Co Hoc Ung Dung

Mn hc
C HC NG DNG
B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM
Chng I
Nhng vn c bn ca
tnh hc vt rn tuyt i
GV: ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
B mn C K Thut Khoa Khoa Hc ng Dng 106B4
T: 08.38660568 0908568181
Email: thanhnhanguyendem@gmail.com
Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Vt rn tuyt i
Vt rn tuyt i l mt tp hp v hn cc cht im m khong cch
gia hai cht im bt k lun lun khng i.
Cn bng
Vt rn c gi l cn bng khi v tr ca n khng thay i so vi v
tr ca mt vt no c chn lm chun gi l h quy chiu.
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Lc
Lc l mt i lng vector c dng o lng s tng tc c hc
gia cc vt cht vi nhau.
Lc l nguyn nhn gy ra s bin i trng thi chuyn ng c hc
ca vt, l nguyn nhn gy nn cc bin dng ca vt.
F ( Fx , Fy , Fz )
Fz
Fy
Fx
x
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Cc c trng ca lc
Lc l mt i lng vector, gm c im t, phng chiu v ln
b
A: im t ca lc F
Gi ab l phng ca lc F, hng F
ca l chiu ca lc tc dng
F : ln (cng ) ca lc F
a
K hiu ca lc:
N ;
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1 N 1 kg .m / s 2
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Phn loi h lc
Cch 1 (ni v ngoi lc):
Ngoi lc: l nhng lc do nhng
i tng bn ngoi h thng kho
st sinh ra tc ng vo nhng v
tr bn trong h thng ang xt.
e
Fj
Ni lc: l nhng lc do nhng

i tng bn trong h thng kho
st sinh ra tc ng vo nhng
v tr bn trong h thng ang xt.
i
Fj
V d:
Xt h kho st gm ch c vt
P l ngoi lc.
Xt h kho
st gm vt +
ngi P l ni lc.
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Phn loi h lc
Cch 2 (dng hnh hc ca lc):
Lc tp trung: L loi lc ch tc dng ti mt im duy nht trn vt.
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Phn loi h lc
Lc phn b: L loi lc tc ng cng lc ln nhiu im trn vt.
- Lc phn b trn ng: L loi lc phn b c cc im tc ng
ln vt to thnh mt loi ng hnh hc trn vt (ng thng,
ng trn, ellipse, ). n v: N/m
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Phn loi h lc
- Lc phn b trn mt: L loi lc phn b
m qu tch cc im tc dng ln vt to
thnh mt loi mt hnh hc trn vt. n v:
N/m2
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Phn loi h lc
- Lc phn b trn th tch: L loi lc phn b m qu tch cc im
tc dng ln vt to thnh mt loi th tch hnh hc. n v: N/m3
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Quy i lc phn b
Tng qut
q(x)
Q
C
O
xA
B
x
B
xD
xC
xB
x
Q x q( x).dx
x q( x). x.dx Q x
C
D x
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Quy i lc phn b
Trng hp lc phn b u
l
l 2
B
C
q.l
l 2
Q q.l
Trng hp lc phn b tam gic
q max
A
2l 3
q const
1
qmax .l
2
1
Q qmax .l
2
2l 3
l
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Moment ca lc
Di tc ng ca mt lc vt rn c th chuyn ng tnh tin,
chuyn ng quay, hoc va chuyn ng tnh tin va quay ng
thi. Tc dng ca lc lm vt rn quay s c nh gi bi i
lng moment ca lc
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Moment ca lc
a) Moment ca lc i vi mt im:

m o (F )
F
B
O
d
ThS.NguynThanhNh
m o ( F ) F .d

m o ( F ) 2dt OAB
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Moment ca lc
b) Moment ca lc i vi mt trc:

mo ( F )
F
A(x,y,z)
F'
m ( F ) mO ( F ')

m ( F ) hch [mO ( F )]
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
H lc
L mt tp hp nhiu lc ang tc ng ln i tng kho st
K hiu h n lc:
Fj ,
j 1, n
H lc tng ng
Hai h lc c gi l tng ng vi nhau v c hc nu hai
h lc ny cng gy ra mt kt qu c hc trn mt vt rn.
K hiu h 2 lc tng ng:
( F j ) ~ (Qk )
j 1, n
ThS.NguynThanhNh
k 1, m
1. Cc khi nim c bn
H lc cn bng
L loi h lc khng lm thay i trng thi c hc ca vt rn khi vt
chu tc ng ca loi h lc ny.
K hiu h lc cn bng:
ThS.NguynThanhNh
( F j ) ; j 1, n
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Hp lc
Nu mt h nhiu lc tng ng vi mt h mi ch c duy nht
mt lc, lc duy nht c gi l hp lc ca h nhiu lc.
K hiu hp lc:
( Fj ) R
; j 1, n
Tnh cht ca hp lc:
Vector hp lc c xc nh bng vector R Fj
tng ca cc vector lc trong h.
j1
Hnh chiu ca mt vector lc ln mt trc l mt gi tr i s
Vector hp lc R ca h lc ch nm trn mt ng tc dng duy

