Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter - Compressors and Compressed Air Systems (Vietnamese PDF
Chapter - Compressors and Compressed Air Systems (Vietnamese PDF
MY NN V H THNG KH NN
1. GII THIU ..........................................................................................1
2. CC LOI MY NN ...........................................................................3
3. NH GI MY NN V H THNG KH NN .................................8
4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU .....................13
5. DANH SCH SNG LC GII PHP .................................................20
6. BNG TNH ........................................................................................21
7. TI LIU THAM KHO .....................................................................24
1. GII THIU
Cc nh my cng nghip s dng kh nn trong rt nhiu hot ng sn xut. Kh nn to ra t
cc thit b nn kh c cng sut trong khong t 5 m lc (hp) cho ti hn 50.000 m lc. Bo
co nm 2003 ca C quan Nng lng M cho thy, 70 90% kh nn b tn tht di dng
nhit, ma st, ting n v do s dng khng ng (xem hnh 1). V vy, my nn v h thng kh
nn l nhng khu vc quan trng nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng trong cc nh my
cng nghip.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
2. CC LOI MY NN
Nh cho trong hnh 4, c hai loi my nn c bn: my nn dng v my nn th tch.
my nn th tch, mt lng kh b by trong bung nn vi th tch b gim c hc trong qu
trnh nn, to ra s tng p sut tng ng trc ca y. tc khng i, lu lng kh
khng i khi c cc bin ng ca p sut kh cp.
My nn dng cung cp ng nng cho dng kh lin tc nh cc bnh cng tc quay vi tc
rt cao. ng nng c chuyn thnh nng lng nn bi cc bnh cng tc v b khuych tn.
my nn dng kiu ly tm, hnh dng cnh ca bnh cng tc quy nh mi quan h gia lu
lng dng kh v p sut (hoc ct p) to ra.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
2.1 My nn th tch
Nhng my nn ny gm c hai loi: my nn pittng v my nn rto.
2.1.1 My nn pittng
Trong doanh nghip, cc my nn pittng c s dng rng ri cho c nn kh v lm lnh
(xem hnh 5). Cc my nn ny hot ng trn nguyn l ca bm xe p v c c trng bi
s n nh ca lu lng khi p sut y thay i. Nng sut ca my nn t l thun vi tc .
Tuy nhin, cng sut ca my nn li thay i.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
My nn pittng c rt nhiu cu to khc nhau, bn loi c s dng nhiu nht l thng ng,
nm ngang, ni tip v nm ngang cn bng-i xng. My nn pittng trc ng c s dng
trong khong cng sut t 50 150 cfm (foot khi/pht). My nn nm ngang cn bng-i
xng c s dng trong khong cng sut t 200 5000 cfm vi thit k nhiu cp v ln ti
10.000 cfm vi cc thit k mt cp (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, 1993).
My nn kh pittng l my nn tc ng n nu qu trnh nn ch s dng mt pha ca
pittng. Nu my nn s dng c hai pha pittng th l my nn tc ng kp.
My nn mt cp l my nn c qu
trnh nn c thc hin bng mt xy
lanh n hoc mt s xy lanh song
song. Rt nhiu ng dng yu cu
vt qu kh nng thc t ca mt cp
nn n l. T s nn qu cao (p sut
y tuyt i/p sut ht tuyt i) c
th lm nhit ca y cao qu mc
hoc gy ra cc vn thit k khc.
iu ny dn n nhu cu s dng
my nn hai cp cho cc yu cu p
sut cao vi nhit kh cp (ca y)
thp hn (140 ti 160oC) so vi my
nn mt cp (205 ti 240oC).
