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tpodYk

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tpodYk

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tpodYk

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tpodYk

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10

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tpodYk

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11

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tpodYk

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anmifyifyrm vlYcEm/ //anmifyifwrYkd mS rsK;d aph\trIum;
tnGeYf tanmuf aygufrHk Qom jy|mef;onf/ tTet
Yf anmufjzpf
Ny;D aemuf xdak nmifyif\ Bu;D yGm;rI pnfum;rI ESpv
f tSnw
f nfrrI mS
ajrOwk a&OwkwdkY\twGuf wm0efay;onf/
*Aao,su ow0g anmifyifEiS hf vlUcEmwl\? rsK;d aphEiS u
hf H
wl\? ajr"mwfESifh tZwOwk wl\/ rdk;a&ESifh aeYpOfrsKdtyfaom
tm[m& wl\/

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

14

touf q uf r I / / qD a&eH topfopf t,Ofqufvuf

atmif avmif;ay;rS rD;awmuftopfopf t,OfqufvufymG ;
aeonfudk wnfaeonf[k qdk&onf/
qD a&eH topft,Ofjywf rD;awmufopfyGm;rI jywfpJ
onfudk rD;awmufaoonf[k qdkonf/
rsuaf wmif wpfcwfrQ umvtwGi;f rSmyif topfta[mif;
ul; ajymif;qufvufrI taxmifru rsm;\/ xdkta[mif;topf
ul;ajymif; vJv,
S &f m tcsut
f csupf o
k nf rD;awmuf\ aoqH;k &ef
tcsupf ck sn;f omwnf;/ qD a&eHtopfrSv
d Qif b,ftcsurf mS rqdk
ao\/ topfjzpfrI jywfpJonfudk aoonf[k orkwf&onf/
ta[mif; topft,Ofrjywf qufvuf aeonfudk rao[k
orkw&f onf/
cPdutm;jzifh ta[mif;a[mif;csKyu
f ,
G yf suq
f ;kH rIrmS jywfpJ
awmhonf r[kwf/ rdk;aMumifhaovQifvnf; xdktcsufpkrSm ao&
onf/ a&aMumifh avaMumifw
h pfyg;aom tE&m,faMumifh aovQif
vnf; xkt
d csupf rk mS ao&onf/ aocGiq
hf u
kd v
f mvQif b,ftcgrSm
rqdk aozdkY aoudef; aocsuf tjrJygae\/
vlwdkY puKZD0dwpaom "mwfEktMunfonf rD;awmuf
t,OfESifh wl\/ tZwOwkZkyfonf t0wfuspfrD;pmESifhwl\/
wpfaeYwpfaeYvQif tcgrsm;pGmrsKdtyfaom tm[m&"mwfqD
t,Ofonf qDa&eHESifhwl\/

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

15

avmif;orQaom qDa&eHpo
k nf qDr;D pmudrk
DS awmufaom
rD; awmufESifhwuG cPtpOftwdkif;ukefcef;\odkY rsKdrsKdorQaom
tm[m& "gwfqDpkonf rdrdESifhpyfaom wpfudk,fvkH;&Sd ZD0dwpkESifh
wuG cPtpOftwdkif; ukefqHk;\/
usefSdaom qD a&eH topfavmif;aom qD a&eH topf
topf tqifhqifh jzpfyGm;aom rD;vQHt,Ofonf wpfem&DrS
wpfem&DodkY a&mufouJYodkY usefSdaom tm[m& topftopf
rsdKaomtm[m&wdkYrS wpfudk,fvHk; topftopftqifYqifY
jzpfyGm;aom ZD0dwt,Ofonf wpfaeYrS wpfaeYodkYa&mufav\?
tm[m&udk aeYpOfrsdKrIum; toufqufrI toufarG;rIaywnf;?
toufa[mif; csKyfqHk;aom ae&mpkrSm toufopf pdkufysdK;rIay
wnf;/
pdk;&drfzG,f uif;aom cPr&Sd/ //rsufawmifwpfcwfcefY
umvtwGif;rSm topfta[mif; ajymif;vJ quful;rI[k qdktyf
aom tqufaygif; taxmifru rsm;\/ tpmt,Of jywfcahJ omf
vnf;aumif;? aoavmufaom tZwab; A[d'ab; xdyg;cJh
aomfvnf;aumif; topfjzpfay:rI jywfp\
J / a&muf&m toufwiG f
ao&\/
odv
Yk Qif tvGew
f akd ESmif;vSpmG aom toufuvmyfreI pYf u
k kd
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Y Ykd aeYpOfem&DpOf t,Ofqufu;l ,l&aom trIonf
tvGefMuyfwnf;\/ Muyfwnf;aMumif;udk avmu a&ow0g
uke;f ow0gwd\
Yk toufarG;rI Muyfwnf;ykH toufuakd pmifah SmufrI

