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lumbar crnico
Khadilkar A, Milne S, Brosseau L, Robinson V, Saginur M, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells
G.
Reproduccin de una revisin Cochrane, traducida y publicada en La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2006, Nmero 4
Producido por
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NDICE DE MATERIAS
RESUMEN...................................................................................................................................................................1
RESUMEN EN TRMINOS SENCILLOS....................................................................................................................2
ANTECEDENTES........................................................................................................................................................2
OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................................................................................3
CRITERIOS PARA LA VALORACIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE ESTA REVISIN......................................................3
ESTRATEGIA DE BSQUEDA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS....................................................3
MTODOS DE LA REVISIN.....................................................................................................................................4
DESCRIPCIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS..........................................................................................................................5
CALIDAD METODOLGICA.......................................................................................................................................5
RESULTADOS.............................................................................................................................................................5
DISCUSIN.................................................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES........................................................................................................................7
AGRADECIMIENTOS..................................................................................................................................................8
POTENCIAL CONFLICTO DE INTERS.....................................................................................................................8
FUENTES DE FINANCIACIN....................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCIAS...........................................................................................................................................................8
TABLAS......................................................................................................................................................................12
Characteristics of included studies.....................................................................................................................12
Characteristics of excluded studies....................................................................................................................14
Table 01 Jadad criteria for assessing methodological quality.............................................................................16
CARTULA................................................................................................................................................................16
COMENTARIOS Y CRITICAS....................................................................................................................................17
RESUMEN DEL METANLISIS.................................................................................................................................18
GRFICOS Y OTRAS TABLAS..................................................................................................................................20
01 TENS convencional versus placebo, fin del tratamiento (60 minutos)...........................................................20
01 Intensidad del dolor, EAV (puntuacin expresada como porcentaje del valor inicial de la estimulacin
previa)..........................................................................................................................................................20
02 TENS versus placebo, fin del tratamiento (cuatro semanas).........................................................................20
01 Intensidad del dolor, EAV (0 a 100)........................................................................................................20
02 Mejora del dolor, EAV (0 a 100).............................................................................................................20
03 Mejora del dolor, (1 a 6; 1 = desaparicin completa del dolor, 6= mucho peor)....................................21
04 Frecuencia del dolor, (1 a 5; 1 = nunca, 5 = todo el tiempo)...................................................................21
05 Estado Funcional (Versin modificada del Sickness Impact Profile)......................................................21
06 Nivel de actividad autoevaluada (1 a 3; 1= ms activo que al comienzo, 3 = menos activo)..................21
07 Amplitud de movimientos de flexin (distancia del dedo al suelo [cm])..................................................22
08 Amplitud de movimientos de flexin (prueba de Schober [cm]).............................................................22
09 Elevacin recta de la pierna de Lasegue (grados).................................................................................22
10 Uso de servicios mdicos, (das de hospitalizacin)..............................................................................22
11 Uso de servicios mdicos, (consultas a otros prestadores)...................................................................23
Neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea (TENS) para el dolor lumbar crnico
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes
El dolor lumbar crnico afecta a una proporcin significativa de la poblacin. La neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea (TENS)
se introdujo hace ms de 30 aos como tratamiento complementario de los tratamientos farmacolgicos para el dolor crnico.
Sin embargo, a pesar de su uso generalizado, la efectividad de la TENS en el dolor lumbar crnico sigue siendo controvertida.
Objetivos
El objetivo de esta revisin sistemtica fue determinar la efectividad de la TENS en el tratamiento del dolor lumbar crnico.
Estrategia de bsqueda
Se realizaron bsquedas en el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,
CENTRAL) (Nmero 2, 2005), MEDLINE, EMBASE y PEDro hasta el primero de abril de 2005.
Criterios de seleccin
Solamente se incluyeron ensayos clnicos aleatorios (ECA) que evaluaran el efecto de la TENS para el dolor lumbar crnico. Los
resmenes fueron excluidos a menos que se pudieran obtener datos adicionales de los autores.
Recopilacin y anlisis de datos
Dos revisores seleccionaron de forma independiente los ensayos y obtuvieron los datos usando formularios predeterminados. Se
evalu la heterogeneidad con la prueba Q de Cochrane. Se us un modelo de efectos fijos a lo largo de la revisin para calcular
las variables continuas, excepto cuando haba heterogeneidad; en ese caso, se us un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Los resultados
se analizaron mediante diferencias de medias ponderadas (DMP) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%), donde la
diferencia entre los grupos de tratamiento y de control se ponder por la inversa de la varianza. Las diferencias de medias
estandarizadas (DME) se calcularon dividiendo la diferencia entre los que reciban el tratamiento y los controles por la varianza
inicial. Las DME se usaron cuando se emplearon diferentes escalas para medir el mismo concepto. Los resultados dicotmicos
se analizaron con odds-rat ios.
