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Chuong 1-TONGQUAN PDF
Chuong 1-TONGQUAN PDF
CHNG 1:
Thiet b chuyen
mach
Thiet b truyen
dan
Thiet b truyen
dan
Thiet b chuyen
mach
Moi trng
truyen dan
Hnh 1-1 Cac thanh phan chnh cua mang vien thong
Thiet b chuyen mach gom co tong ai noi hat va tong ai qua
giang. Cac thue bao c noi vao tong ai noi hat va tong ai noi
hat c noi vao tong ai qua giang. Nh cac thiet b chuyen mach
ma ng truyen dan c dung chung va mang co the c s dung
mot cach kinh te.
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Thiet b truyen dan dung e noi thiet b au cuoi vi tong ai, hay
gia cac tong ai e thc hien viec truyen a cac tn hieu ien.
Thiet b truyen dan chia lam hai loai: thiet b truyen dan pha thue
bao va thiet b truyen dan cap quang. Thiet b truyen dan pha thue
bao dung moi trng thng la cap kim loai, tuy nhien co mot so
trng hp moi trng truyen la cap quang hoac vo tuyen.
Moi trng truyen bao gom truyen hu tuyen va vo tuyen. Truyen
hu tuyen bao gom cap kim loai, cap quang. Truyen vo tuyen bao
gom vi ba, ve tinh.
Thiet b au cuoi cho mang thoai truyen thong gom may ien thoai,
may Fax, may tnh, tong ai PABX.
Mang vien thong cung co the c nh ngha nh sau: Mang vien
thong la mot he thong gom cac nut chuyen mach c noi vi nhau bang
cac ng truyen dan. Nut c phan thanh nhieu cap va ket hp vi cac
ng truyen dan tao thanh cac cap mang khac nhau.
GW
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HLE
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Cap 1
Tong ai quoc te
Cap 2
Cap 3
Cap 4
Cap 5
Tong ai khu vc
Hnh 1-3 Cau truc mang phan cap
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la cac tong ai loai ln. Cac tong ai nay co kien truc tap trung, cau truc
phan mem va phan cng oc quyen.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) la mang so tch hp dch
vu. ISDN cung cap nhieu loai ng dung thoai va phi thoai trong cung mot
mang va xay dng giao tiep ngi s dung mang a dch vu bang mot so
gii han cac ket noi ISDN cung cap nhieu ng dung khac nhau bao gom cac
ket noi chuyen mach va khong chuyen mach. Cac ket noi chuyen mach cua
ISDN bao gom nhieu chuyen mach thc, chuyen mach goi va s ket hp cua
chung. Cac dch vu mi phai tng hp vi cac ket noi chuyen mach so 64
kbit/s. ISDN phai cha s thong minh e cung cap cho cac dch vu, bao
dng va cac chc nang quan ly mang, tuy nhien tnh thong minh nay co the
khong u e cho mot vai dch vu mi va can c tang cng t mang hoac
t s thong minh thch ng trong cac thiet b au cuoi cua ngi s dung. S
dung kien truc phan lp lam ac trng cua truy xuat ISDN. Truy xuat cua
ngi s dung en nguon ISDN co the khac nhau tuy thuoc vao dch vu yeu
cau va tnh trang ISDN cua tng quoc gia. Can thay rang ISDN c s
dung vi nhieu cau hnh khac nhau tuy theo hien trang mang vien thong cua
tng quoc gia.
PSDN (Public Switching Data Network) la mang chuyen mach so lieu
cong cong. PSDN chu yeu cung cap cac dch vu so lieu. Mang PSDN bao
gom cac PoP (Point of Presence) va cac thiet b truy nhap t xa. Hien nay
PSDN ang phat trien vi toc o rat nhanh do s bung no cua dch vu
Internet va cac mang rieng ao (Virtual Private Network).
Mang di ong GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecom) la mang cung
cap dch vu thoai tng t nh PSTN nhng qua ng truy nhap vo tuyen.
Mang nay chuyen mach da tren cong nghe ghep kenh phan thi gian va
cong nghe ghep kenh phan tan so. Cac thanh phan c ban cua mang nay la:
BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transfer Station), HLR (Home
Location Register), VLR ( Visitor Location Register) va MS ( Mobile
Subscriber).
Hien nay cac nha cung cap dch vu thu c li nhuan phan ln t cac
dch vu nh leased line, Frame Relay, ATM, va cac dch vu ket noi c ban.
