Trnh Minh Chnh1

n y, trn cc phng tin truyn thng ni rt nhiu v xe t bc chy. Xe ang chy bc chy, xe
u cng bc chy; xe gn my v xe t ln xe vn ti u bc chy. Nguyn nhn bc chy cng
c tranh ci d di. Rt nhiu l do c a ra, tt c u c l. Bi vit ny ch phn tch s chy
c th xy ra do cht lng, cn nguyn nhn cc xe b chy ty bn c suy lun v tc gi khng chng kin
v khng trc tip tm hiu cc v chy xe xy ra Vit Nam. Cht t dng th lng nh xng khng bao
gi chy. S chy ch c th xy ra khi cht lng bc hi thnh kh t v kh t bc chy nu c s hin din
ca oxygen hoc khng kh v nhit hoc vt mi (ngn la).

L thuyt chy (Fire theory)

Cht chy

Trong ting Anh c hai t Fire v Combustion. Fire c ngha

l chy (chy nh, xe v.v.), ngha l s chy ngoi mun,
kh kim sot hay khng kim sot c. Cn Combustion
l s chy hay gi s t chy, c ngha l chy theo mun
ca mnh, kim sot c v d nh chy trong cc l t
ca nh my nhit in, chy (n) trong ng c xng hay
du v.v. Trong bi ny ni v s chy khng kim sot c.

Cht chy c th ba dng: kh, lng v rn.

Cht kh: Cht kh chy d dng nht v d trn ln vi
khng kh hay oxygen.
Cht lng: Cht lng khng bao gi chy m ch chy kh t
do s bc hi ca cht lng. Khi t ti mt nhit no
(ty theo loi cht lng), cht lng s bc hi v bc chy
nu c ngn la mi (piloted ignition) hay nhit cao.
Cht rn: Gn ging nh cht lng, vi nhit cao,
cht rn nh than , g s phng thch cc kh t nh
hydrocarbon. Kh t s bc chy trc khi c s hin din
ca ngn la mi, cht rn cn li (gm carbon gi l char)
cng s chy theo (khc vi cht lng).
Khi ni n cht lng, chng ta phi ngh ti khi no cht
lng bc hi. Cht kh do cht lng bc hi gi l vapour.
Nhit thp nht m cht kh bay hi t cht lng v c
th chy c gi l Flash Point Temperature.
Nhit

Hnh 1: Hnh tam gic chy

S chy (Fire) c th xy ra bt c ni no, lc no nu ba

iu kin xy ra cng mt lc: Cht c th chy, khng
kh (oxygen) v nhit hay nng lng. Thiu mt trong
ba iu kin ny s chy s khng xy ra. Hay ni mt cch
khc, mun dp tt ngn la, chng ta phi b mt trong
ba iu kin nh cht t (khng d), gim nhit (dng
nc lnh), gim khng kh (dng chn mn chp ngn
la). S chy c th biu din bng hnh tam gic chy (fire
triangle) (Hnh 1).
Khi ni n s chy, chng ta phi ngh n ngn la bt u
chy t u (ignition)? C hai loi lm cho s chy c th xy
ra: T ng chy (spontaneous ignition hay autoignition)
hay chy do ngun nng lng (vt mi) cung cp t bn
ngoi (piloted ignition).

S 20 - 2012

S chy ch c th xy ra khi nhit cao hoc c s hin

din ca ngn la mi. Vi nhit cao, hn hp cht t v
khng kh c th t bc chy m khng cn bt c ngn la
mi no khc gi l spontaneous ignition hay autoignition.
Tri li, nu c s hin din ca ngn la mi th hn hp
cht t v khng kh s chy gi l pilotted ignition. Mun
tm nguyn nhn s chy cn tm hiu s chy bt u t u
(ignition source)? y l vn kh khn nht.
Oxygen hay khng kh
S chy s khng xy ra nu thiu oxygen hay khng kh.
Trong khng kh cha khong 21% th tch oxygen, phn
cn li l nitrogen v cc cht kh khc. Trong qu trnh t
chy, nitrogen s kt hp vi oxygen nhit cao to
thnh NOx (NO v NO2) gi l thermal NOx. NOx cng
c th c ngay trong cht t gi l fuel NOx. NOx l cht
c hi cho mi trng nn ngi ta tm cch gii hn bng
cch t chy nhit thp v.v.
Hn hp khng kh v cht t c th sinh ra s chy hay n,
tuy nhin t khng kh hay nhiu khng kh qu th s chy
khng th xy ra (xem Hnh 2).

Khoa hc & ng dng

25

S octane (octane number, octane rating)

Hnh 2: Nng (%) cht kh c th chy hoc n. Nng dng

trong LFL hoc UFL c th l molar, th tch hoc trng lng, v.v...

