:

GSM
)(Global System Mobile

 :1-1

GSM

GSM
1 .
) (2PLMN .
GSM
. GSM ) (1-1 .
GSM 4 :
3

MS

BSS

NSS

OSS

GSM :

A MSC BSC7

Abis BSC BTS8

Air Um MS BTS

) MS :1-1-1 (
MS .
-

)(ME9

) (SIM
10

) (MS ME. IMEI11

IMSI12 SIM .
1

Frequency Reuse
Public Land Mobile Network
3
Mobile Station
4
Base Station Subsystem
5
Network Switching Subsystem
6
Operation and Support Subsystem
7
Base Station Controller
8
Base Tranciver system
9
Mobile Equipment
10
Subscriber Identity Module
11
International Mobile Equipment Identity
12
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
2

 ) : (1-1 GSM
BSS :1-1-2

MS .
BSS BSC BTS Abis BSC BTS A
BSC MSC .
BTS :1-1-2-1

BTS BSC .
BTS
BTS
BTS
TRX . BTS 3

.
BTS :
-

)(Frequency Hopping

MS BSC

MS BTS

MS

BSC MS

BSC : 1-1-2-2

BSC GSM BSC :

-

BTS

MS

MS MSC

BSC BTS ) T1 (E1 Abis

16kpbs Abis A 64 kpbs BSC MSC
13TRAU 16kpbs 64 kpbs .
) NSS : 1-1-3 (
NSS ISDN

) (PSTN14 :
-

HLR17 GMSC16 MSC15

AUC EIR VLR

18

20

19

13

Transcoder Rate Aduption Unit

Public Switching Telephony Network
15
Mobile Switching Center
16
Gate Mobile Switching Center
17
Home Location Register
18
Visitor Location Register
19
Equipment Identity Register
20
Authentication Center
14

 ) : (1-2 NSS
MSC :1-1-3-1

) : (1-3 BSS

) (

MSC .
MSC E1
64kpbs MSC :
-

)( Location Updating

)(Registration & Authentication

Handover BSC

:1-2

GSM

:1-2-1 GSM

GSM 3 19001800 900 ) (1-1

: Downlink BTS MS .
: Uplink MS BTS .
)Range(uplink

)Range(downlink

Freq-space

Bandwith

NO.Freq

NAME

)935-960 (MHZ

)890-915 (MHZ

200 KHZ

25 MHZ

124

GSM900

)1805-1880 (MHZ

)1710-1785 (MHZ

200 KHZ

75 MHZ

374

DCS1800

)1930-1990 (MHZ

)1850-1910 (MHZ

200 KHZ

60 MHZ

299

PCS1900

) : (1-1 GSM

) : (1-4 Downlink Uplink

:1-2-2

.
) (1-5 .

) : (1-5 GSM
:1-2-2-1 : BTS

. ) (1-6 .
A1
D1
A1
A3

D3
A2

B1
B3

C1
C3

A2

A3
B1

A3
D2

C1
C3

D3
A2

B1
B3

C2

D1

B2
A1

C2

D3

A1

B1
B3

D1

B2
A1

A3
D2

A2

C1
C3

B2
A1

A3
D2

B1
B3

C2
D1

D3

A2

B2
A1

A3
D2

A2
B1

) : (1-6 Frequency Reuse

 :1-2-2-2

)(Location Area

BSC .
MSC/VLR LA . LA MS
) (Location Updating .
LA MS BTS .

:1-2-2-3

MSC

VLR

MSC .

:1-2-2-4

)(PLMN

) (MSC .
PLMN .

:1-3

GSM

GSM GMSK QPSK GMSK

FM . GMSK ) (1-7 QPSK )(1-8

. GSM 270/833 kbps.

.
) : (1-7 GMSK

) : (1-8 QPSK GSM .

 :1-4

GSM

:1-4-1

21 .
GSM .
4.645 8
.
577 ) (1-9
Burst .

) : (1-9
.

:1-4-2
.

)(TCH

)(CCH

Uplink & Downlink

21

 ) : (1-10
:1-4-2-1

.

)(FULL RATE

)(HALF RATE

: 1-4-2-2 )(22 CCH

)(BCH

)(CCCH

)(DCCH

: 1-4-2-2-1 )(BCH

)(FCCH

)(SCH

)(BCCH
Control Channel

22

 )(1-2 .

) : (1-2 location Uodating MTC

10

 : 1-5
: 1-5-1
.
GSM
... .
) (1-11 .
) (1-12 .

