Mihai Eminescu

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Mihai Eminescu
Eminescu.jpg
Portrait of Mihai Eminescu. Photograph taken by Jan Tomas in Prague, 1869
Native name Mihai Eminescu
Born Mihail Eminovici
15 January 1850
Botoani, Principality of Moldavia
Died 15 June 1889 (aged 39)
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania
Resting place

Bellu cemetery, Bucharest

Occupation Poet, writer, journalist

Language

Romanian

Nationality

Romanian

Alma mater University of Vienna

Humboldt University of Berlin
Genres

Poetry, short story

Subjects

Condition of genius, death, love

Literary movement Romanticism

Notable works

Luceafrul, Scrisoarea I

Years active 18661888

Partner

Veronica Micle

Children

None

Relatives

Gheorghe Eminovici (father)

Raluca Iuracu (mother)[1]

Eight brothers[show]
Three sisters[show]
Signature
Mihai Eminescu (Romanian pronunciation: [mihaj eminesku] ( listen); born
Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 15 June 1889) was a Romantic poet,
novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential
Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary
society and worked as an editor for the newspaper Timpul ("The Time"), the
official newspaper of the Conservative Party (18801918).[2] His poetry was
first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna to study when he was
19. The poet's Manuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000
pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy
during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902.[3] Notable works
include Luceafrul (The Vesper/The Evening Star/The Lucifer/The Daystar),
Od n metru antic (Ode in Ancient Meter), and the five Letters
(Epistles/Satires). In his poems he frequently used metaphysical, mythological
and historical subjects.

Contents [hide]
1

Life

1.1

Family

1.2

Early years

1.3

1870s

1.4

Later life and death

Works

2.1

Poetry

2.2

Prose

2.3

English language anthologies

Romanian culture

3.1

National poet

3.2

Iconography

3.3

International legacy

Political views

References

5.1

Footnotes

5.2

Bibliography

External links

Life[edit]
Family[edit]

Family

Mihai Eminescu statue, Iai

Mihai Eminescu statue, Chiinu

His father was Gheorghe Eminovici from Clineti, a Moldavian village in
Suceava county, Bucovina, which was then part of the Austrian Empire (while
his father came from Banat). He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling in
Ipoteti, near the town of Botoani. He married Raluca Iuracu, an heiress of
an old aristocratic Moldavian family. In a register of the members of Junimea,
Eminescu himself wrote down the date of his birth as 22 December 1849 and
in the documents of the Gymnasium from Cernui, where Eminescu studied,
the date of 14 December 1849 is written down as his birthday. Nevertheless,
Titu Maiorescu, in his work Eminescu and His Poems (1889) quoted N. D.
Giurescu's researches and adopted his conclusion regarding the date and
place of Mihai Eminescu's birth, as being 15 January 1850, in Botoani. This
date resulted from several sources, amongst which there was a file of notes
on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia (Domneasc) Church of
Botoani; inside this file, the date of birth was "15 January 1850" and the date
of christening was the 21st of the same month. The date of his birth was
confirmed by the poet's elder sister, Aglae Drogli, who affirmed that the place
of birth was the village of Ipoteti.[4]

Mihai Eminescu, monument by Tudor Cataraga Chisinau, Rep.of Moldova

Early years[edit]
Mihail (as he appears in baptismal records) or Mihai (the more common form
that he used) was born in Botoani, Moldavia. He spent his early childhood in
Botoani and Ipoteti, in his parents' family home. From 1858 to 1866 he
attended school in Cernui. He finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students,
after which he attended two years of gymnasium.

The first evidence of Eminescu as a writer is in 1866. In January of that year

Romanian teacher Aron Pumnul died and his students in Cernui published a
pamphlet, Lcrmioarele nvceilor gimnaziati (The Tears of the
Gymnasium Students) in which a poem entitled La mormntul lui Aron
Pumnul (At the Grave of Aron Pumnul) appears, signed "M. Eminovici". On 25
February his poem De-a avea (If I Had) was published in Iosif Vulcan's
literary magazine Familia in Pest. This began a steady series of published
poems (and the occasional translation from German). Also, it was Iosif Vulcan,
who disliked the Slavic source suffix "-ici" of the young poet's last name, that
chose for him the more apparent Romanian "nom de plume" Mihai Eminescu.