Trong s dng thc t, hu ht cc nh
my u dng my nn pittng trn
Hnh 6. My nn a cp
(King, Julie)
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
2.2 My nn dng
My nn kh ly tm (xem hnh 8) l my nn dng, thc hin truyn nng lng t bnh cng
tc sang dng kh nn. Rto thc hin vic ny bng cch thay i ng lng v p sut ca
khng kh. ng lng c chuyn thnh p sut hu dng bng cch lm gim tc dng
kh trong b khuych tn tnh. Theo thit k, my nn kh ly tm l my khng dng du bi
trn. Bnh rng bi trn du c cch ly khi khng kh bng cc vng lm kn v ng thng
kh.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
Loi my nn
My nn qut root
Mt cp
Pittng
Mt cp/hai cp
a cp
Trc vt
Mt cp
Hai cp
Ly tm
p sut (bar)
T
n
0,1
1
100
100
12000
12000
0,8
12,0
12
700
100
100
600
2400
2200
300000
0,8
0,8
0,1
13
24
450
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
Thp-cao
p sut
Trung bnh-rt
cao
Thp-trung
bnh
Thp-trung
bnh
Thp-cao
Trung bnh -cao
Ly tm
Cao
Thp: di
60% y ti
Cao-trung bnh
(20% - 30%)
Khng n
Gn nh
Thp
Hu nh khng
Nhy cm vi
bi trong
khng kh
Trung bnh cao
Trung bnh cao
3. NH GI MY NN V H THNG KH NN
3.1 Nng sut ca my nn
Nng sut ca my nn l lu lng nh mc ti a ca dng kh nn c cp di nhng iu
kin nh mc v nhit , p sut v cc thnh phn ca kh u vo. Nhng i khi nng sut
ca my nn c ngha l lu lng thc t thay v lu lng nh mc ca dng kh. Lu lng
ny cn c gi l nng sut cp kh t do (FAD) tc l kh cc iu kin kh quyn ti bt c
v tr no. Thut ng ny khng ni n kh cp nhng iu kin tiu chun hoc c trng v
cao so vi mt bin, p sut khng kh v nhit c th thay i ti nhng v tr v thi im
khc nhau.
3.1.1 nh gi nng sut ca my nn
Do cc my nn b lo ho v hot ng ca cc thnh phn bn trong my vn khng th hiu
qu ti a, lng kh cp- FAD- s t hn gi tr nh mc, d hot ng bo dng thc hin tt.
i khi, nhng yu t khc nh bo dng km, b trao i nhit b tc v cch thc thc hin
cng lm gim lng kh vo. p ng nhu cu kh nn, nhng my nn km hiu qu phi
hot ng lu hn, tiu th nhiu in hn mc thng thng.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
Tch ring my nn v bnh tch cn kim tra khi h thng chnh bng cch ng cht van
cch ly (van kha) hoc tch ring ra, ng ca ra ca bnh tch.
M van x v x ht nc trong bnh tch v ng ng. m bo rng ng by thot
nc c ng cht bt u tin hnh kim tra.
Khi ng my nn v kch hot ng h bm gi.
Ghi li thi gian cn t c p sut vn hnh bnh thng P2 (trong b cha) t p sut
ban u P1.
Tnh ton nng sut theo cng sut di y (Confederation of Indian Industries):
Nng sut ca my
Q= P2 P1 x V Nm3/ pht
Po
Trong
P2
P1
Po
Phng trnh trn ph hp khi nhit kh nn tng t nhit khng kh ngoi tri, tc l s
nn ng nhit hon ho. Trong trng hp nhit khng kh nn thc t b phn y, tc l
t2 oC cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh, t10C, cn iu chnh FAD theo h s (273 + t1) /
(273 + t2).
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
Th tch ca my nn = x D2/4 x L x S x x n
Trong
D = ng knh xy lanh, mt
L = Hnh trnh ca xy lanh, mt
S = Tc ca my nn vng/pht
= 1 cho xy lanh tc ng n v
2 cho tc ng kp
n = S lng xy lanh
Trn thc t, hiu qu nht trong so snh hiu sut ca my nn l dng mc tiu th in ring,
tc l kW/lu lng th tch nh mc, vi nhng my nn khc nhau khi chy cng mc ti, s
c cc s liu ring cho tng my.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 11
UNEP
R r (%) = [(Tx100)/(T+t)]
Trong :
Ngt tt c cc thit b dng kh nn (hoc tin hnh kim tra khi khng c thit b no ang
s dng kh nn).
Chy my nn nng p sut h thng ln bng p sut vn hnh.
Ghi li thi gian dng cho chu trnh ng ti v ngt ti ca my nn. chnh xc, ly
thi gian BT & TT ca 8-10 chu trnh lin tc. Sau tnh ton tng Thi gian BT
(T) v tng thi gian TT (t).
