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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
HP Confidential
Document Title:
Essentials of Networking
Process Name:
Prepared By:
Document Owner:
Utpal Narekuli
12-Oct-2011
V 1.2
Utpal Narekuli
3-Mar-2014
3-Mar-2014
15-April-2014
Document URL:
http://ent191.sharepoint.hp.com/teams/ITODOGSDT/TECH%20TRAINING/Forms/AllItems.aspx?RootFolder=%2Fteams%2FI
TODOGSDT%2FTECH%20TRAINING%2FNew%20Hire%20Tech%20Training%20Material%2F10%20Days%20Technical%20Tr
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The latest version of this document is stored electronically. Any printed copy is an Uncontrolled copy for reference or training purposes only. All previous documents
are modified to align it to the Global Quality Standard in line with ISO 9001:2000
Version No.
Version Date
Prepared By
Reviewed By
V 1.0
12-Oct-2011
Rihan Ahmed
Utpal Narekuli
Utpal Narekuli
V 1.1
27-Feb-2012
Utpal Narekuli
Utpal Narekuli
V1.2
3-Feb-2014
Rihan Ahmed
Utpal Narekuli
Utpal Narekuli
V 1.3
3-Mar-2014
Naveen Kumar H R
Utpal Narekuli
Utpal Narekuli
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Approved by
Topics
Introduction to networking
IP addressing basics
IP address & Subnet mask
Classification & assignment of IP addresses
Default gateway & routing
Domain Naming Service (DNS)
Virtual Private Networking (VPN)
NAT/Proxy server & Firewall
Wireless Networks
Networking troubleshooting
IPv6
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Introduction to Networking
Shared printer
Internet
Shared files
4
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Classification of networks
Geographical classification
Architectural
classification
Classification based
on Media
Classification based on
topology
Client server
model
Wired
Bus
Star
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Ring
Peer to peer
model
Wireless
Mesh
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Ethernet
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Types of Ethernet
Type
Name
Speed
Cable type
Classic Ethernet
10BASE-T
10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet
100BASE-TX
100 Mbps
Cat 5
Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASE-T
1 Gbps
Fibre optics/Cat 5 or
above
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
A NIC card (Top left), a motherboard with a built in NIC (above) & a RJ45 plug
(left)
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MAC address
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
IP addressing
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
IP addressing
An IP address is a 32 bit binary number
11000000 10101000 00000001 00001010
192
.168
.1
13
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.10
Classful IP addresses
Class A 1.0.0.1 127.255.255.254 The first
octet is the network ID
Class B 128.1.0.1 191.255.255.254 The
first two octets are network ID
Class C 192.0.1.1 223.255.255.254 The
first three octets are network ID
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Classless IP address
Classful IP addresses are wasteful & have been
replaced by classless IP addresses
In this scheme, the network ID & host IP are specified
by a value called a subnet mask
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Subnet Mask
Helps identify Network ID & Host ID
IP Address -
Subnet Mask-
11111111
11111111 11111111
00001010
00000000
Network ID
Host ID
IP address - 192.168.1.10
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Only systems on the same subnet can communicate with each other directly
16
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Private IP address
Another way to classify IP addresses
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Class
Range
Subnet Mask
Class A
10.0.0.1 10.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
Class B
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
255.255.0.0
Class C
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
255.255.255.0
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Assigning of IP address
A computer gets an IP address in one of the
following three ways Assign IP address manually
Dynamically assigned IP address
Self assigned IP address (APIPA)
18
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Manual assignment
1
2.
4.
3.
19
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Follow the trainers instructions & learn how an IP address can be assigned
manually
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
DHCP server
4. IP address & other details given
192.168.1.10
Computer
6. System configured with IP 192.168.1.10
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
APIPA
1. Computer boots up
2. Broadcasts request for IP address
Computer
4. System self configured with IP 169.254.0.1 169.254.255.254
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Activity
With the trainers help, go ahead & run the command
Ipconfig /all
Analyze the output & see how it is different from a plain ipconfig. Note the following
details
IP address assigned to your computer
Subnet mask
Whether it is a manually assigned or a DHCP assigned IP address
MAC address
23
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Activity
Run the command
Ipconfig /release
See what happens to the network connectivity
Now run the command
Ipconfig /renew
Check what happens to the network connectivity
24
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Which is the most common networking standard in use today?