3
nht trong khng gian R .
C nhng h lc lun c hp lc v cng c nhng h lc khng bao

gi c hp lc.
ThS.NguynThanhNh
1. Cc khi nim c bn
Lc lin kt v lc hot ng. Phn lc lin kt
Lc lin kt: Nhng lc c trng cho tc dng tng h gia cc
vt c lin kt vi nhau qua ch tip xc hnh hc.
Lc hot ng: L nhng lc khng b mt i cng vi lin kt.
Phn lc lin kt: Lc lin kt do cc vt gy lin kt tc dng ln
vt chu lin kt c gi l cc phn lc lin kt
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 1: Tin v hai lc cn bng
iu kin cn v cho h hai lc cn bng l chng c cng
ng tc dng, hng ngc chiu nhau v c cng cng .
ThS.NguynThanhNh
F'
F'
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 2: Tin thm bt hai lc cn bng
Tc dng ca mt h lc khng thay i khi thm hoc bt hai lc
cn bng
FB '
FB
FA
FB FB '
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 2: Tin thm bt hai lc cn bng
H qu: Tc dng ca lc ln vt rn tuyt i khng thay i khi trt
lc trn ng tc dng ca n. (nh l trt lc)
FA
FA ' A
Ch : Tnh cht trn ch ng vi vt rn tuyt i
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 3: Tin hnh bnh hnh lc
H hai lc cng t ti mt im tng ng vi mt lc t ti
im t chung v c vector lc bng vector ng cho hnh
bnh hnh m hai cnh l hai vector biu din hai lc thnh phn
F1
F2

F F1 F2
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 4: Tin tc dng v phn tc dng
Lc tc dng v lc phn tc dng gia hai vt c cng ng tc
dng, hng ngc chiu nhau v c cng cng
F'
F
A
F F '
Ch : Lc tc dng v phn tc dng khng phi l hai lc cn bng
v chng khng tc dng ln cng mt vt rn
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 5: Tin ha rn
Mt vt bin dng cn bng di tc dng ca mt h lc th
khi ha rn li n vn cn bng di tc ng ca h lc
Si dy
Ha rn
Si dy
F
F
Thanh thp
F
F
Ha mm
Thanh thp
Ch : iu ngc li khng ng
ThS.NguynThanhNh
2. H tin tnh hc
Tin 6: Tin gii phng kin kt
Vt khng t do (tc vt chu lin kt) cn bng c th c xem
l vt t do cn bng nu gii phng cc lin kt, thay th tc dng
ca cc lin kt c gii phng bng cc phn lc lin kt tng
ng
ThS.NguynThanhNh
3. Cc m hnh lin kt v phn lc lin kt

Cc khi nim c bn
Vt rn t do hon ton
L vt rn c th thc hin c mi dng chuyn ng trong khng
gian m khng c bt k cn tr no.
Bc t do ca vt rn
L s chuyn ng c lp m vt rn y c th thc hin ng thi
trong khng gian.
K hiu bc t do ca vt rn l Dof (Degree of freedom).
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cch xc nh BTD ca VR
Trong khng gian hai chiu - 2D
DofVR 3
: tnh tin thng theo phng ngang.
: tnh tin thng theo phng ng.

: quay.
C v th vt tnh tin theo phng xin.

C c th vt va tnh tin va quay ng thi.
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cch xc nh BTD ca VR
Trong khng gian ba chiu - 3D
DofVR 6
Ch : Mt chuyn ng c lp bao gm c hai chiu chuyn

ng theo mt phng.
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Lin kt
L nhng i tng c tc dng hn ch kh nng chuyn ng ca vt
rn trong khng gian.
Rng buc
L s chuyn c lp b mt do lin kt
K hiu: Rlk
Rlk l mt thng s nh gi kh nng cn tr chuyn ng ca lin kt
i vi vt v n c nh ngha bng s chuyn ng c lp m vt
rn b mt i do lin kt y.
ThS.NguynThanhNh

BTD ca h nhiu VR lin kt nhau
Kho st mt h thng c hc gm c n vt rn c lin kt vi nhau
bi m lin kt.
m
Tng cc rng buc ca cc lin kt trong h l:
lk
R
j
j1
m
Trong khng gian 2 chiu (2D):
Dof he 3n R lkj
j1
m
Trong khng gian 3 chiu (3D):
Dof he 6n R lkj
j1
Vi n l s vt rn trong h.
Dof h > 0: h khng lun cn bng vi mi loi ti tc ng.
Dof h 0: h lun cn bng vi mi loi ti tc ng.
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Phn lc lin kt
L nhng lc do cc lin kt phn tc dng ln vt
Phn lc lin kt l nhng lc thuc loi lc th ng (b ng).
PA
ThS.NguynThanhNh
RA
RB
PB

