eran Tet a Mathes pet uci inte Ty Se in a eee eas Se Sheree ie em en Sela sean pee eee os SS ‘rie ethos tooenac tn tee Sos Soccer, EaEESe —— Seo Zececiemeete nt i Sy enpens anere {tag Unepae e {iNest Ct sh ytd Comp Ven | {tae geen AF {afr ian os io ‘ae erp ay ‘Rae citaanes p M.A. Armstrong Groups and Symmetry With 54 tstatons Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong.De tent ca Hie emg Fw cane PR tno “unos "Sanus Pea ‘amcor NX hat Aaa shown n ‘SOTA ert tn yo For Jerome and Emily “Tsteauy ofa snow cyt depends onitsmatemata replay ad ‘hrm, bt tomehow the toison of masyvaraneof s ape ‘Spal ltd but no uo thea, any ernest (On Growth an Farm Camb. 1917) Engéialjecro gue eee structremathimatigusinresane Str dane cene legion als shame ration {ale dace contin Durst, cle von teste da et buon der poop prow ots cnapes spartan comme dt orale Caarophes, Faasion. 1S)Preface ‘osm ar that hat namber “efor” The second wl ‘oti or innate 0 intodue the vocabulary ase othe bigs of mena aroup theo ‘hora cmtent nd ie seems appropriate. this volume the caphassiconetampler trough, wins wogting warts te mney (Goupr ofl and pater: Amt altos have ben chosen a Sow eroupein heir most atral le ating nor eeu) he mendes ‘fase nether eh agonal of ene hes ate oreten some Shlaston et subgroup ofthe pen pou. The materi Ged ato ‘weve show yah of hh nas en ek or ‘hap oem ado he det fly gee abn ‘Bough enumeration of he ite rotation groups a he ane rsa ‘Pape pops and he Niche. Sree are That eft wre poling ete ‘or whch ee bee iho tout he spt of cous of etre ieseovded nay nok, he cons ‘nh colerion of ures depned to comatdate. an inne ens Sesh icmcntaltoworkoaphnmin thew opie ‘ein nang adnan oe a apeJet ty mow ough not he abt hor of etre) a ‘tal cem'a pity each pp thoy without mat proup ava st Elaentay materia ofthis all oman tock nevethon itnot stead improverent are mae rm time to me The sck soul be ‘nenoned br H Wind's sproch oe Slow teen (hap: 20. Shes Mek’ pron Caacys theorem {Chapter 9 an ened thom frou acting om res by JP Serre (haptr 29. Anat ics ‘th ANE Macbenth whose et modu neo grup theory. The as omsomething ote same specation he ea f mates [S'vbsabown toms ten shal be ore than atid Acknowlegements ‘manure to Lyndon Wontar or man) muting dco oer he Sri 8 Nes fr hou dpe we pe ‘ously pubsed mater: Cambridge Univers Pres quotation fom On rowhand Farm) Flmmarion(gotaton rom Paralre Ciepte) Dover Pabicaton (Figure 21 taken fom Sow Cra Oe da Lie ‘Desig nd ene Publahng Corporation proof Fipre62.aken om Contents Syme fhe Tere Nombre Dida Group, Stara an Gneraos Perms, "moephine to Sad Casey Then Matis Grogs[grange There Cech Theorem onion ‘Geter. Howomaphins, ‘etn Oris, and Stas (Coating Otis ‘The Sylow Theorems ‘tamer ‘Free Gromps and Prosetations ‘ros and he Nhen-Srler Toren, togaCHAPTER 1 Symmetries of the Tetrahedron ‘Sip Onell pases hrouph aver ofthe abon a ough isequaen ta fal ot fro 3x abot ao out Ger lof1. Syetie ofthe Taos 1, Syme fhe Teen aBothrandshuld be thous op moon pace cack which ha St etn pc ad hf wa ne Fonak Toute through Toop sre anche nd iets the Thee ther oan through =o the eal comme wih one tre baal one a teseen Belonging tt pltecomeats whl the "Toobin een neue of syns spy coun sre spot . Vey that ay always an on [mutation antl the correspondence», defins an mor. i rm Sto. supp of aes. Work ot hs subgrOuD when Wasa finite gropof oder, rove Gis somorpic to asuheroup ‘the aerating poe fee Wasanclement of S, wre, forthe permutation nS, deed by Sow that 2s vans an even permutition a hat he eorespon Ieee arimsomorpan fom Saou subgroup ay. Work ut {htssherosp ner © tetra seen nd rmination the pout of te refetons. Coun the smc of and prove thal Gsibomorc oS. Working wih the lyme aru of he ee ow tat ec Permutation athe prc aon can Deby precolyeweCHAPTER 9 Matrix Groups up unar ai mulilcion, We rea that 4 (ah 8 (ae Mats malian suiting he widen mati pans theo (ey semen, nd he above product Bi erie wih ine ste denedby ie) =a Tralecion (ej) 9 wae "oad tor tampon ice fil) = MABY 284 =f) ‘echt hat the ort ars A eminem a asorme- Mon ffe-Comerly if Weft amine near actor ihe the match repeats ith eget testa asin both Copies af thon ts eer aff For thse reson the