A. Token ring
B. Token Bus
C. Ethernet
Ans C - Ethernet
25
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
What is the speed at which fast Ethernet operates at?
A. 10 Mbps
B. 100 Mbps
C. 1 Gbps
26
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
A client calls in to the helpdesk with a networking issue. You answer the call & ask the
client to give the MAC address of the network card on their computer. The client doesnt
know how to find that out. What is the command to identify the MAC address of a Network
card? How many bits does a MAC address consist of?
A. Ipconfig /all
B. Show MAC
C. Getmac
D. Display MAC
Ans A & C
MAC address consists of 48 bits & is expressed in hexadecimal format
27
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Look at the following IP address & identify the Network ID. Assume that this is a classful IP
address
IP 121.31.25.10
Ans This is a class A IP address & hence the first octet 121 is the network ID
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Classify the following IP address into classes & whether they are private or public
172.16.1.10
Class B private
192.168.10.1
Class C private
156.10.10.1
Class B public
29
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Look at the following IP address & identify the Network ID. Assume that this is a classless
IP address
IP 121.31.25.10 = 01111001 00011111 00011001 00001010
Subnet Mask 255.255.248.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
Ans Looking at the Subnet mask, we can conclude that the Network ID is - 01111001
00011111 00011001 (the first 21 digits of the IP address)
30
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Eomer is in charge of IT in a large organization of several thousand individuals. The
organization was hitherto using pen & paper to get most of the work done, but now wants
to implement IT. The organization is deliberating on how best it can implement a network
infrastructure. Considering this, should the organization go in for
A. Manually assigned IP addresses
B. DHCP
Ans B. DHCP
Considering the size of the organization, it clearly makes sense to go in for DHCP since it
would be a very difficult task to use static IP
31
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
A client calls in stating that he is unable to connect to the network. You have him check the
IP address & it turns out that it is 169.254.10.12 . What does this mean?
Ans Any IP address in the 169.254.x.x range is an APIPA address & means that the
system is not getting valid IP address from the DHCP server
32
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Subnet
Consider the diagram & look at the IP
addresses of all the systems
IP 192.168.1.10
IP 192.168.1.11
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.1.20
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
34
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
IP 192.168.1.21
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.1.10
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.1.24
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
35
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
IP 192.168.1.11
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.2.10
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.1.10
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
A router is required in
order to enable
communication between
subnets
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IP 192.168.2.10
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
IP 192.168.2.1
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Yahoo server
4. System contacts: 69.147.125.65
DNS server
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Activity
Nslookup is a command which helps the user to resolve the computername to IP address &
back again. The format of this command is
nslookup <IP address or computername>
Run this command & try to find the IP address of a popular website such as google.com,
facebook.com, etc.
38
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
DNS Cache
DNS server
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Computer
Activity
Run the command ipconfig /displaydns & check the contents of the DNS Cache
40
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41
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Proxy server
Public IP address
Private IP address
Internet
Proxy server
Private network
42
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43
VPN Server
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Private Network
No permissions to VPN in
Server may be down
44
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Home LAN
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Home LAN
Users connect to internet from home & remote
locations using a variety of different method
46
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47
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Cable internet
Cable Internet or simply cable, is a form of
broadband Internet access that uses the
cable television infrastructure
Internet bandwidth is shared over a group
of users
48
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Mobile broadband
Mobile broadband is the marketing term for
wireless Internet access through a portable
modem, mobile phone, USB Wireless
Modem,(called "cell phones" in North America
and South Africa) or other mobile devices
Various network standards may be used, such
as GPRS, 3G, WiMAX, LTE, Flash-OFDM, IPW,
iBurst UMTS/HSPA, EV-DO and some portable
satellite-based systems
49
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Balwant Rai is trying to connect to his colleague, Shakaals computer. He is able to connect
using the IP address, but he is unable to connect to the same computer using the computer
name. What could be the issue?
