng c kt qu. V th m ng qu (chng b) la ln:
"Mt k v o c ba ln n cp ti sn ca ti". Sau , b cng dng vt thc n mt v
t khu gii c, v ny lm cho s cng dng c thanh tnh. Ngay lc y, ng qu tht
ln li "Sdhu" v thot khi cnh kh.
( y, chng ti xin nhc li, nu qu v mun c c nhng kt qu tt p t vic cng
dng th nn hon tt bn iu kin sau:
- L ngi c gii c.
- Vt cng dng c c mt cch chn chnh.
- Tm trong sch, khng cu nhim.
- C c tin mnh ni nghip v qu ca nghip.
Thm na, nu l ngi th nhn, tm t bi ca qu v i vi th ch phi mnh. Ngoi ra,
qu v cn phi l ngi c gii c. Nu gii ca qu v c km theo bi thin v cc tu
minh st th iu cng tt hn na. V sao? Loi cng dng ny c th cho th ch nhng kt
qu to ln hn.)
By gi chng ta s xt n loi cng dng k tip, loi cng dng c thanh tnh bi th ch
ln ngi th nhn. Khi th ch hon tt bn iu kin k trn v ngi th nhn cng phi l
ngi gii c th theo li c Pht:
"Ny nanda, ta ni loi cng dng ny s a n qu sung mn."

C ngha l, cng dng ny c th to ra nhng kt qu khng th tnh lng c. Nu gii

ca ngi th nhn c km theo bi thin hoc minh st tr, hoc cc o - Qu tr th hiu lc
ca s cng dng y cn th thng nhiu hn na.
Su Php Ca Mt S Cng Dng Bt Kh Tnh Lng
y, chng ta s c mt bi Kinh khc - Chalangadna Sutta - trong Tng Chi b Kinh. Mt
ln, c Pht ng ti K Vin tnh x (Jetavana) trong khu vn ca ng Cp C c gn thnh
X-v. Lc y m ca Nanda, mt t ti gia ca c Pht sng Velukandaka, cng
dng thc n n Tng chng. Bui cng dng ca b c y su php v ngi th nhn
l ch t khu Tng do Tn gi X Li Pht v Mc Kin Lin ng u. c Pht vi thin
nhn thy c s cng dng ny bn ni vi ch Tng:
"Ny ch t khu, n c s Velukandara sa son mt l cng dng c y su php
n ch Tng do X Li Pht v Mc Kin lin ng u. Th no l s cng dng c y
su php?
Ny ch t khu, th ch phi c y ba php v ngi th nhn cng phi c y ba php.
Th no l ba php ca th ch?
- Trc khi cng dng th ch c tm hoan h.
- Trong khi cng dng tm ca th ch tha mn.
- Sau khi cng dng th ch cng hoan h.
y l ba php ca th ch.
Ny ch t khu, th no l ba php ca ngi th nhn?
- Ngi th nhn dit tham hay ang c gng dit tham.
- Ngi th nhn dit sn hay ang c gng dit sn.
- Ngi th nhn dit si hay ang c gng dit si.
y l ba php ca ngi th nhn.
Tt c c su php. Nu s cng dng c y su php ny th s to ra nhng kt qu cao
qu v bt kh tnh lng".
Sau c Pht gii thch thm:
"Ny cc t khu, tht khng d g hiu thu c hn lng cng c ca mt s b th nh th
ny bng cch ni: "s em li nhiu chng ny cng c, chng ny l s tt p, tch to
nhiu thin nghip cho i sau, s cho qu bo lc dn n ci tri, dn n hnh phc, c yu
mn." Qu thc khi cng c ln ny, thin nghip ln ny ch c lit vo bt kh tnh k,
bt kh tnh lng.

Ny ch t khu, v nh khng d g hiu thu c hn lng ca nc trong i dng ni:

"C nhiu chng ny x nc, nhiu trm x nc, nhiu ngn x nc", v khi nc ln y
c lit vo bt kh tnh k, bt kh tnh lng. Cng vy, ny ch t khu, tht khng d g
hiu thu c hn lng cng c ca s cng dng c y su php ny. Qu thc vy,
khi cng c ny c lit vo bt kh tnh k, bt kh tnh lng."
Ti sao? V th ch ny c y bn php m trong Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng cp:
- L ngi c gii.
- Vt cng dng c c mt cch chn chnh.
- Tm trong sch, khng cu nhim.
- C c tin mnh ni nghip v qu ca nghip.
V ba php ca th ch, trong Kinh Su Php Cng Dng cp cng y :
- Trc khi b th c tm hoan h.
- Trong khi b th tm tha mn.
- Sau khi b th tm cng hoan h.
D nam hay n, nhng iu kin ny c mt trong ngi cng dng (th ch) l iu rt quan
trng. Nu ngi nam hay n no mong i nhng thin qu khng th tnh, khng th lng
ny, h phi c gng hon thin nhng iu kin y. D nhin, theo Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng
th phi l mt v t khu hay t khu ni hnh Ch-Qun n A-la-hn Thnh qu, hoc l
ngi ang trau di Ch-Qun tiu dit tham (lobha), sn (dosa) v si (moha).
Cng Dng Trong Thng Tnh C
Hin nay, trong ngi cha Yi - tung[6] ny c nhiu v t khu v t khu ni ang hnh thin ch
v thin qun on dit tham, sn, si. H cng l nhng ngi c gii c. V th, chng ta c
th ni:
- C nhng ngi th nhn xng ng y.
- Th ch cng l nhng ngi c gii c.
- Tm ca h c th trong sch, khng cu nhim.
- Nhng g h cng dng c c mt cch chn chnh.
- H c c tin trong sch ni Tam Bo, nghip v qu ca nghip.
V:
- H hoan h trc khi cng dng.
- Tha mn trong khi cng dng.
- Hoan h sau khi cng dng.
Nh vy, chng ta c th ni rng s cng dng trong hai thng ny l hp theo nhng c
nguyn ca c Pht. l s cng dng cao qu.

Nhng c Nguyn Ca Th Ch
Nu nhng th ch mong i qu bo tt lnh trong ngy v lai, chc chn thin nghip ny s
p ng lng mong mun ca h. V sao? Trong Kinh Dnpapatti, c Pht c ni:
"Ijjhati bhikkhave slavato cetopaidhi visuddhatt"
(Ny ch t khu, c nguyn ca mt ngi c gii chc chn s c thnh tu nh gii hnh
trong sch.)
Nh vy, thin nghip ca mt ngi c gii c c th lm cho c nguyn ca ngi y tr
thnh hin thc.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Pht, ngi y c th tr thnh mt v Pht.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v c Gic Pht, ngi c th tr thnh mt v c Gic Pht.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Thng Th Thanh Vn (Aggasvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh
mt v Thng Th Thanh Vn.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v i Thanh Vn (Mahsvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh v i
Thanh Vn.
- Nu mun tr thnh mt v Thanh Vn thng (Pakatisvaka), ngi y c th tr thnh mt v
Thanh Vn thng.
Nhng iu ny ch xy ra khi cc ba-la-mt ca ngi y chn mi. c nguyn thi th cha
t n nhng loi gic ng y c.
Li na:
- Nu mun hnh phc nhn loi trong kip sau, ngi y c th t c hnh phc y trong ci
ngi.
- Nu mun i n ci ch Thin, ngi y c th i n ci ch Thin.
- Nu mun i n ci Phm Thin sau khi cht, thin nghip ny c th l mt tr duyn cho
ngi y i n ci ch Thin.
Bng cch no? Nu s cng dng ca ngi y hi nhng iu kin cp trc,
ngha l, trc, trong v sau khi cng dng, tm v y trn y hoan h, trong sch, khng cu
nhim, ng thi xem vt cng dng v ngi th nhn nh nhng i tng. y, ngi th
nhn tr thnh i tng hnh thin tm t. Tm t ca ngi y i vi ngi th nhn rt
mnh. Nu vo lc v y hnh thin tm t (mett bhvan) th thin s a v y n ci
Phm Thin sau khi cht. Nh vy, s cng dng ny l mt tr duyn cho v y i n ci
Phm Thin. Do , nu ngi th ch mun i n Phm Thin gii sau khi cht, h phi hnh
thin tm t cho n khi c thin (jhna). Cn nu h hnh v c thin tm t, li hoan h
cng dng vt thc th thin nghip y s l mt tr duyn th thng v mnh m cho h i n
ci Phm Thin. Cho nn, mun c c nhng thin qu trong tng lai, qu v nn hnh thin
tm t. Trong s ba loi lc: nhn lc, Thin lc v Phm Thin lc th Phm Thin lc l ti
thng. Khng c lc no trong tam gii cao thng hn lc ca ci Phm Thin. l lc th
thng nht trong 31 ci.