Tnh cht ca phn lc lin kt
Tnh cht 1: S phn lc lin kt ca mt loi lin kt s bng s rng
buc ca lin kt y.
Tnh cht 2: V tr t cc phn lc lin kt trng vi v tr ca cc lin

kt y (t ti v tr c lin kt).
Tnh cht 3: Phng ca cc phn lc lin kt s trng vi phng
ca cc chuyn ng c lp b mt i.
Tnh cht 4: Chiu ca cc phn lc lin kt s ngc vi chiu ca
cc chuyn ng c lp b mt i.
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
1. Lin kt dy:
Rdy = 1
C 1 phn lc lin kt.
TA
TA
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
1. Lin kt dy:
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
2. Lin kt ta nhn (ta trn khng ma st):
Rta = 1
C 1 phn lc lin kt.
NA
tip tuyn chung
A
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
2. Lin kt ta nhn (ta trn khng ma st):
Rta = 1
NB
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
3. Lin kt khp bn l c nh:
VA
Rblc = 2
C 2 phn lc lin kt.
HA
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
3. Lin kt khp bn l c nh:
ThS.NguynThanhNh
Rblc = 2

Cc dng lin kt c bn
4. Lin kt khp bn l di ng:
NA
ThS.NguynThanhNh
NA
Rbld = 1
C 1 phn lc lin kt.

Cc dng lin kt c bn
Phn bit khp bn l ni v khp bn l ngoi:
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
5. Lin kt khp cu:
YA
Rcu = 3
C 3 phn lc lin kt.
XA
ZA
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
5. Lin kt khp cu:
ThS.NguynThanhNh
Rcu = 3

Cc dng lin kt c bn
6. Lin kt ngm phng:
VA
MA
ThS.NguynThanhNh
Rngm2D = 3
C 3 phn lc lin kt.
HA

Cc dng lin kt c bn
7. Lin kt ngm khng gian:
Rngm3D = 6
z
A
y
ThS.NguynThanhNh
xA
A
x
M
A
y
A y
A
Mz

Cc dng lin kt c bn
8. Lin kt thanh:
Rthanh = 1 C 1 phn lc lin kt.
Kho st nhng thanh thng, cong, lin kt thanh xut hin khi:
- Thanh c trng lng rt b so vi cc lc m thanh phi chu.
- C 2 lin kt 2 u mt thanh thuc 1 trong 3 loi lin kt sau: bn l,
khp cu, ta nhn.
-Thanh ch chu ti hai u mt, khng chu lc gia thanh.
Cc phn lc nm trn ng ni lin 2 u mt ca thanh
ThS.NguynThanhNh

Cc dng lin kt c bn
8. Lin kt thanh:
ThS.NguynThanhNh
Rthanh = 1
4. iu kin cn bng v cc phng trnh cn bng ca h

lc khng gian
nh ngha vector chnh
Vector chnh ca mt h nhiu lc l vector tng ca cc vector lc trong
h lc y.
Rx' F jx
n
'
R ' F j R y F jy
j 1
'
Rz F jz
Tnh cht:
-i vi 1 h lc xc nh, vector chnh ca h lc l vector hng gi l
bt bin vi h lc .
-Vector chnh ca mt h lc l mt vector t do, c th nm trn ng
tc dng song song ty trong khng gian tn ti ca h lc.
Vector chnh Thnh phn c bn th nht ca mt h lc
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
nh ngha vector moment chnh
Vector moment chnh ca mt h lc i vi mt tm l vector tng ca cc
vector moment tng lc thnh phn trong h ly i vi cng tm y.
M Ox
n
M O M O M Oy
j 1
M Oz
M Ox ( F j ) M x ( F j )
M Oy ( F j ) M y ( F j )
M Oz ( F j ) M z ( F j )
Vector moment chnh Thnh phn c bn th hai ca mt h lc
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
Thu gn h lc khng gian v tm O
a. nh l 3 lc
Nu vt rn cn bng vi h 3 lc th h 3 lc y s tha mn ng
thi 2 iu kin:
- ng phng
- Hoc ng quy, hoc song song
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
b. nh l di lc song song
C th di di song song mt lc n mt im t mi nm ngoi ng
tc dng c ca n nu ta thm vo trong qu trnh di song song y mt
vector moment bng vector moment ca lc trc khi di di ly i vi
tm s c di n.
lA
l A // lB
A
B

M B (F )
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
c. nh l thu gn h lc
Mi h lc khi thu gn v 1 tm bt k trong khng gian tn ti ca h lc
bao gi cng tng ng vi vi hai thnh phn c bn ca h lc
i vi tm thu gn chn.

( F j ) [ R, M O ], O R 3 , j 1, n
FA
lA
FB
A
B
l A // lB

( FA ) [ FB , M B ( FA )]

M B ( FA )
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
Cc dng ti gin ca h lc
Da vo hai thnh phn c bn ca h lc khi thu gn v mt tm, ta c 4
dng ti gin ca cc h lc nh sau:
Dng chun 1: Khi 2 thnh phn u = 0
R ' 0 & MO 0
H lc cn bng
Dng chun 2:
R ' 0 & M O 0 H lc Ngu, khng c hp lc,

h chuyn ng quay thun ty
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
Dng chun 3:
MO 0

R ' 0 & R'.M O 0
H lc c hp lc chnh l vector chnh ti O, vt chuyn
ng tnh tin
R ' M O H lc c hp lc nhng hp lc ny khng i qua O

MO
M O ( R, R '')
R ''
R'
O
d
O
ThS.NguynThanhNh
MO
OO ' d
R

lc khng gian
Dng chun 4:

R ' 0 & R'.M O 0
H lc khng c hp lc m s tng ng vi 1 lc v 1
vector moment H xon vt ng
ThS.NguynThanhNh

lc khng gian
iu kin cn bng ca h lc
iu kin cn v h lc khng gian cn bng l vector chnh
v moment chnh ca h lc i vi mt im bt k phi ng thi
b trit tiu.
Rx' F jx 0
n
'
R ' F j 0 R y F jy 0
j 1
'
Rz F jz 0
( Fj ) O
M Ox M Ox ( F j ) 0

M O M O ( F j ) 0 M Oy M Oy ( F j ) 0
j 1
M Oz M Oz ( F j ) 0
ThS.NguynThanhNh
Mn hc
C HC NG DNG
Chng II
Ni lc v V biu ni lc

T: 08.38660568 0908568181
Chng II
Ni lc v V biu ni lc
1. Cc khi nim c bn v C hc vt rn bin dng

2. Cc thnh phn ni lc v cch xc nh
3. Lin h gia cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn ni lc
4. Bi ton phng
5. Biu ni lc cho bi ton phng
Chng II: Ni lc v V biu ni lc

Nhim v v i tng
C hc vt rn bin dng nghin cu nhng dch chuyn tng i
gia cc cht im thuc vt rn khi n chu tc dng bi h lc cn
bng. t ta c th tnh ton sc chu ng ca vt liu
P2
P1
P3
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

Nhim v v i tng
M hnh nghin cu: Thanh thng, Khung
Thanh: vt th c kch thc 1
phng ln hn 2 phng kia
nhiu ln
Tm v: vt th c kch thc 2
phng ln hn phng cn li
nhiu ln
Khi: vt th c kch thc 3
phng tng ng nhau
Vt liu:
n hi _ Lin tc _ ng hng
M hnh bin dng b

ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

Ni lc
a. nh ngha:
Ni lc l tng ca lc lin kt gia cc phn t thuc vt rn khi
vt th chu tc dng ca h lc cn bng.
b. Phng php kho st: Phng php mt ct ngang
(A)
(A)
(B)
Ngoi lc
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Ni lc

Ni lc
b. Phng php kho st: Phng php mt ct ngang
Hp lc ca chng l mt vector R
H ni lc phn b trn ton mt ct
bt k.
Khi a v trng tm ca mt ct
Thu c mt vector R
v mt momentM
P1
P2
M'
( A)
P3
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
R'
P4
P5
( B)
Pn

ng sut
Cc khi nim v ng sut:
Xt mt din tch rt nh
Hp lc ca ni lc trn
F ti mt im C trn mt ct ca phn A.
F l P
P
ptb
nh ngha ng sut trung bnh ti C:
F
P dP
p lim
ng sut thc ti C:
F 0 F
dF
ng sut p c phn thnh 2 thnh phn:
: ng sut php hng theo php tuyn mt ct
: ng sut tip nm trong mt ct
p2 2 2
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

ng sut
P
p
P1
P2
( A)
C
P3
P4
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
( B)
P5

ng sut
Gn 1 h trc Cxyz sao cho Cz trng vi phng php tuyn mt ct,
ta c 3 thnh phn ng sut theo cc phng nh sau:
* ng sut php:
* ng sut tip:
* ng sut tip:
z
zx
zy
hng theo phng z

hng theo phng x
hng theo phng y
zy
( A)
zx
x
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
* ng sut php: gy ra bin dng di

* ng sut tip: gy ra bin dng gc

a. Cc thnh phn ni lc:
Ti trng tm O ca mt ct ta gn vo h trc ta Oxyz
Chiu hai thnh phn thu gn
ta
Mz
Qx
x
Mx
O
My
Qy
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

R, M
ca h ni lc ln cc phng
+ Lc dc Nz (hng theo trc z)

+ Lc ct Qx (hng theo trc x)
+ Lc ct Qy (hng theo trc y)
Nz
+ Moment un Mx (quanh trc x)

+ Moment un My (quanh trc y)
+ Moment xon Mz (quanh trc z)

b. Cc xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc:
n
N z Piz 0
i 1
Q y Piy 0
i 1
Qx Pix 0
i 1
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
M z M z ( Pi ) 0
i 1
M x M x ( Pi ) 0
i 1
M y M y ( Pi ) 0
i 1
3. Lin h gia cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn ni lc

zy
p
( A)
Mz
Qx
zx
Mx
Nz
My
x
Qy
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
N z z dF
F
Q y zy dF
F
Q dF
x zx
M x z ydF
F
M y z xdF
F
M ( y x )dF
zy
z zx
4. Bi ton phng
Khi ngoi lc tc dng nm trong mt mt phng cha trc thanh th
ni lc cng nm trong mt phng .
z
x
y
z
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
4. Bi ton phng
Dng phng php mt ct ngang:
z
x
y
z
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
4. Bi ton phng
Mx
Qy
Nz M x
Nz
Qy
Ch c 3 thnh phn Nz, Mx, Qy nm trong mt phng yOz

ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
4. Bi ton phng
*** Quy c du ***

Mx 0
Mx 0
Nz 0
z z
Nz 0
Qy 0
Qy 0
+ Nz > 0: khi c chiu dng hng ra ngoi mt ct

+ Qy > 0: khi quay vector php tuyn 1 gc 900 theo chiu kim ng
h
+ Mx > 0: khi lm cng th dng ca trc y (th di)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
4. Bi ton phng
*** Quy c du ***