eu ‘SS Gmina Ga ea nae ft he Corsponding pup is(0) of miner comple mais. ‘Mart meipiation Snot Somme tor» 22 so wehuvea fay of cee el mua: (on cam he ea Seek and orapw of acs et nar atiplcaton ‘SFhumbone Hens Gy momar RO} IA Gly. the 1) cee af i) ons 0 an. To cose Ze fi ad an otra cal of 010 A (hprode an (w+ Iman tena oth ame om al whoa Feeme i his way nbgronpof Gia and the corempondnce 42 ‘bows bcomorghic fo ths subg ters of tear eso Soe ifme May wth he Suspensii o hse vector stich have eo final coordinate then of tes the ‘Sinaia enc pout unchanged. to aye! RY a foie at cgay fe ASI as Aegean hich cs = 108.9, St length and ae pepe oon spate cnc angte hey foym an onthonormal ans for fe OF couse the ows of fo bthopormal bss for and ace et44)~ ee 1) the determina of Wiseiher + or 1 IA and areortbognal aya ry AaB anya ‘Therefor. 4 sorthogoalandby Theor (.)ehcolton fall “rehogonal snes na sbgroup of Gk Tas subeoupnclo the Oh: nal Group 0, Those lemons of 0 ch have determinant eal 0 +1 {Grm asubpoapa cae he Spec Orton Crop. 30, "4 ye coreponing he enon | pee dane and ‘prs eihgoali. Tose ah kt Peso ad oe the ‘clipe of a) and fi), We ne Hl. fi) = ana"? Since (xh = VEX. ating y equal 19x shows that 1/0 140) P= Le — = Wey Wie hnich hon tn; prseretheitanceatween ny Wo pit ily we Sachin tren wha oreo epenloiar secore thenso ae) a 140) ‘We on arp inte epost ttn: Suppose £68 Rs ear wanonmaton sich rors opt Then j pers he dts bee 170) Jn = f= = eal an preserves ight ngs esas 9).f0) = SU F001? — 170) — FN? + FEL MHIP = eye tN “Terr. fap the sand bs for to ah othonormal as The rat thik epee fa the ements of hr ans 1 elumns ‘Sesequeiy 4 uogonl We soe hat f= whee = ‘Welnmedh siomre "athe iweset neque oo). Ie Osthe columns area ver nde otogenateene acter: Suppose sect esr Oro ote Aste) at ght sis.) ah a eso the until Wrchusce seorg.d— amg here atterg = 0+ Azone = 0871 SS el hich na ment of 0, and repens antochite rotation vou 8 “Thescond cae son, esque] sha ern —tedenaeane e sears cent tacieetcs [em tetas his areal ienae As the pens lave unit edly and 22 hr rect dec we noe thats an epee of IF et Slvreponing eeoveci he ine toh the ori eerie ik Jody J Abo Sef prea ight ange mut send he ple Whi Shon bso whi as the sector as rs mem The str of thespian wt acme of SO tbe em [3 ‘Geary 82 90,50 hat i tation wih ais determine by». Terre, ‘ach marc 90, repent rotation of aa an at hh pes inp he rg Convery. vers ruton of hic es the oat epee by amnrnin $0, Ge Bers) Ht sit 0; bt nt $0, then AU € 90, whee bid er repens ln, We re stb prot A= hoki As abo i rtation, Conquest. i rection in the 3) ae ‘Slowed otto ‘We tal tien fro 0, athe ation groin he dimensions. Ia ‘splot pstonedin with te cet ry a the orp hen [Soho is syns represented by amt Oy Totton re "ty grup sthteloresomorpeto a nbgoup of $0, afl sme oup tou sbgrop of ©, ou The pins P= (1D @= (11h Rath an Sor the crt earn hse Cid hsd Thematic mince ae Pan SeRefason inthe pine determine by Pad Oops Pad Ted we ‘Mtchanging aod Te corpo sat bial ‘Thetmmeiry which sly perme P,Q, Sine a rotation oe ‘esc th prod of rec refecons. What 8a? esa lay fie grap 50s Chapter 19. Any ach bru ‘valor mah eke proup namo oo eta rag oe ‘nope he aoa! symmetry rap eu sl The mais in GL) crop 1 Hoar tamtomatons of be sarc teeter ass 2st Cs ele te ‘hut ro or te comic onion Aue TORT Rapp cite cate te Dy ony Tae Comets GTR Rtn geal io Tor er pc Cary Co, set In thon teres whch vote repentant tusormatons bymaaes weassme hn the Eueennsposnved seid with tbe dana 91, Which ofthe fotoning alton of rl mie fom groupe Sindee murs mallets (a) Te agonal matics whore agonal ete are non, (6) Te symmetric mater {0 Those rates which hae npr ets, (G) Those mates whch hive rational emis, [ff wteeanccnnsacse issn ot 0) 92, ha de of GL) wh ve geet ad Sol cia aah teas er te Searhces 94 Tp nny aD nd 20 ig ea rae Wort al he mies a ich cet pe pm . “Et cor] ot e[ine th Prove tt A = Aas Af Rs Be = Bo aNd Ba = A hehe aah asa dye crs aA Be dade bed, By Eslatcach oft whens = fad 9.7. Compl thes in [fi] togiseancement of 30, and topveanelement of, — 90) Describe910, on. ass] aay aa apa fade Na Wy -33 2 oN beth een ution a deo the tations cr asbethvemtuy oogelecsifat ete aioe ying