Resultados principales
Los dos nicos ECA (175 pacientes) que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad difirieron en el diseo del estudio, la calidad
metodolgica, los criterios de inclusin y exclusin, el tipo y mtodo de aplicacin de TENS, el esquema de tratamiento, las
cointervenciones y los resultados finales. En un ECA, la TENS produjo un alivio significativamente mayor del dolor que el control
de placebo. Sin embargo, en el otro ECA, no se hallaron diferencias estadsticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento
y de control para las diversas medidas de resultado. Debido al escaso nmero de ensayos incluidos, no fue posible realizar los
anlisis de subgrupos preprogramados que tendan a examinar el impacto de los diferentes parmetros de la estimulacin, los
sitios de aplicacin de la TENS, las duraciones del tratamiento y las caractersticas iniciales del paciente.
Pgina 1
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ANTECEDENTES
El dolor lumbar es la mayor causa de indemnizacin de los
trabajadores de los EE.UU. y Canad; y un motivo principal de
consultas a profesionales sanitarios (Andersson 1999). Entre
un 60% y un 90% de la poblacin adulta se halla en riesgo de
presentar dolor lumbar en algn momento de su vida (Andersson
1997; Coste 1989; Deyo 1987a; Skovron 1992; Smeal 2004).
Mientras que la mayora de los episodios parecen resolverse en
seis semanas, se calcula que entre un 10% y un 20% de los
adultos afectados presentan sntomas de dolor lumbar crnico,
definido como el dolor persistente que dura ms de tres meses
y aparece en al menos el 50% de los das (Maher 2004; Von
Korff 1996; Waddell 1998). El dolor lumbar crnico tiene un
impacto significativo sobre el estado funcional, lo que restringe
las actividades laborales, con repercusiones socioeconmicas
marcadas (Deyo 1987b; Van Tulder 1999).
El tratamiento del dolor lumbar abarca una variedad de
intervenciones que incluyen: tratamiento farmacolgico, ciruga,
ejercicios, educacin del paciente, fisioterapia, tratamiento
cognitivo-conductual y tratamientos alternativos. Para algunos
pacientes con dolor lumbar crnico se ha recomendado un
enfoque multidisciplinario basado en el modelo biopsicolgico
(Deyo 2001; Maher 2004; Sierpina 2002). Los objetivos del
tratamiento son aliviar el dolor, reducir el espasmo muscular,
mejorar la fuerza y la amplitud de movimiento, promocionar
el pronto regreso a las actividades y, finalmente, mejorar el
estado funcional. Los riesgos y beneficios de estos tratamientos
son diversos (Delitto 1993; Ottenbacher 1995; Schlapbach
1991). El dolor lumbar agudo y crnico merecen una
consideracin por separado debido a que pueden responder de
forma diferente a las mismas intervenciones (Sierpina 2002;
Van Tulder 1999).
La neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea (TENS) es una
modalidad teraputica no invasiva que se implement, hace
ms de 30 aos, junto a agentes fsicos existentes usados en
Pgina 2
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OBJETIVOS
Determinar la efectividad de la TENS en el tratamiento del
dolor lumbar crnico.
CRITERIOS PARA LA VALORACIN DE LOS
ESTUDIOS DE ESTA REVISIN
Tipos de estudios
Solamente los ECA con ms de cinco pacientes con dolor
lumbar por grupo de tratamiento fueron elegibles. Este lmite
en el tamao de la muestra se bas en el consenso de opinin
del Philadelphia Panel (Philadel Panel 2001).
Tipos de participantes
Para esta revisin se consideraron los pacientes ambulatorios,
de 18 o ms aos de edad, con dolor lumbar mecnico crnico.
Pgina 3
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MTODOS DE LA REVISIN
Dos revisores (LB, AK) seleccionaron de forma independiente
los ensayos que seran considerados por la revisin y se
recuperaron todos los artculos seleccionados para realizar un
anlisis ms minucioso. Los desacuerdos sobre los criterios de
inclusin o exclusin de los estudios individuales se resolvieron
mediante discusiones entre los revisores. Los revisores no
estuvieron cegados a la revista o a los autores. No hubo un
punto de corte basado en la calidad metodolgica o en la
Pgina 4
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Pgina 5
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Pgina 6
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Pgina 7
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores desean agradecer a Louise Falzon por su ayuda con
la estrategia de bsqueda y a la Dra. D. Bloodworth por su
aporte de material.
Gemignani 1991
*Gemigniani G. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Ankylosing
Spondylitis: a Double-Blind Study. Arth Rheum 1991;34(6):788-9.
