CONJUNCTIONS Ms. D. Wong A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. ‘There are four types of conjunctions: COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ~Joins equivaient structures join single words, or groups of words, but what is joined must always be similar 2.9. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentonce. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. : Ex. The boy and gid). ‘The boy ran and danced on the field, ‘The boy ran on the field, and the girl did too. F A [IN B o ¥ Ss FOR AND ‘NOR BUT OR ‘YET $0 CORRELATIVE CON. ‘ONS ~Voins equal slements, and come in pairs. Be ‘he and I went to the ps ark, [Notoniy is «hamburger fll of fet, but also french fries! both..and [not only...but | either...or [pester-ner whether...oF also | SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS -introduces an idea that is not complete (dependent clause) without another idea (the independent clause). Ex. When | finished dinner, 1 washed the dishes. ‘TIME [CAUSE + EFFECT [ OPPOSITION CONDITION ] after because although i | before since ‘though | [unless | when now that, even though | only if, | while as ‘whereas [ whether or not since in order that [while [even if | until sO. t [in case (that) CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS -acts as a transition or interrupting element -shows a connection between two independent clauses when used with a semicolon [)] Ex. The boy was sad; his sister, however, was not. ‘The boy was sad: however, he cheered up when his mother gave him some candy. Also Furthermore 7 [Next Therefore Anyway However [Now Thus Besides instead Similarly Finally Meanwhile [thenWRITING ~ Sentence Structure Review Sentences: Clauses & Phrases *Basic Sentence Unit = Subject + Verb + Object | Predicate: ( Subject: Noun | identifies an verb) usually foliows the subject and action or a state of being. The hawk ‘soars. The children are tired, is a wrestler. CLAUSE: a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate __| (Predicate) ieee i Subject Verb; action or Object: The receiver of the action of state of being the verb HE The girls hurled stones. Gus dropped the aquarium. ‘The professor swigged coffee. i CLAUSES [PHRASES _ + Two types of clauses: independent clauses and subordinate clauses. + Independent clauses act as complete sentences. * Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone and need another clause to complete their meaning. + A group of two or more grammatically linked words that do not have subject and predicateTYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES: Simple, Compound, and Complex. Simple Sentence (aka. Independent Clause) scontains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. ‘Some students like to study in the mornings. é Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. | Contains a compound subject Alicia goes to the library and studies every | Contains a compound verb Lday. Compound Sentence (aka. Indpt Clause + FANBOYS + Indpt Clause) sexpresses 2 or more complete thoughts of equal value, joined with coordinate conjunctions i HeaeeeeeL Tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shoppin; Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. “The use of the conjunctions change the meaning of the sentences Complex Sentence (aka. Indpt Clause + Sub. Conj. + Dept. Clause) : an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. The teacher returned the homework ajter she noticed the error. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying. Complex Sentences & Adjective Clauses The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still standing. \_The town where I grew up is in the United States.MAKING CONNECTIONS TRANSITIONAL DEVICES ‘To make a paragraph or essay read smoothly, use transitional devices (connecting words or phrases that show the relationship between ideas, details, or examples). To indicate another point: to begin with first to start with in the first place at the outset in addition second, ete besides forthermore moreover not only... but finally lastly To summarize: insummary jineonciusion fo sumup ultimately To indicate another time: not long after next ‘meanwhile later suddenly subsequently soon at length within seconds finally To introduce examples: for instance forexample anexample of this that is specifically To indicate results: therefore thus consequently asa result hence To show contrast: in contrast however onthe other hand —_ nevertheless nonetheless in spite of this, instead on the contrary To show similarities: similarly likewise accordingly in the same way_ * Punctuation: Doberman pinschers make great pets. To start with, they . SUBORDINATE CONJUCTIONS ‘To connect ideas between two clauses to form complex sentences that show relationships. although as because when whenever if so that though unless before after until while provided that Used to start the sentence: (note comma after first clause) Although Canadians did not win many medals at the Olympics, many achieved their personal best performances. Between two clauses We will continue to support our Olympic athletes eventhough they won few medals this past Olympics. RELATIVE PRONOUNS To add details who that which whose ‘Ms Jones, who is our science teacher, showed us how to build a rocket. The family whose house is next to ours insists on late-night parties.‘Common Transitions. * “Transitions for Comparison | simifar to simtarty Skevise ike Just ke estes, ‘Transitions for Contrast fon the contrary ‘on the.other hand in contrast with in spite bt dospite Snsteod of Uitferent-tom Transitions for Narration another example stowe _2vea mare important immediately “also, next s90n afterward then suddenly finaly later, later on ‘most important ‘Pow, by now allinall ” finaly in coneiusion inthe net moment. =... to summarize aera fie wide first, fst of at To Show an Example of What thea Has Just Been Sold E ext for exanile : for instance Additional Signals. 