Th chu nn
( )
Mx 0
()
Th chu cng (ko)
Mx 0
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
( )
()
Th chu nn

- Biu ni lc: l th biu din s bin thin ca ni lc theo v
tr, t ta suy ra mt ct nguy him l mt ct ti tr s ni lc l
ln nht.
- Phng php gii tch: Ta dng mt mt ct bt k c honh z,
vit biu thc ni lc theo z ri v th.
Quy c:
- Biu ni lc ct Qy ,moment un Mx tung dng biu din
trn trc honh ((+) th v trn, (-) th v di).
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trnh t v biu ni lc
Phng php gii tch
Bc 1: Gii phng lin kt, xc nh cc phn lc
Bc 2: Phn on theo iu kin sao cho mi on thanh khng c
s thay i t ngt v lc (i vi khung cn thm iu kin: trn
mi on khung khng c s thay i v phng ca khung).
Bc 3: Phn tch cc thnh phn ni lc trn tng on thanh, sau
dng phng trnh cn bng tnh hc vit biu thc cho tng
on.
Bc 4: V biu ni lc (tng t nh kho st hm s)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trnh t v biu ni lc
Phng php v nhanh
Bc 1: Gii phng lin kt, xc nh cc phn lc
Bc 2: Phn on theo iu kin sao cho mi on thanh khng c
s thay i t ngt v lc.
Bc 3: Xc nh v biu t tri sang phi hoc t phi sang tri.
Dng mt ct ct ln lt theo chiu v chn
Bc 4: V nhanh cc biu ni lc
Mx 0
Mx 0
Nz 0
z
y
Qy 0
z
Nz 0
Qy 0
Quy c du khi v t tri sang phi
Quy c du khi v t phi sang tri
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trnh t v biu ni lc
Phng php v nhanh
Bc 4: V nhanh cc biu ni lc
Biu lc dc trc Nz: (Quan tm cc thnh phn lc theo phng z)
- Nz = tng cc lc theo phng z tnh t mt ct ang xt n phn
thanh cn li
- Cc lc cng chiu vi quy c dng ca Nz s mang du m (-)
(lc nn)
- Cc lc ngc chiu vi quy c dng ca Nz s mang du dng(+)
(lc ko)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trnh t v biu ni lc
Phng php v nhanh
Bc 4: V nhanh biu ni lc
Biu lc ct Qy: (Quan tm cc thnh phn lc theo phng y)
- Qy = tng cc lc theo phng y tnh t mt ct ang xt n phn
thanh cn li
- Cc lc cng chiu vi quy c dng ca Qy s mang du m (-)
- Cc lc ngc chiu vi quy c dng ca Qy s mang du dng(+)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trnh t v biu ni lc
Phng php v nhanh
Bc 4: V nhanh biu ni lc
Biu moment un Mx: (Quan tm cc thnh phn lc theo phng y v cc
moment tp trung)
- Mx = tng cc moment do cc lc theo phng y, cc moment tp trung
gy ra i vi mt ct ang xt (tnh t mt ct ang xt n phn thanh
cn li)
- Cc moment lm cng th di s mang du dng (+)
- Cc moment lm cng th trn s mang du m (-)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

V d:
q 20kN / m
P 20kN
M 20kNm
1m
1m
1m
*** Xem file hng dn bi tp ***

ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Mt s c im cc biu ni lc
Ta c:
dM x z
dz Q y z
dQ y z q z
dz
(Tham kho thm sch)
1. Trn thanh, on c lc phn b l hng s th biu Qy l ng bc

nht, Mx l ng cong bc 2 (parabol)
2. Nhng on khng c lc phn b, biu Qy l hng s, Mx l ng bc
nht.
3. th Mx t cc tr ti v tr Qy = 0.
4. Xt t tri sang phi, nu Qy tng th Mx lm, nu Qy gim th Mx li.
5. Ti v tr c lc tp trung, biu Qy s c bc nhy, ln bc nhy l
ln lc tp trung.
6. Xt t tri sang phi, chiu ca bc nhy l chiu ca lc tp trung.
7. Ti v tr c moment tp trung, biu Mx c bc nhy, ln bc nhy
l ln ca moment tp trung.
8. Ti v tr c moment phn b, biu Mx l ng bc nht
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Mn hc
C HC NG DNG
Chng III
ng sut v Bin dng

T: 08.38660568 0908568181
Chng III: ng sut v Bin dng
1. Trng thi ng sut ti mt im

nh ngha
Trng thi ng sut ti mt im l tp hp tt c nhng ng sut
trn cc mt i qua im y.
Nghin cu trng thi ng sut l tm c im v lin h gia

v
, tm
ng sut ln nht, nh nht kim tra bn hoc gii thch, bit c dng
ph hng ca vt th.
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

Phng php nghin cu
Tch phn t hnh hp bao quanh im ta cn kho st trng thi ng
sut. H trc ta nh hnh v.
-ng sut php:
yz
-ng sut tip:
yx
x
xy
x
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
xy , yx , zx , xz , yz , zy
zx
xz
x , y , z
zy
xy
mp vung gc
vi trc x
phng // trc y
Phn loi trng thi ng sut

