B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA HO

KHO LUN TT NGHIP

C NHN HO HC
CHUYN NGNH: HA V C

TNG HP VT LIU NANO

YFeO3 BNG PHNG PHP SOL
GEL V NG KT TA

Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, thng 5 nm 2012

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA HO

KHO LUN TT NGHIP

C NHN HO HC
CHUYN NGNH: HA V C

TNG HP VT LIU NANO

YFeO3 BNG PHNG PHP SOL
GEL V NG KT TA

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SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, thng 5 nm 2012

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LI NHN XT CA HI NG KHOA HC
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Ch tch

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

GV phn bin

GVHD

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LI CM N
Vit lun vn khoa hc l mt trong nhng cng vic kh khn nht t
trc n nay. Trong qu trnh nghin cu thc nghim v vit bi bo co, em
gp rt nhiu b ng v nhiu vn pht sinh ngoi mun. Bi lun vn ny s
khng c hon thnh nu khng c s gip nhit tnh ca qu thy c, bn
b v gia nh.
Vi lng bit n su sc, em xin chn thnh cm n TS. Nguyn Anh
Tin giao cho em ti v tn tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh thc
hin lun vn ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong Khoa Ha ni chung v thy
c b mn ha l ni ring, to nhiu iu kin thun li em hon thnh
ti ny.
V con khng qun cm n ba m nui dng con n ngy hm nay,
lun ng vin, an i bn cnh con trong sut qu trnh lm lun vn ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Tp. HCM, ngy 1 thng 5 nm 2012
SV. Phan Th Kiu Lin

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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MC LC
LI CM N ......................................................................................................................4
MC LC ...........................................................................................................................5
L DO CHN TI .........................................................................................................7
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN ...............................................................................................8
1.1. GII THIU V VT LIU NANO ....................................................................8
1.1.1.

Ht nano v vt liu nano (khi nim, phn loi v thng tin chung) .........8

1.1.2. Perovskit ..........................................................................................................10

A. Gii thiu v perovskit .........................................................................................10
1.1.3.

ng dng ca vt liu nano .......................................................................17

1.2. TNG QUAN TNH CHT CA YTTRI, ST ................................................18

1.2.1.

Oxit st v hidroxit st ...............................................................................18

2.1.1.

Oxit yttrium v hydroxit yttrium ................................................................24

1.3. GII THIU PEROVSKIT YFeO 3 ......................................................................26

1.3.1. Cu trc l tnh ca YFeO 3 ..............................................................................26
1.3.2. ng dng .........................................................................................................27
CHNG 2. THC NGHIM ........................................................................................28
2.1. TNG HP YFeO 3 ...............................................................................................28
2.1.1. Dng c v ha cht ........................................................................................28
2.1.2.

Phng php tng hp ..............................................................................28

2.2. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH VT L C TRNG ..............................30

CHO VT LIU ...........................................................................................................30

2.2.1. Phng php phn tch nhit ...........................................................................30

2.2.2.
2.2.3.

Phng php phn tch cu trc bng nhiu x tia X ...............................31

Kho st hnh thi hc b mt v kch thc bng knh hin vi in t qut

SEM ...........................................................................................................................33
2.2.4. Phng php o t tnh ..................................................................................34
CHNG 3. KT QU V THO LUN .....................................................................35
3.1. Mt s c trng cu trc ca vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php sol - gel ..........35
3.2. Mt s c trng cu trc ca vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php ng kt ta ...39
3.3. So snh hai phng php tng hp ........................................................................41

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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3.4. Kho st t tnh ca YFeO 3 ....................................................................................41

KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................................44

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L DO CHN TI
Khoa hc cng ngh ngy cng pht trin, nhiu vt liu mi c s
dng phc v cho cuc sng ngy cng cao ca con ngi. Mt trong nhng
vt liu l vt liu nano. Vt liu nano l mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin
cu nh cao si ng nht trong thi gian gn y. iu c th hin bng s
cc cng trnh khoa hc, s cc bng pht minh sng ch, s cc cng ty c lin
quan n khoa hc, cng ngh gia tng theo cp s m. Con s c tnh v s tin
u t vo lnh vc ny ln n 8,6 t la vo nm 2004 [1]. Vy th ti sao vt
liu nano li thu ht c nhiu u t v ti chnh v nhn lc n vy.
Vt liu nano c nhiu ng dng trong cuc sng: y dc, cng ngh mi
trng, cng ngh sinh hc, nng lng, hng khng v tr, nhiu ngnh cng
nghip khc. Tnh cht th v ca vt liu nano bt ngun t kch thc rt nh
b ca chng so vi nhng vt liu khi thng thng c cng thnh phn ha
hc.
Cc oxit phc hp dng perovskit c nghin cu v ng dng nh l
mt vt liu nano, cng thc tng qut ABO 3 trong : A l cation kim loi c
kch thc ln, thng l cation nguyn t t him, B l cation kim loi chuyn
tip (Co, Cu, Mn, Fe,).
Trong vi chc nm gn y, c nhiu phng php tng hp bt vt liu
trn nh: phng php tng hp thng qua pha rn, phng php tng hp thng
qua pha lng, phng php tng hp pha kh,
Thng qua vic nghin cu ng dng v cch tng hp bt nn ti chn
ti:
TNG HP VT LIU PEROVSKIT YFeO 3 BNG PHNG PHP
SOL - GEL V NG KT TA

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN

1.1.

GII THIU V VT LIU NANO

1.1.1. Ht nano v vt liu nano (khi nim, phn loi v thng tin
chung)
Trong khong hai thp nin gn y, trong khoa hc xut hin mt dy cc t
mi gn lin vi hu t nano: cu trc, cng ngh, vt liu, ho hc, vt l, c
hc, cng ngh sinh
hc,

hiu

thc,..

ng

kch

v.v. Ngi ta

cng b hng lot

cc bi bo, cc cng
trnh khoa hc, cc tp
ch v t chc nhiu hi
ngh, hi tho gn lin
vi ch cng ngh .

Hnh1. M t kch thc ht nano

Xut hin nhiu trung tm, vin nghin cu, t b mn, khoa, chuyn nghnh v
cng ngh v vt liu [2]. Ch nano, gc Hy Lp, c gn vo trc cc n
v o to ra n v c gim i 1 t ln (10-9). V d: gam = 1 phn t gam;
met = 1 phn t mt hay 1nm = 10-9 m (Hnh 1).
Khoa hc nghin cu v ht nano v ang c quan tm do chng c tnh
cht vt l, ho hc v nhiu ng dng khc c bit hn so vi khi nghin cu
v ht micro.
Cng ngh nano [2] l t hp cc qu trnh ch to ra vt liu, cc thit b
my mc v cc h k thut m chc nng ca chng c xc nh bi cu trc ,
tc l n v cu trc c kch thc t 1 n 100 nm. Cng ngh xut hin trn
cu ni ca mt s ngnh khoa hc (ho hc, vt l, c hc, khoa hc vt liu,
sinh hc v nhiu lnh vc khc ca khoa hc), ngy cng i su vo nhiu lnh
vc hin i ca khoa hc v k thut v thng qua chng, n i vo i sng ca
chng ta.
Vt liu nano [2] l vt liu trong t nht mt chiu c kch thc nano mt.
V trng thi ca vt liu, ngi ta phn chia thnh ba trng thi: rn, lng v kh.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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Vt liu nano c tp trung nghin cu hin nay, ch yu l vt liu rn, sau

mi n cht lng v kh.
Thng thng vt liu nano c phn ra thnh nhiu loi, ph thuc vo hnh
dng, cu trc ca vt liu v kch thc ca vt liu v.v...

Hnh 2 . Phn loi vt liu theo s chiu

V mt cu trc th vt liu nano c phn ra thnh 4 loi: vt liu nano
khng chiu (0D), mt chiu (1D), hai chiu (2D) v ba chiu (3D) (hnh 2).
Vt liu nano khng chiu (c ba chiu u c kch thc, khng cn chiu
t do no cho in t)
V d : m nano, ht nano v.v..
Vt liu nano mt chiu l vt liu trong hai chiu c kch thc nano,
in t c t do trn mt chiu (hai chiu cm t).
V d: dy nano, ng nano v.v...
Vt liu nano hai chiu l vt liu trong mt chiu c kch thc nano,
hai chiu t do.
V d: mng mng, v.v...

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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Vt liu nano ba chiu l vt liu dng khi c cu to t cc ht tinh th.