2 fist of al for one thing, To Show the Consequence of ‘Second, the tid reason, “What Has Just Been Satd also, next, anether, and, therefore in adkition, moreover, further- as a result ‘more, finaly, last of oft then ‘aly but ‘contrary to current thinking ‘Space Sigtate however ex to, aos, on the ‘opposite side, to the lot, 19 To Admit 2 Point ‘the Fight In front of, in tack of course 0f, above, below, behind, granted arty To Resume Your Argument (Change of Direction Signals jfter Admitting m Point but, however yet, in contrast, otherwise, stil, on the - even so “contrary, on the other hand "nonetheless _ : su Mustration Stgrials {for example, for Instance, ‘To Call the Reader's ‘specifically, 25 on Ulustration. Attention to Your once, such as, ‘Organization Before attempting to " Concinsion Signals ‘answer these questions, therefore, consequently, thus, Jetime ‘hen, as sresult, in summary, In our discussion so fat, we ‘to conciude, fast of all finally. have seen’that .. + Atthis point itis necessary to To Make Your Point Stand Out Clearly {is beyond the scape of this he frst reason Peperte i. > First of af in the first place ‘second, sesandly Transitions for Ciassinedih Comparison: atthe same, time, in the same way. Ske manner, kewise, Simioty, Contrast: id yet, attiougy ‘wue, atthe same time, but, conversely, forall that, Peverthelais, whereas, ‘otwithstanding, on the ‘one hand, on the other hand, stil yet ‘Transitions for Deflation for example, fst, second, third, therefore, consequently, 28 a result, though, asa ~ ‘Starting point, but, if the trth were known, that is, however: ‘Transitions for Cause. and Erfect (Cause: because, dive to, ‘foctors, reasons, bring ‘about, basis, sources.’ give tise to fect result, consequence, ‘outcome, outgrowth, effectLune 9 ana spe 9, A ‘aes spree, | oy ; -| cae em oe sega par sm wes “pape, asst [area “te pee pen eyo,VERB TENSE SUMMARY ede Sls Care 1500 Shine Crema Calle PRESENT | Cd A Sioaple Present 1L Formation: base form ofthe verb ‘examples: (2) The school is close to your home. (2) We study English every day. 2, Uses fa. general statements of fact ', Babitual activity 3. Special uses a. time clause ‘examples: (1) When Bob comes, we will ext. (2) As socm as itarzives, we will leave for the aisport. ', future meaning if tis a planned event ora definite action examples: (1) Classes end June 15. (@) His plane arrives at 6 p.m. next Monday. (2) The museum opens at 10:00 am. tomorrow. B._Prosent Progressive 1. Formation: be verb + ing form of the main verb examples: (1)John is sleeping, (@ She is writing another book this year. (2) Tam teaching English, 2, Uses 2. an acivity in progress at the moment of speaking >, anactivity generally in progress this week, month, or year 3, Special use {future meaning for a planned event or a definite action ‘examples: (1) She is seeing the doctor on Tucsday. Q) He is leaving at noon tomorrow. &_Prosent Perfect 11. Formation, have/has + past participle of the main verb examples (1) We have driven this car to 100 cities in America, (@) Uhave lived in Seattle for one year. @) Chave seen many movies. 2 Uses ‘a. Anaction which took place at an indefinite time in the past, The emphasis is on the completion of the action rather than the time of the action. 'b. Amaction that was repeated before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important. An activity that began in the past and.continues to the present. D._Prorent Perfect Progressive 1. Formation: present perfect ing form of the main verb examples: (1) Jennifer has been lzving in Yakima since 1980, (2) Miguel and Alexandra have been working at Cosco for two years, {G) Thave been thinking about looking for a nev job. (4) He has been sitting at his computer for three hours, soe is tired, 2. Uses ‘8. Shows the duration of an action that bogen in the past and continues to the present. 1. Shows a general activity in progress recently without a specific mention of time, ‘A. Simple Past +L Formation: for regular verbs = base form of the verb + ed ending, examples: (1) walked to the park yesterday, 2) I went fo the grocery store. 2 Use: an activity that began and ended in the past.B. Bast Progressive 1. Formation: was/were + ing form of the main ver® ‘examples: (1) Iwas walking in the park when Isaw a hawk, (2) At3:00 last Saturday Mai and Tuan were gardening. 2. Uses 2. Oneact was in progress when another act oceurred, 1b. Anaction that was in progress ata certain time and that probably continued. Past Perfect ‘ 1. Formation: had + past participle of the main verb examples: (1) Bob had already taught his class before he took his son to the game. @) Until yesterday, [had never heard that word. Anactiviy that ws completed before another sctivity or enather ttn in the pas. hhave/had + been + ing forin of the main verb examples: (1) had been studying for two hours before [took a walk, (@) Maria finaly arrived. Jose had been waiting for her since 400, ©) Her hair was wet because she had been running in the rein. 2 Uses 1, Shows duration of an activity that was in progress before another event in the past. b. An activity in progress that is recent to another time or activity in the past. IPMS RNGR 2 A_ Simple Future 1. Formation: will ors going to + simple base form of the main verb examples: (1) He will goto colloge-noxt fall @) The phones singing, J will got it (@) lis going to vist Paris on her vacation. 2, Uses a. To predict the future, b, To plan for the future, Toexpress willingness to do something. 