TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

HCM
B
MN
A TIN HC

CBGD: Th.S Nguyn Tn Lc

CHNG 0
GII THIU MN HC
Mn hc cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc
cn bn v:
Cc dng c v cc php o c c bn
H thng li khng ch trc a
Thnh lp bn a hnh v mt ct
Cng tc trc a trong cng trnh

CHNG 1
TRI T V PHNG PHP BIU DIN

1.1 HNH DNG, KCH THC TRI T

1.1.1 HNH DNG
B mt tri t thc c hnh dng li lm, g
gh, khng c phng trnh ton hc c trng
l mt
nc
71% b mt
19% b mt cn li l mt t
71% b mt l mt nc bin
Chn mt nc bin trung bnh biu th cho
hnh dng tri t
gi l mt geoid
4

1.1.1 HNH DNG

Geoid l mt nc bin trung bnh , yn tnh,

xuyn qua cc hi o v lc a to thnh mt
cong khp kn

1.1.1 HNH DNG

im ca mt
Geoid
c
L mt ng th
Phng php tuyn trng phng vi dy
di
Mt geoid khng c phng trnh ton hc
c th
Cng dng ca mt Geoid
Xc nh cao chnh (tuyt i) ca cc
im trn b mt t
cao tuyt i ca 1 im l khong cch
t im n mt Geoid theo phng dy di
6

1.1.1 HNH DNG

c im ca mt Geoid
Vit Nam ly mt thy chun (0m) tip xc
mt geoid ti im nghim triu Sn, Hn
Du, Hi Phng lm mt tham chiu cao.
thy
y chun tham chiu
cao
Cc mt
khng tip xc mt geoid gi l mt thy chun
gi nh.
g

cao xc nh
so vi cc mt
ny
y g
gi
l cao gi nh

1.1.2 KCH THC

Do mt geoid khng c phng trnh b mt
nn khng th xc nh chnh xc v tr cc i
tng trn mt t thng qua mt geoid
Nhn tng qut th mt geoid c hnh dng
gn ging vi mt ellipsoid
Chn mt ellipsod lm mt i din cho tri
t khi biu th v tr, kch thc cc i tng
trn mt t
PT ellipsoid

1.1.2 KCH THC

1.1.2 KCH THC

dt ellipsoid
Trong trng hp coi tri t l hnh cu th
bn knh trung bnh R 6371km
4 iu kin khi thnh lp mt ellipsoid ton
cu:
Khi lng elip bng khi lng tri t thc
Vn tc xoay ca elip bng vn tc xoay ca
tri t
Trng
g tm elip
p trng
g vi trng
g tm tri t
Tng bnh phng lch gia ellipsoid v
geiod l cc
g
tiu
10

1.1.2 KCH THC

Cc loi ellipsoid v ang s dng ti
Vit Nam

Quc
gia
Krasovski Lin X
(c)
WGS 84 Hoa K
Tc gi

1940

Bn knh Bn knh nh
dt
ln a (m)
b (m)
6.378.245 6.356.863 1/298,3

1984

6.378.137

Nm

6.356.752,3 1/298,257

11

1.2 H TA A L (, )
1 2 1 KINH TUYN,
1.2.1
TUYN V TUYN

12

1.2 H TA A L (, )
1 2 1 KINH TUYN,
1.2.1
TUYN V TUYN
Kinh tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng cha
trc quay ca ellipsiod vi mt ellipsoid
Kinh tuyn gc: kinh tuyn qua i thin vn
Greenwich (Anh quc)
Cc ng kinh tuyn hi t ti 2 cc bc, nam
ca ellipsoid

13

1.2 H TA A L (, )
1 2 1 KINH TUYN,
1.2.1
TUYN V TUYN
V tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng vung
gc trc quay ellipsoid vi mt ellipsoid
V tuyn gc (ng xch o): giao tuyn mp
vung gc trc quay ti tm ellipsoid vi mt
ellipsoid
Cc ng v tuyn l nhng vng trn ng tm,
q
quay
y ellipsoid
p
tm nm trn trc

14

1.2 H TA A L (, )
1 2 2 KINH ,
1.2.2
V
Kinh (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi mp
cha kinh tuyn gc (greenwich) vi mp cha
kinh tuyn qua im
Gi tr kinh : 00 ng 1800 ng
00 ty 1800 ty

15

1.2 H TA A L (, )
1 2 2 KINH ,
1.2.2
V
V (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi phng
dy di qua im vi mp cha xch o
Gi tr v : 00 bc
900 bc

00 nam 900 nam

16

1.3 H TA VUNG GC PHNG GAUSS KRUGER

1.3.1 PHP CHIU GAUSS

17

1.3.1 PHP CHIU GAUSS

Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (60). nh s th
t t 1
1- 60
Mi 1: 00 60 ng
g
Mi 2: 60 ng 120 ng
----------------------------------Mi 30: 1740 ng 1800 ng
Mi 31: 1800 ty
y 1740 ty
y
Mi 60: 60 ty - 00

18

1.3.1 PHP CHIU GAUSS

Cho elip
p tri t tip
p xc bn trong
g hnh tr

ngang
Chiu ln lt tng mi ln hnh tr ngang

19

1.3.1 PHP CHIU GAUSS

Ct hnh tr
ngang
g g theo p
phng
g dc

c mt phng chiu

20

1.3.1 PHP CHIU GAUSS

c
im ca p
php
p chiu
Php chiu hnh tr ngang, ng gc
Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc v xch
o l cc ng thng v vung gc nhau
thng
g nm trn kinh tuyn
y trc
khng
g
on
b bin dng v khong cch, cng xa kinh tuyn
th
bin dng
g khong
g cch cng
g ln
trc
Mt on thng bt k khi chiu ln mp
chnh
di do bin dng
g
chiu c s hiu
khong cch ca php chiu l:
2
Trong y l ta trung bnh