tpodYk

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Muyfwnf;yHkudk jrif odtyf\/

tvGefvdIif;av xlxyfvSpGmaom urf;rjrifaom yifv,f
MuD; a&jrKyfcJudk azgifpD;vdkuf&aom a,mufsm;\odkY aMumifhMu
pdk;&drfbG,f uif;&aom cP[l rSdonfudk jrifodtyf\/
um; vlwdkYpuKrSm aS;b0 uHudkjyK&aom ocFg& 'kurI
xuf puKu&kd aom aemufb0 xdpk uKukd aqmifu
G af rG;jrL&aom
ocFg& 'kurIMuD;us,fyHkwnf;/
pu K onf 'k u o p m om trS e f / //od k Y M uD ; us,f
Muyfwnf;vSpmG aom aqmifu
G f arG;jrLrIwjYkd zifh arG;jrLygaomfvnf;
touf wpf&mwrf;jzpfcJhtHh? tESpfwpf&mjynfhkHrQom ygEdkifonf?
tESpfwpf&mjynfhvQif xdkpuKonf aqG;ajrU ysufqHk;jrJ"rwm
aywnf;/ puKysufqHk;vQifvnf; xdkpuKtusKd;iSg aShb0 tm;
pdu
k cf aYJ om urocFg&rI ,ckwpfb0vH;k tm;xkwo
f rQaom aqmif
&Guaf rG;jrLrIpo
k nf/ xdpk uKysuq
f ;kH &mwGif tukeyf suq
f ;kH ygav\/
terw*oHo&mrSm uHaygif;terw* puKaygif; terw* ocFg&rIaygif; terw* ukefcJYvSjyD? aemufudkvnf; enf;
twdkif; ukefvwHU/
xdkaMumifY puKonf rdrdudkrvTwfaomoludk ESpfyg;aom
ocFg& 'kur w
I jYkd zifY ESyd pf ufjcif;trIjraJ vaomaMumifY 'kuo
pmom
trSefjzpfavownf;/

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

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xdpk uKtusKd ;iSg jyKtyfaom'geukov

kd f oDvukov
kd f bm0em
ukodkvfrsm;onfvnf; xdktwl ESdyfpufjcif;jrJaom 'kuopm
trSeo
f mwnf;/
jyKp
k xajrmufjy;D onfah emuf ysuq
f ;kH jyef rjyKru
D twdik ;f
usjyeforQonf ocFg&'kurIcsnf; rSwf/
r*f z d k v f E S d y f p uf rqd k x d k u f / //r*fukodkvfonf yg&rD
orm&rIESifY av;oacsF SpfoacsF wpfq,fYajcmufoacsFESifY
urmwpfoed ;f yifyef;&\? aemufq;kH b0vnf; y#dy'grIEiS Yf rsm;pGm
yifyef;&\/ xdkodkYyifyef;&aomfvnf; r*fudkwpfcg&NyD;aemuf
xdkr*f\ tmedoifukefqHk;jyef xdkr*fudkyif wpfzeftm;xkwf&
jyefonf[l rSd? xdktcg txajrmufvQif terw*0#f'kuMuD;
tjyD;jidrf;ayonfjzpf av;oacsF SpfoacsF wpfq,fYajcmuf
oacsFrQ tyifyef;cH&aom ocFg&rIonf r*fzdkvf ESdyfpufrI rqdk
avmuf/
wpf&uftyifyef;cH aiGuak # wpf&m<u,f0vsuf wpfouf
vHk; csrf;omaomolrSm tyifyef;cH&aom wpf&ufrIonf 'ku
rqdkavmuf? okcrIom qdkxdkufouJhodkYwnf;/
ocFw|t>rufjyjyD;\/
-----------]]ESdyfpuf jyKjyif ylyif abmufvSJ}}[laom oabmav;
csufwGif puKrSmylyifrI tb,fenf;/

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

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pu K yl y if r I ' k u / / ]]puK tm'dwH? aue tm'dwH?