REFERENCIAS
Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisin
Cheing 1999 {published data only}
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*Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfield LS, Ramamurthy S. A
Controlled Trial of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS
(neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea)) and Exercise for Chronic Low
Back Pain. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;322(23):1627-34.
Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisin
Al-Smadi 2003
Al-Smadi J, Warke K, Wilson I, Cramp AF, Noble G, Walsh DM, et al. A
pilot investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation upon low back pain in people with multiple sclerosis.
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Hsieh 2002
Hsieh RL, Lee WC. One-shot percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation vs.
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Hurley 2001
Hurley DA, Minder PM, McDonough SM, Walsh, DM, Moore AP, Baxter
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Jarzem 1997
*Jarzem P, Harvey EJ, Arcaro N, Kazarowski J. Transcutaneous Electrical
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Laitinen 1976
Laitinen J. Acupuncture and transcutaneous electric stimulation in the
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Lehmann 1983
Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF. The impact of patients with
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Stonnington 1976
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Lundeberg 1984
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Marchand 1993
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Tsukayama 2002
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Weiner 2003
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Werners 1999
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interferential therapy with motorized lumbar traction and massage in the
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Yokoyama 2004
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Moore 1997
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Schaufele 2003
Schaufele MK, Boden SB. Outcome research in patients with low back
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Schlapbach 1991
Rheumatology. In: Schlapbach P, Gerber NJ, editor(s). Physiotherapy:
Controlled trials and facts. Vol. 14, Basel: S Karger AG, 1991.
Sierpina 2002
Sierpina VS, Curtis P, Doering J. An integrative approach to low back pain.
Clinics in Family Practice 2002;4(4):817-31.
Skovron 1992
Skovron ML. Epidemiology of low back pain. Baillieres Clinical
Rheumatologia 1992;6:559-73.
Sluka 1999
Sluka KA, Deacon M, Stibal A, Strissel S, Terpstra A. Spinal blockade of
opioid receptors prevents the analgesia produced by TENS
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Sluka 2003
Sluka KA, Walsh D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation basic
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TABLAS
Characteristics of included studies
Study
Cheing 1999
Methods
Participants
Inclusion: age 18 to 50 years, low back pain longer than six months, moderate to severe
pain (greater than or equal to 30% on Visual Analogue Scale), daily pain, stable flexion
reflex induced by electrical stimulus to plantar surface of foot over an hour of recording
during orientation session
Exclusion: pregnancy, neuromuscular or neurological disorders, muscle atrophy in the
lower extremities, a history of back surgery, a consistent sciatica symptoms, cardiac
pacemaker, spondylolisthesis > 1 cm
Mean age: group 1: 34.79.1; group 2 28.2 7.2
Pain duration: group 1: 6.35.7 yrs; group 2: 5.74.3 yrs
Gender: group 1: 4 women and 11 men; group 2: 5 women and 10 men
No reported dropouts
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Quality 2 (1,1,0)
see Additional Table 1 for questions
Allocation concealment
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Deyo 1990a
Methods
Participants
Inclusion: low back pain longer than 3 months, with or without abnormal imaging or
laboratory studies
Exclusion: history of cancer, use of corticosteriods / anticoagulant, maximal pain above
T12, age over 70 years or under 18 years, cardiac pacemaker, known heart disease,
severe coexisting disease, previous unevaluated neurologic deficit, previous use of
TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea), seeking or receiving disability
compensation, factors that would impair follow-up (plan to move within 3 months,
inability to speak English, inaccessibility by telephone, inability to keep twice-weekly
appointments)
% post surgery: total = 10, group 1 = 19, group 2 = 3, group 3 = 10, group 4 = 10
Mean age: total = 51.4, group 1 = 53.7, group 2 = 53, group 3 = 48.1, group 4 = 50.6
Mean pain duration: 4.1 years
% females: total = 58, group 1 = 58, group 2 = 59, group 3 = 58, group 4 = 59
Patients completing study: total = 125 at four weeks (20 dropouts), 122 at three months
(three lost to follow-up), group 1 = 31 (five droputs), group 2 = 34 (three dropouts),
group 3 = 31 (five dropouts), group 4 = 29 (seven dropouts)
Compliance: 20 dropped out, representing 14% of original sample (11 dropouts due to
inconvenience and difficulties with transportation, one dropout due to impression that
treatments were of no help, one subject randomized to sham TENS (neuroestimulacin
elctrica transcutnea) developed severe dermatitis requiring discontinuation of
treatment after four days, reasons for other dropouts not specified)
Interventions
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Pain (10-cm visual analogue scale used to measure pain inTENS (neuroestimulacin
elctrica transcutnea)ity and improvement, 6-point scale was also used to measure
self-rated improvement)
Functional status (modified Sickness Impact Profile, Self-Rated activity)
Physical measures (finger -to-floor distance, Schober test, Straight Leg Raise)
Use of medical services (days in hospital, visits to other providers)
Outcome measures for TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) and placebo
TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) reported as adjusted means after
controlling for baseline values and the effect of exercise
Data for TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) and placebo TENS
(neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) at two-month follow-up not provided in
sufficient detail to permit analysis for that time period
Adverse effects reported: skin irritation at the site of electrode placement in a third of
subjects (equal proportions affected in the TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica
transcutnea) and sham TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) groups),
one subject receiving sham TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) was
required to withdraw due to a severe dermatitis that developed four days after therapy
Notes
Quality: 5 (2,2,1)
see Additional Table 1 for questions
Allocation concealment
Al-Smadi 2003
Biedermann 1987
No appropriate control
Bloodworth 2004
Cheng 1987
No appropriate control
Fox 1976
Gemignani 1991
Ghoname 1999
No appropriate control
Glaser 2001
Grant 1999
Hackett 1988
Hamza 1999
Herman 1994
Hsieh 2002
Hurley 2001
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insufficient information available for adequate appraisal and analysis (e.g., inclusion and
exclusion criteria unclear, TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea) device
characteristics and precise application parameters not provided, treatment schedule not
described, dropouts not reported despite large sample size, unclear whether data obtained
referred to conventional TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea), acupuncture-like
TENS (neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea), "nu-waveform" TENS (neuroestimulacin
elctrica transcutnea), or the average of these 3 treatment groups)
Jeans 1979
Laitinen 1976
Lehmann 1983
Inpatient program
Lehmann 1986
Inpatient program
Lundeberg 1984
Study involved patients with chronic myalgia for which etiology was not clearly defined, not
specifically limited to chronic low back pain
Macdonald 1995
Superficial acupuncture
Marchand 1993
Study included subjects with inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis)
and other specific diagnoses, for which exact numbers were not provided
Melzack 1980
Melzack 1983
Moore 1997
Pressor 2000
Puranik 2002
Biophysical parameters used for stimulation not comparable to standard forms of TENS
(neuroestimulacin elctrica transcutnea)
Rutkowski 1977
Schuster 1980
Inpatients
Sherry 2001
Sternbach 1976
Not randomized
Stonnington 1976
No appropriate control
Thorsteinsson 1978
Tsukayama 2002
Weiner 2003
Werners 1999
Yokoyama 2004
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CARTULA
Titulo
Autor(es)
Amole Khadilkar, Sarah Milne, Michael Saginur, Bev Shea, Vivian (Welch)
Robinson seleccionaron los ensayos y extrajeron los datos.
Amole Khadilkar, Sarah Milne, Lucie Brosseau y Vivian (Welch) Robinson son
responsables de los resultados y la interpretacin de los datos.
George Wells proporcion asesoramiento estadstico.
Peter Tugwell ayudaron en la interpretacin clnica de los resultados.
Sarah Milne particip en la seleccin de ensayos, la extraccin de datos, la
interpretacin de los datos y la formulacin de los resultados de la revisin
original.
1998/1
2001/2
Fecha de la modificacin ms
reciente"
04 agosto 2000
"Fecha de la modificacin
SIGNIFICATIVA ms reciente
24 mayo 2005
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Cambios ms recientes
01 abril 2005
Fecha de modificacin de la
seccin conclusiones de los
autores
Direccin de contacto
CD003008-ES
Grupo editorial
HM-BACK
COMENTARIOS Y CRITICAS
February 2005 - refer to Milne 2001
Resumen:
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N de
estudios
N de
participantes
30
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Mtodo estadstico
Diferencia de medias
-33.62 [-53.27, -13.97]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
125
Diferencia de medias
-2.30 [-9.55, 4.95]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
5.20 [-6.55, 16.95]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
0.00 [-0.36, 0.36]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
-0.10 [-0.50, 0.30]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
-0.50 [-2.25, 1.25]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
06 Nivel de actividad
autoevaluada (1 a 3; 1= ms
activo que al comienzo, 3 =
menos activo)
125
Diferencia de medias
0.00 [-0.20, 0.20]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
07 Amplitud de movimientos de
flexin (distancia del dedo al suelo
[cm])
125
Diferencia de medias
0.00 [-2.55, 2.55]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
08 Amplitud de movimientos de
flexin (prueba de Schober [cm])
125
Diferencia de medias
0.10 [-0.27, 0.47]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
0.00 [-2.70, 2.70]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
No estimable
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
125
Diferencia de medias
-0.08 [-0.22, 0.06]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
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Mtodo estadstico
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02.03 Mejora del dolor, (1 a 6; 1 = desaparicin completa del dolor, 6= mucho peor)
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Pgina 22
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