L thuyt n hi
Ti mt im ta lun lun tm c mt phn t m trn cc mt ch c
ng sut php. Mt gi l mt chnh, phng ng sut php gi l
phng chnh, ng sut php gi l ng sut chnh.
K hiu ng sut chnh:
Qui c:
1, 2 , 3
1 2 3
Trng thi ng sut khi: 3 ng sut chnh khc khng

Trng thi ng sut phng: 2 ng sut chnh khc khng
Trng thi ng sut n: 1 ng sut chnh khc khng
Nghin cu trng thi ng sut:
Tm phng chnh, ng sut chnh, ng sut tip cc i
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
2. Trng thi ng sut phng

Xt 1 phn t c ng sut trn mt c php tuyn song song trc x bng
khng.
. Chiu ln mt Oyz
xy
xz
yz
yz
yx
x
xy
x
zx
xz
zy
zy
zy
yz
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k
yz
zy
z
uv
zy
yz
y
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
yz
ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k
u
uv
z y
2
z y
2
z y
2
cos 2 zy s in2
zy
uv
s in2 zy cos 2
zy
yz
Ti mt vung gc vi mt c php tuyn u ( 900 )
z y
vu
z y
Nhn xt:
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
z y
2
cos 2 zy s in2
s in2 zy cos 2
u v z y const
uv vu
Bt bin ca
US php
lut i ng
US tip

ng sut chnh Phng chnh
Mt chnh l mt c ng sut tip bng khng. tm mt chnh:
uv
z y
2
Hai tr s
Thay vo
s in2 0 zy cos 2 0 0 tg 2 0
uv 0
2 zy
z y
(*)
khc bit nhau 900 Hai phng chnh
u , thu c cc ng sut chnh
max 1,3
min
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
z y
2
( z y ) 2 4 zy2
2
(**)

Hai trng hp c bit
max 1,3
min
z y
2
1
( z y ) 2 4 zy2
2
(**)
a. Trng thi ng sut phng c bit
z ; y 0; zy
Thay vo (**) ta c:
max
min
1
1,3
2 4 2
2 2
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

Hai trng hp c bit
max 1,3
z y
2
min
( z y ) 2 4 zy2
2
(**)
b. Trng thi ng sut trt thun ty
z y 0; zy
Thay vo (**) ta c:
max 1,3 hay 1 3

min
tg 2 0 0
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

ng sut tip cc tr
z y
s in2 zy cos 2
uv
2
d uv
0
d
z y
2
z y
2 cos 2 2 zy sin 2 tg 2
2 zy
1
So snh vi (*), thu c: tg 2
tg 2 0
0 k
Mt c s tip cc tr to vi mt chnh
mt gc 450
Thay vo uv thu c:
max
min
( z y ) 2 4 zy2
2
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
3. TTS trong bi ton phng P.P th

C s ca phng php
z y
z y
cos 2 zy s in2
2
2
y
uv z
s in2 zy cos 2
2
Chuyn
z y
2
qua vtri, bnh phng 2 v, cng 2 v cho
uv2
Ta thu c phng trnh vng trn Mohr ng sut
z y
2
z y
2
uv
zy
u
2
2
Tm:
y 2;0
z y
R
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Bn knh:
zy
Trc honh:
Trc tung:
Ta cc im trn vng trn Mohr

ng sut cho ta gi tr cc s php v
s tip nm trn nhng mt khc nhau
i qua im c trng thi s ta ang xt.

Cch v vng trn Mohr
Cho mt phn t ng sut.
Bit: z , y , zy
Tm: max , min , max , min , cc phng chnh,

s php, s tip ti mt nghing bt k
-Dng h trc ta :
z y
-Xc nh tm C vng trn: C
;0
2
z
y
2
-Xc nh bn knh R ca vng trn: R
zy
-Xc nh im cc P:
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
P y ; zy

Cch v vng trn Mohr
uv u
max
uv
zy
min
min
min
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
max
1
B
max
max
min
4. Lin h gia ng sut v Bin dng

nh lut Hooke tng qut
Quan h gia ng sut php v bin dng di
Trong : E l
module
n
hi, l hng s
vt liu
Theo phng vung gc vi phng gc vi phng ta cng c
'
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Trong : l h s poison, l hng

s vt liu

trng thi ng sut khi vi
phng ng sut chnh 1
1,2,3
.Ta tm bin dng di
theo
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng
Bin dng theo phng 1 do 1 gy ra:
11
Bin dng theo phng 1 do 2 gy ra:
12
Bin dng theo phng 1 do 3 gy ra: 13
2
E
E
1
1 11 12 13 1 ( 2 3 )
E
1
1
(
)
2
3 3 (1 2 )
Tng t: 2
1
3
E
E
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

i vi trng thi ng sut khi tng qut:
1
x x ( y z )
E
1
y ( x z )
E
1
z z ( x y )
E
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh

nh lut Hooke v trt (ct)
Khi phn t b trt thun ty, ch c
vi theo nh lut Hooke v trt.
, bin dng gc quan h
G
Trong : G l module n hi
trt, l hng s vt liu
E
G
2(1 )
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Mn hc
C HC NG DNG
Chng IV
L Thuyt Bn