Th Thng Nht Trong Cc Cng Dng Th Gian

l loi cng dng th hai c cp u bi ging ny - loi cng dng khng cho
qu. Qu v c thch loi cng dng ny khng? Nu thch, xin qu v hy lng nghe bi k sau
y trong Kinh Phn Bit Cng Dng (Dakkhinvibhanga Sutta).
"Yo vtargo vtargasu dadti dna
Dhammena laddha supasannacitto
Abhisaddaha kammaphala uhra
Ta ve dna masadnnamagganti."
(Ny ch t khu, ta ni rng, mt v A-la-hn vi tm trong sch, khng cu nhim, tin vo qu
ca nghip, cng dng n mt v A-la-hn vt (m h) c c mt cch chn chnh th s
cng dng y thc s l ti thng nht trong cc loi cng dng th gian.)
Trong trng hp ny, chng ta thy c bn php hin din ni ngi th ch:
- Th ch l bc A-la-hn.
- Vt cng dng c c mt cch chn chnh.
- Tm th ch trong sch, khng cu nhim.
- C c tin y ni nghip v qu ca nghip.
Nhng y, php th nm cn thit l:
- Ngi th nhn cng l mt bc A-la-hn.
c Pht dy loi cng dng ny, tc mt v A-la-hn cng dng n mt v A-la-hn, l loi
cng dng th gian cao thng nht. V sao? V s cng dng ny khng c qu. Ngha l
sao? Th ch l ngi on tn si m v mi tham i i vi cuc sng. V minh (avijj) v
tham i (tah) l nhng nhn chnh to nghip (kamma), tc cc hnh (sakhra). Trong
trng hp ny, cc hnh ngha l nhng hnh ng thin nh lm phc cng dng. Tuy
nhin, nghip ny khng cho qu v khng c nhng nhn h tr, tc l khng c v minh v
tham i. Chng ta bit, nu r ca mt ci cy b ct t hon ton th cy y khng th tr qu
c na. Cng vy, s cng dng ca mt v A-la-hn khng th to qu v cc nhn v minh
v tham i b dit hon ton. V y khng mong ch mt kip sng tng lai. Trong Kinh
Chu Bu (Ratana Sutta), c Pht dy:
Khna purna nava natthi sambhava
Virattacitt"yatike bhavasmi
Te khabj avirlhichand
Nibbanti dhr yathya padpo
Idampi sanghe ratana panta
Etena saccena suvatthi hotu.
(Nghip c tiu mn
Nghip mi khng sanh khi

Nhm chn kip lai sinh

Chng t dc on tn.[7]
Bc tr chng Nit-bn
V nh ngn n tt.
Nh vy chnh Tng Bo
L chu bu th diu.
Mong vi s tht ny,
c sng chn hnh phc.
( -- T khu Vin Minh dch)
Ngha l cc bc A-la-hn cn ht mi thin nghip v bt thin nghip c. Cc thin nghip
v bt thin mi cng khng khi ln ni h. Cc Ngi on dit ht nhng ht ging ti
sanh, khng mong ch mt kip sng tng lai. Danh-sc ca cc Ngi s chm dt, ta nh
ngn n khi du cn v tim ln vy.
Do li chn tht ny, cu mong tt c chng sinh c an vui v thot khi mi him nguy.
y l mt li xc nhn s tht. Do li xc nhn s tht ny m tt c ngi dn Vesli (Tx-ly) c thot khi mi him nguy[8].
Cng dng ca mt v A-la-hn l cng dng cao thng nht v n khng c kt qu trong
tng lai. Nu khng c i sng tng lai, s khng cn sanh, lo, bnh v t. y l loi cng
dng cao thng nht - cng dng khng cho qu hay khng c kt qu.
Trong trng hp ca loi cng dng th nht - cng dng c kt qu, nh hnh phc trong
nhn gii, trong Thin gii hoc trong Phm Thin gii, vn cn kh. t nht th ngi b th vn
phi chu s chi phi ca sanh, gi, bnh, cht. Nu th ch vn cn tham m cc dc trn, d
hu tnh hay v tnh th khi cc i tng y hoi dit hay mt i, v y cng cn cm gic su,
bi, kh, u v no nh thng.
Qu v th suy xt v vn ny xem, chng ta c th ni rng, mt s cng dng l cao
thng khi n to ra sanh, lo, bnh, t, su, bi, kh, u, no hay khng? V cng suy xt thm,
chng ta c th ni rng, mt s cng dng l cao thng khi n khng cho qu - khng cn
sanh, lo, bnh, t, su, bi, kh, u, no khng? y l l do v sao c Pht tn dng loi cng
dng th hai l cao thng nht. n y chc qu v hiu ngha ca bi Php ny. Lc bt
u bi Php, chng ta cp c hai loi cng dng. l, cng dng cho qu sung mn
v cng dng khng cho qu. Qu v thch loi cng dng no? By gi chc qu v c
c cu tr li.

Qu V Thc Hin Vic Cng Dng Cao Thng Nht Nh Th No?