S dng cch trn xc nh lng r r ca h thng. Nu Q l khng kh bn ngoi c
cp vo trong thi gian kim tra (m3/pht), th lng r r ca h thng (m3/pht) s l:
Mc r r ca h thng (m3/pht) = Q T / (T + t)
V d
Di y l kt qu ca mt ln kim tra mc r r mt doanh nghip
3
= 35
= 6,8
= 7,5
p sut ngt, kg/cm
Mc ti o c kW
= 188 kW
Mc khng ti ghi c kW
= 54 kW
Thi gian Ti trung bnh
=1,5 pht
Thi gian Khng ti trung bnh
= 10,5 pht
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu
www.energyefficiencyasia.org 12
Lng r r = [(1,5)/(1,5+10,5)]
x 35 = 4,375 m3/pht
UNEP
4.2 Nhit kh vo
Khng nn nh gi thp tc ng ca kh vo vi hiu qu hot ng ca my nn. Kh vo b
nhim bn hoc nng c th lm gim hot ng ca my nn, lm tng chi ph nng lng v
chi ph bo dng. Nu hi nc, bi v cc cht bn c nhiu trong kh vo, chng s gy ra
bm bn cc b phn bn trong my nn nh cc van, bnh cng tc, rto, cnh gt. Nhng cn
bm ny s gy mn sm v lm gim nng sut ca my nn.
My nn to ra nhit do qu trnh hot ng lin tc. Lng nhit ny pht tn trong phng lp
my nn lm nng dng kh vo dn n lm gim hiu sut th tch v tng tiu th in. Theo
quy tc chung, C mi mc tng 4oC ca nhit kh vo, mc tiu th nng lng s tng
thm 1% duy tr nng sut tng ng. V vy, nu kh cp vo l kh mt s nng cao hiu
qu s dng nng lng ca my nn (xem bng 4).
Bng 4. nh hng ca nhit kh vo vi mc tiu th in ca my nn
(Confederation of Indian Industries)
Nhit vo (o C)
10,0
15,5
21,1
26,6
32,2
37,7
43,3
4.3 St p trong b lc kh
Vic lp t mt b lc kh vo my nn l cn thit, nu khng th phi ly kh vo t v tr sch
v mt. Cc nh sn xut my nn thng cung cp hoc xut mt loi b lc chuyn dng
cho kh vo bo v my nn. Vic lc khng kh vo my nn cng tt th khi lng bo
dng cng gim. Tuy nhin, cn gim thiu s st p qua b lc kh vo (bng cch chn ng
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 13
UNEP
4.4 cao
cao so vi mt bin c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut th tch ca my nn. Tc ng ca
cao so vi mt bin i vi hiu sut th tch c cho trong bng 6.
My nn t cao hn so vi mt bin s tiu th nhiu in hn vi cng mt mc p sut
cp so vi my t cao bng mt bin, v t s nn cao hn.
Bng 6. Tc ng ca cao so vi mt bin i vi hiu sut th tch
(Confederation of Indian Industries)
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 14
UNEP
Lm mt khng
hon ho
Nhit vo cp 1 (o C)
Nhit vo cp 2 (o C)
Nng sut (nm3/min)
Cng sut hu dng (kW)
Tiu th nng lng c th (nm3/min)
% thay i
21,1
26,6
15,5
76,3
4,9
+2,1
Lm mt hon
ho
(gi tr c s)
21,1
21,1
15,6
75,3
4,8
Gi tr tham
kho
Nc lLm
mt c lm
lnh
21,1
15,5
15,7
74,2
4,7
-2,1
T (bar)
xung n (bar)
Lm mt bng
nc mt cp
Lm mt bng
nc hai cp
Lm mt bng
kh hai cp
6,8
6,1
2,6
6,8
5,5
11
6,5
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 16
UNEP
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 17
UNEP
1,80
0,65
0,22
0,04
0,02
9,5
3,4
1,2
0,2
0,1
4.8 X nc ngng
Sau khi kh nn ri bung nn, b lm mt sau ca my nn s gim nhit kh x xung di
im sng (vi hu ht cc iu kin mi trng xung quanh) v do , mt lng hi nc
ng k s ngng t. x nc ngng, cc my nn c lp sn b lm mt sau c trang b
thm mt thit b tch nc ngng hoc by ngng.
Trong trng hp trn, nn lp mt van kha gn ca y ca my nn. ng thi, nn ni mt
ng x ngng vi l x ngng bnh tch. vn hnh tt, ng x ngng phi c dc t
bnh cha ra ngoi. C th s c nc ngng thm nu ng ng phn phi lm kh lnh i v
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 18
UNEP
4.10 iu khin my nn
My nn kh s khng hiu qu nu chng c vn hnh mc thp hn nhiu so vi sn lng
cfm theo nh mc. trnh trng hp chy thm cc my nn khi khng cn thit, nn lp t
mt b iu khin t ng bt v tt my nn, tu theo nhu cu. V nu gi p sut ca h
thng kh nn c mc cng thp cng tt, hiu sut s c ci thin v gim c r r kh
nn.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 19
UNEP
S dng nhit thi t my nn cho cc b phn khc trong dy chuyn tit kim nng
lng.
S dng b iu khin trung gian/b gin n/b iu tit p sut di cht lng cao.
Nm r cc yu cu v sinh thit b.
Chn cc sn phm c cht lng tt nht khi phi thay th cc b phn ca my nn.
o to v nng cao nhn thc ca nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng hiu qu cho h
thng my nn.
m bo rng nc ngng phi c loai b khi h thng phn phi ngay hoc khng c
nc ngng.
Kim tra cc xem kch thc bnh tch c th cha kh nn cho cc nhu cu ln trong thi
gian ngn khng.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 20
UNEP
6. BNG TNH
Bng tnh 1. Cc thng s ca my nn
Tham kho v my nn kh
n v
Hnh dng
--
Loi
--
S cp
--
Nng sut cp kh
Nm3/pht
p sut cp
kg/cm2.g
Tc
Dung tch ca bnh tch
Vng/pht
m3
c tnh thit k ca ng
c
Cng sut
kW
Dng y ti
in p
H s cng sut
PF
Tc
Vng/pht
Tn s
Hz
Mc tiu th in
kW/m3/pht
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 21
UNEP
n v
S.
Giy
Giy
Nm3/pht
%
Nhn xt
Khu vc trong dy chuyn
o c
o c
Theo nh mc
c tnh
c tnh
Quy trnh:
Tin hnh kim tra r r khi ton b dy chuyn ngng hot ng hoc khi tt c cc
thit b s dng kh nn ang ngng hot ng. S rt tt nu c th tch ring cc b
phn bng cc van cch ly.
Bt mt my nn ln cung cp cho mng li kh nn.
Do khng cn thit b s dng kh nn, my nn s tip tc chy khng ti, n thi im
p sut ca h thng t mc t (chng hn, 8 kg/cm2.g).
Nu h thng khng b r r, my nn s vn khng c ti.
Tuy nhin, do c r r ca h thng, p sut trong bnh tch bt u gim dn, n khi
xung n im thp nht t, ti , my nn kh li bt u ng ti (khi ng li)
v cp kh nn.
S dng ng h bm gi o thi gian ti v khng ti trong 5-6 chu k, ri tnh thi
gian ti v khng ti trung bnh.
nh gi mc r r kh nn (%) v lng r r.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 22
UNEP
n v
m3
kg/cm2.a
kg/cm2.a
pht
kg/cm2.a
Nm3/pht
Quy trnh:
1. Tch ring my nn kh cn kim tra nng sut khi h thng, bng cch ng van
kha.
2. Tt ng c my nn.
3. X sch bnh tch ni vi my nn kh.
4. Khi ng li ng c.
5. p sut bnh tch bt u tng. Chng hn p sut ban u o c l 2 kg/cm2. Bt
ng h bm gi.
6. Ngng ng h bm gi khi p sut bnh tch ln ti, chng hn, 9 kg/cm2.
7. Ghi li thi gian tri qua
8. Nng sut my nn c tnh nh sau:-
P P V 273
(Nm3/pht) = 2 1 R
Po t 273 + T
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org 23
UNEP
Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006)
n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s
cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca
bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch
thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc
Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia
and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that
the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the
accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or
indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than
English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
24
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP
25