) : (1-11

) : (1-12

: 1-5-2
GSM 30MHZ .

11

 :
v 30MHZ

)(VHF,UHF,SHF BAND

v .
v .
v .
v .

: 1-5-3
:

Ae = 2 / 4

Pr = P x Ae
)Pr = (Pt / 4d2) x (2 / 4
= Pt x ( / 4d)2

dB :
L = 20 log ( 4d / ) dB
L = 32.5 + 20 log d + 20 log f dB

D f .

12

 : 1-5-4
) (1-13 .
GSM

900MHZ 30CM

1800MHZ 15CM

- -

E :

) : (1-13

13

 : 1-5-5 -
)Lp(urban) = 69.55 + 26.16 log(f) - 13.82 log(hb) - a(hm)+ (44.9 - 6.55 log(hb)) log(d

) a(hm MS.

) : (1-14 -

14

 : 1-6
: 1-6-1
.
) Downlink BTS ( MS ) Uplink MS ( BTS
.
Downlink .
MS .
)(Fade Margin

. 23 .
.

1-6-2

24

Downlink

) (1-15 BTS MS .
BTS
3dB .
.

.

) : (1-15 Downlink

penetration loss
Power Budget

15

23
24

 : 1-6-3

Uplink

MS .
v ) (Uplink
v BTS
). (
) (1-16 .

) : (1-16 Uplink

16

17

 : 2-1

) (QOS .

) (Performance Management .
:

: 2-2
.
.

(Key Performance Indicator) KPI

Performance .

) (QOS .

: 2-3
.
Drop call Handover Fail Tch Congestion Sdcch

Congestion
GSM.
18

: 2-4

) BTS (....

KPI 10

IdleDedicated

Logfile )(BSC,MSC,OMC

Log file Logfile

dump TRX

dump .

Handover failure, Congestion, Drop call, Over shooting , Unbalance Traffic,H.W problem

Resource

:
(syntisizer Frequency Hopping , Cell load sharing
, C2 parameter for micro site , sdcch Dynamic Allocation,),

Half rate .
Tools :

TEMS Investigation Drive Test

C/I

Optima )KPI(key Performance Indicator

Asset
19

GSM Site master

:
QOS E
C/I E
SQI (sample Quality Indicator) E
Call Setup Success Rate E
Drop Call_Rate E
HO_ Failure E
Ho_success E
SDCCH_Congestion E
TCH_Congestion E
Sdcch Access Rate

TCH_Assign_Failure

TCH_RF_Loss E
TCH Traffic E
.. E

.
:
Call Setup Successful Rate (CSSR) > 90%

Drop Call Rate (DCR) < 3 %

HandOver Successful Rate (HSR) > 90% n

TCH Congestion < 5% n
SDCCH Congestion < 0.5% n

20

 : 2-5
.

) : (2-1

) : (2-2

21

 ) : (2-3
.

22

Idle Dedicated
GSM

23

 : 3-1
Database setting
.
.
)(Identifier Parameter

)(Functional Parameter

)(Timer Parameter
)(Counter Parameter
)(Threshold Parameter
)(Measurement Parameter

: 3-1-1 )(Identifier Parameter

LAC25

CI26

.
: 3-1-2 )(Functional Parameter

Function ) ( On , Enable ,Y ,Yes

Function ) ( Off , Disable ,N ,No

: 3-1-3 )(Timer Parameter

Location Area Code

Cell Identity

24

25
26

) : (off / Resest

) : (Counting
.

) : (Expired
.

: 3-1-4 )(Counter Parameter

.
: 3-1-5 )(Threshold Parameter

.
.

: .

: .

: 3-1-6 )(Measurement Parameter

: 3-2

GSM

GSM
.
.
: 3-2-1
: 3-2-1-1 ) ( IMSI
IMSI SIM )(MS

. SIM IMSI IMEI

.

25

 : 3-2-1-2 ) ( TMSI

MSC/VLR .
IMSI TMSI IMSI RF

TMSI . VLR IMSI :

IMSI Attach ). (

LAC LAC .

TMSI LAC .
TMSI 4 .
: 3-2-1-3 ( MSIDN ) MS

: MSISDN MS
:
) CC ( 98 - ) (9121335899

: 3-2-2
: 3-2-2-1 ) ( IMEI

IMEI IMEI .
EIR .
IMEI 15 .

6 TAC

: 3-2-3
: 3-2-3-1 LAC27

0 65535 .