T: 08.38660568 0908568181
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
1. Khi nim v l thuyt bn

Kim tra bn thanh chu ko, nn ng tm (trng thi ng sut
n ch c z ), ta c cc iu kin:
max 1 k
Tnh ton, th
nghim n
gin v l trng
thi ng sut
n
min 3 n
Tnh t chng 3
T thc nghim
Khi phi kim tra bn mt im trng thi ng sut phc tp c 1 , 2 , 3

Kh khn trong th nghim (ko nn 3 phng)
a ra cc gi thuyt v bn ca vt liu (thuyt bn)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
1. Khi nim v l thuyt bn

Thuyt bn l nhng gi thuyt v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu v dng
nh gi bn ca mi trng thi ng sut trong khi ch bit bn ca vt
liu trng thi S n (th nghim ko nn).
Trng thi ng sut bt k

Xc nh mt hm
So snh
1, 2 , 3
td f ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
td k ,n
Mc ch: Tm hm f
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
2. Cc thuyt bn c bn
2.1. Thuyt bn S php cc i (TB1)
Nguyn nhn vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut php cc i ca phn t
TTS phc tp t n ng sut php nguy him ca phn t TTS n.
td 1 1 k
td 1 3 n
u khuyt im:
- Khng k n cc ng sut chnh cn li
- Khng ph hp thc t, ch p dng cho TTS n
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
2. Cc thuyt bn c bn
2.2. Thuyt bn bin dng di cc i (TB2)
Nguyn nhn vt liu b ph hoi l do bin dng di cc i ca phn t
TTS phc tp t n bin dng di trng thi nguy him ca phn t
TTS n.
1
1 1 ( 2 3 )
E
ok
ok
E
1
ok
1 ( 2 3 )
E
E
td 2 1 ( 2 3 ) k
u khuyt im:
- C k n 3 ng sut chnh
- Th nghim cho thy ch ph hp vi vt liu dn, ngy nay t dng
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
2. Cc thuyt bn c bn
2.3. Thuyt bn ng sut tip cc i (TB3 TB Tresca)
Nguyn nhn vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut tip cc i ca phn t
TTS phc tp t n ng sut tip nguy him ca phn t TTS n.
td 3 1 3 k
u khuyt im:
- Ph hp vi th nghim, c bit i vi vt liu do
- Khng k n ng sut chnh 2
- Ngy nay dng nhiu trong tnh ton c kh
c bit:
Trng thi ng sut phng c bit
max 1,3
min
1
2 4 2
2
td 3 2 4 2 k
Trng thi ng sut trt thun ty
max ; min
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
td 3 2 k
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
2. Cc thuyt bn c bn
2.4. Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng (TB4 TB von Mises)
Nguyn nhn vt liu b ph hoi l do th nng bin i hnh dng ca phn t
TTS phc tp t n th nng bin i hnh dng trng thi nguy him
ca phn t TTS n.
td 4 12 22 32 1 2 1 3 2 3 k
u khuyt im:
- Ph hp vi vt liu do, khng ph hp vi vt liu dn
- Khng dng trong trng hp ko 3 phng vi cng
- Ngy nay dng nhiu trong tnh ton c kh
c bit:
Trng thi ng sut phng c bit
max 1,3
min
1
2 4 2
2
td 4 2 3 2 k
Trng thi ng sut trt thun ty
max ; min
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
td 4 3 k
2
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
2. Cc thuyt bn c bn
2.5. Thuyt bn v cc TTS gii hn (TB Mohr_TB5)
p dng cho vt liu dn hay vt liu c gii hn bn ko v nn khc nhau. i
vi bt k phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp (khi).
0k
td 5 1
3 k
0n
0 k , 0 n : Gii hn nguy him ca phn t TTS n
(ko, nn theo 1 phng)
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Chng IV: L Thuyt Bn
3. Vic p dng cc thuyt bn
Mi thuyt bn a ra mt quan im v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu.

Trong thc t tnh ton, vic chn ra thuyt bn no l ph thuc vo vt liu v
TTS ca im cn kim tra.
- i vi vt liu do, nn dng TB3, TB4
- i vi vt liu dn, nn dng TB5
- Trng hp TTS n nn dng TB1
ThS. Nguyn Thanh Nh
Mn hc
C HC NG DNG
Chng V
c trng hnh hc
ca mt ct ngang
T: 08.38660568 0908568181
Chng V: c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang
5.1. Khi nim chung
Trng hp no chu ti tt hn?