Tuy nhien xu hng giam li nhuan t cac dch vu nay bat buoc cac nha
khai thac phai tm dch vu mi da tren IP e am bao li nhuan lau dai.
VPN la mot hng i cua cac nha khai thac. Cac dch vu da tren nen IP
cung cap ket noi gia mot nhom cac user xuyen qua mang ha tang cong
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cong. VPN co the ap ng cac nhu cau cua khach hang bang cac ket noi
dang any-to-any, cac lp a dch vu, cac dch vu gia thanh quan ly thap,
rieng t, tch hp xuyen suot cung vi cac mang Intranet/Extranet. Mot
nhom cac user trong Intranet va Extranet co the hoat ong thong qua mang
co nh tuyen IP. Cac mang rieng ao co chi ph van hanh thap hn han so
vi mang rieng tren phng tien quan ly, bang thong va dung lng. Hieu
mot cach n gian, VPN la mot mang m rong t quan nh mot s la chon
c s ha tang cua mang WAN. VPN co the lien ket cac user thuoc mot nhom
kn hay gia cac nhom khac nhau. VPN c nh ngha bang mot che o
quan ly. Cac thue bao VPN co the di chuyen en mot ket noi mem deo trai
dai t mang cuc bo en mang hoan chnh. Cac thue bao nay co the dung
trong cung (Intranet) hoac khac (Extranet) to chc.
Tuy nhien can lu y rang hien nay mang PSTN/ISDN van ang la
mang cung cap cac dch vu d lieu.
3. S lc mang vien thong Viet Nam
Cau truc mang
e phuc vu cho cac dch vu thong tin nh thoai, so lieu, fax, telex va
cac dch vu khac nh ien thoai di ong , nhan tin, nen nc ta hien nay
ngoai mang chuyen mach cong cong con co cac mang cua mot so dch vu
khac. Rieng mang Telex khong ket noi vi mang thoai cua VNPT, con cac
mang khac eu c ket noi vao mang cua VNPT thong qua cac kenh trung
ke hoac cac bo MSU (Main Switch Unit), mot so khac lai truy nhap vao
mang PSTN qua cac kenh thue bao bnh thng, s dung ky thuat DLC
(Digital Loop Carrier), ky thuat truy nhap vo tuyen,
Ve cau truc mang, mang vien thong cua VNPT hien nay chia thanh 3
cap: cap quoc te, cap quoc gia, cap noi tnh/thanh pho.
Xet ve kha canh cac chc nang cua cac he thong thiet b tren mang th
mang vien thong bao gom: mang chuyen mach, mang truy nhap, mang
truyen dan va cac mang chc nang.
Mang chuyen mach
Mang chuyen mach co 4 cap (da tren cac cap tong ai chuyen mach):
qua giang quoc te, qua giang ng dai, noi tnh va noi hat. Rieng tai thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh co them cap qua giang noi hat.
Hien nay mang VNPT a co cac trung tam chuyen mach quoc te va
chuyen mach quoc gia Ha Noi, a Nang, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Mach
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cua cac bu ien tnh cung ang phat trien m rong. Nhieu tnh, thanh pho
xuat hien cac cau truc mang vi nhieu tong ai Host, cac thanh pho ln nh
Ha Noi, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh a va ang trien khai cac Tandem noi hat.
Mang vien thong cua VNPT hien tai c chia lam 5 cap, trong tng
lai se c giam t 5 cap xuong 4 cap.
Mang nay do cac thanh vien cua VNPT ieu hanh: o la VTI, VTN va
cac bu ien tnh. VTI quan ly cac tong ai chuyen mach qua giang quoc te,
VTN quan ly cac tong ai chuyen mach qua giang ng dai tai 3 trung tam
Ha Noi, a Nang va TpHCM. Phan con lai do cac bu ien tnh quan ly.
Cac loai tong ai co tren mang vien thong Viet Nam: A1000E cua
Alcatel, NEAX61 cua NEC, AXE10 cua Ericsson, EWSD cua Siemens.
Cac cong nghe chuyen mach c s dung: chuyen mach kenh
(PSTN), X.25 relay, ATM (so lieu).
Nhn chung mang chuyen mach tai Viet Nam con nhieu cap va viec
ieu khien b phan tan trong mang (ieu khien nam tai cac tong ai).
Mang truy nhap
Vi tng mang cung cap dch vu khac nhau ma co mang truy nhap
tng ng. Viec tm hieu mang truy nhap cua cac mang hien co tren mang
la phan SV t nghien cu.