LFL hay LEL: LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) hay LEL (Lower
Explosive Limit) l nng phn trm (%) gia cht t v
khng kh thp nht m cht t c th chy (hay n) nu
c s hin din vt mi (pilot ignition) hoc nhit cao
(autoignition).
UFL hay UEL: UFL (Upper Flammable Limit) hay LEL (Upper
Explosive Limit) l nng phn trm (%) gia cht t v
khng kh cao nht m cht t c th chy (hay n) nu c
s hin din vt mi hoc nhit cao.
Vi nng (%)max (Hnh 2), ta c Pmax c ngha l cht
t chy tt nht ti nng ny. Nng cht t di
LFL hoc cao hn UFL th cht t khng th chy c.
Tuy nhin, iu kin ban u nh oxygen (thay v khng
kh), nhit , p sut v.v. c th lm thay i khong chy
(flammable range).
ng c n
C hai loi ng c n chng ta thng gp: xe xng (SI
(Spark Ignition) engine) v xe du (CI (Compression ignition)
engine). Xe xng c nn (compression ratio) thp hn xe
du nn cn bugi (spark plug) mi. Trong xe xng, khng
kh v xng a vo lng cylinder bng h thng phun xng
in t (fuel injection system) hoc carburetor (b phn ha
cht t v khng kh) s c t chy bng nng lng
mi t bugi. S t chy ny bt u t mt im xut pht
u bugi. Trong xe du, khng kh v du c nn cho
n khi nhit trong lng cylinder ln hn nhit t bc
chy (autoignition temperature) ca du.
nn (compression ratio) trong my xng hay du ca
ng c n c tnh theo th tch ca bung t khi piston
im thp nht (VBDC) chia cho th tch cylinder khi piston
im trn cng (VTDC) (xem hnh 3). My xng thng
thng c nn 8 ( nn c th ln ti 11), my du
nn thng thng c th ln ti 22 (IEA(2000)))).

Trong ng c xng, xng c nh bng ch s octane.

Trong ng c du, ngi ta dng s cetane. S octane cho
chng ta bit nn ti a ca ng c trc khi bt u
chy, hay ni mt cch khc, nn ca ng c quyt nh
s octan ca xng m ng c s s dng. S octane
cng ln th c th chu ng nn cng cao. nn cng
cao th hiu sut s dng cht t cng cao, tuy nhin n
ty thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na nh cu trc, vt liu
ca ng c chu ng nhit , p sut cao v.v. Khi xng
v khng kh c phun vo cylinder, do piston chuyn
ng ln u cylinder, th tch gia piston v u cylinder
s gim, hn hp khng kh v xng b nn, nhit v p
sut ca hn hp tng. Nu xng c s octane thp th s
chy c th s xy ra sm hn d tnh ca ng c v s
lm gim hiu sut, d lm h ng c.
Cc cht lng c t cht kh di nhit thng phi nn
xung v khi chy vi bnh cha khng thay i (ng tch)
c th to ra mt p sut ln n 7 8 ln p sut ban u.
Do , cc xe hi hay my phn lc vi cng sut cao, cc
cht t cn nn vi p sut cao v do i hi cht t
c s octane cao (trnh chy n sm).
Nguyn nhn chy n c th xy ra ca xe gn my
Tm hiu cht t
Nh vn nu trn, s chy ch xy ra khi ba iu kin
nh cht t, khng kh v nhit xy ra cng mt lc. Vic
u tin, chng ta tm hiu nhit no cht t (th lng)
bt u bc hi v c th chy c nu c ngn la mi
gi l Flash Point Temperature v nhit no cht t c
th t bc chy khng cn ngn la mi gi l Autoignition
Temperature. Cc nhit ny ph thuc vo iu kin
ban u nh nng cht t v khng kh, nhit v p
sut. LFL v UFL, ty thuc vo iu kin o ca bnh cha,
nhit v p sut ban u v.v.
TL (Flash Point Temperature): Nhit cht t (kh bc
hi v chy) c th chy nu c vt mi; Ta (Autoignition
Temperature): Nhit cht t c th t chy khng cn
vt mi; LFL (Lower Flammable Limit): Nng cht t
thp nht c th chy c; UEL (Upper Flammable Limit):
Nng cht t cao nht c th chy c; LHV (Lower
Heating Value): Nng lng thp nht m cht t c th
cho khi chy.
Methanol hay ethanol t hn xng thng, nng lng
(LHV) cho cng t hn, nhng s octane cao hn. Ethanol
c th sn xut t ng cc, pha trn vi xng gim
nhim do xng khi t cho ra. Methanol c th sn xut
t kh thin nhin hoc t g, dng tng s octane. Tuy
nhin, methanol sn xut t g tng i c hi v kh
my khi my lnh (cn nhiu nng lng).
LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) thng l Propane (C3H8).
LPG chng ct t du ha hoc kh thin nhin. Di p
sut thng, nhit trn 45oC th LPG dng kh.CNG
(Compressed Natural Gas) th lng do nn t kh thin
nhin, ch yu l Methane (CH4).
Tm nguyn nhn

Hnh 3:Piston hai v tr vi hai th tch ca bung t VBDC v VTDC;

BDC: Bottom Dead Center; TDC: Top Dead Center (Hnh t internet).