coum svn clams ands ood cotamn sow hat 434" goresentsrefleton nthe pare conaning, 2nd, Mitel 494" repent oan through © abou the ai ‘Sing. Find hea nic ope etn the Lane isan samorphisn rom 0, oa sbroap of SO, Thicke the saps Fercse) opr orignal angular and heagomal pls and ‘ree dow the ements of 80, nich repent the roto ‘Show that ation of which isthe oii represent by turin 50, Ft stume tat he sue fhe runon we A. ‘hon deal th ch geal ce. LL form e subroap of $0, fin the corpo tations, Draw (ene WI £9 225.98 6S IS Lez) and yes that ti “ep wosided shape wha rxtonl = Ii ate pecely tho repeated above, We fle ee 10 the ‘Ouatonal symmetry group of ths soba he a rap, {Cec hat he n> amar matics do frm a group under mati tlipeton and hate determinant of cach of hese mao ‘Show thatthe elses of ave the fom os nt 1 Which of tee matsCHAPTER 10 Products “The drer adc» Hw soup aed contracted sons. te ements ic ode pastures 9G and he Mth tion ‘oy w.h09:0) = tor. ah dae lento Ga hae iii oe heist intra he conway wag hn ‘Sey om aig nui amd The pi eee betty. and (ek Hisbctmenc of rh) S96" Hea soap CWenopeourae oe SSncyetot for he ry elmen f @d il nt tne cofson) "Te coesponice gr) tha) maker ta = Hs somone ‘tnrwve theordrof@ Hsthe product of he orders of Gad Fane ‘ae tah lan hn @' 17 aban Now 6 omer tthe Slopoup{tcoige@) at © Avast conenpondencey rare 8 onorgi ete subrep (eshihe ahr Soe any hu ‘SPanateanprowp abelian vesethat te sabia tensa arebeth ‘and theca: prodcl 6," Gyo ateolesionat roups bas Seto cesses 6,161 whch ae combed Geta) = BED Asin, changing the oer of the factors stays prauces an isomorphic ers i) Zs Za st omens .0). (10400. th 402 (3 Gane yteteeie tah {ach acter We Sal alow tisconsenon whenever ne have pris of ‘Sete groups By epenely aig the element ots wean leat ‘fewhok goun Theron 2% 2, rcyle and an be omy !9Zy [Nysiesnomorphion om 2, 2ys0'2, ingen ©.+0, AD= 22 (2043, O45 (tn sma fhion we cam wre down the four elements of 2% Zs a8 (Gro 4.0) 0, het stn taking on mason both cord ‘ne ach nomen comet nom has oder’ othe eroups ot xe Instomorpic to tb prop of plane yore a chestearS (Chap) O-. .0-4, D4 Dr (i) We we Rothe diet product om copes of Inthe wa wa, think ofcenentsorasvectors = (x. tohandthepowp operations 140 Maar 25 Zc Yandel te ihe cman Prof ste hoe of seen Win 2x 2 Ading Hise (4m, ines) = (0.0. This mean that and mare oth ctr of: the ight common fate tmnt na putea actor ok an theorek = on Sone g(r gents 29» Zs and we hve ace ow. sno kb ihe som aroma on appt Foranyekment (yal. 2eebate a3) = tt om a et) = smo. sed)) ‘ene of nls an anc comqueniy canna che ne[xen Let dene he} 3 nly mae and we JT 1 Bh [ands commas with eey ster mri Oy and together hey foe ‘abproupo yo arr? Weshalahow tat Ob morphic to the es otc $0, th subgroup, Deine #80, (hd) +04 bolt) Ale 430, a Ue.) Ton 9 ee he a 4A. U18.F) = wlAB. UV) = asov avav =o U eB" forall Alte $0, and 0,7 hd) M g(A.0) = (8 > then AU = BY, Ding Set 40) = Se) (AU) = Bde) = ee) enue 4.90) and sincy de AV) = e(). Hens, U= VA = nd we conse tht ei acne. Io femalne to check that 96 Mrjeve Given Ae Oj eer 4 50,,inwhichea d= 94 oe Sofie a oy acm tweet TT ‘Therefore,Os i somorphic to SO, % 2, The same argument shows that Q,is ‘out 801 Fs wun ad or enc thn rst ae ot The abovecxapl erases follows I and Karesubses of poup GL HE dentate ction ofa prot sy whee ey (402) Theorem. 1 and Kareubgrog of Gforahick = Gf they ee nh tony lem icone eames of Hema wth ‘for element of tn mart HK Prof Minho arent of Example) Deine by ota) = 9 orale tye K. Then ‘oa ney = CHEWY = pte. Sogttete mph Kio hata Mey) = oe hen tertenyy) Aste tha sie elongate right-hand o both eons {°K and ma theefore be the seni Thue t= f-y =) 40 0 inthe Wes now tt R= oh mat tha ee eet Saji ad provides with an Bomorptiom fom = Kia 2) {etn varain A -R ed hvest t — andie sors Tec heap ti son then net cerita fecha geip ald ite abet found syncs Ga ates crept Ingen nn ements ee arent xt. Maas ney ape A ihn oaric oe Zac ih ee and icasahesrom are isamarphic to Ay x Z,. “ “on 101. 