S =

theo phng y ca 2 im u, cui

2R

.S

21

1.3.2 H TA VUNG GC PHNG

GAUSS - KRUGER
Mi mi chiu thnh lp mt h trc ta
vung gc phng

22

1.3.2 H TA VUNG GC PHNG

GAUSS - KRUGER
Trc x c hng (+) v pha bc, song song
kinh tuyn trc v cch kinh tuyn trc 500 km v
pha ty
Trc y c hng (+) v pha ng,
ng l ng
trng vi xch o
Ta 1 im c ghi nh v d sau:
M (x = 1220km; y = 18565km). Trong 2 s u
ca y l STT mi chiu ch khng phi l gi tr
ln ca ta
H ta
t
HN-72
HN 72 ca
Vit Nam
N
t y
trc

dng php chiu Gauss

23

1.4 H TA VUNG GC PHNG UTM

1.4.1 PHP CHIU UTM (UNIVERSAL
(
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (60). nh s th
t t 1- 60
Mi 1: 1800 ty
y 1740 ty
y
Mi 2: 1740 ty 1680 ty
----------------------------------Mi 30: 60 ty 00
Mi 31: 00 60 ng
g
Mi 60: 1740 ng 1800 ty

24

1.4.1 PHP CHIU UTM

TRANSVERSE MERCATOR)

(UNIVERSAL

Cho elip tri t ct qua hnh tr ngang ti 2

ct tuyn,
tuyn 2 ct tuyn cch kinh tuyn trc 180km

25

1.4.1 PHP CHIU UTM (UNIVERSAL

TRANSVERSE MERCATOR)
Chiu tng mi ln hnh tr, sau rc hnh
tr theo phng dc c mt phng chiu

26

1.4.1 PHP CHIU UTM (UNIVERSAL

TRANSVERSE MERCATOR)
c im ca php chiu
Php chiu hnh tr ngang,
ngang ng gc
Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc v xch
o l cc ng thng v vung gc nhau
Ti kinh tuyn trc: h s bin dng khong
cch bng 0,9996.
0 9996 Ti 2 ct tuyn: h s bin
dng khong cch bng 1
Php chiu UTM c bin dng khong
cch phn b u hn so vi php chiu Gauss
27

1.4.2 H TA VUNG GC UTM

Mi mi chiu c 1 h ta

28

1.4.2 H TA VUNG GC UTM

Trc x c hng (+) v pha bc,
bc song song
kinh tuyn trc v cch kinh tuyn trc 500 km v
pha ty
Trc y c hng (+) v pha ng, l ng
trng vi xch o (cho cc quc gia nm bc
bn cu, l ng song song v cch xch o
10 000km v pha nam (cho cc quc gia nam
10.000km
bn cu)
H ta VN-2000
VN 2000 ca Vit Nam hin nay
dng php chiu UTM
29

1.5 GC PHNG V - GC NH HNG

1.5.1
1
5 1 GC PHNG V
1.5.1.1 GC PHNG V THT

30

1.5.1.1 GC PHNG V THT

KN: Gc phng v tht ca 1 on thng l
gc hp bi hng bc tht (qua im u on
thng) n hng on thng theo chiu kim
ng h. K/h: Ath

31

1.5.1.2 GC PHNG V T

32

1.5.1.2 GC PHNG V T
KN: Gc phng v t ca 1 on thng l
gc hp bi hng bc t (qua im u on
thng) n hng on thng theo chiu kim
ng h. K/h: At

33

1.5.1.3 LCH T
Gi tr gc lch gia hng bc tht v bc
t xt ti 1 im. K/h:

34

1.5.1.3 LCH T
lch t gm:
+ lch t ng
+ lch t ty

35

1.5.2 GC NH HNG
1 5 2 1 KHI NIM
1.5.2.1

MN

KN:
gc
nh
hng ca 1 cnh l
gc hp bi hng bc
kinh tuyn trc (KT
gia) hoc ng song
song KT trc n
hng on thng theo
chiu kim ng h
K/h:

36

1.5.2 GC NH HNG

NM
MN

Gc nh hng
ca 2 hng ngc
nhau trn cng 1 on
thng chnh nhau 1800
NM = MN + 1800
G nh
Gc
h hng
h
c gi tr t 00 - 3600

37

1.5.2.2 BI TON V GC NH HNG

1 5 2 2 1 TNH GC NH HNG T GC BNG
1.5.2.2.1

12

23

23 = 12 + 2 180

38

1.5.2.2 BI TON V GC NH HNG

1 5 2 2 1 TNH GC NH HNG T GC BNG
1.5.2.2.1

12

23
2

23 = 12 2 + 180

39

1.5.2.2 BI TON V GC NH HNG

1 5 2 2 2 TNH GC BNG T GC NH HNG
1.5.2.2.2

Da
vo cng
g thc tnh g
gc nh

hng
g t
gc bng tnh ra gc bng

40

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 1 BI TON THUN
1.6.1

C:
Ta (x,y) mt im
Chiu di cnh
Gc nh hng cnh
Tnh:
Ta (x,y) im cn li
41

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 1 BI TON THUN
1.6.1

Quy
y c:
x12 = x2 x1
12

y12 = y2 y1
x2 = x1 + x12
y2 = y1 + y12
x2 = x1 + S.cos12
y2 = y1 + S.sin
S sin12
42

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 2 BI TON NGHCH
1.6.2

C:
Ta (x,y) 2 im
Tnh:
Chiu di cnh
Gc nh hng cnh

43

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 2 BI TON NGHCH
1.6.2

S12 = x + y
2
12

12

2
12

y2 y1
12 = arctg
x2 x1
Lu : Khi tnh
gc nh
g
hng
g t
ta phi xt
n cc trng
g
hp sau:
44