Ans The DNS is not functioning correctly. Check the DNS settings on Balwant Rais
computer
50
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Veeru is at the office. He notices that he is able to access all the intranet resources, but is
unable to get out to the internet. He is unable to understand what the problem could be.
He calls his colleague Jai. You are Jai. How will you resolve this issue?
Ans This seems to be an issue with the proxy server. Check the proxy settings on Veerus
computer
51
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Ethan Hunt is running an errand for his organization overseas. He is currently at
Singapores famous Changi airport. The airport has free wifi available. Ethan hunt
connects to the Wifi, but also needs to access some files on his organizations network.
How can he do this?
Ans Ethan should VPN in to his company network, He can do this if he has the VPN
software installed on his computer & all relevant access
52
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Network security
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Firewall
54
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Single Profile
55
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Certificate authority
Digital Certificates
A digital certificate is akin to an ID proof
A digital certificate is issued to a person, a
computer, a website, etc.
Issuance
Trust
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Certificate
presented for
verification
Validating authority
Wireless
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Wireless LAN
The Wireless networking allows users to connect
to the network without using cables
The most popular wireless standard is Wi-Fi or
IEEE 802.11
Different subtypes of Wi-Fi exist
58
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Wireless devices
Wireless Cards
PCI wireless adapter card
Mini PCI wireless card
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association)
Express Cards
Compact Flash cards
USB Adaptors
59
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
802.11 standards
60
Standard
Operating Frequency
Maximum Range
(indoor / outdoor)
802.11a
5 GHz
54 Mbps
10 m to 70 m
802.11b
2.4 GHz
11 Mbps
50 m
200 m
802.11g
2.4 GHz
54 Mbps
27m
75 m
802.11n
600 Mbps
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
~92 m
Neighbor's
Wireless
Home Wireless
61
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Wireless security
Security is essential to wireless networks due to
their open air nature
Office
Nearby building
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Office
Nearby building
Wi-Fi Terminology
64
Term
Description
SSID
Service Set
Identifier
An SSID is the name of a wireless local area network (WLAN). All wireless devices on a
WLAN must employ the same SSID in order to communicate with each other. SSIDs are
case sensitive text strings. The SSID is a sequence of alphanumeric characters (letters or
numbers). SSIDs have a maximum length of 32 characters.
Access point
A device which serves as a central wireless connection point for a Wi-Fi network.
Hotspot
Hotspot is the place where wireless network is available for public use. HotSpots are
mostly available for free at Coffee shops, Public libraries, Public grounds, Universities,
Airports, Railway Stations etc.
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65
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
IPv6
This is a 128 bit IP address
2128 = 3.4028236692093846346337460743177e+38
Native support in Vista
IP addresses look like
2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652
2001:cdba:0:0:0:0:3257:9652
2001:cdba::3257:9652
IPv6 has a fixed Network ID of 64 bits. Hence no need of subnet mask
66
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
A firewall software helps in preventing against
A.
B.
C.
D.
Virus
Malware
Unauthorized intrusions
Adware
67
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Jamie is setting up a wireless network for her home. She has an option of setting up
security using
A. WEP
B. WPA
Which one should she use?
Ans B. WPA
She should use WPA as it offers better security
68
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Jamie is now being asked to enter an SSID. Jamie has no clue about what that is. She calls
up her neighbor Jimmy for help. You are Jimmy. What is an SSID?
A. Security protocol
B. Encryption type
C. Name of the wireless connection
D. Frequency of the wireless connection
69
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Ipconfig /all
Ipconfig /displaydns
Ipconfig /flushdns
Nslookup
71
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Ping
This command is used to test connectivity
between two nodes on a network
The format is
Ping <computer name or IP address>
The replies received are echoes sent back
by the destination node. If partial or no
replies are received, then there is a
problem with the connectivity
72
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Tracert
Ping only tells us whether connectivity exists or
not
Tracert is a more advanced tool which also gives
us information on the path traversed by the data
packets en route to the destination & also where
the break in communication occurring
The format is
Tracert <computername or IP address>
73
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Activity
Go ahead & ping your exchange server. Check how many packets were sent & how many
were received
Then go ahead and run a tracert on the exchange server. See how many hops exist
between your computer & the server
74
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
75
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Nbtstat
Netbios was the predecessor to DNS
76
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Applications
Winsock
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
TCP/IP Stack
Winsock reset
Winsock, is a technical specification that defines how Windows
network software should access network services, especially
TCP/IP.