176 Mise. prove that Gand Hae bth este, 102, Show that ZZ nt omorhiet 2 105, Poveda Ci nomopic to Ran ha C~ (0) omorte 104 Klis rou soften fered he ow ero Vtereuppe an skoted by F Show Wat Z, bk homesite, 2 195, Show ha the ago”) agro of © Gand tha tissobpesptnomorlc to 106 Ira a subproupot 6, andi Bina uberoup of Hcheck hat A= 8 is sbuoup of Pid sgouy OF 2» 2 ik os bt >. Which ofthe lowing rou te Homorpi tone note? BDZ Day Andy xP Bate Ws Theeomen(.1)0F4 « Za comme wither elemento Ax 2 Gseircbcaton io poe ot vfs wnt somerpe trom = Fs Opahen crest Win denen eneom wor on with every element of Show tht $0, 2, ot oop 6 ste he group whowe cements at infin segues (2. 42-.) ‘longer ch amine erie ia (ety Mba) =a, #040 4 Bids rove tat GZ and G x Gare bath nomorpi Show that ye iomorb t D, «Z, when mi ot Wea rp fonder 4 which sty prove tat Gisomorpbie Le. bes ie goup in which every clement ote than the eatty ‘avons Prove ha Gs homorpicto tbe eet produto Me sumterofcopesat 2 CHAPTER 11 Lagrange’s Theorem ici ate ro eet whe an 0 hereof {com G — and maitiply every clement of Hn the left by , to form the et We claim hat has hese ie 1 asin rom H. The fis inert (at mai every cement of 9547 om The eh by) nd tlre ajeson Fertheoand tpn sin bth and Fen WH andg together fil out all of G then clea 6) ~ 21 Otherwise we shoose c= (gH Vad forgo Agu ths a he ae ner ‘leet san so fom ME We Nope at Jost mes ‘ocheck th upp these fFand yt -Then thee ements hy scat gh ah i =) doting Ici =o trae mechooe gn tte complemen and contin checking rd fc nema tn and te aes wad ooh oper ‘Sytem t= te + i, We hae proved te allowing a (112) Lagrange Thom. The oie ofa bro of afi oonp iba {Minar af te od he rap‘Awordofcauton appropri ie point 1 6a Gite op, a i ‘enpoup af rdsrm Indod, ha 0 ebproup oforde arte al ce ‘allproe taf pea prime dro he rer of then © aaercotn = ‘bpoup of ede pan stand cusence tore for subgroups ca be ‘ound nthe chap dain with Show's hates. ‘sins to sty out above procedure fora part example Suppose GS, andthe sibpoup 6H = (o()) Select ose ert) then yA [1290,029113) = (129.0, Sect 5 eu Hog say os = (12 tes aH (N62) = (C22. ‘Teegroupisnow broken pit thes sabes, Hye Mech of Hee aresone afl cooai of Lagrange’ hore: Genoese sp ought. (01.2) Corry The ore of ery lent of Gia dar ofthe nr of G Prof Rememter tht the ode f ahem ie othe order 0 the ‘poe pneued by thc cet a (413 Corry. 176 as prone or then Gs es Proof 6 G~ le: the ode st gu the oder of G by (1.2 ‘Theor, a (014 Corte. leet of thon $8 = ‘Proof Let the onder of «By (1.2 we ow tat 6) = for some integer Mence waaameceh= Do Leinbeapoieineerand cone thecsltion fates amahicnstty em n= land for wc th gh conon acta ‘mani t Wechm at tpn mon mas Ro «wou. {Re he highest common for of mam ad erin 1. Therefore simatic hitomi | hg hat ed Sndheimaper tates. Pally. Mme Ry there einer nd? such thatm + y= Reading his eqution mad Invone form nly td hear es indo iealed Eu pfancon an, anit () The ements of Rate 1 2.4.57 84nd 9) PORES emedd) = Nand’ Salad} = Snes evs he tego land X= (15). Wecasiy check that = [1,3.9.11) ind Hak'= {1} By(o2) we hate 5, Sand gf 16) = & Let = 3) (15) er hem ip omit of adn hens ‘Prof Die «by ng romaine mich bones oR: (4 46 trot ht me omgrnm to T modulo m Since =™ ome om" Pru the rest tows 3 (416) Fert Lite Trem fp tpi and isnot aap ofp hen we iscomacn oma ‘Prof apy ule’ terem none a (9) =p I a aby tenes ben hoe ohn mt arf susof the ent eement andthe wh eoup rece A saberoop ‘fore wieontin theidenity plasanclcnent fede 2s0 mele ee poses f (12138) f (1938) a e112) There arora rou of ode 8 each generated by 3 Sje-namely 29.829, {020,40}, 0391416), (429,085 ‘heritage subgroup of oder f.102)9,01900,010e) ‘tat blog to group ooner by 112. ‘Arne enna ear. 4 dom ot conti sibO¥p of der For supp Ha ibeaup wh hava cnc ea Nk ee thee are foursay a Brand Than 3° BOB ah abe atesl isin and tone to 1, contacting ou stuption tha A = ferda}n,(13)a4,(40)23)- Bet 4 is aa a Tete of 0 Lagrange {Seneom rs out then to, econ th no Suh sbdpoup onder 111. Cary out the procedure wd in he proof of Lagrange’ theorem, Takingd= Bj = then = De = (>. anda = Waco, 112, tet bea sbroup ofa rouy 6. Prove tat y= gant ony 113.1 and Karine abroup os group G, andi thir onder ae 114, Suppo the order of isthe prac of we istint primes Sow tha any prope subgroup of mst beet 118. Givensbsts Yand¥otagroupG write XVfr the wsfall pode