Nu th ch khng phi l bc A-la-hn, lm sao c th thc hin c loi cng dng th hai?
Trong Kinh Su Php Cng Dng (Chaangadna sutta) ni trc, c Pht dy rng c
hai cch ngi y c th lm, l, khi ngi th nhn hoc on tr tham, sn, si; hoc ang
c gng on tr tham, sn, si. Chng ta c th ni rng cng dng y l cao thng nht, nu
th ch cng l ngi ang c gng on tr tham, sn, si, tc l vo lc cng dng, v y thc
hnh Vipassan.[9]
- Phn bit danh-sc ca chnh mnh v tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc y.
- Phn bit tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca danh-sc bn ngoi, c bit danh-sc ca
ngi th nhn.
- Phn bit tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca sc chn trong cc vt cng dng.
- Phn bit tnh cht v thng, kh v v ng ca danh php thin khi ln ni t thn trong lc
cng dng.
Khi hnh gi nhn vo t i trong nhng vt cng dng, hnh gi rt d thy cc tng hp sc.
Khi phn tch cc tng hp sc, hnh gi phn bit c tm sc cht: t, nc, la, gi, mu,
mi, v v dng cht. Cc tng hp sc l nhng th h sc do thi tit sanh (utujarpa), c
to ra bi ha i trong mi tng hp sc. K tip, hnh gi phn bit tnh cht v thng, kh
v v ng ca chng. Nu c th thc hin c loi minh st ny trong lc cng dng th
tham, sn, si ca th ch b nn ngay lc v s cng dng y cng thng khng cho qu.
Theo cch , chng ta cng c th ni rng loi cng dng ny l cao thng nht.
Th ch c th thc hin loi minh st ny trc, sau hoc trong lc ang cng dng. Nhng
minh st ca h phi tht kin tr v mnh m. t nht, h cng phi hnh (minh st) cho n giai
on Tu (qun) S Hoi Dit (Bhanga a). Ch khi y hnh gi mi c th hnh loi minh st
. Nh vy, chng ta cng khng nn b l c hi ny. C hi ny ch c trong thi k gio
php ca c Pht. y, qu v c th hi, lm th no chng ti c th thc hin loi cng
dng ny nu chng ti khng c minh st tr? Trong trng hp nh vy, ti ngh qu v
nn thc hin vic cng dng ca mnh vi ngh: "Cu mong cng dng ny s l mt tr
duyn t n Nit-bn". Bi v c Pht nhiu ln dy l nn thc hin vic cng dng vi
c mong chng c Nit-bn nh vy.
kt thc bi Php, chng ti xin nhc li bi k t Kinh Chu Bu (Ratana Sutta).
"Khna purna nava natthi sambhava
Virattacitt"yatike bhavasmi
Te khabj avirlhichand
Nibbanti dhr yathya padpo
Idampi sanghe ratana panta
Etena saccena suvatthi hotu."
(Nghip c tiu mn
Nghip mi khng sanh khi
Nhm chn kip lai sinh

Chng t dc on tn.[10]
Bc tr chng Nit-bn
V nh ngn n tt.
Nh vy chnh Tng Bo
L chu bu th diu.
Mong vi s tht ny,
c sng chn hnh phc.)
( -- T khu Vin Minh dch)
Cu mong tt c chng sinh c an vui v hnh phc.
-ooOoo-

[1] Mt bi php c thuyt sau khi th ch cng dng, nh trong trng hp ny, gi theo

Pi l Anumodana php. "Anu" c ngha nhc i nhc li nhiu ln, "modana" ngha l hoan h.
Nh vy mt bi ging Anumodana l mt Ty H Php nhm nng cao tm ca nhng th ch,
lm tng thm thin nghip v phc bu cho vic lm ca h v khc ghi iu trong tm tr
h.
[2] MIII.iv.12
[3] Dh.A.I.i.I "Cakkhupalatthera" (Cu chuyn Trng lo Cakkhupala).
[4] Vi tm khng mong i, tham m, sn hn,...
[5] MA.III.iv.12 "Dakkhivibhanga Sutta".
[6] Yi-tung l ngi cha i Loan, ni thin s Pa-Auk Sadadaw c mi n dy thin cho

Tng ni v Pht t y.
[7] Ht ging ti sanh (chng t) y l v minh, tham i v nghip lc.
[8] Vesli l mt thnh ph lc ny ang b nn i, hn hn, d xoa c v nhng bnh dch nguy

him. Ngi dn y thnh cu c Pht gip h v Ngi dy cho h bi Kinh Ratana

ny.
[9] Pahna (Duyn H) - B th nm ca Tng Diu Php, phn Kusalattika (cc nhm Ba

Thin Php).
[10] Ht ging ti sanh (chng t) y l v minh, tham i v nghip lc.

-ooOoo