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 2 BI TON NGHCH
1.6.2

TH1: x2>x1; y2>y1

12

y2 y1
12 = arctg
x2 x1

45

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 2 BI TON NGHCH
1.6.2

TH2: x2>x1; y2<y1

y2 y1
0
12 = arctg
+ 360
x2 x1

12

46

1.6 BI TON TRC A C BN

1 6 2 BI TON NGHCH
1.6.2

y2 y1
0
12 = arctg
+ 180
x2 x1

TH3: x2<x1

12

12

47

1.6.3 TNH DIN TCH

1 6 3 1 TNH DIN TCH THEO TA VUNG GC
1.6.3.1

48

1.6.3.1 TNH DIN TCH THEO TA VUNG GC

Din tch a gic 1234 c tnh da theo

cng thc tnh din tch hnh thang nh sau:
1
1
P1234 = ( x2 + x1 ) ( y 2 y1 ) + ( x3 + x2 ) ( y3 y 2 ) +
2
2
1
1
(x4 + x3 ) ( y 4 y3 ) + (x1 + x4 ) ( y1 y 4 )
2
2

x1
x2
P1234 = ( y 2 y 4 ) + ( y3 y1 ) +
2
2
x3
x4
( y 4 y 2 ) + ( y1 y3 )
2
2
49

H
ng chu
un

1.6.3.2 TNH DIN TCH THEO TA CC

4
3
2
1

50

1.6.3.2 TNH DIN TCH THEO TA CC

Din tch a gic 1234 c tnh da theo

cng thc tnh din tch hnh tam gic nh sau:
S 2 S3
S1 S 2
P1234 =
sin ( 2 1 ) +
sin ( 3 2 ) +
2
2
S3 S 4
S 4 S1
sin ( 4 3 ) +
sin (1 4 )
2
2

51

1.7 BN A HNH
1 7 1 KHI NIM
1.7.1

Bn a
hnh l hnh nh thu nh b mt

t ln mt phng nm ngang vi 1 t l chiu v

php
p chiu c
th
1p

52

1.7 BN A HNH

53

1.7 BN A HNH

54

1.7 BN A HNH
1 7 2 T L BN
1.7.2

T l
bn l t s v khong
g cch g
gia

mt on thng o trn bn vi khong cch

thng
g o trn thc
a.

ca chnh on
K/h: 1/M hoc 1:M

55

1.7 BN A HNH
1 7 2 T L BN
1.7.2

Cc loi
t l
ca bn a
hnh
BH TL ln: 1/500; 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/5000
BH TL trung bnh: 1/10.000; 1/25.000
BH TL nh: 1/50.000;
1/50 000; 1/100.000
1/100 000

c im
Bn c t l cng ln th c chnh xc cng
cao mc chi tit cao v ngc li
cao,
chnh xc bn theo t l: = 0,1mmxM
56

1.7 BN A HNH
1 7 3 CC YU T NI DUNG TRN BH
1.7.3

Gm c 7 nhm i tng
g chnh
C s ton hc: im khng ch ta , cao
,
, li khung
g ta
,
, t
l,
, p
php
p chiu...
Dn c: cc cng trnh xy dng, nh ...
Giao thng: ng giao thng, cu, ph...
Thy vn: sng ngi, ao, h...

Thc ph:
Th
h cy
ci,
i ng
c,
rng...

a gii hnh chnh: x, huyn, tnh, Q.gia

a hnh: dng t

57

1.7.4 TH HIN NI DUNG TRN BH

Dng
g k
hiu
((im,, ng,
g, vng)
g) v ch vit
biu din ni dung ln bn

1.7.4.1 TH HIN
A
VT
TRN BH

Dng k hiu: theo t l; na t l; phi t l

58

1.7.4.2 BIU DIN DNG T TRN BH

Dng
g ng
g ng
g mc v im
cao
ng ng mc: l ng cong ni lin
nhng im c cng cao trn b mt t

59

1.7.4.2 BIU DIN DNG T TRN BH

60

1.7.4.2 BIU DIN DNG T TRN BH

c
im ng
g ng
g mc:

Cc ng ng mc khng song song

nhng
h khng
kh ct
t nhau
h
Cc im nm trn cng
g 1 ng
g ng
g mc
th c cng cao
Khu vc
Kh
c
mt
t
ng ng

mc
cng

dy c th dc mt t ti cng ln v
ngc
li
l i
Cc ng
g ng
g mc k nhau chnh nhau
mt gi tr cao c nh, c gi l khong cao
61
u

1.7.4.2 BIU DIN DNG T TRN BH

Khong
g cao u ng
g ng
g mc:

l chnh cao gia 2 ng ng mc k cn

nhau.
h
Cc g
gi tr khong
g cao u: 0,5m;
, ; 1m;; 2m;; 5m;;
10m; 25m; 50m.
BH t l cng
ln
l th chn
h khong
kh cao u
c

gi tr cng nh v ngc li.

