1.

- 1 -

- 2 -

- 3 -

1.
(Perfect gas)

1.1
.
(a) ,
.
(b) .
(c) 0 .

(macroscopic variable),

(state variable) (thermodynamic variable)

(T), (P), (V) .
.
, (intensive variable, property) : : , ,

(extensive variable) : ( ) , ,
, .
/ . ,

(a)
SI (system international, ):
.
7 SI (m), (kg), (s), (A), (K), (mol),
(cd) SI .
(F) SI N(newton) F=ma (kg) (m/s2)
2

SI 1N = 1kg m/s . () SI J =x

1J = 1kg m/s2 x 1m = 1kg m2/s2 .

SI Pa(pascal) .
= / = N/m2 = 1kg m/s2/m2 = 1kg m-1 s-2 = 1Pa

- 4 -

 : 1 (atm) = 0.76m ( (a) )

A, , h

:
capacitance ( )

( )

- 5 -

A-B B-C A-C .

.

1.2
(a) 0 Boyle , Charles
, Avogadro .
(b) ,
.
(c) ;
.
.
Boyle Charles p-> 0
(limiting law).

- 6 -

()

lim

( )

1 cal= 4.184J

1J=1N m 1Pa = 1N/m = 1Nm/m 1J = 1Pa m .

b) : Boyle

1) m
2) (mean free path) ,

3)

- 7 -

c: (root mean square(rms) velocity)

at 298K

(P,V,T )
1,2
(I) 1.1 (, )

.

(barometric formula) .

- 8 -

 applet
: 10km
O2

,
,
.

(Real Gas)
1.3
(a) .
(b) ,
.
(c) .
(d) .

(a)

(compressibility factor)
.

1 1
.

(b) (virial coefficient)

virial .

- 9 -

. B, C ,
2, 3 .

Boyle

- 10 -

(Boyle temperature,

) .

virial

.
Boyle 2 () 0
,
,
.

1.19b

1.18

( )

(Boyle temp) ( )

(c)

Boyle
.
15 20 C
( CDE).
.
.

- 11 -

(d)

( ) : ,

()

( ) : () ,
( )

(isothermal compressibility, ) .

(link)

1.4 van der Waals

(a) van der Waals
.
(b) van der Waals .
(c) .
Virial
.

- 12 -

van der Waals .

(b),
.

: 500K, 100 van der Waals CO2

(fplot2d.exe ) a=3.61L2atm mol-2 , b=4.29x 10-2L mol-1,
V=0.366L

0.410L.

van der Waals b :

r

2r

- 13 -

(a) van der Waals

vdW
T > Tc :

T = Tc :

< Tc

. L+G 2
A , E .
(b) van der Waals
(1)
(2) -
(3) van der Waals .

vdW

- 14 -

(0.3).
van der Waals

virial

Maclaurin (Taylor , x=0)

- 15 -

a ( )
b( ) .

( 0-200atm) .

(c)

(reduced variable)
.

vdW a, b
.

, - , ,
.

- 16 -

- 17 -