Mang truyen dan
Cac he thong thiet b truyen dan tren mang vien thong VNPT hien nay
chu yeu s dung hai loai cong nghe la: cap quang SDH va vi ba PDH.
Cap quang SDH: Thiet b nay do nhieu hang khac nhau cung cap la:
Northern Telecom, Siemens, Fujitsu, Alcatel, Lucent, NEC, Nortel.
Cac thiet b co dung lng 155Mb/s, 622 Mb/s, 2.5 Gb/s.
Vi ba PDH: Thiet b nay cung co nguon goc t nhieu hang cung cap
khac nhau nh Siemens, Alcatel, Fujitsu, SIS, SAT, NOKIA, AWA.
Dung lng 140 Mb/s, 34 Mb/s va n*2 Mb/s. Cong nghe vi ba SDH
c s dung han che vi so lng t.
Mang truyen dan co 2 cap: mang truyen dan lien tnh va mang truyen
dan noi tnh.
* Mang truyen dan lien tnh
Bao gom cac he thong truyen dan bang cap quang, bang vo tuyen.
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STP
STP
STP
STP
Gateway
STP
STP
SP
SP
STP
Mat A
Mat B
STP
SP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
Khu vc Ha Noi
Khu vc Thanh
pho Ch Minh
SP
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Cac tong ai Tandem va Host tai cac tnh hoat ong bam theo cac tong
ai Toll theo phng phap chu t. Cac tong ai huyen (RSS) cung hoat ong
bam theo cac Host theo phng phap chu t.
Mang quan ly
D an xay dng trung tam quan ly mang vien thong quoc gia ang
trong qua trnh chuan b e tien ti trien khai.
Cac nha cung cap dch vu
Tai nc ta co 2 dang nha cung cap dch vu: o la cac nha cung cap
dch vu truyen thong (chu yeu la thoai) va nha cung cap dch vu mi (cac
dch vu so lieu, Internet, ).
Cac nha khai thac dch vu truyen thong bao gom tong cong ty bu
chnh vien thong Viet Nam (VNPT), cong ty vien thong quan oi (Vietel),
cong ty co phan vien thong Sai Gon (SPT), cong ty vien thong ien lc
(ETC).
Cac nha khai thac dch vu mi bao gom FPT, SPT, Netnam,
4. Nhng han che cua mang Vien thong hien tai
Nh a phan tch tren, hien nay co rat nhieu loai mang khac nhau
cung song song ton tai. Moi mang lai yeu cau phng phap thiet ke, san
xuat, van hanh, bao dng khac nhau. Nh vay he thong mang vien thong
hien tai co rat nhieu nhc iem ma quan trong nhat la:
Thieu mem deo: S ra i cua cac cong nghe mi anh hng manh
me ti toc o truyen tn hieu. Ngoai ra, se xuat hien nhieu dch vu
truyen thong trong tng lai ma hien nay cha d oan c, moi
loai dch vu se co toc o truyen khac nhau. Ta de dang nhan thay
mang hien tai se rat kho thch nghi vi nhng oi hoi nay.
Kem hieu qua trong viec bao dng, van hanh cung nh s dung
tai nguyen. Tai nguyen san co trong mot mang khong the chia se
cho cac mang khac cung s dung.
Mat khac, mang vien thong hien nay c thiet ke nham muc ch khai
thac dch vu thoai la chu yeu. Do o, ng goc o nay, mang a phat trien
ti mot mc gan nh gii han ve s cong kenh va mang ton tai mot so
khuyet iem can khac phuc.
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Kien truc tong ai oc quyen lam cho cac nha khai thac gan nh
phu thuoc hoan toan vao cac nha cung cap tong ai. ieu nay
khong nhng lam giam sc canh tranh cho cac nha khai thac, ac
biet la nhng nha khai thac nho, ma con ton nhieu thi gian va tien
bac khi muon nang cap va ng dung cac phan mem mi.
S bung no lu lng thong tin a kham pha s kem hieu qua cua
chuyen mach kenh TDM. Chuyen mach kenh truyen thong ch
dung e truyen cac lu lng thoai co the d oan trc, va no
khong ho tr lu lng d lieu tang ot bien mot cach hieu qua.