Vt liu c cu trc nano hay composite trong ch c mt phn ca vt liu c
kch thc nm, hoc cu trc ca n c khng chiu, mt chiu, hai chiu an xen
ln nhau.
Ngoi ra phn bit c cc dng vt liu nano ngi ta cn da vo s
khc nhau v ng dng ca chng:
Vt liu nano kim loi.
Vt liu nano bn dn.
Vt liu nano t tnh.
Vt liu nano sinh hc.
1.1.2. Perovskit
A. Gii thiu v perovskit
Cc oxit hn hp dng perovskit (gi tt l perovskit) c cng thc tng qut l
ABO 3 (trong , A l cation c kch thc ln hn B). Chng c cu trc tng t
nh CaTiO 3 (l khong cht c t tn cho nhm hp cht ny). Parravano l
ngi c nhng cng trnh nghin cu sm nht v perovskit (thc hin nm
1952, 1953) [5].
Trong cng thc trn, A l cation c kch thc ln hn B, thng l cc
cation nguyn t t him, kim loi kim, kim th hoc cc cation c kch thc
ln hn nh Pb2+, Bi3+; cn B l cation kim loi chuyn tip 3d, 4d, 5d (nh Co,
Cu, Cr, Ni, Pt, Pd, Ru, Fe, Mn,).
Trong thc t, khong 90% cc kim loi trong t nhin trong bng h thng
tun hon u bn vng trong cu trc perovskit. Hn na, cc perovskit c th
c tng hp bng cc cation khc l A v B to thnh perovskit c cng thc
l (A x A 1-x )(B y B 1-y )O 3 .
H perovskit c kh nng dn in bng ion v bng c cc electron, c kh
nng cho oxi thm qua m khng cn phi c in cc hay dng in bn ngoi
tc ng vo. Khi kho st c tnh ca perovskit ngi ta thng ch n v tr
khim khuyt (cc l trng) ca cc anion oxi trong h. Cc l trng ny c
hnh thnh ngay trong qu trnh hnh thnh mng li tinh th perovskit v c
bt u nhit khong 500oC. nhit cao hn, cc l trng anion ca oxi
trong mng li tinh th perovskit c hnh thnh lin tc do s trao i cc v t

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l trng xy ra lin tc. Do vy, kh nng oxi thm qua b dy l rt cao. Mt

nguyn nhn khc lm tng dng oxi thm qua l do s thay th ca mt cation
ha tr cao vo h dn ti kt qu l c hai loi b p in tch, ngha l c s ph
thuc in t v ion trn p sut ring phn ca b mt cng nh mng li cc
perovskit c lin quan cht ch n hot tnh xc tc oxi ha. Do , vic ng
dng perovskit lm cht xc cho phn ng oxi ha ang c ch c bit.
Ngoi tnh cht xc tc, cc perovskit cn c quan tm bi nhng tnh cht
vt l ca chng nh tnh in t p in, in nhit, t tnh v quang in .

B. Cu trc l tng ca perovskit

Cu trc l tng ca perovskit l dng lp phng thuc nhm Pm3mOh1. A
l cation c kch thc ln hn B, thng l cc kim loi t him, kim, kim th
hoc cc ion c kch thc ln nh Pb2+ v Bi3+, cn B l cc kim loi chuyn tip
3d, 4d, 5d (nh Co, Cu, Ni, Pt, Fe, Mn,). Trong cu trc tinh th, A l cation c
12 lin kt vi oxi, B l cation c 6 lin kt vi oxi [5].
Mng li ca perovskit thuc h lp phng CaTiO 3 , cation Ti nm trong
tm lp phng, 6 ion oxi nm cc mt, 8 ion Ca nm cc nh, mi t bo
cha mt phn t CaTiO 3 (hnh 3).
A l cation ln, B l cation nh. Anion thng l oxi, trong mt s trng hp
c th l florua, clorua, iodua, sunfua, hay hidrua.
Trong mng li tinh th perovskit thng xut hin l trng cation A, cn
anion B th hu nh cha gp l trng. Trt t sp xp ca BX 3 perovskit l
tng t cu trc ReO 3 hay WO 3 . Hp cht NaxWO 4 (1-3) c mng li n gin
cu trc perovskit bin dng trong mi gi tr ca x.
L trng anion t gp v thng xut hin vi nng l trng b v d
titanatstoti c cng thc SrTiO 2.5 ng hnh vi cu trc SrTiO 3.
Trong cu trc l tng, cc nguyn t tip xc vi nhau. Khong cch B - X
bng a/2, khong cch A - X bng a

/2 (a l cnh ca lp phng).

T , ta c mi quan h gia cc bn knh ion r A + r X =

(r B + r X )

Ngi ta thy rng cc perovskit c cu trc lp phng l tng hoc bin

dng cht t vn cn dng hp cht ABX 3 ngay c khi mi quan h ny khng
c tun th. o lch ra khi cu trc ny l tng Goldschmidt a ra
yu t tng thch t:
SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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t = rA + rX /

(r B + r X )

Biu thc ny cng c th p dng cho nhng bn knh ion thu c bng thc
nghim nhit phng.
i vi biu thc l tng (t =1). Perovskit lch khi cu trc l tng th t
thp hn (0.75< t < 1). Trong nhng trng hp nh vy cu trc bin dng tr
thnh t din, mt thoi hoc cc h s c i xng thp hn. Tt nhin nhiu oxit
kiu perovskit c kiu a hnh, hn na mi tng quan hnh hc khng phi l
iu kin c tinh th perovskit bn. Bi v cc cation A v B phi bn vi s
phi tr 12 hoc (8+4) hoc (6 + 6) tng ng, t iu kin ny ta c gii hn thp
ca cc bn knh cation. Trong h oxit gii hn ny l r A > 0.90 Ao; r B > 0.51Ao.

Hnh 3. Cu trc l tng (lp phng) ca perovskit

Mc d i vi cu trc perovskit l tng t = 1 nhng kiu cu trc ny vn
tn ti dng thp hn (0.75 < t < 1). Cu trc lp phng l tng ny xut hin
trong mt trng hp gi tr t rt gn vi 1 v cc nhit cao hn.
Trong a s cc trng hp th xut hin s mo mng tinh th. S lch khi
cu trc l tng dn n cc h tinh th c tnh i xng thp hn gim dn nh
l orthorhomic (trc thoi), rhombohedral (mt thoi), tetragonal (t gic), mo
noclinic (n t hay mt nghing), v triclicnic (tam nghing hay t nghing). Cu
trc mo mng c th tn ti nhit phng nhng n c th chuyn sang cu
trc lp phng nhit cao. S chuyn pha cu trc ny c th xut hin nhiu
bc qua cc pha mo trung gian [4].

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C. Tnh cht ca perovskit

Tnh cht vt l ca perovskit
Cc perovskit c ch bi tnh cht vt l ca chng: tnh cht t, tnh cht
in v tnh quang hc. Cn hot tnh xc tc ca chng mi bt u c nghin
cu t nm 1952 bi Parravano.
Hot tnh ca 1 cht xc tc c quyt nh bi nhiu yu t nh kh nng
hp th cc cht phn ng, kh nng oxi ha - kh ca cc cation trong xc tc,
tnh axit - bazo, bn nhit,... v b mt ring ca xc tc.
Tnh cht hp ph ca perovskit
Tnh cht hp th ca perovskit ABO 3 (B l kim loi chuyn tip) 25oC ph
thuc vo cu trc in t ca B3+ v ln nht i vi Fe3+. Cc nghin cu cho
thy O 2 v CO hp th trn cc tm b mt khc nhau, trong khi CO c lin kt
vi c oxi b mt v ion kim loi ca perovskit....
Tnh cht oxi ha kh ca perovskit
Hot tnh xc tc ca perovskit c quyt nh ch yu bi tnh cht oxi ha
- kh ca cc kim loi trong xc tc. Quyt nh nht l kim loi chuyn tip B, n
ng vai tr l trung tm hot ng ca xc tc trong cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh.
V d nh, qu trnh kh ca LaCO 3 :
Bc 1: Kh Co3+ Co2+: LaCoO 3 + H 2 LaCoO 2.5 khong 660K.
Bc 2: Kh Co2+ Coo: LaCoO 2.5 + H 2 LaCoO 2.5 + Co khong
800K .
Qu trnh oxi ha cc sn phm kh ca Co v La 2 O 3 673K s thit lp li
cu trc ca perovskit.
D. Cc phng php ha hc iu ch perovskit
Cc phng php ha hc tng hp perovkit rt phong ph: perovskit c th
c tng hp t pha rn, pha kh, t dung dch hay tng hp trn cht mang.
Phng php tng hp thng qua phn ng pha rn
Phng php c in nht iu ch perovskit l nghin trn tht k cc oxit
kim loi hoc cc mui nitrat, cacbonat, hidroxit ca cc kim loi theo t l thch
hp ri nung nhit cao. Do phng php ny i hi nhit cao nn sn
phm to ra c kch thc ht ln, ng u km.

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Phng php dng cc phn ng rn - rn thng dng iu ch cc

perovskit m din tch b mt khng phi yu t quan trng. Tt nhin, phng
php nhit b hn nh cc n tinh th hoc cc lp mng. V phng php ny rt
hay dng iu ch cc ceramic nn c gi l phng php gm. u im ca
phng php ny l n gin. Hn hp c hc gm cc oxit n gin v mt s
cht u cn thit khc thng c nung nhit rt cao (trn 1000oC) cc
pha rn phn ng hon ton vi nhau. iu ny gy cho cc phng php c
nhc im l din tch b mt b gim rt mnh. a s cc perovskit tng hp
c c din tch nh hn 1 m2/g. Cho nn phng php t c s dng trong
xc tc v din tch b mt qu thp th tnh tng th ca sn phm cng kh m
bo do phn ng pha rn - rn rt kh xy ra hon ton [5].
Ngy nay, c mt s ci tin nhm to ra sn phm c cc tnh cht tt
hn nh: s dng hp l t l ca cc cation kim loi, s dng bt rn c
phn ng s b, s dng vt liu ban u c tnh oxi ha cao, s dng phc kim
loi, s dng p sut.
Gn y, ngi ta cn tng hp perovskit bng phng php nghin c hc
cc hn hp oxit rn p sut O 2 cao. Bng cch b sung mt s cht ph gia
thch hp, cc sn phm to thnh c din tch b mt ring kh ln. Tuy nhin, b
mt ring gim ng k khi nung nhit cao.
Phng php tng hp t dung dch:
Nhm hn ch nhc im ca phn ng pha rn, ngi ta pht trin
phng php sol - gel v ng kt ta cc ion kim loi t dung dch s dng cc
tin cht nh: hidroxit, xyanua, oxalat, cacbonat, xitrat,...
Cc phn t ca cc tin cht trong dung dch phn b gn nhau to mi
trng phn ng tt cho qu trnh hnh thnh sn phm. Do , nhit i hi
thp hn cc phng php c in khc. Ngoi ra, cc phng php tng hp t
dung dch cn c cc u im nh khng ch tt hn t l nguyn t, tinh khit
v kch thc ht. V vy, sn phm c tng hp theo phng php ny c
ng u v hot tnh xc tc cao.
Phng php tng hp t dung dch c 2 nhm chnh: Nhm th nht da
trn qu trnh kt ta cng vi qu trnh lc, ly tm tch ring cht rn v dung