Location Area Code

26

27

 : 3-2-3-2 LAI

28

LAI=MCC-MNC-LAC

MCC29 .

MNC30

LAI BTS BCCH .

: 3-2-3-3 MSRN

31

MSRN MS .
MSRN VLR MS .
GMSC MSRN HLR MS VLR MS
MSRN . HLR GMSC .
MSRN=CC & NDC & SN

: 3-2-4
.
: 3-2-4-1

CI32

0 65535
LA .

33

CGI

LAI CI.

34

BSIC

BSIC MS BTS .
BSIC 6 64

28

Location Area Identity

Mobile Country Code
30
Mobile Network Code
31
Location Area Identity
32
Cell Identity
33
Cell Global Identity
34
Base Station Identity Code
29

27

BSIC=NCC & BCC

BCC MS .
: 3-2-5
Downlink CCCH PCH35 AGCH36

) : (3-1 BCH

: 3-3 MS

Idle Mode

Idle Mode
. .
Idle :

BCCH

Cell Selection /Reselection -

Location Updating

BTS Downlink )(Paging

:3-3-1 BCCH

BCCH :

Cell Selection Downlink Uplink .

Paging Chanel
Access Grant Chanel

28

35
36

 Cell Reselection
.

) : (3-1 BCCH
:3-3-2 Cell Selection /Reselection
Cell Selection

Cell Selection
camp ) (
MS 124) GSM P-GSM 174 E-GSM

374 ( DCS 1800 .

FCCH TDMA
TDMA BSIC SCH :

BCCH

Paging CCCH

BCCH

BA List BA List BCCH .

29

 : C1
C1 Camp.

C1 .
]C1(n) = [ RXLEV(n) - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN

)) (RXLEX(n 5 .
C1

: Cell Reselection
Cell Reselection Cell Reselection .

C1 .

Downlink

C2 C1
.

MS C1 C2 .

30

 : C2

Cell reselection Offset

C1 .
REO

Penalty Time

MS
.
C2 20 .

)H(x

X= penalty Time-T T MS Cell reselection

1 when T < = penaltyTime

= )H(x
0 when T > penaltyTime

C1+REO-TEO

when T < = penaltyTime

= c2
C1+REO

when T > penaltyTime

31

Idle Mode Operation

Cell Re-selection with C2, continues
C2 when penaltyTime = 640
C2 when penaltyTime < 640

dB

C2
Cell Reselect Offset
C1

Temporary Offset

C2
time
Penalty Time

Cell Reselection : (3-2)

Idle Mode Operation
Cell Re-selection with C2, continues
c e ll a t t r a c t iv e n e s s
m ic r o c e ll
m a c r o c e ll

t im e

f a st m o v in g m o b ile
BCCH

slo w m o v in g m o b ile
BCCH

Cell Reselection : (3-3)

32

:3-3-3

) (Location Management

GSM PLMN
LA .

:3-3-3-1
MS MS
.

MS
Location Update .
MS 37. Location Update
.

MS .
MS . MS

Location Update .
.

MS
. MS
.
.
:3-3-3-2 GSM

MS LA38 GSM
LA MSC PLMN .

Paging
Location Area

33

37
38

 :3-3-4 Location Update

E
Location Update E
IMSI Attach E

E
E TMSI LAC

Location Update :
E ) LA ) (3-4 (
E ) ) (3-5 (
E MS IMSI Attach .
MS . T3212
.
VLR Update MS

IMSI Detach .
IMSI Attach Location Update VLR .
MS Detach Attach VLR
Update VLR Update HLR
LAI MS .

:3-3-5

39

MS .
:3-3-5-1
:

: 1 IMSI TMSI .

: 2 IMSI TMSI .

: 3 TMSI .
Paging Algorithm

34

39

 MS IMSITMSI

.
IMSI 8 .

) 3 (MCC

) 2 (MNC

) 10 (MSIN

) : (3-4

) : (3-5

35

:3-3-5-2

) ( Paging & DRX

) (DRX .
MS CCCH) ( MS
CCCH .
BS_PA_MFRMS . )
1 9 ( .

:3-3-6
AGCH CCCH MS Uplink .
) (3-1 9 None-Combine
CCCH AGCH
) (Paging AGCH CCCH .
LA LA
AGCH

AGCH .
:3-3-6-1 )(Paging

= X ) 1 ( 4
= Y
0.235 )(235 ms

X .

