Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pedia Nr-2 2010 Art-1
Pedia Nr-2 2010 Art-1
REZUMAT
Paralizia cerebral reprezint o problem semnificativ, aprnd cu o frecven de 2-2,5 la 1.000 la nounscui vii. Pentru a stabili anomalia structural cerebral, se recomand efectuarea investigaiilor
neuroimagistice, IRM fiind preferat tomografiei computerizate (nivelul A). Nu sunt necesare, de rutin, studii
metabolice i genetice (nivel B), dar ele sunt efectuate dac examenul clinic si investigaia imagistic nu
evideniaz modificri specifice (nivel C). Testele de coagulare sunt importante la copiii cu infarcte cerebrale
care dezvolt hemiplegie. Electroencefalograma va fi efectuat doar dac exist crize epileptice sau un
sindrom epileptic specific (nivel A). Se va efectua screening pentru deficitele vizuale, auditive, de vorbire,
acestea fiind frecvent asociate la copiii cu paralizii cerebrale.
Cuvinte cheie: paralizie cerebral, copil
ABSTRACT
Cerebral palsy is a common problem, occuring in about 2 to 2.5 per 1000 live births. In order to establish that
a brain abnormality exist in children with PC that may, in turn, suggest an etiology and prognosis, neuroimaging
is recommanded with MRI preferred to CT (level A). Metabolic and genetic studies should not be routinely
obtained in evaluation of child with CP (level B). If the clinical history or findings on neuroimaging do not
determine a specific structural abnormality or if there are additional and atypical features in the history or
clinical examinatoin, metabolic and genetic testing should be considered (level C). Detection of a brain
malformation in child with CP warrants consideration of an underlying genetic or metabolic etiology. Because
the incidence of cerebral infarction is high in children with hemiplegic CP, diagnostic testing for coagulation
disorders should be considered. An EEG is not recommended unless there are features suggestive of
epilepsy or a specific epileptic syndrome (level A). Because children with PC may have associated deficits of
mental retardation, ophthalmologic and hearing impairments, speech and language disorders, screening for
these conditions should be part of initial assessment (level A).
Key words: cerebral palsy, child
DEFINIIE
Paraliziile cerebrale (PC) reprezint un grup de
tulburri neurologice neprogresive, caracterizate
printr-un control neadecvat al motilitii i posturii,
datorate unor leziuni ale sistemului nervos central
produse n perioada pre-, intra- sau postnatal (pn
la vrsta de 3 ani). Injuria cerebral se produce
asupra SNC imatur. Se apreciaz c dup vrsta de
3 ani, leziunile cerebrale se pot manifesta clinic
similar sau identic cu PC, dar, prin definiie, aceste
Adres de coresponden:
Prof. Dr. Doina Pleca, Spitalul Clinic de Copii Dr. Victor Gomoiu, Bulevardul Basarabiei, Nr. 21, Sector 2, Bucureti
81
82
EPIDEMIOLOGIE
CLASIFICARE
n rile dezvoltate, prevalena estimat a cazurilor de PC (forme medii i severe) este de 2-2,5
la 1000 de nou-nscui vii, cu valori mai crescute n
rile n curs de dezvoltare (Majnermen, 2004).
Rata apariiei PC la 1000 de nou nscuii vii a crescut
n ultimii 20 de ani, pe seama creterii proporiei de
supravieuitori din rndul nou-nscuilor cu greutate
foarte mic la natere, ca urmare a perfecionrii
tehnicilor de reanimare neonatal. n cazul marilor
prematuri, prevalena poate s ajung la 5,6 cazuri la
1000 de nateri (Vincer, 2006; Ancel, 2006).
Anual, n Statele Unite se nasc aproximativ 10.000
de copii care vor dezvolta PC. n prezent, se estimeaz
c n SUA numrul total al celor cu PC (incluznd i
formele uoare) variaz ntre 500.000 i 1.000.000.
Datele furnizate de Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy
Registry arat c jumtate dintre copiii cu PC au avut
greutate mic la natere (sub 2500 gr.).
n funcie de forma clinic de paralizie cerebral,
se constat o cretere a incidenei diplegiei spastice,
asociat cu prematuritatea, n timp ce formele
dischinetice au devenit mai rare odat cu scderea
incidenei icterului nuclear, ca urmare a prevenirii
izoimunizrii n sistemul Rh cu imunoglobuline
antiD i a exsanghinotransfuziei practicate la nounscuii cu bilirubinemie peste 15-18 mg/dl.
ETIOLOGIE
DIAGNOSTIC POZITIV
83
84
85
RMN normal
1. Se va lua n consideraie efectuarea testelor
metabolice sau genetice dac copilul prezint:
Dovezi de deteriorare sau episoade de decompensare metabolic.
Nici o etiologie determinat de evaluarea medical.
Istoric familial de boli neurologice asociate cu
PC.
RMN anormal
1. Trebuie s se determine dac anomaliile neuroimagistice n combinaie cu istoricul i examenul
clinic stabilesc o etiologie specific PC.
2. Dac exist deficit de dezvoltare trebuie luat n
consideraie evaluarea genetic.
3. Dac prezint n antecedente accident vascular
cerebral, trebuie luat n consideraie evaluarea
unei coagulopatii sau alt etiologie.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Aicardi J (ed.) Clinics in Developmental Medicine. Disease of the
Nervous System in Childhood, ed. a 2-a, cap. 25. Mackeith Press,
Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 822-826.
2. Dragomir D, Pleca D Paraliziile cerebrale n: Ciofu Eugen, Ciofu
Carmen (eds) Tratat de Pediatrie, prima ediie, Editura Medical, 2002.
3. Plesca D, Dragomir D, Teleanu R Paralizii cerebrale n Pleca D.(ed)
Curs de neurologie pediatric, prima ediie, Editura BREN, 2005
4. Fenichel GM Clinical Pediatric Neurology. A signs and Symptoms
Approach, ed. a 2-a. W.B. Sauders Co, Harcourrt Brace Jovanovich,
Philadelphia, London, Sydney, Tokyo, 2005, p. 239-281.
5. Green MG The Harriet Lane Book. A Manual for Pediatric House Officers,
ed. a 12-a, partea a II-a, cap. 11. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, Baltimore,
Boston, Chicago, London, Philadelphia, Sydney, Tokyo, 1991, 116.
6. Landgren M, Petterson B, Kjellman B, Gillberg C ADHD, DAMP and
other neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders in 6-year-old chldren:
epidemiology and co-morbidity. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1996; 38: 891-906.
7. Moser HW Peroxisomes and Pediatric Neurological Diseases. In
Fukuiama Y., SuzukY T., Kamoshita S., Casaer P. (eds): Fetal and
Perinatal Neurology. Karger, Basel, 1992 p. 268-284.
8. Packer RJ, Rorke LB, Lange BJ et al Cerebrovascular accidents in
children with cancer. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 194.
9. Popescu V, Arion C, Dragomir D et al Neurologie pediatric. Curs de
Pediatrie, IMF Bucureti, Facultatea de Pediatrie, Clinica de Pediatrie,
Spitalul Clinic de Copii ,,23 August, 1981, p. 135-181.