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mi; nhm th 2 dng cc qu trnh nhit nh bay hi, thng hoa, t chy,...
loi b dung mi.
Phng php da trn qu trnh kt ta:
Phng php hidroxit: do tan ca cc hidroxit km v c nhiu dng
kt ta khc nhau nn phng php ny thng c s dng [5]. Cc cation kim
loi ng kt ta vi cc tc nhn kt ta nh l dung dch NH 3 , mui Na 2 CO 3 ,
Sau , nhit phn cc hidroxit thu c, thu c phc hp cc oxit kim loi.
Phng php ny c gi l phng php ng kt ta.
Phng php oxalat: nguyn tc ca phng php ny da trn phn ng
ca cc cacbonat, hidroxit hoc oxit thch hp vi axit oxalic to ra sn phm gm
cc oxalat, CO 2 , H 2 O. Sn phm c nung trong kh quyn O 2 to thnh
perovskit [5].
Phng php sol- gel: l phng php hay c s dng nht, bao gm
cc bc c bn: tng hp cc alkoxit kim loi, thc hin c iu khin qu trnh
thy phn v polime ha; sy; nung [5].
Phng php citrat: phng php ny c nghin cu bi Zhang v cc
cng s. Bng cch s dng phng php phn tch nhit trng lng (TG), nhiu
x Rnghen (XRD) v ph hng ngoi (IR), ngi ta nhn thy rng cc tin cht
citrat b phn hy theo nhiu bc trc khi perovskit c hnh thnh, bao gm
cc bc sau: phn hy phc citrat, loi b cc ion cacbonat, nitrat. Sau khi nung
600oC 700oC th pha tinh th c hnh thnh. V phng php ny i hi
nhit nung thp nn sn phm to thnh t phng php ny c b mt ring
tng i cao (30-40 g/m2). Ngi ta gi thit rng phc citrat trong dung dch
gip kim loi phn tn gn nhau hn nn nhit hnh thnh perovskit thp hn
[5].
Mt s phng php sol - gel khc: gn y, ngi ta pht trin mt s
phng php sol - gel khc s dng tin cht l axit poliacrylic, polietylenglycol,
axit malic. Sn phm to ra c ng u cao v b mt ring ln.
u im ni tri nht ca phng php tng hp t dung dch l kh nng
ch to c nhng vt liu mi c cu trc ng u [6]. Tuy nhin, phng
php ny cng c mt s nhc im sau:
o S lin kt trong mng yu.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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o C thm thu cao.

o Rt kh iu khin xp.
o D b rn nt trong qu trnh nung sy.
Phng php da trn qu trnh x l nhit:
Phng php t chy: gn y, ngi ta tng hp mt s ferrit v cc vt liu
siu dn thng qua qu trnh ha tan nitrat trong kim loi trong cn, nguyn t ha
dung dch thu c bng oxi qua vi phun, t chy cn, thu c sn phm rn.
Phng php sy ng kh: k thut sy ng kh tng i n gin, bao
gm ha tan mui trong dung dch thch hp (thng thng l nc) lm lnh
nhanh dung dch gi c c ng nht cao, sy ng kh dung dch
ng bng to mui khng ngm nc, phn hy to mui oxit.
Phng php sy phun plasma: k thut plasma c th chia thnh 2 bc
chnh: qu trnh bom hn hp phn ng, qu trnh hnh thnh v lin kt cc git
nng chy. Tin cht s dng c th l rn, lng, kh. Phng php nhiu u im,
sn phm tinh khit, kch thc ht nh, hot tnh cao. Do , c ng dng
trong nhiu lnh vc nh gm, in t v xc tc.
Phng php tng hp thng qua phn ng pha kh

Phng php tng hp qua phn ng pha kh ch yu dng tng hp cc

mng perovskit, c th s dng nhiu k thut laser, phun x mantheron, bay hi
chm in t ....
-

u im: phng php t laser th c th to c nhiu loi vt liu [6].

Nhc im: ch gii hn trong phng th nghim v hiu sut ca chng

thp. Phng php plasma mt chiu v xoay chiu c th dng to rt
nhiu vt liu khc nhau nhng li khng thch hp to vt liu hu c
v nhit ca n c th n 9000C [6].

Phng php tng hp trn cht mang

Trong lnh vc xc tc, cc vt liu hot i hi c hot tnh v bn cao.

Do , chng phi c mt s tnh cht nh b mt ring ln, hot tnh oxi cao tnh
chn lc sn phm cao, cu trc bn vng. Mt s xc tc perovskit nh cobaltit
v manganit th hin hot tnh cao i vi phn ng oxi ha CO v kh NO c th
so snh vi kim loi qu him.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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Tuy nhin, xc tc ny hn ch l do b ng c SO 2 , b mt ring thp,

bn c hc km. khc phc vn ny ngi ta pht trin phng php phn
tn cc perovskit trn b mt cht mang.
1.1.3. ng dng ca vt liu nano
Trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay, cc tp on sn xut in t bt
u a cng ngh nano vo ng dng, to ra cc sn phm c tnh cnh tranh t
chic my nghe nhc iPod n cc con chip c dung lng ln vi tc x l
cc nhanh
Trong y hc, cha bnh ung th ngi ta tm cch a cc phn t thuc
n ng cc t bo ung th qua cc ht ng vai tr l xe ti ko, trnh c
hiu ng ph gy ra cho cc t bo lnh. Y t ngy nay ang nhm vo nhng
mc tiu bc xc nht i vi sc khe con ngi, l cc bnh do di truyn c
nguyn nhn t gien, cc bnh hin nay nh: HIV/AIDS, ung th, tim mch, cc
bnh ang lan rng hin nay nh bo ph, tiu ng, lit rung, mt tr nh, r
rng y hc l lnh vc c li nhiu nht t cng ngh ny. i vi vic sa
sang sc p c s hnh thnh phu thut thm m, nhiu lai thuc thm m
c cha cc loi ht nano lm thm m v bo v da. y l mt th trng c
sc hp dn mnh, nht l i vi cng ngh kit xut mi ra i nh cng ngh
[11, 12].
Ngoi ra, cc nh khoa hc tm cch a cng ngh vo vic gii quyt cc
vn mang tnh ton cu nh thc trng nhim mi trng ngy cng gia
tng. Vic ci tin cc thit b qun s bng cc trang thit b, v kh rt ti tn
m sc cng ph khin ta khng th hnh dung ni.
Trong cng ngh in t vin
thng:
Khoa hc a pht sinh nhiu loi
vt liu c ch trong cng ngh nh ng
cacbon, thanh, ht nano.Vt liu mi c
tnh cht vn chuyn ion nhanh chng
v c ng dng nhiu trong cng
ngh in. ha i din ca mt
Rotanane, hu ch nh mt cng tc

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

Hnh 4. ha i din ca mt
Rotanane

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phn t (hnh 4).

Vt liu c kch thc nano i khi c s dng nh mt t bo nng

lng mt tri, c ga tr kinh t cao hn so vi cc t bo nng lng mt tri

truyn thng Silicon.
Trong cng ngh mi trng:

Vic pht trin cm bin kh pha rn vi chn lc v tin cy cao l rt

quan trng trong cc ng dng cng nghip. Mt s oxit ABO 3 em li nhiu ha
hn trong vic s dng lm cm bin kh bi bn nhit v bn ha hc cao. Do
chc nng nhy kh ca cc oxit bn dn da trn c ch ca s thay i in tr
ph thuc vo qu trnh hp ph kh nn cc thng s vt l khc ca h vt liu
perovskit nh hng n dn in cn c kho st [4].
Trong cc kt qu nghin cu gn y cho thy, khi cc kh kh nh CO,
CH 3 OH hp ph trn b mt oxit LnBO 3 loi p (B = Mn, Cr, Co) s lm gim
dn in ca mu [5]. Hin tng ny c th c biu din bng cc phng
trnh phn ng sau:

CO +

CH 3 OH +

+ 2e+ 2H 2 O (hp ph) + 6e-

Trong cc phng trnh trn ta nhn thy rng, mt in t c gii phng do

qu trnh hp ph ha hc cht kh trn b mt s lm gim dn l trng bi s
tng tc vi in t t do ny. Cc phng trnh ny c th c xem nh cc
phng trnh phn ng xc tc trn b mt perovskit.
Ngoi ra, cn rt nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc: cng ngh t,
cng ngh thng tin,.
1.2.