Y CCCH ) 3 CCCH ( 9 AGCH

.
:3-3-6-2 )(PCH

36

 = Calls ) (LA
MT

= .

PF

= =

= PMF =
(1 / 0.235) = 4.25
:3-3-6-3 AGCH

AGCH AGCH
.

= Calls ) (LA
LU

= Location Update

IA

= IMSI Attach

ID

= IMSI Detach

SS

= Supplementary Services

2 AGCH 2 .

:3-3-7

)(Paging

) (Paging MSC MSC BSS

.
:3-3-7-1 ) ( MSC

) : PAGREP1LA 0 ( 3

= 0 LA.

37

= 1 LA TMSI IMSI.
= 2 LA IMSI.
= 3 .

2.

) : PAGREPGLOB 0 ( 1

= 0 .
= 1 IMSI.

0.

) : PAGNUMBERLA 1 ( 3

.
1.

: 3-8

: 3-8-1
MS GSM
GSM 124). ( GSM900

BCCH . BTS
. MS SCH .
MS BCCH .
LAI .
MS PCH
Location Update.
.
IMSI Attach :: 3-8-2

IMSI Attach ) (3-6 .

38

 ) : (3-6 IMSI Attach

IMSI Detach : 3-8-3

IMSI Detach ) (3-7 .

) : (3-7 IMSI Detach

Location Update : 3-8-4

Location Update ) (3-8 .

39

 ) : (3-8 Location Update

Cell Measurement And Handover : 3-8-5

Cell Measurement And Handover ) (3-9 .

) : (3-9 Cell Measurement And Handover

: 3-8-6
.

) RXLEV ( .

40

MS .

: 3-8-6-1
RXLEV_ACC_MIN

)(Receive Level Access minimum

= 47 110 dBm

= 110 dBm
= 102dBm

MS .

CCHPWR

)(Control Channel Power

= 13 43 GSM 900 4 30 GSM 1800

MS
.

CB

)(Cell Barring

MS YES NO.
= NO

: 3-8-6-2

40

(Access Control Class) ACC

= 0 15 clear
= clear

= 0-9
Attach

41

40

 = 10 0-9 .
= 11-15
= clear

(Maximum Retires) MAXRET

= 1 7

RACH
= 4

T3122
= 0 255
= 5

.
: 3-8-6-3

41

(Base Time Detach Mobile) BTDM

MSC
= 6 150 6 OFF

MS MSC
T3212 Location Update .
= OFF

(Guard Time Detach Mobile) GTDM

MSC
= 0 255

MS MSC
.

: 3-9
: 3-9-1 BA

Detach

42

41

 BA BCCH PLMN
.
RF MS PLMN

. 42
: 3-9-1-1 BA
BA BCCH MS IMSI

Attach SIM .
MS BA .
Idle .
) dedicated ( 6 BSC
Handover .

: 3-9-2

Idle

Idle Dedicated
GSM .
)Idle Mode (cell selection /reselection

Dedicated mode

Handovers
Serving cell measurements
Adaptive power control

MS BCCH BA BCCH
.
5 MS

: 3-9-3
:

Camp on

43

42

BA 32 ) (BCCH .
BA ) Idle Mode ( Dedicated Mode
64 BCCH .
BSC 128 8192 BCCH .

: 3-10
GSM
BTS .

: 3-10-1

(TA) Timing Advance

TA .
TA .
TA RACH
. ) (3-12 TA

) : (3-10 TA

44

 TA BSS .
TA SACCH 0 63 .
TA MS BTS 550 TA
MS BTS 63 35 .

) : (3-11 MS

: 3-10-2

)(Extended Cell Range

: 3-10-3

)(range 0-35km- , default : 35km

HOTMSRM

TA

)(range 0-63- , default : 63

TALIM

HOTMSRME

)(range 35 - 100km- , default : 100km

: 3-11
: 3-11-1
dedicated MS
Handover
.

45

 MS Idle Dedicated
.
BTS BSC
Handover .

: 3-11-2

Dedicated Mode

BCCH :

o
o

MS .
o

BCCH

MS Downlink .
o

BCCH DTX43

BCCH DTX

BCCH DTX

BCCH DTX

)(RXLEV_FULL

)(RXLEV_SUB
)(RXQUAL_FULL

)(RXQUAL_SUB

BSC MS Uplink BTS .

SUB FULL

RXQUAL_FULL

104 TDMA
SACCH .

RXQUAL_SUB

DTX
DTX TDMA SID .

Discontinious Transmission

46

43

RXQUAL_SUB 12 TDMA
RXQUAL_FULL .