Khi lng d lieu tang vt lu lng thoai, ac biet oi vi dch
vu truy cap Internet quay so trc tiep, thng xay ra nghen mach
do nguon tai nguyen han hep. Trong khi o, chuyen mach kenh
lam lang ph bang thong khi cac mach eu roi trong mot khoang
thi gian ma khong co tn hieu nao c truyen i.
ng trc tnh hnh phat trien cua mang vien thong hien nay, cac nha
khai thac nhan thay rang s hoi tu gia mang PSTN va mang PSDN la
chac chan xay ra. Ho can co mot c s ha tang duy nhat cung cap cho moi
dch vu (tng t - so, bang hep - bang rong, c ban - a phng tien,) e
viec quan ly tap trung, giam chi ph bao dng va van hanh, ong thi ho tr
cac dch vu cua mang hien nay.
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4. La mang co dung lng ngay cang tang, co tnh thch ng cung ngay
cang tang, co u dung lng e ap ng nhu cau.
Trc het, do ap dung c cau m ma :
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Cac khoi chc nang cua tong ai truyen thong chia thanh cac phan
t mang oc lap, cac phan t c phan theo chc nang tng ng,
va phat trien mot cach oc lap.
Giao dien va giao thc gia cac bo phan phai da tren cac tieu
chuan tng ng.
Viec phan tach lam cho mang vien thong von co dan dan i theo hng
mi, nha kinh doanh co the can c vao nhu cau dch vu e t to hp cac
phan t khi to chc mang li. Viec tieu chuan hoa giao thc gia cac phan
t co the thc hien noi thong gia cac mang co cau hnh khac nhau.
Tiep en, mang NGN la mang dch vu thuc ay, vi ac iem cua:
Muc tieu chnh cua chia tach la lam cho dch vu thc s oc lap vi
mang, thc hien mot cach linh hoat va co hieu qua viec cung cap dch vu.
Thue bao co the t bo tr va xac nh ac trng dch vu cua mnh, khong
quan tam en mang truyen tai dch vu va loai hnh au cuoi. ieu o lam
cho viec cung cap dch vu va ng dung co tnh linh hoat cao.
Th ba, NGN la mang chuyen mach goi, giao thc thong nhat. Mang
thong tin hien nay, du la mang vien thong, mang may tnh hay mang truyen
hnh cap, eu khong the lay mot trong cac mang o lam nen tang e xay
dng c s ha tang thong tin. Nhng may nam gan ay, cung vi s phat
trien cua cong nghe IP, ngi ta mi nhan thay ro rang la mang vien thong,
mang may tnh va mang truyen hnh cap cuoi cung roi cung tch hp trong
mot mang IP thong nhat, o la xu the ln ma ngi ta thng goi la dung
hp ba mang. Giao thc IP lam cho cac dch vu lay IP lam c s eu co the
thc hien noi thong cac mang khac nhau; con ngi lan au tien co c
giao thc thong nhat ma ba mang ln eu co the chap nhan c; at c s
vng chac ve mat ky thuat cho ha tang c s thong tin quoc gia (NII).
Giao thc IP thc te a tr thanh giao thc ng dung van nang va bat
au c s dung lam c s cho cac mang a dch vu, mac du hien tai van
con the bat li so vi cac chuyen mach kenh ve mat kha nang ho tr lu
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lng thoai va cung cap chat lng dch vu am bao cho so lieu. Toc o oi
mi nhanh chong trong the gii Internet, ma no c tao ieu kien bi s
phat trien cua cac tieu chuan m se sm khac phuc nhng thieu sot nay.
PSTN
Internet
Internet
services
Signaling
gateway
Mobile Client
GSM
Media
gateway
IP QoS
Network
GPRS
Resident
gateway
Direct Client
3G
Softswich
Application &
services
WLAN
Bluetooth
Ket qua la ngay cang co nhieu dong lu lng so lieu tren mang PSTN en
mang Internet va se xuat hien mot giai phap vi nh hng so lieu lam
trong tam e thiet ke mang chuyen mach tng lai, nen tang da tren cong
nghe chuyen mach goi cho ca thoai va d lieu.
Cac giao dien m tai tng lp mang cho phep nha khai thac la chon
nha cung cap co hieu qua nhat cho tng lp mang cua ho. Truyen tai da
tren goi cho phep phan bo bang tan linh hoat, loai bo nhu cau nhom trung ke
kch thc co nh cho thoai, nh o giup cac nha khai thac quan ly mang de
dang hn, nang cap mot cach hieu qua phan mem trong cac nut ieu khien
mang, giam chi ph khai thac he thong.
