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 Drainage is important to avoid pools of standing

water on the surface of the road.

Standing water could seep into pavement and

weakens the sub-grade.

There are 2 types of road drainage:
Surface drainage
Subsoil drainage
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 Surface water are results of rain and also from

human activities.
Methods of surface drainage;
Camber
Longitudinal slope

Scrupper drain & Gully

Drain & ditches
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 LLM standard: camber slope must at least 2%.

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 Required on the side of the road and side drain.

At least 0.5% gradient.

Constructed along the roadside for surface runoffs.

Prevent runoffs from higher ground enters the pavement.
Prevent runoffs from eroding the embankment.
Drain with <0.5% gradient must be paved.
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 Built under or along the road to drain the surface

runoffs.
As a cross drainage for stream or river that happen
to cross the road alignment.
Types:
Pipe culvert

Slab culvert
Box culvert

Arch culvert

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 Sub-grade strength depends upon its moisture content.

Variations in moisture content of sub-grade are caused
by following:
Seepage of water from higher adjoining ground.

Penetration of moisture through the pavement.

Percolation of water from shoulders and pavement edges.
Rise or fall of underground water table.
Capillary rise.
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ACQUIFER

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 There are several methods to overcome the subsoil water problems. The typical method is
constructing a drain on the sub-soil;
French drain
Strip drain
Soil drain
Intercepting drain
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IMPERMEABLE MATERIAL
Impermeable layer between

water table & sub-grade using

bitumen to stop water from
entering sub-grade.

GRANULAR MATERIAL
Layer are constructed between

the sub-grade and highest level

of water table. Design for
capillary rise of water remains
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within this layer.

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srizal1943@gmail.com

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