&m**dem tm'dwH}} tpSdaom tm'dwokwfESifYtnD &m*rD;
a'gorD; arm[rD; Zmwdr;D Z&mrD; r&PrD; aomurD; y&da'0rD;
'kurD; a'grerD; Oyg,morD; [l rD;wpfq,fhwpfyg;Sd\/
yuwdaom rD;onf trIdufudk avmifouJhodkY xdkq,fYwpf
yg;aom rD;onf puKuakd vmif\? puKonf rD;pmjzpf\/ puKonf
&m*rD;\ yGm;pD;&mXmejzpf\? a'gorD;\yGm;pD;&m arm[rD;\
yGm;pD;&m ZmwdrD; ponfwdkY\ yGm;pD;&mXmejzpf\/
puKukd ig[lvnf;aumif; ig\Opm[lvnf;aumif; ig\
udk,f[lvnf;aumif; pGJvrf;aom &m*onf puKyGm;pD;aom
&m*rD; rnf\? ig\puKudk xdyg;bdonf[k trsufxGufaom
a'goonf puKyGm;pD;aom a'gorD;rnf\? puKukd edp" 0k paom
taeESifh awGa0aom arm[onf puK yGm;pD;aom arm[rD;
rnf\? ZmwdponfwdkYrSm atmufqdkcJhjyD/
odrYk ;D q,fw
h pfyg; tNryJ mG ;&mjzpfaom puKonf tjrv
J Qif
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aeaom xdkpuKudk udk,ft*FgwpfckjyK oHo&musifvnfaom
oludk xdkpuKonf trsdK;rsdK;aom 'kuwdkYjzifY ylyefap\/
puKSdaeonfhtwGufaMumifY tqif; oPmefvQif tmkHSd
aom avmbrI a'gorI arm[rIwdkYonf aeYpOftwdkif; jzpfyGm;
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aumif;? aemufb0 tqufqufwYkd vnf;aumif; jzpfvwUH aom

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

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ZmwdrI Z&mrI r&PrI ponfwv

Ykd nf; aeYpOftwdik ;f jzpfymG ;uke\
f ?
odYk jzpfymG ;rIonfvnf; puKadS eaom yk*Kd vu
f kd puK\ylyefaprI
aywnf;/ yk*dKvfu ylrSef;rodaomfvnf; ylrIa&mufjyD;yif jzpfo
wnf;/
oEmy|t>rufjyjyD;\/
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csufwGif puKrSm azmufvSJrI tb,fenf;/
pu K azmuf v S J r I 'k u /
/usief mudu
k cf jJ cif; used ;f pyf
ylavmifjcif; ovdyfonf;ajcaoG;av vTrf;rdk; puKudpudk
raqmifEdkifjcif; qkwf,kwfjcif; ysufqHk;jcif; tvHk;pkHonf
azmufvSJrI aywnf;/
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I nf tZwo
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Sdaomf rsufawmifwpfcwf vQyfwpfjyufcefY umvtwGif;yif
cPcsif; azmufjyef ajymif;vJjcif;oabm Sd\/
azmufjyefcGifh qdkufaomfvnf; a&GUrQaom cPumv
twGif; um; azmufjyefjcif; rSd[k pdwfcs&aom cPumv[l
rsuaf wmif wpfcwfrQr&S?d rusif remEdik af om cP[l rsuaf wmif
wpfcwfrQ r&Sd? rqkwfr,kwfEdkifaom cP[l rsufawmif
wpfcwfrQ r&Sd? raysmufrqkH;Edkifaom cP[l rsufawmifwpf
cwfrQ r&Sd/

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

20

a&jr K yf c J y rm k y f e mrf c E m / //vIdif;Murf; avMurf;

om;&JtjrJxlxyfaom urf;rjrif yifv,fjyifrSm a&jrKyfcJMuD;udk
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cdik jf rjJ cif; r&Sad om twGuaf Mumifh vIid ;f avtp&daS om tvH;k pko
H nf
aMumuf zG,f vefzY ,
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G f aMumifMh uzG,cf sn;f
jzpfukef\? odMum;rif; zefqif;aom r[myp&dwfazmifMuD;
oabFmBuD;rSm pD;&aom olwdkYtm; vIdif;avtp&Sdaom tvkH;pHk
wdo
Yk nf Munfh zI ,
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S ;Hk Munfz,
G f aysm&f iT b
f ,
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f /
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aMumufrufzG,ftppf jzpfaMumif;udk odaponf/
ow0gwdkY udk,ft*FgjyK aqmif&Guf&aom kyfw&m;
emrfw&m; pkonf tvGefazmufjyefrIvG,fvS\? tenf;i,faom
tylxyd g;vQiyf if cPcsi;f taeysu
f xdak e&mrSm &S&d if; kyaf [mif;
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ted| kyfopfemrfopf cPcsif; ajymif;vJ\ oef;i,f Murf;ydk;i,f
xdyg;udkufcJaom twGufESifhyif jyKdysuf ajymif;vJ\/
odkYvQif a&jrKyfcJuJhodkY azmufvGJazmufjyef tvGefjrefvS
aomtwGuf ysufrIqkH;rItvGefjrefvSaom kyfcJemrfcJwdkYudk
udk,ft*FgjyK aqmif&Guf&aomtwGufaMumifh tZwoEmef