It defines a standard interface between a Windows TCP/IP client
application (such as an FTP client or a web browser) and the
underlying TCP/IP protocol stack
Applications
Issues with
Winsock
Winsock
78
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
TCP/IP Stack
Loopback address
This is a specific address used to test the
computers own IP stack.
The IP address is 127.0.0.1
Pinging this address allows the user to
verify if the computers own TCP/IP is
working properly or not
You can also run ping localhost
79
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Troubleshooting approach
No troubleshooting must ever be done
without adequate probing
80
Connection type
LAN/WLAN/VPN
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Samwise Gamgee is facing difficulties connecting to a network printer. Sam wants to test
the network connectivity between him computer & the network printer. Which command
should he use?
A. Nslookup
B. Ipconfig
C. Ping
D. Nbtstat
C. Ping is the command to use to check connectivity
81
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Learning check
Harold Smith is facing difficulties accessing the network. He consults his techie friend,
Norris, for help. Norris advises Harold to reset the TCP/IP stack, but doesnt tell how to do
it. Harold does not want to ask Norris how to do it as Norris happens to be a bit of a loud
mouth. How does Harold reset the TCP/IP stack?.
Ans Run the command netsh int ip reset all & then reboot the machine
82
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85
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86
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Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
88
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90
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91
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
Computer network can be classified into various types
Ethernet is the most popular networking standard in use today
Ethernet has several subtypes Classic, Fast & Gigabit Ethernet being the most
important
The MAC address is a 48 bit designated address of every Ethernet network adapter. It is
expressed in hexadecimal format for the sake of convenience
93
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
An IP address is a 32 bit address. It is expressed in decimal format for convenience
The IP address & the MAC address can be seen using the ipconfig command
The IP address consists of the network ID & the host ID
The IP address range is divided into classes. The most important ones being Class A , B
&C
Due to the classful IP addressing system being wasteful, a new classless IP addressing
system was introduced
94
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
The classless system uses a subnet mask to help identify the network ID from the host
ID
IP address can be manually assigned or can be assigned by DHCP
A self assigned IP addresses are known as APIPA & are in the 169.254.x.x range
Only computers having common network IDs can communicate with each other directly
Inter subnet communication is enabled by a router
95
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
DNS helps translate computer names into IP addresses & so on
A NAT/proxy server enables public resources to be accessed from a private network
A VPN allows a user to connect & access a private network from a remote location. VPN
requires a working internet connection.
A firewall is a security software which allows/blocks incoming & outgoing connections
based on predefined rules
96
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
The most popular wireless standard for computer networks is 802.11
The common subtypes of Wi-Fi are 802.11.a, 802.11b, 802.11g & 802.11n
Wireless requires additional security as a result of it not being restricted by physical
boundaries
The common wireless security protocols are WEP & WPA. WEP is not recommended
anymore as it offers very weak security
Authentication for wireless can be done using passphrases, digital certificates, etc.
97
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Points to remember
IPv6 is set to replace IPv4 in the near future. IPv6 has a 128 bit address & is expressed
in hexadecimal system
Common diagnostic/troubleshooting tools include ping, tracert, nslookup, nbstat &
netsh
Issues can occur with applications, internet access, intranet access or the entire
network may go down. Scope of the issue must be properly understood before
troubleshooting begins
98
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Summary
We have looked at
IP addresses & how to assign an IP address
DNS, NAT/Proxy server & VPN
Wireless
IPv6
Networking troubleshooting
99
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Additional resources
Learning&development@HP course CompTIA Network+2009
100 Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.