3 Xu the oi mi vien thong
Khac vi kha canh ky thuat, qua trnh giai the ang anh hng manh
me en cach thc hoat ong cua cac nha khai thac vien thong ln tren the
gii. Xuyen suot qua trnh c goi la mach vong noi hat khong tron goi,
cac luat le cua chnh phu tren toan the gii a ep buoc cac nha khai thac ln
phai m ca e cac cong ty mi tham gia th trng canh tranh. Tren quan
iem chuyen mach, cac nha cung cap thay the phai co kha nang gianh c
khach hang a phng nh au t trc tiep vao nhng dam cuoi cung
cua ng cap ong. ieu nay dan en viec gia tang canh tranh. Cac NGN
thc s phu hp e ho tr kien truc mang va cac mo hnh c luat phap cho
phep khai thac.
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s tan cong t pha cac tin tac. Cac cong cu an ninh va mat ma hoa phai
luon luon san sang.
Trong vong hai thap ky va qua, cong nghe quang a chng minh c
la mot phng tien truyen tai thong tin hieu qua tren khoang cach ln, va
hien nay no la cong nghe chu ao trong truyen dan tren mang loi. Vi cac
cai tien hien nay, nh cong nghe ghep kenh phan chia theo mat o bc
song DWDM, nang cao ang ke hieu qua kinh te ve truyen tai tren mang
cap quang. Ngay nay, IP theo d kien se tr thanh giao dien hoan thien thc
s cho cac mang loi NGN. Van e quan trong ay la mang cap quang phai
toi u cho ieu khien lu lng IP. Mot giai phap co tnh thuyet phuc hien
nay la hoi tu cac lp d lieu va cac lp quang trong mang loi. Viec hoi tu
nay mang lai mot so li the nh cung cap cac dch vu toc o cao, bao ve
dong thong tin lien tuc cho mang quang vi chuyen mach nhan a giao thc
chung MPLS.
Mot van e khong kem phan quan trong la van e ve cac giai phap
quan ly thch hp cho mang NGN. Trong khi mong muon xay dng mot
mang quan ly phai lam viec trong mot moi trng a nha au t, a nha khai
thac, a dch vu con mang tnh logic, tuy vay no van boc lo nay la iem rat
can lu y. Mac du con phai mat nhieu thi gian va cong sc trc khi he
thong quan ly mang c trien khai, nhng muc tieu nay van co gia tr
thuyet phuc va se mang lai nhieu li ch nh giam chi ph khai thac, dch vu
a dang.
Tat ca nhng yeu to tren nay dng nh lam cho NGN mang am s
phc tap. Tuy nhien nen nhn mang NGN trong mang thong tin toan cau
ngay nay, trong o cac mang chuyen mach kenh truyen thong va chuyen
mach goi song song ton tai, cac mang di ong va co nh khong n gian
trong viec cung khai thac, va tham ch cac thanh phan mang khac nhau tren
mang cung yeu cau phan quan ly rieng biet. Tren quan iem o, NGN
hng ve mot cai g o het sc phc tap, nhng se cho phep tiet kiem chi
ph khai thac mot cach thch ang.
5. Tm hieu cac cong nghe
5.1. Cong nghe truyen dan
Trong cau truc mang the he mi, truyen dan la mot thanh phan
cua lp ket noi (bao gom chuyen tai va truy nhap). Cong nghe truyen
dan cua mang the he mi la SDH, WDM vi kha nang hoat ong
mem deo, linh hoat, thuan tien cho khai thac va ieu hanh quan ly.
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Cac tuyen truyen dan SDH hien co va ang c tiep tuc trien
khai rong rai tren mang vien thong la s phat trien ung hng theo
cau truc mang mi. Can tiep tuc phat trien cac he thong truyen dan
cong nghe SDH va WDM, han che s dung cong nghe PDH.
Cap quang:
Cong nghe truyen dan quang SDH cho phep tao tren ng
truyen dan toc oc cao (n* 155 Mb/s) vi kha nang bao ve
cua cac mach vong a c s dung rong rai nhieu nc
va Viet Nam.
Vo tuyen:
Vi ba: Cong nghe truyen dan SDH cung phat trien trong lnh
vc vi ba, tuy nhien do nhng han che cua moi trng truyen
dan song vo tuyen nen toc o va chat lng truyen dan
khong cao so vi cong nghe truyen dan quang.
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