tpodYk

opw' yD eD

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jzpfaom a&m*gqdk; temqdk;tp&Sdaom aMumufzG,fvefYzG,f

pd;k &draf MumifMh uzG,af ygif;teE t,kwt
f m;jzifh uk,
d t
f *Fgjzpfaom
kyftpdwfemrftpdwfudk zsufqD;Ekdifaom oef;i,f Murf;ydk;i,f
jzKwfi,f jcifi,f jc y&Gufi,fwdkYrSp A[d'oEmefjzpfaom
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onf/
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tcg[l rsuf a wmif w pf c wf r Qr&S d ? raoEk d i f a omtcg[l
rsufawmifwpfcwfrQr&Sd? y#doaEaemif b0ifwpfq,fhajcmuf
csufrSaemuf toufxufqkH; aouGufcsif; aocsufcsif;pyf
oGm;awmhonf/
azmufjyefvdrfhrnfudk rpdk;&drf&aom cP[l r&Sd? aovdrfh
rnfudk rpdk;&drf&aomtcg[lr&Sd? azmufjyef&ef taMumif;qdkuf
wdu
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hJ nf&adS omf tjyif;txef yljcif; at;jcif; usief mjcif;'kuu
kd
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rsupf t
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uke\
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tpodYk

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22

jcif; wdrf;z,f&jcif; ykef;atmif;&jcif; udk;uG,f&mjyK&jcif;

tabmftaygif;ESifh oGm;vmaexdkif&jcif; NrdKUwnfaxmif
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ruif;&jcif; tpma&pmtwGuf aMumifhMupdkuf&jcif; tp&Sdaom
tvHk;pHkaom 'kurIwdkYonf 0dy&dPmr oabm&Sdaom kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd ud,
k t
f *Fg jyKraI Mumifh jzpf&aom 'kur w
I o
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puK 0dy&dPmr| t>rufjyNyD;\/
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ork',opmteuf 4-csuf &Sif;csuf

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tvdk&Sdaom wPSmaMumifh jzpfyGm;&onfjzpf wPSmonf

tpodYk

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xdkw&m;wdkYudk qnf;yl;onf rnf\/

tm,l[e t>rufjyNyD;/
wPSmrSm ESif;aqmifjcif;[lonf tb,fenf;/
ES i f ; aqmif / //wpfckwpfckaom b0qHk;jyefvQif pkwd\
tjcm;rJhrSm rsufawmif wpfcwfpmrQ cPtvyfr&Sd&atmif
b0wpfcu
k kd tNrq
J ufvuf xlaxmif ESi;f aqmifjcif;wnf;/ b0udk
om,maom wPSmEko,wef;vef;ESifh pkwdusvQif b0opf
tNrJay:onfudk ]]ESif;aqmif}}qdkonf/
ed'ge|Ny;D \/
wPSmrSm zJGUaESmifjcif;[lonf tb,fenf;/
zG J U aES m if / /ow0gwd\
Yk b0cEmwdYk tMuyftwnf; tNrJ
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aESmif xm;ouJhodkYwnf;/
EGm;ESifh ow0g\pdwf/
csnfwdkifESifh b0cEm/
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oHa,m*|NyD;\/
wPSmrSm aESmifh,Sufjcif;[lonf tb,fenf;/
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onf&dSaomf xdktMuHtpnfudk ysufatmif aESmifh,Sufjcif;wnf;/

tpodYk

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axmifae&aom tusOf;om;onf axmifrSxGufoGm;

rnfMupH nf vIy&f mS ;&m axmifrLS ; axmifMuyfo
d rvIy&f mS ;Edik af tmif
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yvdaAm"|NyD;\/
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k pfcak om b0vnf; zGm;jrifonfrpS tpOftwdik ;f
wpfEpS f xufwpfEpS f avmbtmkH 'kut
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tm,l[e| wnf;/
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pdwfudk 'ku0wK 'kurIwdkY tMuyftwnf;zJGUpnf; xm;
onfum; oHa,m*| wnf;/
'ku0 wK'u
k r w
I rYkd S xGuaf jrmuf&efjzpfaom tMut
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aAm"| wnf;/
ork',opm teuf 4-csuf &Sif;csufNyD;\/
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eda&m"opmteuf 4-csuf &Sif;csuf

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f w
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f m;}}
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tb,fenf;/

tpodYk

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uRwfvGwf/ //ork',opmwPSm\ csKyfNidrf;rIyifwnf;/

wPSm csKyNf ird ;f 'kuo
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