Sc chu ng ca 1 thanh khng ch ty thuc vo vt liu m cn
ty thuc vo hnh dng ca mt ct ngang, cng nh phng ca
ti trng i vi mt ct ngang.
Kho st nhng c trng hnh hc chnh ca mt ct ngang
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.2. Moment tnh

5.2.1. Moment tnh i vi mt trc
S x ydF ; S y xdF
F
Sx , S y :
y
y
yc
Moment tnh ca din tch mt ct

ngang i vi trc x, y
O
Khi moment tnh ca din tch i vi 1 trc
bng 0 th trc gi l trc trung tm.
xc
Giao im ca 2 trc trung tm gi l trng tm ca mt ct

Ta trng tm mt ct:
Nguyn Thanh Nh
Sy
Sx
xC ; yC
F
F
5.2. Moment tnh

5.2.2. Moment tnh ca cc hnh phc tp
n
S x F1 y1 F2 y2 ... Fn yn Fi yi
i 1
n
S y F1 x1 F2 x2 ... Fn xn Fi xi
i 1
xC
Sy
y2
y1
O
Sx
yC
F
x
x1
Nguyn Thanh Nh
x2
Fx
F
Fy
i i
i
5.2. Moment tnh

5.2.2. Moment tnh ca cc hnh phc tp
Ch :
- Chn h trc ta ban u hp l: nu hnh c trc i xng th chn trc
i xng lm mt trc ca h trc ta ban u, trc cn li i qua trng
tm ca cng nhiu hnh n gin cng tt.
- Nu hnh b khot th din tch phn b khot mang gi tr m.
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.3. Moment qun tnh ca mt ct ngang

5.3.1. Moment qun tnh i vi 1 trc
J x y dF 0
dF
J y x 2dF 0
F
O
x
Th nguyn ca moment qun tnh l [chiu di]4 , gi tr khng m.
Nguyn Thanh Nh

5.3.2. Moment qun tnh c cc
y
y
J P 2dF 0
dF
2 x2 y2
JP Jx J y
x
Th nguyn ca moment qun tnh c cc l [chiu di]4 , gi tr khng m.
Nguyn Thanh Nh

5.3.3. Moment qun tnh ly tm i vi h trc (x,y)
J xy xydF
F
Th nguyn ca moment qun tnh ly tm l [chiu di]4 , gi tr c th dng,

m hoc bng khng.
Khi moment qun tnh ly tm i vi 1 trc no bng 0 th h trc gi l h
trc qun tnh chnh. Nu h trc qun tnh chnh i qua trng tm mt ct th
c gi l h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
Ti bt k im no trn mt phng ca mt ct ta cng c th xc nh c
mt h trc qun tnh chnh.
Nu mt ct c mt trc i xng th bt k trc no vung gc vi trc i xng
cng lp vi n thnh mt h trc qun tnh chnh
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.4. Moment qun tnh mt s hnh n gin

5.4.1. Moment qun tnh hnh ch nht
y
dy
x
h
h/2
3
bh
J x y 2dF y 2bdy
12
F
h / 2
b /2
Nguyn Thanh Nh
3
b
h
2
2
J y x dF x hdx
12
F
b /2

5.4.2. Moment qun tnh hnh trn
y
dF 2 d
R
d
x
J P 2dF 2 3d
F
R4
2
Do tnh cht i xng, ta c:
Jx Jy
J P J x J y 2J x 2J x
JP
D4
0,1D 4
32
J x J y 0,05D 4
Nguyn Thanh Nh
J P R4
Jx Jy
2
4
Vi D l ng knh

5.4.3. Moment qun tnh hnh vnh khn
y
JP
d
D
D4
32
32
D4
32
(1 4 )
J P D4
Jx Jy
(1 4 )
2
64
4
4
0,05D (1 )
Vi
Nguyn Thanh Nh
d4
5.5. Moment qun tnh i vi h trc song song

X x a
y
Y
Y y b
Y
dF
Khai trin, ta c:
2
2
J
Y
dF
(
y
b
)
dF
X
F
F
x
2
2
J
X
dF
(
x
a
)
dF
Y
F
F
J XYdF ( x a )( y b)dF
XY
F
F
Khi Oxy l h trc trung tm, ta c: S x S y 0
J X J x b 2 F 2bS x
2
J
J
a
F 2aS y
Y
y
J J abF aS bS
xy
x
y
XY
Nguyn Thanh Nh
J X J x b2 F
J
J
a
F
Y
y
J J abF
xy
XY
5.6. Mt s v d
V d 1: Cho mt ct ngang c hnh dng v kch
thc nh hnh v. Xc nh cc moment qun tnh
chnh trung tm ca mt ct.
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.6. Mt s v d
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.6. Mt s v d
Nguyn Thanh Nh
5.6. Mt s v d
V d 2: Xc nh ta trng tm mt ct nh hnh v
Xt vi phn din tch dF
dF d d ; y cos
Moment tnh:
0 0
S x ydF 2 cos d d 2 2d cos d

F
Suy ra
2 3
r sin
3
S x 2 r 3 sin 2 r sin
yC
2
F 3 r
3
Nguyn Thanh Nh

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Mn hc

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

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B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

Trng hp lc phn b tam gic

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

Tnh cht ca hp lc:

Vector hp lc c xc nh bng vector R Fj

tng ca cc vector lc trong h.

Hnh chiu ca mt vector lc ln mt trc l mt gi tr i s

Vector hp lc R ca h lc ch nm trn mt ng tc dng duy

C nhng h lc lun c hp lc v cng c nhng h lc khng bao

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

Ch : Tnh cht trn ch ng vi vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

Chng I: Nhng vn c bn ca tnh hc vt rn tuyt i

3. Cc m hnh lin kt v phn lc lin kt

B mn C K Thut i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM