Siglo XIII

1263 Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in
1266 to fight for the kingdom

1261Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice.
1265Dominican friar and theologian, Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa
Theologiae.

Batalla evesham

Charles of Anjou naples and sicily

1268Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Mamelukes.

Batalla de alba

1271Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth
Crusade against Baibars.

1272 Edward I is in Sicily when he becomes king of England, on the death of his father, Henry
III

1273 The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum,

ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I

NOVENA CRUZADA

1272-1274Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the Churches of the Eastern Roman
Empire with the Church of Rome.

1282Aragon acquires Sicily, after the Sicilian Vespers.

Sicilian Vespers. Sicilians massacre Angevins over a six-week period, after a Frenchman
harassed a woman.

1297-Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian
Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been

inscribed therein.
1300 Boniface VIII declares a Jubilee or Holy Year, with plenary indulgences
for pilgrims who make their way to Rome
The Italian communes employ powerful leaders, or signori, in a trend which
leads away from oligarchy and towards princely rule
8 and 9 crusade

Siglo XIV
On the death of his father, Edward I, Edward II becomes king of England
The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France.
Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be
temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years
The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe.

1320 Florence becomes a centre of international finance, with the Bardi and
Peruzzi families acting as bankers to Europe's rulers
1328. The First War of Scottish Independence ends in Scottish victory with
the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton and de jureindependence.
The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the
French throne. (1337) The French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco,
and Nice (13451346). 1327 Isabella forces Edward II to renounce the English
throne in favour of their 15-year-old son, Edward III. Edward II, imprisoned by
his wife and her lover, dies in Berkeley castle - almost certainly the victim of
murder. Edward II (12841327?) of Caernarfon, was King of England from
1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. Isabella of France (c. 12951358)
queen consort and regent of the Kingdom of England. 1328 When Charles IV
dies, for the first time in more than 400 years of the Capetian dynasty there
is no son or brother to inherit the French crown. A French cousin, Philip of
Valois, is selected to succeed Charles IV - in preference to an English cousin,
Edward III. 1337 Philip VI of France confiscates Guienne, a fief belonging to
Edward III of England - whose response begins the Hundred Years' War.
Edward III, in Ghent, publicly assumes the title and the arms of the king of
France. 1346. The more mobile English force, of longbows and infantry,
defeats at Crcy the unwieldy crossbows and heavy cavalry of the French. 56.
The battle of Poitiers ends, on the third day, with victory for the English and
the capture of the French king, John II, After four years of captivity in
Bordeaux and London, the French king John II is released for a promised
ransom of 3 million gold crowns.
1345 Edward III of England, defaulting on his massive debts, drives the
Florentine banking families of Bardi and Peruzzi into bankruptcy
Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (13471351).
1348. Massacres of Jews, rumoured to have caused the Black Death by
poisoning wells, begin in southern France and spread through much of Europe
1356 Charles IV establishes a permanent group of seven electors - four
hereditary German rulers and the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier
HRE
The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually leading to 3
simultaneous popes. 1377. The papal curia returns to Rome in what would
seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of
them
elected
back
in
Avignon.
1379.
The French cardinals, objecting to the new Italian pope, elect their own man
as Clement VII - and thus inaugurate the Great Schism of the papacy
Ciompi Revolt in Florence
Peasants' Revolt in England. 1381 A poll tax imposed in England provokes
widespread unrest, which flares up in the Peasants' Revolt

The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900
years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman
Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
1397. With the coronation of the 16-year-old Eric of Pomerania, the crowns of
Denmark, Norway and Sweden are formally united for the first time
1398 A dangerous feud develops between two of England's most powerful
barons, Henry of Bolingbroke (son of John of Gaunt) and Thomas de Mowbray.
Richard II banishes Thomas de Mowbray for life and Henry of Bolingbroke for
ten years
1399 John of Gaunt dies and Richard II denies Henry of Bolingbroke his
Lancastrian inheritance, declaring Gaunt's vast estates forfeit to the crown.
Henry of Bolingbroke returns to England to lead an armed rebellion against
his cousin the king. Richard II surrenders at Conwy to the forces led by Henry
of Bolingbroke. Richard II is deposed by parliament and Boliingbroke is
proclaimed king of England, as Henry IV, introducing the royal house of
Lancaster. Richard II cedes his crown to Bolingbroke, as Henry IV, and a few
months later dies in Pontefract castle - probably starved to death
The Scots win the Scottish Wars of Independence.

Siglo XV

1402 John Huss, known for his radical approach to Christianity, is put in charge of the
Bethlehem Chapel in Prague

1403: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire

1407: Rivalry between factions of the French royal family results in the
murder in Paris of the king's brother, Louis duke of Orlans, and the onset of
civil war. 1420 John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is murdered by the
Armagnac faction in the presence of the dauphin - escalating France's civil
war. 1437. Charles VII enters Paris, marking conclusively the end of the

French civil war

1413: Henry V succeeds his father, Henry IV, as king of England

1414: A council is called at Constance, to consider the radical views of John Huss and to deal with
the present excess of popes. 1415: John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise

of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic.

1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from the Moors marking the
beginning of the Portuguese Empire. A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator,

becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions

successive voyages. 1420 The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of
Madeira, send colonists to settle it

15. Henry V captures the French stronghold of Harfleur - where, in

Shakespeare, he urges his dear friends 'once more unto the breach'. Henry V

wins a victory on St Crispin's day at Agincourt, against a much larger and

more heavily armed French force. 1415: Battle of Agincourt fought between
the Kingdom of England and France. 1419: After a six-month siege Henry V makes

a triumphal entry into Rouen, the city of his Norman ancestors. 1420: The
treaty of Troyes, between the English and the Burgundian faction, grants Henry V the status of
heir to the French throne. Henry V marries Catherine, daughter of the French king and sister of
the rightful heir to the kingdom, the dauphin, who is on the opposing side .

1422. The dauphin proclaims himself Charles VII of France, but with Paris in
the hands of his enemies he is known as the king of Bourges. Henry VI, son of
Henry V and Catherine of France, is king of England and theoretically king of France before his
first birthday.

1428. A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of
Orlans. 1429 Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and
persuades him, eventually, to trust her. Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful
relief of OrlansJoan of Arc ends the Siege of Orlans and turns the tide of the Hundred
Years' War.. Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels
before him and for the first time calls him her king .1430 Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish
with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English. January 9 Pretrial
investigations for Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France under English occupation. 1431. Joan
of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a
relapsed heretic 1453 The French win a convincing victory at Castillon, recovering the last
stronghold (except Calais) held by the English in France. Charles VII's full recovery of
Aquitaine and Normandy effectively brings to an end the Hundred Years' War. 1453:
The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War and the first battle
in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle.

1424: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of
England since 1406.

1429 March 3 Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope.

October 30 Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace

between Portugal and Castille.

1433 Cosimo de' Medici, arrested by a rival faction, escapes with his life thanks to bribes and
well-placed friends. 1462. In keeping with his personal interest in Plato, Cosimo de' Medici
founds a Platonic Academy in Florence. After his death in 1464, Cosimo de' Medici acquires the
posthumous title pater patriae father of the fatherland. 1478 A plot by the Pazzi family, with

papal connivance, results in the murder of Guiliano de' Medici during high mass in Florence's
cathedral. 1495. Piero de' Medici and his brothers flee from Florence, after a mob ransacks
the Medici palace

1438: The office of Holy Roman emperor becomes a hereditary title within the

Habsburg dynasty
1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the European slave
trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly fromAfrica to Portugal.

1442 Naples is captured by Alfonso V, breaking the link with France and uniting Sicily and
Naples as an Aragonese kingdom

1446

Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their

slave trade on the west African coast

1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the
last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growth of the Ottoman
Empire.

14551485: Wars of the Roses English civil war between the House of York and the House
of Lancaster. 1455 An engagement at St Albans is the first battle in the 30-year struggle
between the white and red roses of York and Lancaster 1461 The first success in the Wars of
the Roses goes to the white rose, with the Yorkist prince crowned as Edward IV. February
2 Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat
Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
February 17 Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated
by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband. March
4 The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.
March 5 - Henry VI of England is deposed by the Duke of York during war of the Roses.
Henry VI flees to Scotland, abandoning the kingdom to the usurping Edward IV. March
29 Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the
English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England). June 28 Edward,
Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483).
1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville. (1483. The English

king Edward IV dies and his succeeded by his 12-year-old son as Edward V.
The two royal princes, Edward V and his younger brother, are confined in the
Tower of London by their uncle - soon to be Richard III. Richard III has himself
proclaimed king by a parliament held at Westminster, and begins a short
reign of only two years) 1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
and becomes King of England. Henry Tudor kills Richard III at Bosworth Field and takes the
crown as Henry VII. 1486. Henry VII, whose mother is Lancastrian, marries the Yorkist
heiress Elizabeth and thus unites the roses - in the Tudor rose

1456: Joan of Arc is posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming
her status as the heroine of France.

1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe.

July 22 Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).

1471

bra
The new pope, Sixtus IV, secures his name in history, establishing the Sistine chapel

and the Sistine choir

14741477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of

Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

1477 Maximilian, heir to Austria, weds Mary, heiress to Burgundy, in the first of the great
marriage alliances which form the Habsburg empire

1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope.

1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain.

1493. Pope Alexander VI draws a line through the Atlantic, dividing new discoveries between
Spain (west) and Portugal (east)

1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside
of Europe between themselves. In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king
of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil

1494. Charles VIII, king of France, marches through the Alps with an army of 30,000, to
claim the throne of Naples 1495 Charles VIII captures Naples in February and is crowned
there in May, but is forced back across the Alps before the end of the year

14941559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states.

14971499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back.

The Salic law, preventing inheritance of the throne by or through a woman, is by now accepted as
a fundamental law of France. 1500

Siglo XVI

Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral, with a fleet of thirteen ships, makes landfall in Brazil

1500: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was born.

1500: Spanish navigator Vicente Yez Pinzn encounters Brazil but is prevented from
claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

1500: Portuguese navigator Pedro lvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal.

1501: Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David.

1502: First reported African slaves in The New World

1503: Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle in
history won by gunpowder small arms.

1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later.

1503: Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21.

1504: A period of drought, with famine in all of Spain.

1504: Death of Isabella I of Castile, Joanna of Castille became the Queen.

1506: Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa.

1507: The first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World on the island of Hispaniola.
It devastates the native Tano population.[5]

15081512: Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice
trade and the Indian Ocean.

On the death of his father, and as the result of the death of his elder brother Arthur, Henry VIII
becomes king of England

150910: The 'great plague' in various parts of Tudor England.[7]

1512: Copernicus writes Commentariolus, and proclaims the sun the center of the solar
system.

1512: The southern part (historical core) of the Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castile and
Aragon.

1513: Machiavelli writes The Prince, a treatise about political philosophy

1513: Henry VIII defeats the French at the Battle of the Spurs.

1513: The Battle of Flodden Field in which invading Scots are defeated by Henry VIII's
forces.

1513: Vasco Nez de Balboa, in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean (which he
called Mar del Sur) across the Isthmus of Panama. He was the first European to do so.
Vasco Nez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain

1516

The death of Ferdinand II results in Spain becoming part of the Habsburg empire,

under the rule of Charles V (as Charles I of Spain)

Catherine of Aragon gives birth to a daughter, Mary, who becomes the only one of her six
children to live beyond infancy

1517: The Sweating sickness epidemic in Tudor England.[9]

1517: The Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95
Theses in Saxony.

1519: Charles I of Spain becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy
Roman Emperor (ruled until 1556).

15191522: Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan and Elcano first to circle Earth

15191521: Hernn Corts leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico. 1519

The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16
horses and about 20 guns. Montezuma welcomes Hernan Cortes to his capital, Tenochtitlan,
under the impression that he is the returning god-king Quetzalcoatl- Cortes and his tiny force
capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan

Ferdinand Magellan and a small fleet depart from Seville, attempting to sail round the world

Charles V borrows 852,000 florins, mainly from the Fuggers, to bribe the seven imperial
electors

1525: Spain and Germany defeat France at the Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France is
captured.

1527: Sack of Rome, which is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance.

1529: Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Moluccas to
Portugal and Philippines to Spain.

153132: The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church and
recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church.

1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

1533: Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England.

1533: Elizabeth Tudor is born.

1534: Affair of the Placards Francis becomes more active in repression of French
Protestants.

1536: Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle, in England.

1536: In England, Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason.

1536: Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal

1536: Foundation of Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina) by Pedro de Mendoza

1537: Portuguese establishes Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil.

1538: Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada founds Bogot.

1541: Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.

1541: Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana.

1542: War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry
VIII is allied with the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied
with the French.

1543: Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around
the Sun

1545: The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy).

1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica.

1547: Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55.

1547: Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20
February at the age of 9.

15501551: Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the
Americas