Sieh re Candy ef and Farha nite Yeasubgron SrGsand iY comand in, prove ha tei of iss mip 116.1 te big oman flor of mad Is sow that Ra ‘tomorptc to the product proup Ra A. Us this observa to 117. bet bea pose inter ad em befor of Show hat oman Sbgrouy of erder 11 Does 4s contin a sabgroup of order mor ech ator mo? 119. LetGbea fist abelian group and et be tees common mip ‘oft odes often Prove that @ coma cement ore 110. Supply finite ronal group for which the conhsion of the 1111 11a sabgroup of ite oun 6, a 1) mi, ma 2 nace ser when risa rie nee. CHAPTER 12 Partitions | prion ot X decomposion of te tino non-empty subse 20 ‘bat ic overs and whore anon allof The poof of Cgrnge "tere islet parting group no sac, ech of wih ad the Emer fete ar genau etch esl show Supp ea partion of nd lt he pin of X, We sal say ett yi hve ae soe pron Te (6) reise to. then elt to fo any wo pointy ©. (6) Hiroto aniseed > then tread fo ny thee ponanycek “Thismay sem her arc ba Fire 12. shold ep The shade areas ‘Wenowchangeaurpon of iw Let rhenstandet & he asabse ofthe ‘arsan praetor wordy ft colton of rere als {ecw nortan ny come fom Xen te eos anda ‘ha tha rte oy the ordered pax aps oe If pees ht en aera Pro Sopp (5916 al et = A) Then 2 related 0 Bu ie Feadtor by pope weknow that eesed oy Hens 20)and we have as) = (9), We as know thal (p31 € by property 0) Soveteag ibe es ot and gers ay) 419) ad compe the crewmen 6 gure Let = Zande const fallordrtpls)in2 » Zor sts “ie Cea 5 ~ edt by 3 ory teat ‘Any ner lod to cer 6, oe 2 comeqent hte are the ‘Snlncequalece cles "Teeguvalens ds of Uconis of allaiples Griiharet comaisatnapeswbchareconraet | oul a that 13 he vemaing gprs ich re congree to? oul 3. Note that Soyaiyand tons portion of 2 oe Fig 122). Tis gvesalu fo thesatenet four ext su (123) were. Tesi qi cases ofan equa raion a X Sor apartion af wo ‘Prof ach equal css non empy because AC) aleayscontas by Property (a 17 ae) and (yori, tee mas be apa = he Irerecton Then: tao bth san By feopery eae an therfore alone oy pope (2). We conc at 0) = ‘ip Sotwocqualnceclaes canon) orp te oie Final ‘chpoint resins ownegutaeneca (oh heunon ct he cqusene ‘Sime allo a AMPLE (Replacing 3 the previous example y the posi integer» fic A) Or) calle emgracnce cer Apis | tetongs too prsiy when + congracn orm ml Eanes) LeU ba subpoup of and ete the colton faded ‘sts lh ents rome for wht "se Teseasy tock a itn equaene felaion on G Por any xe Gwe hae ete nee Mit poled thea sym (y-i) eM an ye tye ten ete Ceodigrtipe Hy The eaualense cio parla ent ye @ co preci when «= forsome ent he W Tarore (the i Shine by malting ery seman fH om thee by Thi i Bice et nay By (22) we ao that he nt ofl gang hue actangd hse {Ths tine tbe equene clas fg te vet eve Modan ‘uke clement of Ho thee byw Nothing very new hacer ofa, We manage prety stator roof of Lagrange’ theorem without 12.) twang out common The rng of (122) tyra Hw aw ano ch quel nd ‘sly tht cern decoction of soe partons We Nn a eo Shins elon Bohl tempore ner chapter, unr be be clenent ofa gounG, Wesay hax coe to ‘Sojaey sss form a parton of ©. Leta bee Suber ef Ge eosin pase) forme xiseonugate oy ach ve scout {eit bate net conte oy gag = tbe“Therefore, isan equivalence tion on Cad is equivalence sais the ‘Tijana cater entoned shove: partion ©. These conopey nes wil xaure() Le Vheasetandlet Gbeasubproupot Stott sachelemen sicpermcsticpomict Let atethesbstor XX dtp flows, ‘netted parcepviesin ats) = rforsome 6. Thsisan aban Mase Peo egtnenssns areca te obo. (At sath ‘Garcon eeny.Forsuchss.wohaverts) == reed tose Tbreldtoyrsy go) then (vc shows ht elated wee nly eis tened iy aed yo fy 9) = and g (= 2 then aye ohn ima ied) pan a ‘Sthsby 22) Tomkehemoreconerete ake Yio bei and Gwe tbe Shop ofteatsanstormation for hiss 4290, The origins sd by oP dear wanforation oo he oat f Oust) Remembering hat ‘Stoeentwarstormatins pees leg tis tot hard to cht that tbe ‘Sina nreovecor steph whic hs theorists eee {thesia race Tarspereso tere rah topsher with th pate (ha mde forms prion of We en th chute by iodsing group whose elements a most tua defined anh unl aes fa qualnce elt ‘Baten th comesponting ce erty Delo tee owe 8 Rad aings wach he op pot to fewer ones (Fg 