In 1867, he joined Iorgu Caragiale's troupe as a clerk and prompter; the next
year he transferred to Mihai Pascaly's troupe. Both of these were among the
leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei
Millo and Fanny Tardini-Vldicescu. He soon settled in Bucharest, where at the
end of November he became a clerk and copyist for the National Theater.
Throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also
paid his rent by translating hundreds of pages of a book by Heinrich Theodor
Rotscher, although this never resulted in a completed work. Also at this time
he began his novel Geniu pustiu (Wasted Genius), published posthumously in
1904 in an unfinished form.

On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the "Orient" literary circle,
whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore and documents
relating to Romanian literary history. On 29 June, various members of the
"Orient" group were commissioned to go to different provinces. Eminescu was
assigned Moldavia. That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother
Iorgu, a military officer, in Cimigiu Gardens, but firmly rebuffed Iorgu's
attempt to get him to renew ties to his family.

Still in summer 1869, he left Pascaly's troupe and traveled to Cernui and
Iai. He renewed ties to his family; his father promised him a regular
allowance to pursue studies in Vienna in the fall. As always, he continued to
write and publish poetry; notably, on the occasion of the death of the former
ruler of Wallachia, Barbu Dimitrie tirbei, he published a leaflet, La moartea
principelui tirbei ("On the Death of Prince tirbei").

1870s[edit]

The University's Central Library "Mihai Eminescu", Iai

From October 1869 to 1872 Eminescu studied in Vienna. Not fulfilling the
requirements to become a university student (as he did not have a
baccalaureate degree), he attended lectures as a so-called "extraordinary
auditor" at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law. He was active in student life,
befriended Ioan Slavici, and came to know Vienna through Veronica Micle; he
became a contributor to Convorbiri Literare (Literary Conversations), edited
by Junimea (The Youth). The leaders of this cultural organisation, Petre P.
Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, Iacob Negruzzi and Titu Maiorescu,
exercised their political and cultural influence over Eminescu for the rest of
his life. Impressed by one of Eminescu's poems, Venere i Madon (Venus and
Madonna), Iacob Negruzzi, the editor of Convorbiri Literare, traveled to
Vienna to meet him. Negruzzi would later write how he could pick Eminescu
out of a crowd of young people in a Viennese caf by his "romantic"
appearance: long hair and gaze lost in thoughts.

In 1870 Eminescu wrote three articles under the pseudonym "Varro" in

Federaiunea in Pest, on the situation of Romanians and other minorities in
the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He then became a journalist for the newspaper
Albina (The Bee) in Pest. From 1872 to 1874 he continued as a student in
Berlin, thanks to a stipend offered by Junimea.

From 1874 to 1877 he worked as director of the Central Library in Iai,

substitute teacher, school inspector for the counties of Iai and Vaslui, and
editor of the newspaper Curierul de Iai (The Courier of Iai), all thanks to his
friendship with Titu Maiorescu, the leader of Junimea and rector of the
University of Iai. He continued to publish in Convorbiri Literare. He became a

good friend of Ion Creang, whom he convinced to become a writer and

introduced to the Junimea literary club.

In 1877 he moved to Bucharest, where until 1883 he was first journalist, then
(1880) editor-in-chief of the newspaper Timpul (The Time). During this time
he wrote Scrisorile, Luceafrul, Od n metru antic etc. Most of his notable
editorial pieces belong to this period, when Romania was fighting the
Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 and throughout the
diplomatic race that eventually brought about the international recognition of
Romanian independence, but under the condition of bestowing Romanian
citizenship to all subjects of Jewish faith. Eminescu opposed this and another
clause of the Treaty of Berlin: Romania's having to give southern Bessarabia
to Russia in exchange for Northern Dobrudja, a former Ottoman province on
the Black Sea.

Later life and death[edit]

Last photo of Eminescu taken by Jean Bieling in 18871888

The 1880s were a time of crisis and deterioration in the poet's life,
culminating with his death in 1889. The details of this are still debated.