26

Khoa hc & ng dng

Tc gi khng Vit Nam cng khng chng kin cnh xe

chy Vit Nam. D c thy xe chy th tm ra nguyn nhn
cng rt kh, v ch c nguyn nhn xy ra thng xuyn mi

S 20 - 2012

Bng 1: Nhit , LFL, UFL, s Octane v LHV cho vi cht t. y ch l bng tham kho ly t nhiu
ngun khc nhau. TL v Ta ty thuc vo nng cht t.

hy vng tm ra. Thng thng, chng ta mt rt nhiu thi

gian tm ra li sai ca mt sn phm, c khi mt n 80
90% thi gian, trong khi ch cn dng 10 20% gii quyt
li sai . Khi chy, li sai c th bin mt nn vic tm kim
li sai (nguyn nhn) cng kh hn na.
Da theo Bng 1 trn cho cc cht t thng thng, ta
tm ra vi iu nh sau:
Xng nguyn cht c nhit t bc chy (khng c ngn
la mi) thp nht, iu ny c ngha xe chy xng pha
ethanol hay methanol khng d dng t bc chy. Chc
chn c nguyn nhn no khc khi xe nm yn (my xe
nhit thng, nh hn Ta) b bc chy. C th c cht
khc trong xng, c th c ngn la mi.
Khi c ngn la mi th cc cht t trong Bng 1 u d
chy nhit thng tr du ha, hi kh chy hn cc
cht t khc.
nhit cao, cht lng hp th nng lng, t n
cao no cht lng s bc hi v c th chy. Qu trnh
hp th nng lng, bc hi sau bc chy cn tiu th
mt nng lng ti thiu no v cng cn thi gian
hon thnh qu trnh ny, do d nhit cao cht lng
cng cn thi gian mi c th bc chy. Ty theo nhit
m thi gian ny ngn hay di c ngha n cn mt nng
lng ti thiu ban u mi c th chy c gi nng
lng bc chy ti thiu (minimum ignition energy).

v t ng chy nu my nng hn nhit Ta (nhit

tham kho) trn Bng 1. Ni mt cch khc, vi nng
cht t v khng kh nm trong khong chy c
(flammable range), vi nhit mi trng cao hn nhit
t bc chy th hn hp cht t v khng kh c th t
bc chy. Th nhng, phi nh git nhiu mi c th chy
xe (cn nng lng bc chy ti thiu).
Kt lun
Da vo Bng 1, cc bn c th tm nguyn nhn xe bc
chy, nhng cc d liu trong bng ch tham kho m
khng chnh xc hon ton.
Xng, ethanol hoc methanol khng d t bc chy. Xng
c nhit t bc chy thp nht nhng cng phi cao hn
280oC mi c th t bc chy.
Trong xng c cha cht g c th chy n vi nng
thp hoc nhit thp hn nhit t bc chy ca xng
(280oC)? y l cu hi phi tm hiu thm.
Cht t chy th tch bnh cha khng thay i (ng
tch), p sut c th tng ln gp 7 - 8 ln p sut ban u.
Do vy, cc xe c cng sut cao cn s nn xng v khng
kh ban u cao v cng i hi s octane ln trnh chy
n sm.
Lm vic vi cc cht kh ha lng (v d xe chy bng gas
ha lng) phi cn thn.

Mt vi nguyn nhn c th xy ra cho ng c n nh sau:

1Cng ty Sauer Danfoss - an Mch

Bm xng: Tt c cc b phn di ng u c ma st v s
to ra tia la (nu hai b phn ma st u l kim loi) hoc
sc nng. Mun cho cc b phn chuyn ng dng nng
lng in s phi c cun dy in to mt t trng,
ty theo k thut sn xut, t trng c th to ra sc nng
gi l eddy current v hysteresis. Tuy vy, nu bm xng
nm trong bnh xng th nng xng v khng kh c th
cao hn nng UFL, do s chy kh c th xy ra trong
bnh xng.

Ti liu tham kho

S chy c th xy ra, nu xe ang hoc chy, my cn

nng, xng chy nh git vo my, xng c th t bc hi

S 20 - 2012

[1] IEA (International Energy Agency) (2000), Automotive Fuels for The
Future - The Search for Alternatives, Head of Publications Division,
Public Affairs and Communication Directorate, Paris.
[2] Trinh C.M. (2004). Chy n do cc ht bi, Phn 1 -2 v 3.
[3] Garrett T.K., Newton K. & Steeds W. (2001), The Motor Vehicle,
Butterworth Heinemann.
[4] McAllister S., Chen J. and Fernandez-Pello A.C, Fundamental of
Combustion Processes, Springer, 2011.

Khoa hc & ng dng

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