Khu vc min ni chn gi tr khong cao u ln
hn khu vc
ng
g bng
g
62

CHNG 2
SAI S TRONG O C

63

2.1 KHI NIM, PHN LOI SAI S

Sai s: l khong
gg
gi tr sai lch
g
gia g
gi tr

o so vi gi tr thc vi mt xc sut c th

Nguyn nhn gy nn sai s:

1. Do ngi o
2. Do thit b o
3. Do iu
kin ngoi cnh

Quyy lut
p
phn b sai s: sai s p
phn b theo

quy lut phn phi chun

64

2.1 KHI NIM, PHN LOI SAI S

Phn loi
sai s: c 2 loi
sai s chnh
1. Sai s h thng (do thit b o gy nn)
2. Sai s ngu nhin (do k ngoi cnh)

Saii s
S
h thng
th
c
th loi
l i tr
t c
bng
b
cch
h
chn phng php o ph hp
Sai s ngu nhin khng loi tr c m ch c
gim thiu mc
sai s
th g

65

2.1 KHI NIM, PHN LOI SAI S

Phn loi
tr o:

1. Tr o
2. Tr o tha
3 Tr
3.
T o
lp
l cng
chnh
h h xc

4. Tr o lp
p khng
g cng
g
chnh xc
Tr o lp cng chnh xc: l tr o phi
g thi 4 k:
tha mn ng
1. cng ngi o

2. cng thit b o

3. cng pp o

4. cng k ngoi cnh

66

2.2 NH GI CHNH XC TR O LP CNG

CHNH XC
2.2.1 SAI S TRUNG PHNG 1 LN O: M

Cng thc Gauss:

M=

i
1

Trong :

i = x i X
xi : gi tr o ln th i
X: gi tr thc ca i lng
n: s ln o

67

2.2.1 SAI S TRUNG PHNG 1 LN O: M

VD: mt on thng c chiu di thc X = 1,00m

1 00m
Dng thc thp o on thng 4 ln (cng cx)
c 4 tr o: 1,01m; 1,02m; 0,98m, 1,02m.
SSTP mi ln o c tnh:
1 = 1cm; 2 = 2cm; 3 = -2cm; 4 = 2cm
n

M =

i
1

= 1,8cm

68

2.2.1 SAI S TRUNG PHNG 1 LN O: M

Cng thc Bessel:

n

M=

Trong :

2
v
i
1

n 1

vi = li LTB
li : gi tr o ln th i
LTB: gi tr trung bnh
n: s ln o
69

2.2.1 SAI S TRUNG PHNG 1 LN O: M

VD: Dng thc thp o 1 on thng 4 ln (cng

cx) c 4 tr o: 1,01m; 1,02m; 0,98m, 1,02m.
Tr trung bnh: LTB = 1,01m
v1 = 0cm; v2 = 1cm; v3 = -3cm; v4 = 1cm
n

M=

2
v
i
1

n 1

= 1,9cm

70

2.2.2 SAI S TRUNG PHNG TR TRUNG BNH

Cng thc tnh:

M
m=
n

Trong :
m: sstp tr trung bnh
M: sstp 1 ln o
n: s ln o

71

2.2.2 SAI S TRUNG PHNG TR TRUNG BNH

VD: Dng thc thp o 1 on thng 4 ln (cng

cx) c 4 tr o: 1,01m; 1,02m; 0,98m, 1,02m.
Tr trung bnh: LTB = 1,01m
v1 = 0cm; v2 = 1cm; v3 = -3cm; v4 = 1cm
n

M=

2
v
i
1

n 1

= 1,9cm

Sai s trung phng tr trung bnh m = 0,95cm

72

2.2.3 SAI S TRUNG PHNG TNG I

p dng cho tr o khong cch,

cch din tch.
tch
Khng p dng cho tr o gc, chnh cao
Mt i lng o khong cch S c sstp l mS th
sstp tng i i lng S l 1/TS c tnh:

Nu i lng S l i lng o lp th S chnh l

gi
i tr
t trung
t
b h v
bnh
mS l sstp
t tr
t trung
t
b h
bnh
73

2.2.4 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM TR O

p dng cho tr o gin tip: l i lng c

tnh t cc tr o trc tip
Trong :
Z: i lng cn tm
xi: cc i lng o trc tip vi sstp mxi
tng ng
f: hm ton hc th hin mi quan h
gia i lng cn tm Z vi cc i
lng o trc tip

74

2.2.4 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM TR O

Sai s trung phng i lng Z c tnh:

Trong :
mZ: sstp i lng Z cn tm
mxi: sstp
t cc
i
i lng
l
trc
o
t
ti mxi
tip
hm
o
h ring
i hm
h f theo
th tr
t o
xi

75

2.2.4 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM TR O

VD: Trong 1 tam gic bt k,

k o 2 cnh S1 ; S2 v
gc bng gia 2 cnh vi cc gi tr sau:
S1 = 50,00m;
50 00m; sstp mS1 = 2cm
S2 = 60,00m; sstp mS2 = 3cm
= 40020; sstp m = 1
T h sstp
Tnh
t din
di tch
t h tam
t
gic?
i ?
B1: lp hm ton hc v quan h gia i lng
din tch vi cc i lng o c lin quan:
DT = (S1*S
S2*sin)/2
sin)/2
76

2.2.4 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM TR O

B2: ly o hm ca hm tnh din tch v th

hin dng bnh phng
m

2
DT

m2

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= S 2 sin mS 1 + S1 sin mS 2 + S12 S 22 cos 2 2
4
4
4

Trong l gi tr dng quy i 1 i lng

o gc c gi tr , pht, hoc giy sang n v
tnh radian
0 = 57,30

= 3438

= 206265

B3: thay cc s liu vo cng thc tnh ra kt

qu
q
77

CHNG 3
DNG C V PHNG PHP O C BN

78

3.1 DNG C V PHNG PHP O GC

3.1.1 CC KHI NIM
Gc bng (): gc hp bi hnh chiu ca 2
hng ngm ln mp nm ngang

79

3.1.1 CC KHI NIM

Gc ng
g ((V):
) g
gc hp
p bi hng
g ngm
g
v
hnh chiu ca n ln mp nm ngang

Gc ng c gi tr dng hoc m

80

3.1.1 CC KHI NIM

Gc thin nh ((Z):
) g
gc hp
p bi p
phng
g dy
y
di v hng ngm

Z = 900 - V

81

THIT B O GC

Kinh v quang hc

Kinh v in t

Ton c in t

82

3.1.2 CU TO MY KINH V
Gm 3 b phn chnh
B phn nh tm, cn bng my
B
p
phn
ngm
g
B phn c s

83

3.1.2 CU TO MY KINH V

84

3.1.2 CU TO MY KINH V

85

3.1.2 CU TO MY KINH V

86

3.1.2.1 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B
p
phn
nh
tm
qu di, ng di tm quang hc, di tm
laser