12), The ‘Migs mantis and amelie each ke ‘etnecn our mo pan ely ence Such a configuration cle ral ‘Gren o beds by wean aloply thew” to pne a He Bad FP Sins sacking 0 top of a ire a. "We wie efor va ad hw sings are vera The event qu as rate a whch sigs mind around one aot, 0 peti bad eems to aevan en fr oor muipleion (12.3 ‘ReaSengs rat in the ower paneer tid wich we Snot Sitch to iments an prone vl 120) Wee rings of ca be deformed in continuous fashion unt they land on top of Io prt fl eh at cae hand regan cas form toyp ae Ne DD? S % a = bb, ® Pe 24 pas ° S Bbthe reader ny nly check pce when wey thar) the ny clement anda isthe mere of 8). Ts Ihc rad grup Bon reg Tate fue acoresponding SOUP 1 forech postive inept “Which fhe following subst of 8 Rareegiaene relations on (a) {ine yinaneven nen) {8 (iene pra (6 (teas rvs rationa) @ tees 30) 122, Do any ofthe flowing define eualence laos on thet fal Ponte complex nunbes? (a) sis raed to iene (6) Sieremed oiler 12.3 Find group Ganda subaru fr which (x) 7 isan 124 Sopty «rou Gand a sabaroup Ifo whic (19H) 12. Lea teams elton on X.Gien x6 Ae chose ye Xsach fiat nade Prope es (a) 6 and proper (ben Shove tat as}e ck Tht thei property ofan eqalence {ono toe relonant What wrong nh his argument 136 Lente msn nd ene nae ton oh Sdn he nm of wo ach sss by b+ l= be+ Acts shire nto depend hepatica representatives Suite tn en caer Stat aon a et sul dyed sn otorwoee ft] = [endo = hth +91 Cee eee ton nt berniuag prep eonmr PLEO, neds nny autos pcter to ie fms may) 127, Workout the an igh cea Hin Gwen Onda, Ha tAVOHC)2.0012)) os dar Hm (e429, Veith beet asi ont coi te is ase ba nt Let Gea Fite rop ant te suber of 6 which contin Preity afte lent, Show that gi = Hyer enery mest ere ins proepin nich nab to constr he ational mae terror einer Bein thet ofall oer ats of Intepersin whic thescond oorsatis on zre We thi of.) (risers the sumer! mer or expe 2.30.4 Shand Cees atvepeaet | Somehow we ane ory al ee pai, {Hat on erated to) whenever m= Show th ‘ule velo on Wee on for he eubaeee cs f Ihe ord pai (mm) a, uate by heels Tor Bg and rrpsing acon eine lor + om om oom = rm) (ech ta ah ott wl sic a et oa a ‘remove the ero cls. he ema forms abel rp {idernlpeaion Eactratoal number's epreered by preciely ‘are ofthe rationals Cons te recon of conuecy defn in Examen and work fut the omupay ance whem @ = Dy Ty todo te sme forthe inte dihetat goup Conic our hat the raid rou Bsns not abla. nd ‘Speer bythe to Bae by sown n Figure 2 ‘The comtruction of iva «pir of borzoml planes, tse ‘Ranh lie dhe pring he esa eo 15's that ptm mich re erty goed have the tame Sinn tn a's ad nw ren San oS ‘surjective and sends the mltiptcaion of By othe multiplication aS, ‘ind wocdent bide whch buh map othe poretalon 12) fm, + mmCHAPTER 13, Cauchy’s Theorem (@X Caney Theory prime din of herr affine grap 6, ‘hen sonst an comet fon Prof. We pecan dent x6 [0 suhthas? =e Consider these Yo ‘Moree sages = 8) ements of 6 for which ‘Our problem i tnd tc sng whic asl e cooriats equ but secon Wel iby scans eo om ig? Fhe sing...) 8 ei A we may coos sgrestps aay rom Gc 3 eompley dates by t= CS Some number ostings bo1" shh sa maple Foca he subst of 1 ¥ dein allows. An dered pi (9) telongs toa cam te baie by cyl peeing te coordinates of ne Note hat hee ce permutations dal blag to X Forum his show hat oe) 2 an peti ths process deals ih Theotere One al check ta quale elation on Xan that {Be eguaens cae sa) ofthe sig = (yor) rely te “poss esie permutation ofthe coordinates of sing aluays produc p rn sting Cory vot theese oe = (Gs) wheres ting he eres des ot pie ain ew, a) oman aoe ‘on hed quate of # pron so ang peter ato lath han 9) sootainp ements he he eo ‘econgrn to moog. comtadting treater action Therefore Tce must bessting [str ter han whose uae ‘iecomtsis ethan pene Sout eys permutations in) are Erne Bi = sumed oe nk 9 siete ae) = ORagnee cepet AAD hes k= pr Eqaingcnrornigsordtr we ober hat cooman ft ipa conse TMeduop whee ac hep 1 Hemp des (hak which por Se neaum pi prin and both 8 ed aes han. Theo te Le 2b hoot Dee re a ierot hen ead mod pA thre ae p fhe esting them ma Past gies hosp poy ambled pm some ferent one We folue thats p= ty whch gs nf = ea ele, (One we "spe at arpuent soe Caper) a ‘Asan aplication of Cauchy’ theorem we show that group of ander 6 (82) Them ferret tamer yo miteProf et Gb rp hic cotan iments, ie Cauchy theorem to ‘Ghsanclent afore} ndensenonty fore Therghtones Sppveamamentuect.t prs tr mb los @ Now is one of thee sc and ticeraiiy At 2) oF equal oI ye=. tho (102) ‘Sows tha Gi omnorphc tC) © Ge and ence to 2, = 2. wch {Sete by (101). Orberie em pad nthe aoation of Secon 8) ‘Sneng 3 149. The group 4 nsbelan therefor Z(4)) = Ay Prove ta ZA, 1410, Read otf he cen of 2 om your cakulatiosia Estee 42. You Suing that 2.2) whens oddand fe" when mse. 14.11, Consider the mes which san be bins rom he mw Mey ‘tr eter by alteing oe af the dagonal ees 0 I Oy ‘erchangngteo roms, Show thu theematnossarealinvertbe and ‘Sethem to compute the conve of Gt) 14.12, Find te cones of and $0, Prove hatte eae of consis of trates ofthe form fs whe Be und dots the m= dems mats, CHAPTER 15 Quotient Groups ‘We shall devote this hater to subgroups which are mide wp of compte A sbgrop Hof gop G ical oa abou of GH i ion of Songs ce of 6 "aur way 1 and Yate sus. ween mul them oor eset tall produce) wheres Nand Y {181 Tete 1H sara rp fhe of acon Hin Pref The product ft ef cont pin et et ese Ceniyth = att © se noice hat yh ina coma oh By aon the saber ie ermal suber of Gad heros conte he lc connga) cs” 15, Qt Groupe oh = (9p = a0 Nir wecan se ht shlong toy. Sofar we ae (#0) = 9H ‘Thc rovee incon reno check ad wrk for an subgroup Each itgen fe hash form ay for some he H. Rew th 1) 9) “howe that lng oH 9H) and we ede sp 8A HD. Tis Itt ermal abeoupofG we wit HG. The group of ft cos of in inoaed aboxe ald he une grup cir 00 0 by ‘rand Senwa iit Were ht he et ccs of Hi form parson Each ofthe cout represen’ ingle enon in Pn 89 i Ewe (Lt J bet abproupof Deere bythe len then isa pal setup sf Dan thas op oe Coan) ase ind fh Marea stitial Mater Male PHA “Ths athe laments of D/H. Oue dition of malpcton ges enon lyvertt yest trans) ay a predict y(n (5 1), Whig our ost el AAD AAA AHO) (i =P sett Hy =H = et (yen) =i = Patt =F) swe conelae a the guint rou DH's somorpic 0 Dy exoure i) The coniogsey canes} amd 2338) (18128).(10123) ents Moma sobetoup dof yee ae hr eco 1D [TiSysaed te quent up 447 onary oy 15 Quen Grp “ sur Every sbaroup fa aan ou i norma syrup [en bea poste meyer andcomideriesubpoupZ (all mle ofr) oF E There ate dint ont Cera) (y ent) (esd one make op the quote group Zin. The clement | +n grerats the whole soup ett. Zing woman 2 1 we wish co check tat the subproup 1 of Gis normal, without st voting ou al he onuecy shaver oe cada by showing ha oie foratthe Hye 6. For eample, $0, is 4 oral subgroup of , beaut eer conse of pati of Semin sta hs deena. We can sometimes be ‘noreeicent sn the flowing rest (252) Therm. Lec Hf be a brn of Go eX he ae of erator for ne 9 nite coma the ner of ech of mete Then Samal gro 6s grad inc orale He Prof th He mst Sow tat ener onset gh a eles oH Expron aes produc ty ni uhenir isan cement Then ow mathe td conustion by # amount repeated conjugation by element of ¥ By “Stumpton ech ime we conga by a ent of ne procure nother ‘member of Theor gy" dos ndea on oH a xu The sao 9 ena by a norma sero. ‘eka poner of Uisoddten =r) = 50D, har wont ‘sts rmorpic toy Wns thee ate cs CHP HH toeawere ott =n = “Terre, ne ane group of order din hh te guar of ery elementA 15: Quen Grogs ssnormal sippy o pos when tad a cose one (€52) Theorem, The yin H Gemma fad oly XH = Hs fora ‘Proof Suppose His normal. Given, he Home know tha te conten CA aed seman Blog to. Therefore tha Gaheyce He Gane = ig a and heer H mast be nol in a “This mean ht we cel el Rink of the demons of IH a he vin comte ov uly thm ss sy) = He. The de oa ‘bcop hc nb of tn eo ht a of Hin ven THs nea normal ob oup i oes ot mater wih tp font me Sine ie contspondens f+ Its ex Wt Bewoen he ot Se ets and thee a one (054) Theorem. nef H Giga he Misano broup anda gen grap 6H mrp Prof. We show sat = Hs or very GTi ea when xe HAE reg thee coats Hl tema partion f 6. Bu Ha He ao ‘isin ont he quotient group GH has order and Homeric 2. 