TNG QUAN TNH CHT CA YTTRI, ST

1.2.1. Oxit st v hidroxit st

Hnh 5. St oxit

A
.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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A. St (III) oxit
Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 c kch thc nano, v maghemite -Fe 2 O 3 c ng dng
cho cc mc ch y sinh hc v l ferrit mm. St hydroxit v oxyhydroxides nh
ferrihydrite, goethite, akaganeite, lepidocrocite ang c nh gi cho cc ng
dng ca chng trong nc thanh lc loi b cc ion c hi. Hematit, -Fe 2 O 3
trong phm vi c s dng c c
sn trong sut. Trong xc tc oxit st v
hydroxit tm thy ng dng trong cc qu trnh
tng hp rt nhiu [14].
St oxit l mt trong cc oxit kim loi
chuyn tip quan trng nht ca cng
ngh. Cc hp cht quan trng ca st bao
gm cc oxit, hydroxit oxy-hydroxit c bit
cho n nay (hnh 5). y l nhng Fe(OH) 3 ,
Fe(OH) 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , FeO, cht a hnh ca
FeOOH v bn loi hnh dng ca Fe 2 O 3 . c
Hnh 6. St (III) oxit

im ca cc hp cht oxit bao gm ch yu l

trng thi ha tr ba ca st, ha tan thp v

mu sc rc r. Nhng oxit ny c th c tng hp bi tt c cc phng php

t c bit n nhng iu chnh kch thc ht phm vi v hnh thi hc
i vi mt ng dng c th vn cn l mt thch thc mi. Mt s cc k thut
tng hp bao gm kt ta, sol-gel, thu nhit, b mt trung gian. Nhng oxit c
cc ng dng nh cht xc tc, bt mu, cht ph, cc b cm bin kh, trao i
ion v bi trn [16] .
Hp cht st oxit c nhng ng dng tim nng trong cc lnh vc nh ghi m
t tnh, cc thit b lu tr d liu t.
St (III) oxit Fe 2 O 3 c nhiu dng a hnh, trong qua nhin trng nht l
2 dng v . Khi thm kim vo dung dch mui st (III) to thnh kt ta nhy
mu nu FeO(OH).Khi un nng kt ta ny n 200OC n cho ra - Fe 2 0 3 . Fe 2 0 3 c cu trc tinh th kiu corunum. Dng a hnh ny tn ti trong t nhin
di dng khong vt hematit. Dng c to thnh khi oxi ha cn thn Fe 3 O 4 .
Mng tinh th ny gm cc ion O2- gi ghm lp phng cht kht v cc ion Fe3+
SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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sp xp ngu nhin trong cc l trng bt din v t din .St (III) oxit khng tan
trong nc nhng tan chm trong axit cho Fe(H 2 O) 6 3.
St (III) oxit l mt trong 3 oxit quan trng ca oxit st. Trong khong hematit,
thnh phn Fe 2 O 3 l ch yu v l ngun nguyn liu chnh ca nghnh cng
nghip thp.
Fe 2 O 3 c tnh thun t, mu nu (hnh 6). Trong hp cht oxit st th Fe(III)
l cht c trng thi spin cao (c cc electron thuc phn lp d). Fe (III) vi 5
elctron d lp ngoi cng nn c nng lng mng li trng tinh th n nh.
St (III) oxit khng ch l mt vt liu dng trong chin lc cng nghip m
n cn l mt hp cht c s dng rng ri trong vic nghin cu tnh a hnh
v s thay i hnh dng trong cc ht .
St (III) oxit vi tt c cc dng th hnh ca n l mt trong nhng oxit kim
loi c s dng nhiu nht vi cc ng dng khc nhau trong lnh vc nghin
cu khoa hc v cng nghip.
Fe 2 O 3 c hnh dng v nh hnh v tn ti bn loi hnh dng (alpha, beta,
gamma, v epsilon).
-Fe 2 O 3 v -Fe 2 O 3 c tm thy trong t nhin dng khong hematite v
maghemite, bn loi th hnh ca Fe 2 O 3 c kch thc nano c tng hp v
nghin cu rng ri trong nhng nm gn y.
Nhit bin i ca cht st trong khng kh khi b xi ho lm cho cc phn
ng khng ng nht dn n Fe 2 O 3 c nhng hnh dng khc nhau, n tr thnh
mt qu trnh nghin cu kh quan trng trong ngnh vt liu v c v ho l, ho
hc cht rn cng nh ngnh nghin cu khong vt, k thut
Mu nung c th cha mt trong s bn dng th hnh ca st (III) oxit. Cc
oxit st c th c iu ch thnh cc ht siu mn c kch thc khong mt vi
met. Cht lng v s lng ca pha thnh phn trong qu trnh nung ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t nh: nhit , thi gian, p lc, tc dng kh, dy ca vt
liu, kch thc ht, thnh phn ho hc v cu trc ca vt liu.
Vic xc nh cc hnh dng c th ca oxit st v cc c ch hnh thnh n
trong qu trnh bin i nhit khng ch l nhng nghin cu khoa hc m n cn
th hin tm quan trng trong ngnh k thut.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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Maghemite c tm thy trong mu t i Ty Dng , trong khi

hematite v magnetite c tm thy trn b mt sao Ha.
Cc mu sc t nhin cng nh tng hp c ca Fe 2 O 3 nh mu , nu v
mu en th c s dng trong ngnh sn xut sn, ph gia v trong sn xut
knh mu. St (III) oxit cn c s dng lm cht xc tc ca nhiu phn ng
quan trng ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ho cht, n l cht xc tc ca phn
ng kh ethylbenzen sn xut styren. Chng c chng minh l cht xc tc
c hiu qu trong qu trnh oxi ho cc hydrocacbon polyaromatic, xc tc t
nhin liu, than ho lng v pha hi trong qu trnh xi ho ca axit benzoic.
Fe 2 O 3 cng l nguyn liu u vo sn xut ferrit, ngoi ra n cn c s
dng trong cng ngh sn xut gm s, nam chm vnh cu, trong k thut lu tr
phng tin truyn thng.
Oxit st l thnh phn quan trng nht ca mt s qung dng sn xut st
v thp. Mt khc khi nhit cao s n mn st thp cng lin quan n mt s
giai on trong vic hnh thnh oxit st. Chng lun c hnh thnh trn b mt
ca st thp v i khi n cng l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng vn nghim trng
trong quy trnh ch to. Cc oxit st cng c th c kt hp xen vo hp cht
nh l mt cht bn dn t ta s thy c kh nng xc tc tuyt vi ca
oxit st [10].

-Fe 2 O 3 c nghin cu v tm thy trong t nhin di dng qung hematit.

Hematit c dng hnh thoi trung tm v c cu trc: lc gic ging nh hnh
dng ca nhng vin corodum (-Al 2 O 3 ) trong mng li xi trong ion st
(III) chim 2/3 th tch bt din. Hemantit l mt trong nhng sn phm cui cng
ca s bin i nhit ca cc hp cht st (II) v st (III). Ngoi phng php x
l nhit th mt lot cc phng php khc tng hp hemantit c bit n
chng hn nh phng php t. Hemantit c th c iu ch bng cch thu
phn mui st trong mi trng axt mnh (pH=12), nhit cao (100C).Tnh
cht t ca n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v d nh p sut, kch thc ht, cng
t trng.-Fe 2 O 3 c t tnh khng n nh l mt im ring phn bit n
vi cc dng gamma, alpha v epsilon. -Fe 2 O 3 siu bn vi nhit v c chuyn
i thnh hematit nhit khong 500C.-Fe 2 O 3 tn ti trong t nhin di
dng khong maghemite. -Fe 2 O 3 khng bn vi nhit v c chuyn thnh
SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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hemantite nhit cao hn. Nhit v c ch ca s thay i cu trc ph

thuc vo iu kin th nghim v c bit l kch
thc ca cc ht maghemite. Trong trng hp cu
trc ht b th -Fe 2 O 3 l cht trung gian trong s
chuyn i cu trc t -Fe 2 O 3

-Fe 2 O 3 , c ch

chuyn i thnh hemantite ph thuc nhiu vo

mc cc ht tch t. -Fe 2 O 3 (maghemite) thu
ht c nhiu s nghin cu do n c tnh t v
c s dng lm cht xc tc.

-Fe 2 O 3 c th c xem l cht mi nht trong

Hnh 7. Cu trc ca Fe2O3

hp cht st (III) oxit, cu trc ca n c bit n

vo nm 1988 bi Tronc et al. -Fe 2 O 3 c hnh dng

trc thoi vi tm t bo n v (hnh 7).

-Fe 2 O 3 th c tng hp bng phng php sol-gel hoc un nng dung dch
kali ferricyanide vi hypochlorite natri v kali hydroxit, sau nung kt ta
400C. Nhit chuyn dng th hnh t -Fe 2 O 3

-Fe 2 O 3 nm trong khong

t 500C750C. Kch thc ca cc ht -Fe 2 O 3 c chun b theo nhng

phng php khc nhau l khong 3080 nm.
Fe 2 O 3 c hnh thnh trong qu trnh nhit phn ca FeO(OH) 170C trong
chn khng. Nm 1975 Howe v Gallagher bit c c ch mt nc v cu
trc ca oxit st. H thy rng cc oxit c cu trc khuyt tt u c tt c cc c
tnh ca cc hp cht ban u. Bn m hnh phn phi cc anion ch trng trong
mng tinh th oxit c a ra. St oxit c cu trc dng ng th c gi li
trong qu trnh mt nc, ion st (III) c s phi tr l 4 [15].
Theo Ayyub et al mt oxit st (III) v nh hnh c hnh thnh t cc ht rt
nh, c ng knh nh hn 5nm. Vn Diepen v Popma cho rng trong Fe 2 O 3 v
nh hnh cc ion st (III) c bao quanh bi tm xi c cu trc bt din trong
mng tinh th. Ayyubetal nu c hai hiu ng ta nhit da trn ng phn
tch nhit DTA, hiu ng ta nhit th nht ti 290C ng cho rng l s hnh
thnh ca -Fe 2 O 3 v hiu ng nhit th hai ti 400C l s chuyn dng th
hnh t -Fe 2 O 3 sang -Fe 2 O 3 . Khi tng nhit nung ln n 600C th -Fe 2 O 3

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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v -Fe 2 O 3 khng cn xut hin na nhng thay vo l -Fe 2 O 3 , cng vi

s tng nhit th -Fe 2 O 3 cng b bin thnh hematite
Fe 3 O 4 c mu en xm, n l hn hp ca FeO v Fe 2 O 3 . Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite),
l loi c t tnh mnh nht trong tt c cc khong vt c mt trong t nhin.
Magnetit c vai tr quan trng trong vic tm hiu cc iu kin mi trng hnh
thnh . Magnetit phn ng vi oxi to ra hematit v cp khong vt hnh
thnh mt vng m c th khng ch s ph hy ca xi. Magnetit l ngun
qung st c gi tr, n ha tan chm trong axit clohiric.
Cc ht Fe 3 O 4 c ng knh trung bnh nh hn 10 nm v c kch thc phn
b hp. Cc dng huyn ph ca Magnetit c th trc tip b xi ha trong khng
kh to thnh -Fe 2 O 3 .