DTX
RXQUAL_SUB .

Dedicated Mode Uplink

:

RXQUAL RXLEV Downlink

BSIC BCCH .

Uplink

) (TCH ) (SDCCH MS MS

RXQUAL RXLEV .

) : (3-12 SACCH
RXLEV RXQUAL

RXLEV Idle Mode MS .

RXLEV Dedicated Mode Downlink Uplink MS BTS
.
-48 dBm -110 dBm 64
) (3-2 ) (3-3 .

47

)Received Signal Level (dBm

LEVEL
To :

From :

-110

Rxlev_0

-109

-110

Rxlev_1

-108

-109

Rxlev_2

-48

-49

Rxlev_62

-48

Rxlev_63

) : (3-2
)Bit Error Rate (%
LEVEL
To :

From :

0.2

RXQUAL_0

-0.4

0.2

RXQUAL_1

0.8

0.4

RXQUAL_2

1.6

0.8

RXQUAL_3

3.2

1.6

RXQUAL_4

6.4

3.2

RXQUAL_5

12.8

6.4

RXQUAL_6

12.8

RXQUAL_7

) : (3-3

SACCH .
4 SACCH .

48

 SACCH .

RXLEV 6

RXQUAL_FULL TDMA

RXLEV_VAL

44

Downlink SACCH .
v
v TA
v ) (5

BA v
v ) (6
v DTX, NCC Permited,

) : (3-13 Dedicate

Serving Cell

49

44

 : 3-12

45

.
GSM .

: 3-12-1
GSM 4 .
v
v
v MS BTS MS BTS
MS BTS
v BTS

: 3-12-2
GSM :
v :

.
v )(DTX46

.
v )(DRX47

MS
.

45

Power Control
Discontinious Transmission
47
Discontinious Reception
46

50

 : 3-12-3

GSM

) (MS BTS ) (3-4 ) (3-5 .

) : (3-4 MS

) : (3-5 BTS

51

 : 3-12-4
: 3-12-4-1
GSM
MS.
.
BCCH BTS BCCH
. BCCH .

) : (3-14
MS BTS
BTS . MS BTS
.
MS BTS
"-" .

52

 ) : (3-6 900 1800 MS BTS

: 3-12-4-2
BSS SACCH
.

53

 ) : (3-15
.
v RXLEV_XX L_RXLEV_XX_P )(XX=DL48 or UL49

RXLEV P1
N1 .

P1 N1 L_RXLEV_XX_P
XX_TXPWR ) P1=10 ( N1=20

v RXLEV_XX U_RXLEV_XX_P )(XX=DL or UL

RXLEV P2
N2 .

P2 N2 U_RXLEV_XX_P
XX_TXPWR ) P2=19 ( N2=20

v RXUAL_XX L_RXQUAL_XX_P )(XX=DL or UL

RXQUAL P3
N3 .

P3 N3 L_RXQUAL_XX_P
XX_TXPWR ) P3=5 ( N3=7

Downlink
Uplink

54

48
49

 v RXQUAL_XX U_RXQUAL_XX_P )(XX=DL or UL

RXQUAL P4
N4 .

P4 N4 U_RXQUAL_XX_P
XX_TXPWR ) P4=15 (N4=18

) : (3-16

55

: 3-12-4-3

56

 MS GSM/DCS 2db

2 4 6db .
RACH MS
MS_TX_PWR_MAX_CH BCCH .
MS RXLEV BTS BSC
. RXLEV BCCH .
BTS MS SACCH .

: 3-13

)(DTX

MS .
) (
.
DTX ) (VAD MS .
VAD ) (13Kpbs .
500pbs
.

) : (3-17 DTX

57

 .
SID . SID
.

) : (3-18 SID
: 3-14 )(DRX

DRX MS Idle
.
MS .
DRX MS .
TDMA

IMSI TMSI MS BCCH .

BSS MS MS
.
LA50 ) (MSC DRX
MSC ) (Transparent TDMA
.
BSS
IMSI TMSI MSC .
DRX :
v
v MS

Location Area

58

50

 v Idle PCH

BCCH .

