(Chlorine)

(Cl2) (O)

Pliny
.. 77
(: HCl)
.. 720-810 Geber (HNO3
1 HCl 3 )
.. 1774
Karl W. Scheele

(MnO2) HCl
MnO2 + 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
.. 1814
Sir Humphry Davy Scheele
chlorine chloros
.. 1830
Michael Faraday
Electrolytic Cell

.. 1900

( Mercury
Electrolytic Cell ) (Diaphragm Electrolytic Cell)
.. 1923

.. 1930

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

35 OC
10 65 OC
20

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

- 101 OC
-34.6 OC
460
2.5

( ppm )
0.1 0.3

30 - 1 .

30 - 1.
-

2-5
5-30

30-60
1000

(Caustic Soda) (Cl2)

(by product)

3
1. (Mercury Electrolytic Cell)
50
2. (Diaphragm Electrolytic Cell)
10 - 12
3. (Membrane Electrolytic Cell)

30 -40 ( 1)

Cl2

H2

+
Na+
H2O

Brine

Anode

H
Membrane

Cl

Alternative Disinfectants

Membrane Electrolytic Cell

Spent Brine

OH

Caustic

Cathode

Caustic Outlet

Membrane Electrolytic Cell Process

H2



3 100 . 1,000 . 20 - 25
100 . 1,054
368.3 3.96 84
(Fusible Plug)

74 o C

100 .
( 3)
1,000 . 2,200
770 840
2 3 120o
3
( 4 ) 1,000 .
2 ( ) ()

(Evaporator)
( 5)
20 (Tank Truck)
7,030 1,800
17.15 .. 16

 3 100 .

4 1

(NaClO)

7 -15 Liquid Bleach Pure Chlor Top Chlor


(Process Water)

[Ca (OCl) 2]
65-71


(Cl2)

Cl2 + H2O

HOCl (hypochlorous) + HCl

HOCl hydrogen ion

hypochlorite ion

HOCl

H+ + OCl

OCl ( Free residual

Chlorine) pH
pH 1 (Cl2)
pH 1- 3.5 HOCl
pH 3.5 5.5 HOCl pH 5.5- 9
HOCl OCl pH 9 OCl ( 6)
Cl2

HOCl

HOCl

6 pH

 HOCl
OCl 100
HOCl

30
0.5 ./. pH 8 1 NTU

(HOCl )
combined residual chlorine ( NH2Cl ) ( NHCl2 )
( NCl3)

HOCl + NH3

NH2Cl + H2O

NH2Cl + HOCl

NHCl2 + H2O

NHCl2 + HOCl

NCl3

+ H2O

combined residual chlorine

Free Residual Chlorine Combined Residual

Chlorine (Total Residual Chlorine)

NaOCl

+ H2O

Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O

HOCl + NaOH
2HOCl + Ca(OH)2

pH
pH

pH

Free residual chlorine (HOCl OCl -)

Combined residual chlorine
Total Residual Chlorine = Free residual chlorine + Combined residual chlorine

1. pH pH OCl

pH 9

2.
2
HOCl
HOCl

3. (Contact time)

4.

C.T (.- -1)
C =

(./) , T = ()

A B C.T C 5
6 .- -1 A B
C.T
C.T
H 3 .- -1 10
0.3 ./ 1
3 ./
5.

THMs (Trihalomethane)
(

 TOC)

1.

2.
3.

4.

1.

THMs
2. pH 8
OCl pH

3. Protozoa Giardia sp.

Cryptosporidium sp