Qu trnh xi ha Fe 3 O 4 thnh -Fe 2 O 3 c thc hin bng cch iu chnh

pH ca hydrosol ca Fe 3 O 4 trong khong 3.5, cc hydrosol c khuy trong
thi gian 30 pht 100C. Dung dch chuyn t mu xanh en sang mu nu .
iu ch chung:
Oxit st (III) l mt sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ha
4Fe + O 2 + 2 H 2 O

4FeO(OH)

Kt qu ngm nc st, c vit y nh l Fe(O)OH, kh nc khong

200oC:
2FeO(OH) Fe 2 O 3 + H 2 O
C th c iu ch bng cch nhit phn cc mui hidroxit, cc mui
caconat hoc nitrat.
4FeCO 3 + O 2 2Fe 2 O 3 + 4CO 2
4Fe(NO 3 ) 3

2Fe 2 O 3 + 12NO 2 + 3O 2

V cng c iu ch bng phng php phn hy nhit hidroxit st (III) theo

nhit trn 2000C .

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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B. Hiroxit st (III)
Nhng hp cht oxit- hydroxit v st c th tn ti dng khan l (OFe(OH))
hoc ngm nc FeO(OH).nH 2 O. Monohydrat OFe(OH).H 2 O c th c vit li
nh sau Fe(OH) 3 hay cn c gi l st(III) hidroxit.
c to ra do tc dng ca baze vi mui st (III). Sn phm c mu g,
nu hay mu nh tm, c s dng lm bt mu, ngoi ra n c s dng
trng thi tinh khit lm thuc gii c asen. Ngoi ra, n c chp nhn s
dng trong mt s loi m phm, cc loi mc sm.
Fe(OH) 3 khng tan trong nc v c tnh lng tnh: tan d trong dung dch
axit v tan c trong dung dch kim c nng hoc Na 2 CO 3 hay K 2 CO 3 nng
chy.
l mt cht rt kh tan tch s tan l 10 -38. N tan trong axit cho
Fe(H 2 O) 6 3+ v trong dung dch kim c cho Fe(OH) 6 3-. Nh vy hidroxit c tnh
lng tnh[12].
Cc kt ta hydroxit c bit l c h s lc thp v do kh ra cc ion t
do ca tp cht. Cc c im ca kt ta hydroxit ph thuc ch yu vo pH v
nhit to thnh kt ta.
Hydroxit st (III) c cng thc Fe(OH) 3 .nH 2 O. Kt qu XRD cho ta thy
chng c cu trc hnh lp phng vi cnh bng 0.7568nm. S hiu nguyn t
trong mt t bo n v l 8.

2.1.1.

Oxit yttrium v hydroxit yttrium

A. Oxit yttrium
Y 2 O 3 l cht rn mu trng
v n nh trong khng kh. N
c s dng nh l mt nguyn
liu u vo ph bin cho cc
ngnh khoa hc vt liu cng
nh trong tng hp v c [19].
Oxit yttri (III) l hp cht
quan trng nht v c s dng

Hnh 8. nh TEM ca Y2O3

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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rng ri to ra cc cht ln quang YVO 4 .

Oxit yttri dng ch to cc dng ngc hng lu yttri st lm cc b lc vi sng
hiu sut cao.
c dng lm cht xc tc cho qu trnh polyme ha etylen. Ngc hng lu
yttri nhm, Y 2 O 3 , florua yttri liti, vanadat yttri c dng trong t hp vi cc tc
nhn kch thch (dopant) nh terbi, ytterbi trong cc laze cn-hng ngoi, n c
s dng ti cc in cc ca mt s loi bu gi hiu sut cao [18].
N c dng kh xi cho vanadi hay cc kim loi phi st khc. c s
dng lm n hunh quang trong cc loi knh hin vi in t truyn, l cht ph
gia trong sn, nha, nam chm vnh cu, vt liu pht sng mu trong cc loi
n hunh quang [8].
Cc hp cht cha nguyn t ny him khi c bt gp, nhng nn ht sc
cn thn do chng c c tnh cao. Cc mui ca yttri c th c kh nng gy ung
th.
B. Yttrium hydroxit
Yttrium hydroxide hay cn c gi l yttri hydrat, l mt vt liu quan trng
c s dng trong lnh vc gm s, thy tinh v in t

Hnh 9. nh SEM ca Y(OH) 3 dng ng

K t khi pht hin ra ng nano cacbon vo nm 1991 [18], mt vt liu c c
cu l dng ng rng (hnh 9 v 10) vi din tch b mt ln thu ht ng k s
ch do tnh cht c o ca n trong vic vn chuyn in v pht quang.
Ngoi ra yttrium hydroxide cn c tm thy dng dy.

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

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Hnh 10. C ch hnh thnh yttrium hydroxide dng ng v dng dy:

S pht trin ca cc thanh yttrium hydroxide c bt u t cc tinh th c
cu trc 1D, nhng tinh th c sp xp theo cng mt hng v hp thnh mt
b c kch thc micro, sau nhng b yttrium hydroxide c kch thc micro
th tip tc pht trin thnh dng ng bi s mt tnh nh hng v u tin pht
trin theo dng ng trn. Cui cng cc ng c kch thc micro cng b gii
th t cc khim khuyt trn b mt v t hnh thnh dy [6].
Chng c tm thy trong cc b cm bin, vn chuyn cht lng hoc
cht kh, ngoi ra chng cn c s dng lm cht xc tc Trong nhng nm
gn y, s tng hp cc hp cht t him dng ng thu ht c nhiu s
ch mnh m do chng c th c s dng lm nhn sinh hc, pht quang
trong cc thit b c hiu sut cao, cht xc tc v mt s vt liu chc nng
khc
C nhiu phng php tng hp yttrium hydroxide nh: phng php solgel, phng php ng kt ta, phng php thy nhit
Khi nhit phn yttrium hydroxide khong 500C trong khong 2h th ta s
thu c yttrium oxide.
1.3. GII THIU PEROVSKIT
YFeO 3

1.3.1. Cu trc l tnh ca YFeO 3

iu kin u tin tng hp
YFeO 3 tn ti dng n pha l phi
xc nh ng t l Y3+/ Fe3+. Kt tinh
trong mng c s trc thoi, mt cu

SVTH: Phan Th Kiu Lin

Hnh 11. Cu trc ca perovskit YFeO3

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trc bin dng ca mng lp phng. Bin dng t perovskit l tng ch yu l

do ion Y, cn ion Fe vn tn ti trong mng [8].
Cu trc c th c hnh dung l mt mng c s, to thnh lin kt Fe O - Fe. Hnh v trn (hnh 11) cng chng t mi ion st cng tn ti trong 8 t
bo n v hay cn gi l cc mng c s "lng ging" .
V th lin kt ca Fe c phn no phn tnh song song, kt qu l xut hin t
ha, to ra tnh st t yu. Tnh cht ny phn nh c tnh cht bt ng hng
ca YFeO 3 . iu ng ch nht l s hnh thnh khi, vn tc t trng, tnh
cht c ch nhiu nht l t trng v quang hc, v c ng dng trong
cm bin t trng, v cc thit b lu d liu. Tuy nhin, vic tng hp YFeO 3
n pha gp nhiu kh khn, nguyn nhn c th l do s hn ch ca phng
php tng hp. Trc y, phng php ''t'' c s dng nhiu tng hp
cc oxit lng tnh nhng ng dng i vi h trc thoi th khng thun li.
Nguyn nhn c th l do s hnh thnh cc hydroxit hoc cc phc ca Y3+ v
Fe3+ to nn s trng hp chng cho [8]. Do , lm nh hng n qu trnh x
l nhit cng nh nhng con ng khuch tn khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, gii quyt nhng kh khn th trong qu trnh tng hp phi
kim sot lin tc thnh phn ha hc, cn ch cc iu kin nh: t l cc ion,
pH, nhit , thi gian nung mu gel ...
1.3.2. ng dng
YFeO 3 n tinh th c s dng trong b cm bin v cc thit b truyn
thng, n c nhim v chuyn i quay v t trng nhng tinh th hot
ng nh cm ng in [6] .
Tinh th YFeO 3 c kch thc nano c kh nng ng dng chiu x di
nh sng nhn thy. Do cu trc ca YFeO 3 thuc loi perovskit quang ph hp
th. YFeO 3 l cht xc tc c bn c nghin cu trong qu trnh oxy ha
thuc nhum hu c. Ngoi ra, YFeO 3 c cu trc lc gic c hot tnh xc tc
cao cn c s dng trong qu trnh oxi CO [20].
C th kt hp vi SrTiO 3 to thnh bn phim mng, c phn gii in
t cao cho thy s hin din ca t trng cao [19].

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CHNG 2. THC NGHIM

2.1. TNG HP YFeO 3
2.1.1. Dng c v ha cht
A. Dng c
-

Cn phn tch Fartorius

Giy cn khng thm nc

My khuy t

My ht m

My sy

L nung

a thy tinh

Pipet c chia vch

ng ong cc loi

Cc thy tinh cc loi

Giy lc

Chn s

Chy s

Chn nung niken

B. Ha cht
-

Mui YCl 3 .6H 2 O

Mui Fe(NO 3 ).9H 2 0

Acid citric dng tinh th 95%

Dung dch NH 3 25%

Nc ct

2.1.2. Phng php tng hp

A.

Phng php sol - gel

Cn 1.5167g YCl 3 .6H 2 O cng vi 2.0199g mui Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 0 sau ha

tan vo 20 ml nc ct. Thm 3.9030g acid citric ha tan vo dung dch trn.
Hn hp c trn u v n nh nhit nhit 60oC, pH ca dung dch c
iu chnh t 6-7 bng dung dch NH 3 25 % long.
Sau khong 10 pht, cho 500ml nc ct, hn hp c khuy u v gia
nhit nhit 80oC v pH c hiu chnh l 6-7. Lc ny dung dch c mu
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vng, sau khong 2 - 3 gi dung dch trn s mt nc dn, ta thu c gel c mu

vng hi ng xanh. Tip tc gia nhit ta s thu c bt c mu vng sm. Mu
cht trn c nung cc nhit khc nhau 750oC, 850oC, 1000oC trong 2 gi.

Hnh 12. S thc nghim tng hp vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php sol-gel
B. Phng php ng kt ta
Tng hp 0.01 mol YFeO 3
Cc cht ban u c s dng l YCl 3 6H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 9H 2 O. Tc nhn kt
ta cc cation Fe3+ v Y3+ l dung dch nc amoniac.
Ha tan 4.0398g mui Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O v 3.0334g mui YCl 3 .6H 2 O vo 20ml
nc ct, cho 20 ml hn hp mui trn vo 500 ml nc ct ang si. Sau khi
cho ht lng mui trn trong vng 20 pht, ta tip tc khuy u trn my khuy
t thm 10 pht na, lc ny dung dch c mu nu . ngui h trn n nhit
phng. Sau , nh t t 20ml dung dch NH 3 (6ml dung dch NH 3 25% cng
14ml nc ct) vo h trn, lng NH 3 cho vo phi kt ta hon ton cc cation.
Kt ta trn c lc cn thn bng my lc v kh t nhin nhit phng
(2-3 ngy). Mu cht trn c nung cc nhit khc nhau 750oC, 850oC,
950oC trong 1 gi 30 pht.

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Hnh 13. S thc nghim tng hp vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php
ng kt ta
2.2. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH VT L C TRNG
CHO VT LIU

2.2.1. Phng php phn tch nhit

Da trn cc hiu ng thu c khi gia
nhit vt liu, phng php phn tch nhit
c dng xc nh nhit chuyn pha,
ht khi nng lng, nng lng chuyn
pha, s thay i v kch thc, ng sut,
tnh cht n hi ca vt liu ...Cc phng
php phn tch nhit thng c kt hp
vi cc phng php nghin cu cu trc
nh nhiu x tia X v nh hin vi in t
iu chnh v ti u ha qu trnh ch to

Hnh 14. Gin m t nguyn

l hot ng ca mt thit b
phn tch nhit

vt liu, gii thch c ch ca qu trnh cc

pha trong vt liu ....C hai k thut phn tch nhit thng gp l phn tch nhit
vi sai (DTA) v phn tch nhit trng lng (TGA) [4].

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K thut phn tch nhit vi sai (DTA): bn cht ca s thay i ny l da

trn s thay i nng lng nhit trong qu hp th nhit t bn ngoi ca mu
nghin cu khi xy cc qu trnh bin i trong vt liu. Vi cc chuyn pha
thng gp, mi trng thi chuyn pha ca mu s tng ng vi s bin thin
nng lng nhit ti cc vng nhit khc nhau, l kt qu ca qu trnh gii
phng hoc thu nng lng nhit ca mu (hnh 14).
Nhit ca mu c o nh mt hm ca nhit mu chun (khng
thay i vi nhit ) so snh. Mi trng thi chuyn pha ca mu o s l kt
qu ca qu trnh gii phng hoc thu nhit ca mu. Vi phn nhit (T) i
vi nhit iu khin T m ti ton b h thay i s cho php phn tch nhit
chuyn pha v xc nh y l qu trnh pha ta nhit hay thu nhit.
T th phn tch nhit vi sai DTA c th xc nh nhit chuyn pha v
thnh phn nh lng ca mu [4].
K thut phn tch nhit vi trng lng TGA: k thut ny da trn s thay
i khi lng ca mu nghin cu khi xy ra qu trnh t gy hoc hnh thnh
cc lin kt vt l, ha hc ta mt nhit xc nh, t thu c cc d liu
lin quan n nhit ng v ng nng ca cc phn ng ha hc, c ch phn
ng, cc phn ng trung gian v phn ng cui cng. Hai php phn tch ny c
o kt hp trong cng mt thit b.
Qu trnh phn hy nhit ca mu trong ti ny c thc hin trn my
STA 409 PC-NETZSCH t ti khoa Cng ngh v Vt liu, trng i hc Bch
Khoa TPHCM.

2.2.2. Phng php phn tch cu trc bng nhiu x tia X

Nhiu x tia X l thit b dng dng nghin cu, xc nh pha cu trc
tinh th ca vt liu. N l mt trong nhng cng c quan trng nht c s dng
trong nghin cu ha hc cht rn v khoa hc vt liu. Nguyn l ca n da trn
hin thng nhiu x tia X. Khi chiu chm tia X vo vt liu kt tinh, n s b
phn x bi cc mt tinh th. H mt phng (hkl) no c gi tr d (khong cch
gia hai mt phng ln cn c cng ch s) tha mn nh lut Bragg s cho nh
nhiu x (hnh 15).

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i vi mi loi vt liu kt
tinh, gin nhiu x tia X l duy
nht v c c trng bi mt vch
nhiu x. Phn tch gin nhiu x,
ta c th thu c cc thng tin nh
tnh, nh lng v cc pha tinh th
c trong vt liu v xc nh chnh
xc hng s mng, phn bit vt liu
kt tinh vi vt thc ht trung bnh
t cng thc gn ng Scherrer.
Gi s c mt chm tia X
n sc n gp tinh th v phn x
trn cc mt phng mng. c s
giao thoa ca sng phn x, cc sng
ny phi cng pha, ngha l hiu

Hnh 15. S khi ca mt thit

b nhiu x tia X

quang trnh ca chng phi bng mt

s nguyn ln bc sng.
Hiu quang trnh:

= 2dsin (1)
i vi nhiu gc ti gi tr khng phi bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng
nn cc tia X phn x c giao thoa gim.
Khi = n th cc sng phn x s cng pha v ta c s giao thoa tng. Nh
vy ta s thu c cng sng phn x tng mnh khi gc ti tho mn iu
kin:
2dsin = n

(2)

y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut Bragg [4]

ng dng ca nh lut Bragg l xc nh khong cch mng d khi bit
v gc ti tng ng vi vch thu c.
Ta c th tnh kch thc trung bnh ca mu theo cng thc Scherrer nh sau:
k
(3)
cos

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Trong :
U

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: kch thc tinh th

: bc sng ca bc x tia X (0.154nm)

k: h s (0.89)
: rng chiu cao ca peak sau khi tr i rng do
thit b.
Trong ti ny ph XRD c tin hnh o trn my D8-ADVANCE ti
Vin Khoa Hc V Cng Ngh TPHCM.

2.2.3. Kho st hnh thi hc b mt v kch thc bng knh hin vi

26B

in t qut SEM
Knh hin vi in t qut (hnh
16) l thit b s dng nghin
cu hnh thi hc b mt ca mu.
y l thit b dng chp nh
vi cu trc b mt vi phng
i ln gp nhiu ln so vi knh
hin vi quang hc vi nguyn tc
hot ng nh sau. Chm tia in
t c nng lng cao - c gi l
chm in t s cp c to ra
v iu khin chm tia ny qut
trn mt din tch rt nh ca b
mt mu. Sau , cc tn hiu

Hnh 16. S nguyn l knh hin

vi in t qut ( SEM )

c pht ra do tng tc ca in t s cp c to ra v iu khin chm tia

ny qut trn mt din tch rt nh ca b mt mu. Sau , cc tn hiu c pht
ra do tng tc ca in t s cp vi mu - c gi l cc tn hiu th cp c
ghi nhn v phn tch. Cc tn hiu ny bao gm: in t th cp (1), chm in t
tn x ngc (2), in t tn x khng n hi (4), in t hp th (5), in t
Auger (6), v tia X (7). Cc tn hiu (1,2,5,6,7) c s dng trong knh hin vi
in t qut. Cn c vo cc thng tin thu c bi ng m t cc tn hiu trn,
ngi ta c th dng li hnh thi b mt mt cch chnh xc [4].
Trong ti ny ph SEM c tin hnh o ti Vin Khoa Hc Cng Ngh
TP HCM. Mt s mu c o ti phng Vt Liu v nh Ga H Hng H Ni.
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2.2.4. Phng php o t tnh

27B

T tr l hin tng bt thun nghch gia qu trnh t ha v o t cc vt

liu st t do kh nng gi li t tnh ca cc vt liu st t. Hin tng t tr l
mt c trng quan trng v d thy nht cc cht st t.
Hin tng t tr c biu hin thng
qua ng cong t tr (hnh 17) (T - t
trng, M(H) hay cm ng t - T trng,
B(H)), c m t nh sau: sau khi t ha
mt vt st t n mt t trng bt k,
nu ta gim dn t trng v quay li theo
chiu ngc, th n khng quay tr v
ng cong t ha ban u na, m i theo
ng khc. V nu ta o t theo mt chu
trnh kn (t chiu ny sang chiu kia), th
ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng

Hnh 17. ng cong t tr

cong t tr hay chu trnh t tr. Tnh cht t

tr l mt tnh cht ni ti c trng ca cc vt liu st t, v hin tng tr biu
hin kh nng t tnh ca ca cc cht st t.
Nguyn tc chung ca php o t tr l o s bin i ca mmen t hoc cm
ng t theo s thay i ca t trng. T trng t vo c bin i theo mt
chu trnh (t gi tr 0 n gi tr cc i, sau gim dn v i chiu n t
trng ngc hng, v li o tr li gi tr cc i ban u.
Trong ti ny t tnh c tin hnh o ti Vin Khoa Hc V Cng Ngh
TPHCM.

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CHNG 3. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. Mt s c trng cu trc ca vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php sol - gel
ng cong phn tch nhit ph thuc vo phng php iu ch v c s
khc nhau gia hai phng php. Trong trng hp ny cc ha cht phn ng
da trn tng tc kim sot gia cc nguyn t v phn t c th t c cu
trc ca vt liu.

Hnh 18. th ng cong phn tch nhit mu bt iu ch theo phng

php sol-gel
Tuy nhin, c kt qu nh mong mun th cn ch n iu kin nghin
cu, nh hng ca thi gian, nhit . V d, s trn ln ca ht tp cht, kch
thc ht khng t, s tn ti ng thi hai mng tinh th ca cng mt cht, gy
ra nhng tnh cht ha hc v ng dng khc nhau.
phn tch cc bc phn hy nhit , mu cht c nung n 1000oC
(hnh 18). Cc ng TG c khong di nht trong phm vi nhit l 200
300oC. y l vic tch nc v cc cht hu c hin din trong gel kh. Vic mt
nc ca cc qu trnh phn hy (gc citrat, cc hidroxit) l hin nhin v xy ra
lin tc tng ng khong nhit l 300 650oC. iu ny c th hin r
thng qua s st gim khi lng ca mu. S mt khi lng t 650oC tng i
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nh so vi trng lng ca mu ( 6.5% / 100%), ti y qu trnh kt tinh ca

YFeO 3 bt u hnh thnh thng qua nh XRD.
S gim khi lng tng i nh, c th l do qu trnh tch nc ca nhm
hydroxy cn li xy ra ti qu trnh kt tinh nng oxit.
Kt qu phn tch nhiu x tia X ca mu bt iu ch theo phng php solgel vi tc nhn phn tn l acid citric sau khi nung 750C vi thi gian nung l
2h (hnh 19.a), ta thy, trn gin xut hin cc peak tng ng vi pha
YFeO 3 , tuy nhin cc peak tng ng vi cc pha tp cht xut hin kh nhiu.
iu c bit l c s tn ti ng thi ca 2 pha tinh th khc nhau: cu trc trc
thoi: y l kiu cu trc mong mun ca hp cht perovskit, ngoi ra l s tn ti
ca cu trc lc phng, y l kiu cu trc khng mong mun ca hp cht
perovskit, cu trc ny d b bin i khi thay i nhit .
iu ny chng t, qu trnh nung thiu kt nhit 750C (t = 2h) cha
hon thin vic kt tinh v to pha ng nht. Tin hnh nghin cu mu bt bng
phng php SEM ta thy cc ht bt to thnh vi kch thc khng ng u:
cc ht nh vi kch thc t 50 nm, cc ht ln 50 70 nm, thm ch c nhng
ht vi kch thc > 100 nm (hnh 19b). S tn ti ca lp mng cha c tch
ri vn cn rt r, iu chng t nhit nung cha ph v mng ny.

Hnh 19. Gin XRD (a) ghp vi peak chun v SEM (b) ca mu bt iu
ch theo phng php sol-gel sau khi nung 750C trong 2h.

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khc phc nhng nhc im trn chng ti tin hnh nung mu bt

nhit cao hn l 850oC v trong 2h. Da vo th XRD (hnh 20) ta thy,
cng ca cc peak YFeO 3 sau khi nung 850C (t = 2h) cao hn so vi mu
bt nung 750C (t = 2h) v cc peak hnh thnh a s trng kht vi peak chun.
Ngoi ra kiu mng lc phng b ph v, cng cc peak tp cht cng
tng i gim.

Hnh 20. Gin XRD ca mu bt ghp vi peak chun sau khi nung
850C trong 2h
Quan st nh SEM hnh 21, kt hp vi vic so snh nh SEM hnh 19.b
th c s khc nhau r rng, xut hin cc ht tinh th khc nhau v kch thc v
hnh dng, nhiu ht t kch thc rt nh 20 nm, c ht c kch thc ln hn l

Hnh 21. nh SEM ca mu bt ghp vi peak chun sau khi nung

850C trong 2h

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50 nm. Bn cnh lp mng cng b ph hy, bt u hnh thnh cc ht tinh th

nh.
iu ny c th c gii thch l do s hnh thnh mng tinh th hon chnh
mi c bt u (nh hng ca tp cht khng ng k).
Tip tc nung mu bt nhit l 1000oC trong thi gian l 2h, quan st gin
XRD v nh SEM (hnh 22.a v hnh 22.b), ta thy: lc ny cng peak ca
mu tng ln nhiu trong khi cng peak ca tp cht l khng ng k,
l cc peak ca Fe 5 Y 3 0 12
Kt qu quan st c t nh SEM, cho ta thy bt thu tng i ng nht
theo kch thc v hnh dng, cc ht c kch thc t 50 - 70 nm, c dng hnh
trn cu.
Do , ta c th chp nhn s tn ti tng i nh ca tp cht v tip tc
tin hnh th nghim ng dng ca mu bt c nung trong thi gian 2h
1000oC.
D on, nu tip tc nung mu bt nhit cao hn, th s kt khi s tng
ln, u tin cho s hnh thnh Fe 5 Y 3 0 12

Hnh 22. Gin XRD (a) ghp vi peak chun v SEM (b) ca mu bt
iu ch theo phng php sol-gel sau khi nung 1000C trong 2h

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3.2. Mt s c trng cu trc ca vt liu YFeO 3 theo phng php ng

kt ta
Khng ch dng li vic tng hp YFeO 3 bng phng php sol gel, tc
gi tng hp vt liu nano YFeO 3 theo phng php ng kt ta vi tc nhn
kt ta l dung dch NH 3 .
Da vo gin phn tch nhit khi lng ca mu bt iu ch theo
phng php sol gel cng vi cc ti liu tham kho chng ti chn nhit
nung mu l 750oC (t = 1h 30 pht). Tht vy, kt qu phn tch nhiu x tia X
(XRD) cho thy (hnh 23) mu bt iu ch theo phng php ng kt ta vi
tc nhn kt ta l NH 3 th hin s kt tinh hon thin 750oC, cc peak hnh
thnh tng i trng kht vi peak chun. S pha tp ca cc cht khc khng
thy xut hin. So snh kt qu ny vi kt qu ca phng php sol-gel th mu
bt iu ch theo phng php ny t c s tinh khit v s tn ti ca n
pha YFeO 3 .

Hnh 23. Gin XRD ca mu bt iu ch theo phng php ng kt ta

ghp vi peak chun sau khi nung 750C trong 1h 30 pht
Kt hp vi nh SEM, (hnh 24) tng ng nhit 750oC, mu bt c kch
thc tng i nh (42-50 nm), cc ht c dng ng u hnh cu trn, phn
cnh. Hnh thi v kch thc ca mu bt nung 750oC c hon thin theo
ngha ht nano.

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Tuy nhin c mt vi v tr bt
u s kt dnh, nguyn nhn l do
cc ht c xu hng kt khi li do
nng lng b mt ln.
T c s suy lun trn mu bt
c nung 850oC v 950oC, r
rng, kch thc v hnh dng tng
ln ng k, vt mc gp i so vi
mu bt c nung 750oC (42 88
nm). Bn cnh hnh dng cng
khng ng u, ht to nh khc
nhau, cc ht sp li gn nhau
hn (hnh 25).
iu ny c th c gii

Hnh 24. nh SEM ca mu bt sau

khi nung 750C trong 1h 30 pht

thch l do nhit nung qu cao,

thi gian n nh nhit (ln 950oC
v lm ngui) lu hn, do lm cho
cc ht t kt khi li vi nhau, cc
ht ny xen k vi cc l trng ca
cc ht khc lm cho hnh dng cht
kht hn km theo l s tng ln mt
cch ng k v kch thc.

Hnh 25. nh SEM ca mu bt

sau khi nung 850C trong 1h 30 pht
Tm li qu trnh hnh thnh vt liu YFeO 3 t cc tin cht trong c
hai phng php c th c miu t thng qua cc giai on sau:
Giai on 1: l qu trnh kt ta cc hidroxit Fe(OH) 3 v Y(OH) 3 bng tc
nhn kt ta l dung dch nc amoniac:
Fe(NO 3 ) 3 + 3NH 4 OH Fe(OH) 3 + 3NH 4 NO 3
YCl 3 + 3NH 4 OH Y(OH) 3 + 3NH 4 Cl

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Giai on 2: l qu trnh phn hu cc hidroxit Fe(OH) 3 v Y(OH) 3 khi nung

mu nhit cao:

to

2Fe(OH) 3 Fe 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O
to

Y(OH) 3 Y 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O
Giai on 3: l qu trnh kt hp gia hai oxit st (III) v ytri to thnh ferrit:

7500C
Fe O + Y O
2YFeO
2 3 2 3
3
3.3. So snh hai phng php tng hp
iu kin tng hp vt liu YFeO 3 bng phng php sol gel v ng kt
ta c tm tt bng 1. T bng 1 ta thy r rng l tng hp vt liu YFeO 3
bng phng php ng kt ta c nhiu u im vt tri hn so vi phng
php sol gel nh tit kim thi gian v nng lng.
Bng1. So snh kt qu tng hp YFeO 3 theo phng php sol gel v ng
kt ta
Phng php

Thi gian tin hnh

Nhit

Thi

Kch thc

nung ti u

gian

ht

nung
Phng php

1 ngy, kho st lin tc

1000oC

2h

40 nm

Phng php

3 ting, khng k thi gian

750oC

1h 30

40 nm

ng kt ta

mu kh t nhin

sol- gel

pht

3.4. Kho st t tnh ca YFeO 3

Trong cc mu thu c trn, mu c iu ch theo phng php ng kt
ta, v nung nhit 750oC (1h 30 pht) c th c xem l hon thin nht.
Nn tc gi chn mu ny o t tnh, kt qu c th hin hnh 26.

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Hnh 26. ng cong t tr ca YFeO 3 iu ch theo phng php ng kt

ta sau khi nung 750oC (1h30 pht)
Phn tch ng cong t tr, ta thu c cc thng s sau:
T d (M r ) : 2.502E - 3 (emu/g)
t ha bo ha: 238.555 E - 3(emu/ g)
Lc khng t (H c ) l 26.25 (Oe)
Tch nng lng t cc i (BH) bng 0
Kt hp vic quan st hnh dng ng cong ny so vi ng cong ca cc
kt qu m tc gi tham kho th vt liu trn c tnh cht thun t v l vt liu
t mm. Thng s biu hin c trng cho nhn nh trn nht l H c = 26.25 (Oe).
Thng qua vic nhn xt ng cong t tr trn, th ta c th kt lun c vt liu
trn c tnh tnh i xng tinh th tng i cao.

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Nh tm hiu ban u, YFeO 3 c ng dng trong thc tin l s dng

trong b cm bin v cc thit b truyn thng, n c nhim v chuyn i quay v
t trng, nhng tinh th hot ng nh cm ng in. Ging nh kt qu
tm hiu ban u, th c tnh siu thun t. Do c tnh siu thun t mnh nh vy
nn vt liu ny s c ng dng trong cc ht t tnh, lm tng tnh truyn dn
trong cc h dn lc, dn t.Nh vy, tng hp c YFeO 3 c kch thc
ht v mang li nhiu ng dng trong thc t.
So snh vi kt qu nghin cu t tnh Fe 2 O 3 [8], th H c ca Fe 2 O 3 l 30 Oe.
Nh vy YFeO 3 c tnh thun t cao hn so vi Fe 2 O 3 , do vic tng hp
YFeO 3 nh du nhiu bc ng dng mi ca ngnh vt liu nano.

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KT LUN V KIN NGH

Trong qu trnh nghin cu thc hin kha lun ny tc gi cng tm hiu
cc thng tin v cng ngh nano ni chung cng nh vt liu perovskit ni ring.
ng thi tm hiu cc phng php vt l phn tch vt liu. Thng qua tin
hnh thc nghim v phng php sol-gel v phng php ng kt ta tng
hp bt yttrium orthoferrit (YFeO 3 ) c kch thc v rt ra c mt s kt lun
nh sau:
tng hp c vt liu bt YFeO 3 bng 2 phng php: sol gel v ng
kt ta:
-

iu kin ti u i vi phng php sol gel l mu bt c nung

1000oC (t = 2h), cn phng php ng kt ta l 750oC trong 1h 30 pht.

-

Phng php ng kt ta cho nhiu u im hn phng php sol gel

nh tit kim nng lng v thi gian, y l yu t quan trng trong ng dng
thc tin.
-

kho st ng cong t tr ca vt liu nano YFeO 3 tng hp theo

phng php ng kt ta v chng minh vt liu thu c thuc vt liu t mm

(H c = 26.25 Oe) v l vt liu siu thun t.
Do kha lun c thc hin trong thi gian tng i gp rt nn em cha th
nghin cu su hn v ti ny, nu c c hi c tip tc th em s pht trin
ti theo hng:

Kch thc ht YFeO 3 .

Tip tc khng ch cc iu kin v nhit , thi gian nung, pH,... trong

phng php sol - gel thu c kt qu tt hn.

Tng hp YFeO 3 theo phng php ng kt ta trong mi trng nc

lnh.

Nghin cu t tnh cc mu cn li, kh nng hp th kim loi ca ht

YFeO 3 t ng dng chng vo trong cc thit b truyn ng v b cm bin

v.v....

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Hong Hi (2007), Cc ht kim loi, Trung tm Khoa hc Vt liu, i
hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni, 110trang.
2. Nguyn Th Thu Trang (2009), Nghin cu iu ch TiO 2 t dung dch titanyl
sulfate bng phng php sol-gel, Lun vn Thc s Ha hc, Trng i hc Khoa
hc T Nhin TPHCM.
3. TS. Phan Th Hong Oanh, Chuyn Phn tch cu trc vt liu v c, Trng
i hc S Phm TPHCM, 56 trang.
4. Ng Tin Quyt (2009), Tng hp nghin cu c trng v hot tnh xc tc ca
mang trn vt liu mao qun trung bnh SBA 15 , Lun vn thc s khoa hc,
trng i hc Quc gia H Ni, 68trang.
5. Th Anh Th (2011), Ch to v nghin cu cc tnh cht ca cm bin nhy
hi cn trn c s vt liu oxit perovskit, Lun n tin s khoa hc vt liu, Vin
khoa hc v cng ngh vt liu H Ni, 123 trang.
6. Hong Triu Ngc (2011), Kho st cc iu kin tng hp bt perovskit Y
FeO 3 , Kha lun tt nghip, chuyn nghnh ha v c, trng i hc S Phm tp.
HCM, 47trang.
7. V ng - Triu Th Nguyt (2009), Ha hc v c, quyn 2 cc nguyn t d
v f, nh xut bn Gio dc, 148 trang.
8. Nguyn Hu c (2007), Ch to v nghin cu t tnh ca Fe 2 O 3 v ng dng
trong y sinh hc, tp ch khoa hc i Hc Quc gia H Ni, trang 231 - 237
9. Shen, H, Xu J, Zhao J, Shi (2009), Magnetic and thermal properties of perovskite
YFeO 3 single crytals, Matersci.Erg B, pp.78 80.
10. M.Mohapatra and S. Anmand (2010), Synthsis and applications of - structured
iron oxides/ hydroxides, Internaional Journal of Engineering of Science and
Technolgy, pp 146-177.
11. SHEN Hui, XU Jiayue, WU (2010), Peparation and characterization of
perovskit REFeO , school of Materials science and Engineering.
12. Adam, W.Wawe (2003), science and techonologies opportunies uncertainers,
Royal society and Royal Academy of engineering News, pp. 37 42.

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13. J.charence Davies (2007), EPA and teconoly over sight for the 21st Centuny,
Project on Emerging technoloies, pp. 9 16.
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Structural and Magnetic Properties, Molssbauer Spectroscopy Characterization, and
Applications, Chem. Mater, Vol 14, pp. 969-982.
15. R.M.Comell, U. Schwertmann (2003), The iron oxides: structure, properties,
reactions, occurences and uses, Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition,
WILEY-VCH GmbH & Co.KgaA.
16. Yiwei deng (1997), Formation of iron (III) hydroxides from Homogeneous
solutions, Wat. Res, Vol. 31, pp.1347-1354.
17. Y.-C. Wu a, S. Parola b, O. Marty c, J. Mugnier (2004), Elaboration, structural
characterization and optical properties of the yttrium alkoxide derived Y 2 O 3 planar
optical waveguides, Optical Materials, Vol 27, pp. 2127.
18. M hartmanova, e morha (ova, i travenec; a urusovskaya, gknab; korobkov
(1989), Defect structure and physical properties of Y 2 O 3 , Sohd State Iomcs, Vol
36, pp. 137-142.
19. Sanjay Mathur, Michael Veith, Rasa Rapalaviciute, Hao Shen, Gerardo F.
Goya, Waldir L. Martins Filho and Thelma S. Berquo (2004), Molecule Derived
Synthesis of crystalline YFeO 3 and Investigations on Its Weak Ferromagnetic
Behavior Chem, Mater, Vol 16, pp. 1906-1913.
20. Diego M. Gil M. Carolina Navarro M. Cristina Lagarrigue J. Guimpel Rau l E.
Carbonio M. Ines Gomez (2010), Synthesis and structural characterization of
perovskite YFeO 3 by thermal decomposition of a cyano complex precursor,
Y[Fe(CN) 6 ].4H 2 O, J Therm Anal Calorim, Vol 103, pp. 889896.

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