8. Special use in time clauses: Use the simple present in a time clause. examples: (1) After I get home, will cook dinner. (2) The baby will goto sleep afier she eats B._Future Progressive 1, Formation: — will+ be + ing form of the main verb examples: (1) willbe studying when you ative. @ Tomorrow you wall be sitting in your BSL clas, @) Micko is going tobe eating anch at noon. @ Donte worry. Jamey will be home soon, 2 Use: An activity that will be in progress a atime in the future, ‘L. Formation: will + posfect tense + past participle examples: (1) On Friday we will have studied verb tenses for three weeks. 2) Iwill have roviewed my notes before Igo to the lecture tonight. 2 Use An activity that will be completed before another time or event inthe future Di_ Future Perfect Progrenive 1L. Formation: will + perfect tense + ing form of main verb amples: (1) IfTarrive in Oregon at 6:00, and my friend gets there at 900, Iwill have ‘been waiting for her for thtee hours when she arrives. (@) Next September I will heve been attending Shoreline CC for two years. 2, Use: ‘The duration of an activity that willbe in progress before another time or ‘event inthe future,Modals Modals are helping verbs ‘Used withthe base form ofthe verb, modals create verbal phrases. | 2% | may | shall_| will Mods do not change form. could | might | should } woud Modals never end ins” even in 3"! person singular Use “not” to make madal verbs negative. E ‘must Don't use double modals, Modals lack past tense form, except could and wauld which serveas the past of cam and will present ability I can ride bike, ‘opportunity ~She can help you learn to ride abike, when she is finished studying, permission ~ Can I try to ede the bike now? possibility and conditional ~ Anyone cam learn to ridea bike, fthey are not afraid ta try. request ~ Can you teach me tovidea bike? ‘willingness - can teach you. a Could past ability -1 could vide a bike when I was younger. conditional ~ He could learn to ride a two whepler, his father removes the training wheels: Possibility ~ Bill could be the best bike rider with some more practice, ‘suggestion ~ Mark could ride his bike to campus, instead of driving his ear. request ~ Could | use your bike? May polite request or permission May I borrow ypur bike? possibility ~ He may be abe to help you assemble the bike tomorrow. Might possibility. but not certainty -I might be able letyou barrow the bike, after | put arin the tires, conditional = This bike might be a good choiew ror cross country riding, ifthe seats comforcable, suggestion - You might want to lower the seas so that your legs reach the pedals, strong obligation ~ You must return the bike, s'you use it. necessity =I must ride my bike to get my exercise, ‘Substitute must with "have to” - You, have to return the bike, ifyou use it ‘Shall Format invitation and fubure action.~ Shall we'go bike eiding together tomorrow? British English Should mild obligation, recommendation, advice - You should weat a helmet when you ride a bike, expectation - He should finish the race around noo, ‘+ Substitute should with “ought ro" ~ You ougit to wear helmet when you ride bike. will Future intent ~ 1 wil go riding on Saturday. promise - We will definitely make time to ride together next weekend. prediction ~ The weatherman, however, reports that the winds will be strong, voluntary action ~ I will goanyeray, would conditional ~ I would ride the bike at night iFiEhad alight. past of wil - He would cide his bike before he uure his knee.Use the base form of the word with the modal. Madals do not change form. © He could ride for long distances. (correct) He could rode for long distances. (incorrect) Modals never end in “s” éven in the third person singular. '* She should peddle slower. (correct) She shoulds peddies slower. (incorrect) Combine the base form of the verb with the modals - not with the infinitive “to.” © Heshould ride with traffic (correct) He should to ride with traffic. (incorrect) Use “not” to make modal verbs negative. © Leannot ride a bike, * Teauld not ride a bike because I was afraid offalling * [may not be riding next weekend because I have to work extra hours, © She might not wear a helmet, but she is carefill when she rides, * Bike riders under 17 years of age must not ride without helmets in Pennsylvania, © Riders shail noe break the traffic rules that apply to cars. © When using hand signals to indicate turning, fiders should not use their right arm. © fle will not go riding when it rains. * The bike club would not participate in the race because they objected to the high entrance fee, ‘To form questions: © Can I teach you how to ride. bike? ‘© Should weask your mother first? © Mightit help if let her know that you'll be wearing a helmet? © Will you let me take the training wheels off? Do not use double modals. © He could can fix the flattire, © will might enter the bieycte challenge marathon, Practice: Circle the best modal. © He can/ would ride his bike when his car broke down. * Bob should not/ may not ride down the middle of the busy road. + Might you/ could you repair my broken wheel? + My mather always said, "You could/ought towear a helmet to protect your head.” * May/ can I borrow your bike? + Can you, will you go riding in the park with ts on Sunday? * Ihave to/ cam return the bike to the rental shop by’S o'clock this evening © Shall/ should we take a tire patch kit with us to make repairs? ‘Tutoring Conter BCC 2/2012A Reference List of Common Expressions Using Prepositions Read through the following list to see if you know each expression on it. You may wish to memorize the ones you don't know, or to use the list for reference when you write a paper. acceptable to someone something a [ something a ‘approve of someone or blame someone for something | | compare to or with someone or | something apparent fo someone something | ‘account someone for blind fo something ‘cure for something something _ ‘appeal lo someone ‘competition with someone for argue about something | [by means of something ‘accuse someone of something | [apply to someone for something |_| deal with someone or argue with someone for (or call on someone socially something __ agains! something ‘appropriate to something complain to someone about ‘acquaintance with someone or consideration for someone, _| something something call fo someone from a distance | _ | decide on something arrive at a place in a city or | consult with someone about or composed of something country ‘on something dedicate something to someone adapt fo something call up someone on the ‘concerned about someone or ashamed of something | telephone something ask | ‘contempt for someone or defend someone from adi | | something something or against something { | 1 | ask something of someone capable of something ‘concerned with something affection for someone contented with something delighted with someone or something afraid of something —_ certain of something something ‘associated with someone in contrast with someone or confess to someone some activity | something delight in someone or | agree to something, like a challenge someone to something Bee | contract or plan something ‘confidence in someone or | agree with someone about contribute fo something something | something 3 ‘characteristic of something | __|exolain something fo someone ‘assure someone of something ‘control over someone or ‘confident of something alarmed at something something failure of someone in something at the top of cheat someone of something congratulate someone on alot of something _ converse with someone about | something He attraction fo someone oF something faithful to someone something _ lose to something or someone something amazed at something convict someone of something ‘conscious of something aware of someone or ‘comment on someone or fallin love with someone something something demand something of someone amused at or by something convince someone of fascinated with someone or bargain with someone for | something something communicate something 1 depend on someone for angry with something someone something _ because of something or copy ffom someone ——|~—s| fearful of something someone communicate with someone _| deprive someone of something angry at someone correspond with someone found of someone believe in something comparable to something designed for something [apologize fo someone for count on someone for for the purpose ofdesire for something something ‘thankful for something for the sake of | pay something to someone ‘make something for someone die of a disease [in place of think of or about or over full of something [pity for someone something diferent from someone or | inguire into something | mistaken for someone something point ai someone or something | | threaten someone with grateful fo someone for in search of ~] | something | something popularity with someone need for something ——_ disagree with someone about in spite of ai tired of something something prefer something to something | - | obligation fo someone quard against something ip the course of trust in something or someone disappointed in something prejudice against someone or reply to someone about guess at something something something disappointed with someone insist on something trust someone with someting hear about something | protect someone from | require something of someone disgusted with someone or something wait for someone or something | something inlent on something research in something a hear of something _| [provide something for someone Weary of something al displeased with someone or inleresied in something or Tesponsibe fo someone for something someone something hint at something punish someone for something ‘work for someone or something distrust of someone or interfere with someone or [result from a cause | something something _| | worry about something or hortfied af something qualification for a job someone do something about something _| introduce someone fo someone result in @ consequence in case of qualified fo do something talk fo someone about doubt aboul someone or invite someone to something something something quarrel with someone over result of a cause Lin common with something take care of someone or ‘dream of or about someting ielevant to something | something independent of someone or | quote something ftom someone | rob someone of something something knock atoronadoor talk over something with due fo someone or something ‘reason for something someone in favor of laugh at something or someone satisfactory to someone duty to someone reason with someone about | take advantage of someone or influence over someone something something | engaged to someone [Tecture on something search for something inform someone of something recover from an illness sympailhy with or for someone escape from something listen to someone or something Lorsomething On accountof Telated to someone | send for something _ excel in something look at someone or something | —_| sure of something aa ‘opportunity for someone or rely on someone or something | | shocked af something _ something look for something or someone, ‘supply someone with something | exception fo something —_ remind someone of something shocking to someone al ‘opposition fo someone or Took up something in a start with something | something reference book similar lo someone or | excuse for something tell someone of or abou somethin | pay someone for something something slare al someone or something | | excuse someone from made of something smile al someone