87

3.1.2.1 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B
p
phn
nh
tm
Mc ch: a trc chnh LL ca my qua
tm mc
Thc hin: thay i v tr chn ba cho n
khi trc chnh qua tm mc
Lu : sau khi nh tm xong, khng
thay
y i v tr ca chn ba na
c

88

3.1.2.1 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B
p
phn
cn bng
g
Gm thy bnh trn, thy bnh di
Thy bnh trn: dng cn bng s b
Thc hin: nng, h chn ba cho n khi bt
thy trn vo gia

89

3.1.2.1 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B
p
phn
cn bng
g
Thy bnh di: dng cn bng chnh xc
Thc hin: iu chnh 3 c cn my
cho n khi bt thy vo gia

90

3.1.2.1 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B
p
phn
cn bng
g
Trn mt thy bnh di khc cc vch chia
vi khong chia t = 2mm

91

3.1.2.2 B PHN NGM

ng
g knh
Mt h 3 thu knh: vt knh, th knh, knh
iu quang

92

3.1.2.2 B PHN NGM

ng
g knh
H s phng i: VX = fv / fm
fv : tiu c vt knh
fm : tiu c th knh

H s phng i biu th mc phng to nh

ca vt V ln khi quan st bng ng knh

VD: dng mt ng knh my kinh v c

phng i 30X quan st mt vt thng ng c
kch thc 1dm.
1dm Tnh khong cch xa nht ca
vt so vi v tr t ng knh m mt ngi khi
nhn qua ng knh vn cn quan st thy vt?
Bit gc nhn nh nht ca mt l 1
93

3.1.2.2 B PHN NGM

ng
g knh
Mng ch thp
Dng bt chnh xc mc tiu
gm 1 ch ng v 3 ch ngang: ch trn, ch
gia ch di
gia,
Mc tiu phi nm ti v tr giao gia ch
g v ch g
gia
ng

94

3.1.2.2 B PHN NGM

ng knh
Trn ng knh c 3 trc c bn
Trc chnh: ng ni quan tm knh vt v
giao im dy ch thp
Trc quang hc: ng ni quan tm knh
vt v quang tm knh mt
Trc hnh hc: trc i xng ca ng knh

95

3.1.2.3 B PHN C S
Bn
ngang
g g
Tr s c phc v tnh gc bng
Gi tr s c: 00 3600
Bn ng
Tr s c phc v tnh gc ng
Gi tr s c: 00 3600 hoc 00 600
Trn b phn c s c thang chnh (c
phn ) v thang ph (thang chi khong
gi tr 10 c phn pht,
pht giy)

96

3.1.2.3 B PHN C S

97

3.1.3 O GC BNG THEO PP N GiN

PP o n gin p dng khi ti trm my ch
c 2 hng ngm; nu ti trm my c
nhiu hn 2 hng ngm th dng pp o
ton vng
Mt ln o n gin gm 2 na ln o: na
ln o thun knh v na ln o o knh

98

3.1.3 O GC BNG THEO PP N GiN

99

3.1.3 O GC BNG THEO PP N GIN

Na ln o thun
knh:
Ngm 2 (im bn tri) , c s bn
g g c
g
gi tr a1 ; VD: a1 = 2001000
ngang
Quay my theo chiu kim ng h ngm 3
((im bn p
phi)) , c
s bn
ngang
g g c

gi tr b1 ; VD: b1 = 8002010
Gi tr gc bng ti 1 trong na ln o thun
knh: 1 = b1 - a1 ; VD: 1 = 6001010

10

3.1.3 O GC BNG THEO PP N GIN

Na ln o o knh:
o knh, ngm 3, c s bn ngang
g
gi tr b2 ; VD: b2 = 26001016
c
Quay my theo chiu kim ng h ngm 2,
s bn
ngang
g g c
g
gi tr a2 ; VD: a2
c
= 20001000
Gi tr gc bng ti 1 trong na ln o o
knh: 1 = b2 a2 ; VD: 1 = 6001016
K (TC): nu gi tr gc gia 2 na ln
o chnh lch khng qu 30 th kt qu o
t
10

3.1.3 O GC BNG THEO PP N GIN

Gi tr g
gc 1 ln o n g
gin bng:
g
1 = (b2 a2 + b1 a1)/2
Bi tp 1: Tnh sstp 1 gc c o vi 1 ln
o n gin? Bit mi ln c s th gi tr
s c c sstp bng 30
30
Bi tp 2: o 4 gc ca 1 t gic vi cng
chnh xc,
xc mi gc o 4 ln o n gin,
gin
sstp ca tng 4 gc bng 30. Tnh sstp mi
ln o gc?

10

Cc ngun sai s h thng ca my kinh v

g
khi o gc
Khi o gc bng: sai s 2C
Nguyn
g y nhn: do trc
chnh ng
g knh khng
g
vung gc vi trc quay ca ng knh

103

Cc ngun sai s h thng ca my kinh v

g
khi o gc
Khi o gc bng: sai s 2C
2C = ((T-P1800))/2
T: s c bn ngang khi ngm 1 im
v tr thun
knh
P: s c bn ngang khi ngm chnh
im v tr o knh
loi tr sai s 2C khi o gc bng: o
knh v o knh,, ly
y tr trung
g bnh
thun

104

Cc ngun sai s h thng ca my kinh v

g
khi o gc
Khi o gc ng: sai s MO
Nguyn
g y
nhn: ng
g vch

chun trn bn
ng khng nm ngang

105

Cc ngun sai s h thng ca my kinh v

g
khi o gc
Khi o gc ng: sai s MO
MO = ((T - P ))/2
((my
y 3T5K))
T: s c bn ng khi ngm 1 im
v tr thun
knh
P: s c bn ng khi ngm chnh
im v tr o knh
loi tr sai s MO khi o gc ng: o
knh v o knh,, ly
y tr trung
g bnh
thun

106

3.2 DNG C V PHNG PHP O DI

3.2.1 CC KHI NIM
Khong cch ngang: gia 2 im l khong
cch ni gia 2 hnh chiu ca 2 im
ln mt phng nm ngang. K/h: Sij
Khong cch nghing: gia 2 im l
khong cch ni trc tip gia 2 im .
K/h: Dij

107

3.2 DNG C V PHNG PHP O DI

3.2.1 CC KHI NIM

108

3.2.2 O DI BNG THC THP

Mc
tiu: s dng
g thc thp
p xc nh

khong cch ngang hoc khong cch

g
gg
gia 2 im trn mt
t
nghing
Dng c:
Thc thp (20m 50m)
2 so tiu
B 11 th

109

3.2.2 O DI BNG THC THP

110

3.2.2 O DI BNG THC THP

chnh
h h xc:
o
di bng
b thc
th thp
th thng
th
thng c chnh xc o di khong
1/2000 1/2500.
1/2500 Trong trng hp c s
dng lc cng ti hai u thc v thy bnh
di th cx t c khong 1/5000
1/10.000
dng: o di bng
ng
thc thp ph hp
cho cng tc trc a b tr cng trnh nh
xng, nh cao tng;

o cnh ca ng
chuyn kinh v
111

3.2.3 O DI BNG TH C
tiu: s dng
g ch lng
g c
trn ng
g
Mc
knh my kinh v v mia xc nh khong
g gg
gia 2 im trn thc
a

cch ngang
Dng c: My kinh v, mia

112

3.2.3 .1 T.H NG KNH NM NGANG

113

3.2.3 .1 T.H NG KNH NM NGANG

g cch ngang
g g LAB c
x:
Khong
LAB = + f + D1
Lp t s ng dng trong 2 tam gic

P: khong cch gia 2 ch lng c (T-D)

trn mng ch thp
k: h s o di (thng thng k = 100)
t C = + f
114

3.2.3 .2 T.H NG KNH NM NGHING

115

3.2.3 .2 TH NG KNH NM NGHING

g cch ngang
g g SAB c
x:
Khong
SAB = LAB.cosV
T hnh v, ta c:
Cc loi my kinh v hin nay c C=0
Nu tnh theo gc thin nh Z, th:
chnh xc ca PP: 1/300 1/400
ng dng: Ch yu o chi tit phc v cng
tc thnh lp bn
116

BI TP
my
y kinh v ((k=100)) ti
A,, ngm
g
mia
t
dng ti B, c cc tr s:
T = 1,925m;
,
; G = 1,525m;
,
; D = 1,125m
,
V = -110 10
Tnh khong cch ngang SAB ?
Tnh sstpt khong cch ngang? Bit sstp
o gc mV = 1
1;; sstp c ch lng c: mT = mG =
mD = 2mm?

117

3.2.4 O DI IN QUANG
tiu: hng
g ngoi,
g , g
gn hng
g ngoi
g
Mc
xc nh khong cch
Dng c: my ton c t ng,
ng ton c
in t

118

3.2.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS

tiu: s dng
g h
thng
g nh

v GPS
Mc
(Global Positioning System) v my thu tn hiu
khong
g cch
GPS xc nh
Dng c: My thu tn hiu v tinh GPS

119

3.2.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS

120

3.2.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS

chnh xc ca
pp: c th t n
1/100.000

121

3.3 DNG C V PHNG PHP O CAO

3.3.1 CC KHI NIM

cao chnh: ca 1 im l khong cch t

i n
im
mt
geoid
id theo
h phng
h
d di
dy
d i
cao gi nh: ca 1 im l khong cch
t im n mt phng

song song vi
mt geoid theo phng dy di

Chnh cao: gia 2 im l gi tr chnh lch

cao gia 2 im
K hiu, quy c: HA : cao im A
HB : cao im B
hAB = HB - HA : chnh cao gia A v B 122

3.3 DNG C V PHNG PHP O CAO

3.3.1 CC KHI NIM

Lu : khi o c
th ch o c
g
gi tr
chnh cao, gi tr cao l gi tr tnh.

123

3.3.2 PHNG PHP O CAO HNH HC

Dng c o: s dng my thy bnh t ng

hoc thy bnh in t

Thy bnh in t

bnh t ng
Thy
124

3.3.2.1 O CAO HNH HC T GIA

xc nh chnh cao gia 2 im theo pp
o cao hnh hc t gia, my thy bnh t
khong gia 2 im,
im ti 2 im dng mia

125

3.3.2.1 O CAO HNH HC T GIA

Gi tr chnh cao hAB c tnh:
hAB = la - lb

126

3.3.2.2 O CAO HNH HC PHA TRC

xc nh chnh cao gia 2 im theo pp
o cao hnh hc pha trc, my thy bnh t ti
1im mia dng ti im cn li
1im,

127

3.3.2.2 O CAO HNH HC PHA TRC

Gi tr chnh cao hAB c tnh:
hAB = ia - lb
Trong 2 cch thc o cao ca pp o cao
hnh hc th cch o cao hnh hc t gia cho
chnh xc xc nh chnh cao tt hn

128

3.3.3 PHNG PHP O CAO LNG GIC

Dng c o: s dng my kinh v hoc ton

c in t

xc nh chnh cao gia 2 im

theo pp
o cao lng gic, my kinh v hoc ton
c in t
t ti 1 im
cn mia hoc
gng dng ti im cn li

129

3.3.3 PP O CAO LNG GIC

130

3.3.3 PP O CAO LNG GIC

Cc tr s khi o:
- Chiu cao my: i
- S c gc ng V hoc gc thin nh Z
- S c mia: ch trn (T); ch gia (G); ch
di (D)

131

3.3.3 PP O CAO LNG GIC

Gi tr chnh cao gia 2 im c tnh:

hAB = S tg (V ) + i l

hAB = S ctg ( Z ) + i l
1
hAB = k (T D) sin(2V ) + i l
2
1
hAB = k (T D) sin(2 Z ) + i l
2
k = 100
PP o cao lng gic ch p dng khi xc
h cao im
nh
i cao o
v
hoc
h im
i
o chi tit
132

CHNG 4
LI KHNG CH TRC A

133

4.1 CC KHI NIM

Li khng
kh ch
h trc
t a:
l mt
t h thng
th cc

im khng ch vi cc cp hng khc nhau gm

thnh phn ta v
cao trong mt h quy
q
chiu c th
L i khng
Li
kh ch
h ta
t :
l mt
t h thng
th cc

im khng ch ch c thnh phn ta

Li khng ch cao : l mt h thng cc
im khng ch ch c thnh phn cao
Nguyn tc
pht trin li khng ch: t
tng th n cc b, t chnh xc cao n
chnh xc thp. Cc im hng cao l c s
134
pht trin xung cc im hng thp hn

4.1 CC KHI NIM

Cc im
C
i khng
kh
ch
h l nhng
h
i hin
im
hi
hu trn thc a do con ngi xy dng nn,
cc im khng ch phi t nhng ni n
nh, c kh nng tn ti lu di
Mc ch xy dng li khng ch: cc im

khng ch l c s xc nh ta v cao
ca cc i tng xung quanh

135

4.1 CC KHI NIM

H thng
th li khng
kh ch
h ta
t :

- Cp nh nc: hng I, II, III, IV

- Cp khu vc: cp ng chuyn 1, /chuyn 2
p o v: cp
p ng
g chuyn
y kinh v
- Cp

H thng li khng ch cao :

- Cp nh nc: hng I,
I II,
II III,
III IV
- Cp cao k thut
- Cp cao o v
136

4.2 NG CHUYN CP KINH V

4 2 1 HNH DNG NG CHUYN
4.2.1

C 3 dng:
- Dng khp kn
gp
ph hp
p
- Dng
- Dng tuyn treo
4 2 2 THIT B,
4.2.2
B NI DUNG,
DUNG PP O
Thit b: my kinh v hoc ton c in t
Ni dung
d
o
o:
tt c
cc
gc
v
cc
cnh
h
trong ng chuyn, k c gc o ni

PP o: pp o gc n gin, pp o cnh theo 2

chiu i v v bng thc thp hoc in quang

137

4.2.3 CC CH TIU K THUT CH YU

Chi di tuyn
Chiu
t ng
chuyn
h n
ln
l nht:
ht
LT bn 1/500: 400m
1/1000: 800m (ng bng) ;1200m (vng ni)
g bng)
g) ;;2400m ((vng
g ni))
1/2000: 1600m ((ng
1/5000: 4000m (ng bng); 6000m (vng ni)

Chiu di cnh ng chuyn:

- Cnh di nht: 400m
- Cnh ngn
nht:
20m

S im trong ng chuyn:
- Ti a 30 im

138

4.2.3 CC CH TIU K THUT CH YU

Yu cu
Y
v
chnh
h h xc:

Sai s khp gc gii hn khng qu 40 N1/2 vi

N l tng
s
gc
trong tuyn
ng
chuyn
h
Sai s khp tng i gii hn khng qu 1/2000

139

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

B 1:
Bc
1 tnh
t h saii s
khp
kh gc
f
f = o lt = o (n 2) 1800

So snh f vi sai s khp gc gii hn, cc

gc o t nu:
f f gh = 40" N

vi N l tng s gc trong tuyn

Trng hp sai s o gc khng tha mn

th phi o li gc
140

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

Bc 2:
B
2 tnh
t h s
hiu
hi chnh
h h gc
v
tnh
t h
gc bng hiu chnh hc f

v =
N
S hiu chnh gc bng c tnh bng cch chia
u sai s khp
hc
o
Tnh gc bng hiu chnh: i = i + v

141

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

Bc 3:
B
3 tnh
t h gc
nh
h hng
h cho
h cc
cnh
h
trong ng chuyn da vo gc bng hiu chnh
v
gc nh hng gc
Hoc:

j k = i j + jhc 180 0
j k = i j + 180
hc
j

142

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

B 4:
Bc
4 Tnh
T h s
gia
i ta
t trc
t bnh
b h saii
xi j = Si j cos( i j )
yi j = Si j sin( i j )
B 5:
Bc
5 Tnh
T h saii s
khp
kh tuyn
t ng

chuyn f = x; f = y
x

fS =

f +f
2
x

2
y

iu kin t l fS/ S 1/2000; nu khng

tha th phi o li cnh trong ng chuyn
143

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

Bc 6:
B
6 Tnh
T h s
hiu
hi chnh
h h s
gia
i ta
t v

tnh s gia ta hiu chnh

fy
fx
vx =
Si j ; vy =
Si j
S
S
i j

i j

S hiu chnh cho s gia ta phn phi

theo nguyn tc t l thun vi chiu di
cnh
Tnh s gia ta hiu chnh:

hc
i j

= xi j + vx ; y
i j

hc
i j

= yi j + vy

i j

144

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

B 7:
Bc
7 Tnh
T h ta
t bnh
b h saii

x j = xi + x

hc
i j

y j = yi + y

hc
i j

145

4.2.4 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN

B tnh
Bng
t h ton
t s
liu
li bnh
b h saii
S
hiu
im

Gc
Gc Khong
Gc bng
nh cch
bng hiu
hng (m)
chnh

S gia ta S gia ta
trc bnh sai hiu chnh

Ta
bnh sai

x(m) y(m) x(m) y(m) x(m)

y(m)

146

4.2.5 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V PH HP

Trnh
T
h t tnh
t h ton
t bnh
b h saii tng
t t 7 bc
b
trong bnh sai tuyn khp kn, ch khc v cng
thc tnh cc bc sau:
sa
Bc 1: tnh sai s khp gc f
f = o lt = o ( cuoi dau ) N 1800

Hoc:

f = o lt = o + ( cuoi dau ) N 1800

Vi N l tng s gc o trong tuyn, k c gc o

gc nh
hng
g cnh
g
gc cui tuyn;
y ;
ni. cuoi l g
dau l gc nh hng cnh gc u tuyn
147

4.2.5 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V PH HP

Bc
5: Tnh

sai s
khp
tuyn
ng

chuyn
f x = x ( xcuoi xdau )

f y = y ( ycuoi ydau )
fS =

f x2 + f y2

Vi xcuoi , ycuoi l ta im gc cui tuyn;

xdau
d , ydau
d l ta im gc u tuyn

148

4.2.6 BNH SAI TUYN KINH V TREO

Tuyn
kinh v treo c
s
cnh ti
a = 4 .
Cc gc, cnh trong tuyn kinh v treo phi o i
v
o
v.

Chnh lch
g
gi tr g
gc v cnh
g
gia 2 ln o
i v v khng qu sai s gii hn ca ng
y
chuyn
Gi tr gc, cnh c tnh trung t 2 chiu
i v
o
v,
ta
t cc
im
i c

t h t gi
tnh
i tr
t
gc, cnh trung bnh. Tuyn kinh v treo khng
b h saii
bnh
149

VD: BNH SAI TUYN KINH V KHP KN SAU

1
SA1

A ((x = 500,00m; y = 600,00m);

)
A1 = 5000000
SA1 = 112,80m;
112 80 A= 4400549
S12 = 81,30m; 1= 6100440

S12

2
S2A

S2A = 102,30m; 2= 7405016

150

4.3 TUYN O CAO CP K THUT

4 3 1 HNH DNG TUYN O CAO K THUT
4.3.1

C 1 dng: dng tuyn n gi u ln 2

i gc
im
hoc
h gi
i u
ln
l 2 im
i nt
t hoc
h gi
i
u ln 1 im gc v 1 im nt

151

4.3.2 DNG C, NI DUNG V PP O

Dng c:
S dng my thy bnh t ng + mia
(nhm g) hoc thy
(nhm,
th bnh in t + mia m vch
ch
Ni dung o:
o chnh cao ca cc on o trong tuyn
PP o:
S dng pp o cao hnh hc t gia theo 2
mt mia hoc 2 chiu cao my trn 1 trm o

152

4.3.3 CC CH TIU K THUT CH YU

Chiu di tuyn o:
Loi tuyn o

Chiu di tuyn o cao (km) , ty theo khong cao u

0,25m

0,5m

1,0m

2,5m & 5m

Tuyn n

16

25

Gc nt

1,5

12

16

Nt nt

12

Chiu di tia ngm:

Chiu di tia ngm t my n mia trung
bnh 120, di nht khng qu 200m
153

4.3.3 CC CH TIU K THUT CH YU

Chnh lch khong cch t my n mia
khng qu 5m. Tng chnh lch v khong
cch trn tuyn o khng qu 50m
Chnh lch chnh cao trn 1 trm my gia
2 mt mai hoc gia 2 chiu cao my khng
qu 5mm
Sai s khp cao trn tuyn khng qu
50xL1/2 (mm), trong L tnh bng km; nu
s trm o trn 1km ln hn 25 trm th sai
s khp cao khng qu 10xN1/2 vi N l
tng s trm o trn tuyn
154

4.3.4 BNH SAI TUYN O CAO K THUT

Bc 1: tnh sai s khp cao: fh

K: fh (50.L 1/2 ) mm; trong L l tng
chiu
hi di tuyn
t o
tnh
t h bng
b km
k

Hoc : fh (10.N 1/2 ) mm; trong N l tng

s trm trn tuyn o, p dng khi s lng
trm o trn 1km t 25 trm o tr ln

155

4.3.4 BNH SAI TUYN O CAO K THUT

Bc 2: tnh s hiu chnh chnh cao:vhij

Trong : lij : chiu di on o cao

L : tng chiu di tuyn o cao

nij : s trm o trn on o cao
N tng
N:
t s
trm
t
ca
o
tuyn
t o
cao
Lu : s hiu chnh chnh cao t l thun
vi chiu di on o chnh cao hoc s
156
lng trm o trn on o cao

4.3.4 BNH SAI TUYN O CAO K THUT

Bc 3: tnh gi tr chnh cao hiu chnh

Bc 4: tnh cao hiu chnh (bnh sai)

157

4.3.4 BNH SAI TUYN O CAO K THUT

Cc s liu tnh ton c ghi vo bng

im

Chiu di
hoc s trm
o

Chnh cao
Chnh cao
hiu chnh cao (m)
s hiu chnh
(m)

A
1
2
B

lA1

hA1 / vhA1

hhcA1

l12

h12 / vh12

hhc12

l2B

h2B / vh2B

hhc2B

HA
H1
H2
HB
158

4.3.5 TRNG HP TUYN KHP KN

Trng
T

h
hp
thnh
h h lp
l tuyn
o
cao dng
d
khp kn th tnh ton tng t nh tuyn h,
nhng
h
l trong trng
lu
hp
h ny
th:
h
Hcui tuyn = Hu tuyn

159