From 1883, when Eminescu's crisis and deviant behaviors became evident
and until 1886, the poet was treated in Austria and Italy, by specialists that
managed to put him on his feet, as testified by his good friend, writer Ioan
Slavici.[5] In 1886, Eminescu suffered a nervous breakdown and was treated
by Romanian doctors, in particular Julian Bogdan and Panait Zosin.
Immediately diagnosed with syphilis, after being hospitalized in a nervous
diseases hospice within the Neam Monastery,[6] the poet is treated with
mercury. Firstly, massages in Botoani, applied by Dr. Itszak, and then in
Bucharest at Dr. uu's sanatorium, where between FebruaryJune 1889 he
was injected with mercuric chloride.[7] Professor Doctor Irinel Popescu,
corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and president of the
Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, states that Eminescu died because
of mercury poisoning. He also says that the poet was "treated" by a group of
incompetent doctors and held in misery, which also shortened his life.[8]
Mercury was prohibited as treatment of syphilis in Western Europe in the 19th
century, because of its adverse effects.

Mihai Eminescu died at 4 AM, on 15 June 1889 at the Caritas Institute, a

sanatorium run by Dr. uu and located on Plantelor Street Sector 2,
Bucharest.[7] Eminescu's last wish was a glass of milk, which the attending
doctor slipped through the metallic peephole of the "cell" where he spent the
last hours of his life. In response to this favor he was said to have whispered,
"I'm crumbled". The next day, on 16 June 1889 he was officially declared
deceased and legal papers to that effect were prepared by doctors uu and
Petrescu, who submitted the official report. This paperwork is seen as being
ambiguous, because the poet's cause of death is not clearly stated and there
was no indication of any other underlying condition that may have so
suddenly resulted in his death.[9] In fact both the poet's medical file and
autopsy report indicate symptoms of a mental and not physical disorder.
Moreover, at the autopsy performed by Dr. Tomescu and then by Dr.
Marinescu from the laboratory at Babe-Bolyai University, the brain could not
be studied, because a nurse inadvertently forgot it on an open window, where
it quickly decomposed.[9]

One of the first hypotheses that disagreed with the post mortem findings for
Eminescu's cause of death was printed on 28 June 1926 in an article from the
newspaper Universul. This article forwards the hypothesis that Eminescu died
after another patient, Petre Poenaru, former headmaster in Craiova,[7] hit
him in the head with a board.[10]

20 June 1889 edition of Curierul Romn announcing Eminescu's death

Eminescu's grave on Artists' Alley in Bellu cemetery

Dr. Vine, the physician assigned to Eminescu at Caritas argued at that time
that the poet's death was the result of an infection secondary to his head
injury. Specifically, he says that the head wound was infected, turning into an
erysipelas, which then spread to the face, neck, upper limbs, thorax, and
abdomen.[9] In the same report, cited by Nicolae Georgescu in his work,
Eminescu trziu, Vine states that "Eminescu's death is not due to head
trauma occurred 25 days earlier and which had healed completely, but is the
consequence of an older endocarditis (diagnosed by late professor N.
Tomescu)".[11]

Contemporary specialists, primarily physicians who have dealt with the

Eminescu case, reject both hypotheses on the cause of death of the poet.
According to them, the poet died of cardio-respiratory arrest caused by
mercury poisoning.[12] Eminescu was wrongly diagnosed and treated, aiming
his removal from public life, as some eminescologists claim.[6] Eminescu was
diagnosed since 1886 by Dr. Julian Bogdan from Iai as syphilitic, paralytic
and on the verge of dementia due to alcohol abuse and syphilitic gummas
emerged on the brain. The same diagnosis is given by Dr. Panait Zosin, who
consulted Eminescu on 6 November 1886 and wrote that pacient Eminescu
suffered from a "mental alienation", caused by the emergence of syphilis and
worsened by alcoholism. Further research showed that the poet was not
suffering from syphilis.[5]

Works[edit]
Nicolae Iorga, the Romanian historian, considers Eminescu the godfather of
the modern Romanian language.[citation needed] He is unanimously
celebrated as the greatest and most representative Romanian poet.

Poems and Prose of Mihai Eminescu (editor: Kurt W. Treptow, publisher: The
Center for Romanian Studies, Iai, Oxford, and Portland, 2000, ISBN 9739432-10-7) contains a selection of English-language renditions of Eminescu's
poems and prose.

Poetry[edit]
His poems span a large range of themes, from nature and love to hate and
social commentary. His childhood years were evoked in his later poetry with
deep nostalgia.

Eminescu's poems have been translated in over 60 languages. His life, work
and poetry strongly influenced the Romanian culture and his poems are
widely studied in Romanian public schools.

His most notable poems are:[13]

Doina (the name is a traditional type of Romanian song), 1884

Lacul (The Lake), 1876
Luceafrul (The Vesper), 1883
Floare albastr (Blue Flower), 1884
Dorina (Desire), 1884
Seara pe deal (Evening on the Hill), 1885
O, rmai (Oh, Linger On), 1884
Epigonii (Epigones), 1884
Scrisori (Letters or "Epistles-Satires")
i dac (And if...), 1883
Od n metru antic (Ode (in Ancient Meter), 1883
Mai am un singur dor (I Have Yet One Desire),1883
La Steaua (At Star),1886
Prose[edit]
Ft-Frumos din lacrim (The Tear Drop Prince)
Geniu pustiu (Empty Genius)
Srmanul Dionis (Wretched Dionis)
Cezara (Caesara)
English language anthologies[edit]
Testament - Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse - Bilingual Edition English &
Romanian - Daniel Ioni (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel
Reynaud - Minerva Publishing 2012
Romanian culture[edit]
Eminescu was only 20 when Titu Maiorescu, the top literary critic in 1870
Romania dubbed him "a real poet", in an essay where only a handful of the
Romanian poets of the time were spared Maiorescu's harsh criticism. In the
following decade, Eminescu's notability as a poet grew continually thanks to
(1) the way he managed to enrich the literary language with words and

phrases from all Romanian regions, from old texts, and with new words that
he coined from his wide philosophical readings; (2) the use of bold
metaphors, much too rare in earlier Romanian poetry; (3) last but not least,
he was arguably the first Romanian writer who published in all Romanian
provinces and was constantly interested in the problems of Romanians
everywhere. He defined himself as a Romantic, in a poem addressed To My
Critics (Criticilor mei), and this designation, his untimely death as well as his
bohemian lifestyle (he never pursued a degree, a position, a wife or fortune)
had him associated with the Romantic figure of the genius. As early as the
late 1880s, Eminescu had a group of faithful followers. His 1883 poem
Luceafrul was so notable that a new literary review took its name after it.

The most realistic psychological analysis of Eminescu was written by I. L.

Caragiale, who, after the poet's death published three short care articles on
this subject: In Nirvana, Irony and Two notes. Caragiale stated that
Eminescu's characteristic feature was the fact that "he had an excessively
unique nature".[14] Eminescu's life was a continuous oscillation between
introvert and extrovert attitudes.[15]

That's how I knew him back then, and that is how he remained until his last
moments of well-being: cheerful and sad; sociable and crabbed; gentle and
abrupt; he was thankful for everything and unhappy about some things; here
he was as abstemious as a hermit, there he was ambitious to the pleasures of
life; sometimes he ran away from people and then he looked for them; he
was carefree as a Stoic and choleric as an edgy girl. Strange medley! happy
for an artist, unhappy for a man!

The portrait that Titu Maiorescu made in the study Eminescu and poems
emphasizes Eminescu's introvert dominant traits. Titu Maiorescu promoted
the image of a dreamer who was far away from reality, who did not suffer
because of the material conditions that he lived in, regardless of all the
ironies and eulogies of his neighbour, his main characteristic was "abstract
serenity".[16]

In reality, just as one can discover from his poems and letters and just as
Caragiale remembered, Eminescu was seldom under the influence of
boisterous subconscious motivations. Eminescu's life was but an overlap of
different-sized cycles, made up of sudden bursts that were nurtured by

dreams and crises due to the impact with reality. The cycles could last from a
few hours or days to weeks or months, depending on the importance of
events, or could even last longer, when they were linked to the events that
significantly marked his life, as such was his relation with Veronica, his
political activity during his years as a student, or the fact that he attended
the gatherings at the Junimea society or the articles he published in the
newspaper Timpul. He used to have a unique manner of describing his own
crisis of jealousy.[17]

You must know, Veronica, that as much as I love you, I sometimes hate you; I
hate you without a reason, without a word, only because I imagine you
laughing with someone else, and your laughter doesn't mean to him what it
means to me and I feel I grow mad at the thought of somebody else touching
you, when your body is exclusively and without impartasion to anyone. I
sometimes hate you because I know you own all these allures that you
charmed me with, I hate you when I suspect you might give away my fortune,
my only fortune. I could only be happy beside you if we were far away from
all the other people, somewhere, so that I didn't have to show you to anybody
and I could be relaxed only if I could keep you locked up in a bird house in
which only I could enter.

National poet[edit]
He was soon proclaimed Romania's national poet, not because he wrote in an
age of national revival, but rather because he was received as an author of
paramount significance by Romanians in all provinces. Even today, he is
considered the national poet of Romania, Moldova, and of the Romanians who
live in the Ukrainian occupied part of Bucovina.[citation needed]

Iconography[edit]

Eminescu's Linden Tree, Copou Park

Former 1000 lei banknote

500 lei banknote

Eminescu is omnipresent in present-day Romania. His statues are

everywhere;[citation needed] his face was on the 1000-lei banknote issued in
1998 and is on the 500-lei banknote issued in 2005 as the highestdenominated Romanian banknote (see Romanian leu); Eminescu's Linden
Tree is one of the country's most famous natural landmarks, while many
schools and other institutions are named after him. The anniversaries of his
birth and death are celebrated each year in many Romanian cities, and they
became national celebrations in 1989 (the centennial of his death) and 2000
(150 years after his birth, proclaimed Eminescu's Year in Romania).

Several young Romanian writers provoked a huge scandal when they wrote
about their demystified idea of Eminescu and went so far as to reject the
"official" interpretation of his work.[18]

International legacy[edit]
A monument jointly dedicated to Eminescu and Allama Iqbal was erected in
Islamabad, Pakistan on 15 January 2004, commemorating Pakistani-Romanian
ties, as well as the dialogue between civilizations which is possible through
the cross-cultural appreciation of their poetic legacies. In 2004, the Mihai
Eminescu Statue was erected in Montral, Canada.[19]

Political views[edit]
Due to his conservative nationalistic views, Eminescu was easily adopted as
an icon by the Romanian right. A major obstacle to their fully embracing him
was the fact he never identified himself as a Christian and his poetry rather
indiscriminately uses Buddhist, Christian, agnostic, and atheist themes.

After a decade when Eminescu's works were criticized as "mystic" and

"bourgeois", Romanian Communists ended up adopting Eminescu as the
major Romanian poet. What opened the door for this thaw was the poem
mprat i proletar (Emperor and proletarian) that Eminescu wrote under the
influence of the 18701871 events in France, and which ended in a
Schopenhauerian critique of human life. An expurgated version only showed
the stanzas that could present Eminescu as a poet interested in the fate of
proletarians.

It has also been revealed that Eminescu demanded strong anti-Jewish

legislation on the German model, saying, among others, that "the Jew does
not deserve any rights anywhere in Europe because he is not working."[20]
This was not, however, an unusual stance to take in the cultural and literary
milieu of his age.[21]

References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Prinii, fraii, surorile lui Mihai Eminescu". Tribuna (in Romanian).
15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Mircea Mciu dr., Nicolae C. Nicolescu, Valeriu uteu dr., Mic
dicionar enciclopedic, Ed. Stiinific i enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1986
Jump up ^ Biblioteca Academiei Program de accesare digitala a
manuscriselor Mihai Eminescu
Jump up ^ Titu Maiorescu, Eminescu i poeziile lui (1889) (seciunea "Not
asupra zilei i locului naterii lui Eminescu")
^ Jump up to: a b Constantinescu, Nicolae M. (September 2014). Bolile lui
Eminescu - adevr i mistificare [Eminescus illnesses between truth and
mystification] (in Romanian). 3. Science Policy and Scientometry Magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b "MIHAI EMINESCU a fost asasinat. Teoria conspiraiei".
Romnia TV (in Romanian). 15 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zamfirache, Cosmin (15 June 2015). "Adevrata cauz a
morii lui Mihai Eminescu. Dezvluirile specialitilor, la 126 de ani de la
moartea poetului". Adevrul (in Romanian).
Jump up ^ Roseti, Roxana (15 June 2014). "125 de ani de la moartea lui MIHAI
EMINESCU. Au pus la cale serviciile SECRETE eliminarea Poetului Naional?".
Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian).
^ Jump up to: a b c Simion, Eugen; Popescu, Irinel; Pop, Ioan-Aurel (15
January 2015). Maladia lui Eminescu si maladiile imaginare ale
eminescologilor (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Foundation for Science
and Art.
Jump up ^ "Cum a murit Mihai Eminescu. 122 de ani de teorii si presupuneri".
Stirile Pro TV (in Romanian). 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Neghina, R.; Neghina, A. M. (26 March 2011). "Medical

controversies and dilemmas in discussion about the illness and death of Mihai
Eminescu (1850 1889), Romania's National Poet". Med. Probl. Performing
Artists. pp. 4450.
Jump up ^ "De ce a murit Mihai Eminescu? Rspunsul a 12 dintre cei mai
importani medici romni". Digi24 (in Romanian). 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Autor:Mihai Eminescu". wikisource.org.
Jump up ^ I.L. Caragiale, n Nirvana, n Ei l-au vzut pe Eminescu, Antologie
de texte de Cristina Crciun i Victor Crciun, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca,
1989, pag. 148
Jump up ^ I.L. Caragiale,n Nirvana, n Ei l-au vzut pe Eminescu, Antologie
de texte de Cristina Crciun i Victor Crciun, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca,
1989 pag. 147
Jump up ^ Titu Maiorescu, Critice, vol. II, Editura pentru literatur, Bucureti,
1967, pag. 333
Jump up ^ Dulcea mea Doamn / Eminul meu iubit. Coresponden inedit
Mihai Eminescu Veronica Micle, Editura POLIROM, 2000 pag. 157
Jump up ^ "Saitul George Pruteanu "Scandalul" Eminescu... i replici".
pruteanu.ro. C1 control character in |title= at position 24 (help)
Jump up ^ "Allama Iqbal and Mihai Eminescu: Dialogue between
Civilizatioins(Surprising Resemblance)". pakpost.gov.pk.
Jump up ^ Ioanid, Radu (1996). Wyman, David S., ed. The Worls Reacts to the
Holocaust. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 228.
Jump up ^ Dietrich, D.J. (1988) National renewal, anti-Semitism, and political
continuity: A psychological assessment. Political Psychology 9, 385-411,
passim.
Bibliography[edit]
George Clinescu, La vie d'Eminescu, Bucarest: Univers, 1989, 439 p.
Marin Bucur (ed.), Caietele Mihai Eminescu, Bucureti, Editura Eminescu,
1972
Murrau, Dumitru (1983), Mihai Eminescu. Viaa i Opera, Bucharest:
Eminescu.
Petrescu, Ioana Em. (1972), Eminescu. Modele cosmologice i viziune poetic,
Bucharest: Minerva.

Dumitrescu-Buulenga, Zoe (1986), Eminescu i romantismul german,

Bucharest: Eminescu.
Bhose, Amita (1978), Eminescu i India, Iai: Junimea.
Iu, Mircia (1995), Indianismul lui Eminescu, Braov: Orientul latin.
Vianu, Tudor (1930), Poezia lui Eminescu, Bucharest: Cartea Romneasc.
Negoiescu, Ion (1970), Poezia lui Eminescu, Iai: Junimea.
Simion, Eugen (1964), Proza lui Eminescu, Bucharest: Editura pentru
literatur.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mihai Eminescu.
Romanian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Mihai Eminescu (original works in Romanian)
Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Mihai Eminescu (original works in Spanish)
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Mihai Eminescu
"Mihai Eminescu". AudioCarti.eu.
Gabriel's Web Site Works both in English and Original
Translated poems by Peter Mamara
Works by Mihai Eminescu at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Mihai Eminescu at Internet Archive
Works by Mihai Eminescu at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Romanian Poetry Mihai Eminescu (English)
Romanian Poetry Mihai Eminescu (Romanian)
English translations by M.-M. Khesapeake
Institute for Cultural Memory: Mihai Eminescu Poetry
Mihai Eminescu Poesii (bilingual pages English Romanian)

Mihai Eminescu poetry (with English translations of some of his poems)

MoldData Literature
Year 2000: "Mihai Eminescu Year" (includes bio, poems, critiques, etc.)
The Mihai Eminescu Trust
The Nation's Poet: A recent collection sparks debate over Romania's "national
poet" by Emilia Stere
Eminescu a political victim : An interview with Nicolae Georgescu in Jurnalul
National (in Romanian)
Mihai Eminescu: Complete works (in Romanian)
Mihai Eminescu : poezii biografie (in Romanian)
The Mihai Eminescu Poems published in Revista Familia
Authority control
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 27064042 LCCN: n80057213 ISNI: 0000 0001 2100
0235 GND: 118684493 SELIBR: 185092 SUDOC: 026850818 BNF:
cb119017272 (data) MusicBrainz: 0ef52d92-06fe-47ce-a58d-68dbed569f50
NLA: 36083936 NKC: jn19990002053 BNE: XX843143
[hide] v t e
Romanticism
Countries
Denmark England (literature) France (literature) Germany Norway Poland
Russia (literature) Scotland
Movements
Bohemianism Counter-Enlightenment Dark romanticism Dsseldorf School
Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic fiction Gothic Revival (architecture) Hudson River
School Indianism Nazarene movement Ossian Romantic hero Romanticism in
science Romantic nationalism Opium and Romanticism Transcendentalism
Ultra-Romanticism Wallenrodism
Writers
Abovian Alencar Alfieri Andersen A. v. Arnim B. v. Arnim Azevedo Baratashvili
Barbauld (Aikin) Batyushkov Baudelaire Beer Bertrand Blake Botev Brentano
Bryant Burns Byron Castelo Branco Castilho Cazotte Chateaubriand

Chavchavadze Clare Coleridge Cooper De Quincey Dias Dumas Eichendorff

Emerson Eminescu Espronceda Fouqu Foscolo Garrett Gautier Goethe
Grimm Brothers Gutzkow Hauff Hawthorne Heine Heliade Herculano
Hoffmann Hlderlin Hugo Ili Irving Jaki Jean Paul Karadi Karamzin Keats
Kleist Krasiski Lamartine Larra Leopardi Lermontov Mcha Magalhes
Malczewski Manzoni Maturin Mickiewicz Musset Nalbandian Nerval Nodier
Norwid Novalis Oehlenschlger Orbeliani Poe Polidori Potocki Preeren
Pushkin Raffi Schiller Schwab Scott Seward M. Shelley P. B. Shelley
Shevchenko Sowacki De Stal Stendhal Tieck Uhland Vrsmarty Wordsworth
Zhukovsky Zorrilla
Music
Adam Alkan Auber Beethoven Bellini Bennett Berlioz Bertin Berwald Chopin
Flicien David Ferdinand David Donizetti Field Franck Franz Glinka Gomis
Halvy Kalkbrenner Liszt Loewe Marschner Masarnau Mhul Fanny
Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Mreaux Meyerbeer Moniuszko Moscheles
Niedermeyer Onslow Paganini Prudent Reicha Rossini Rubinstein Schubert
Clara Schumann Robert Schumann Smetana Sor Spohr Spontini Thalberg
Verdi Voek Wagner Weber
Theologians and
philosophers
Chaadayev Coleridge Feuerbach Fichte Goethe Hegel Mller Ritschl Rousseau
Schiller A. Schlegel F. Schlegel Schopenhauer Schleiermacher Tieck
Wackenroder
Visual artists
Aivazovsky Bierstadt Blake Bonington Bryullov Chassriau Church Constable
Cole Corot Dahl David d'Angers Delacroix Friedrich Fuseli Gricault Girodet
Gowacki Goya Gude Hayez Janmot Jones Kiprensky Koch Lampi Leutze
Loutherbourg Maison Martin Michaowski Palmer Porto-Alegre Prault Rvoil
Richard Rude Runge Saleh Scheffer Stattler Stroj Tidemand Tropinin Turner
Veit Ward Wiertz
Age of EnlightenmentRealism
Categories: 1850 births1889 deathsPeople from BotoaniRomanian poetsMale
poetsRomanian male writersRomanian essayistsRomanian
nationalistsRomanian folkloristsRomanian short story writersPeople
associated with JunimeaRomantic poetsMembers of the Romanian Academy
elected posthumouslyBurials at BelluRomanian-language poetsMale short
story writers19th-century poetsMale essayists19th-century short story
writers19th-century male writers19th-century essayists

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