) : (3-19 DRX

: 3-15
: 3-15-1
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCCH v

. MS

= 0 31
MS_TXPWR_MAX v

. MS
= 0 31
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN v

MS .
= 0 63
DTX_USED v

= 0,1

: 3-15-2
MS_PWR_CTRL v

59

 MS . 1
MS .
= 0,1
BTS_TXPWR_MAX/MIN v

BTS .
= 0 31
RXLEV_FULL/SUB_SERVING_CELL_UL/DL v

) FULL SUB Uplink ( Downlink

RXLEV ) FULL ( DTX ) SUB DTX

( ) Uplink BTS ( ) Downlink

MS ( .
) RXLEV_NCELL_(1-6) v (
6 .
= 0 63
RXQUAL_FULL/SUB_SERVING_CELL_UL/DL v

) FULL SUB Uplink ( Downlink

= 0 7

) POW_RED_STEP_SIZE v (
= 2,4,6

) POW_INC_STEP_SIZE v (
= 2,4,6

: 3-15-3

DRX

DRX_TIMER_MAX v

DRX .
= 0 7
, bv = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

TIMER= 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64S
NON_DRX_TIMER v

60

)(bv-1

TIMER = 2

 DRX .
MS DRX.
= 0 7
TIMER = 2(bv-1) , bv = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

TIMER= 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64S

CCCH_CONF v

CCCH BCCH .
CCCH DRX MS MS
.
: 3-16

) Handover (

Handover GSM
.

3-16-1

Handover

.

Handover .
Handover .
Handover v
Handover BSC BSC
MSC MSC Handover
:

51

Intra-Cell HO

Handover

52

Inter-Cell , Intra-BSS HO

Handover BSC .

Handover
Handover

61

51
52

 Handover v
Handover BSC MSC
:

Inter-BSS , Intra-MSC HO53

Handover MSC BSC .

Inter-MSC HO54

Handover MSC .

GSM Handover :

) (

BSC

BSC MSC

MSC

: 3-16-2 Handover
Handover MS MSC .
Handover
.
v Downlink (UL/DL) Uplink
v DL/UL

v
Power Budget v
v MS BTS

Handover
Handover

62

53
54

 ) : (3-20 Handover

Handover : 3-16-2-1
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63

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70

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81

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65

86

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66



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91

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69

Key Performance Indicator

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72
Call Success Rate
73
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70
71

93

 : 5-4-5

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94

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95

96

 : 6-1
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77
78

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107

84

 : 6-3-3-1
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108

109

 : 7-1
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110

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115

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116

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117

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Excel (

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118

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119

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120

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122

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123

124

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125

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126

TCH Dropped Connections Rate

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18
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12
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127

 : 9-2-2 ,
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129

 : 9-2-4
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130

 : 9-2-5
:
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131

 : 9-2-6
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132

 : 9-2-7 overshooting
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133

 : 9-2-8
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134

135

1) Teach Visual Basic.NET 2003 ,STIVEN HOLZENS , 2003

2) Parsons, J. D. ; Gardiner, J. G.: Mobile Communication Systems, Halsted Press, 1989
3) Qiang Wu, Spring, 2004, Multiple Access and Modulation in GSM , Harvard University
4) GSM Network Performance Management And System Optimization , Aircom
company 2003
5) GSM SYSTEM OVERVIEW , AIRCOM company , 2004
6) Radio Parameter , Nokia Company, 2003
7) Radio Parameter , Ericsson Company,2003
8) Radio Parameter , Siemens Company,2003
9) TEMS Product ver 5.1 .Ericsson 2004
10) GSM Radio Optimization Solution, Motorola ,2003 ,address : www.motorola.com
11) Prof.Bird ,fall 2005 ,Cellular/PCS Network Architecture , http://www.engr.smu.edu/~ebird/
12) Jarno

niemela

,11-october-2004

,GSM/GPRS/UMTS

Planning

Tools

13) Lecture_GSM optimization , Erin Clements,Brod Hohen University of Nebraska

Lincoln 2002
14) Antena Specification , Kathrein
15) Compass GSM/GPRS/EDGE/3G Network Optimization
16) GSM

network

Optimization

&

Radio

Planning

,2003,RiceUniversity,Mahsa

Memarzadeh
17) R. Wattenhofer ,spring 2003 ,GSM Mobile computing , Distributed Computing Group
MOBILE COMPUTING
18) Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Mobile and Wireless Network
Architectures , ISBN 0-471-39492-0,

136

137

 :

.

138

139

140

141

 : C2

cell Reselection

Idle
1800 .

142

143

144

145

146

 :
.

147

148

149

150

 :
.

151

152

BA List

bcch Idle Dedicated .

153

Handover

Handover
.

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

 : ) B (

164

165

166

167

 : ) BTS (

168

169