8 curso) sa nama sabaroup 25 xu) The sbgroup needy is normal soboun of xan For ssond ne me sesh 0,43 noma ube of ‘Toe des of 0, a Chis cua to beaut snes 90, O80 oat (48) Theorem, Up prey ero fre 2p iter exch ar Pr in oye cw dann for ann det an. 8°%p which foot he gro, and GD 4 nomad subgroup sisi gual to 2 by Lagrange theorem the oder os) fr If sy hs rt 3p then our poup fale Hf bar oie 2 then Shona ndtv chai he sha to mi camel have order p For supp = ODF = [CDH = COMP = COP = LOY nich ad tthe conadition y€ 2, 2 Wenow change ak and esi proces whic allows uso “ela” anarbtary poup © hn sent of @ ofthe foom tty cali ‘rma de soup feat llcommatrs the comma ‘ermbproep(G.Got See andyommats poss when he comma tse tyt is thee the eC lea be thovgh of ars eee ofa tom bg stan The somata subgroup ofan sas ‘rou jet te al abou). xan (yi Each commutator ns vou aneven permutation ad ‘teoe[S,S]weonane in Every bejetea conmeitor ese (ate) (abner ae, Schersupol Sisal (956) Theorem. Te cantar rap. nama abo th tnt Septem rad cyano orn ‘Prof ny covet of commutsor agin a commutator use sree = Oe Moe Noa A ener lene 6.6] ayo be & common bts a rode ‘ommatators ch. Cangning bya cement of ges ‘ich ain es in (0.61 Tet. commsaorstbgrouy 4 normal Suhproup Wey recemensof@,ten8"y- £160) Howe 6.)994~y°*« {6.0 ahh insu peo, = (6.00% an sho a GC So Monat. 0 eo Beye, eM = Gee NY asa ‘Thecommlatr subgroup ithe malar normal ubeoup of Gor which“ 15 ute rons ‘ne comesponding quotient groupe abel. foring G6. wy that vous), With our rl ottion 6) ea normal subgroup of Dy {bod thn 9 = cobain nD whereaor even he nen f°) fecDuist th bo sie he que group Dy) ms be abelian ad These the commatatr subgroup of D, eon 9B Sowing hatin conmtatr Hence (Dyk = (2. ico we have Dube Dsje Za antorneven, sD, Dire, » Zs ‘Exours Go) The byron (1 of he quterion grup Q is a norma Exovoup snd Qt osomertc to 2, © 2, Therforetecommutior UNbvroup of sorainedinst)-anditmos egal) ease Oso nel sp. vrrees 11 I-A and Jae bth subroups of» aru G. pve tha HY is buy of fad tH =I 152. Final norma subgroups of Bnd Dy Genera and dea with , forarbeary 153. Show sat every subpoup ofthe qutrion group @ is nomad obeoun oF 154,60, sormal subro4p of GLB)? 155, Lat tea normal subgroup of x group Gand et J be arta ‘grou afi Then ofcsune Jieassbgrop a6 Sappiyanccme {oo that 0B malin 156: aa normal suyrouns of» pop, ey ve ol te 154, Find the commutator sebgtoup of Fm at est 5 show hat the Commute suberoep of 4a oF 159. Leto: 6-6’ bea homorpism. Prove tht g sends te commun Magioup afte te commie subgroup of 6 He eta gatas fr mhch coun ener acc ot toma subgroup of Gitabe eH orale Kuve 15. Quoting el 1S, Let bea subgroup offsite ines ofan infinite rou 6, Prove that {hast normalnabgroupof inte nde mich senting 151, Ales one to ny amin a] csr 18 72349045, (2989085)1(2)50 085, ‘Show tata non a narmlbroup o 4 mustcontaina Se Ure theft pro xrne tacoma hbo st beta and that fy esos np rope tach he otha sine whe in eter ha 5) 1813, ItHisacetenomalsarou ofa our Grove tha any bern oF Hisaboa normal abpoup of. ‘ 15.14 Show that sry ment ofthe quaint group 0/7 has toner er tat only sede element fh ft ner 151, 1G contains noma aheroup whic siomorphito Zand ithe ‘orenponding quotient rupitinintecsie poe tha sham pico? «2; 15.16 Suppose that contains an nite ec oral subro4p for which ie oyning on gous rcs Sow aCHAPTER 16 Homomorphisms 1 6,6" be groups A function 0: Gia mamorpom takes the tmuplcaon o taba of sin other mode ot80) = a6) forall, 9¢6. “The kere Ko the dies oe the et of tow eements of G wich @ imu toteMeity of: msymbels R= [ve Gita) =e Me aa beso, thee it an omar inthis ve fo Heol ast te Iota semen f Varun proper ef omorpioms were checked (Chaper’ Thom arguments bch So ot thea that an omer ‘estan are equal adhere Therefore, + homemorpaism ses the duet Gotha ene tvene torent sods etch DEO? ‘of to. subgroup of In parila. 9 map the le poup Oto 8 ‘Sobpoup of whch cil te mae ‘Noi thf Winanormasubgroupa the fancion 9 -+6)M define by via) = il ns homomorpts bie (969) = 91 = (AVM) = eb) fac all xy 6. The image of hs homomorpien sG a ie Kerel is (16:) Fint leonora Theron. The Kernel of 0 Homamarphiom ee sw mnt sarap of Gan he coreypndence Kn 8) nomen rm seat grup C1 he mage 6 Pros. Suppine ye, the ay") = 9C0)90)" =e, showing that Cros Conan Rsnonamp Seamee K hens Kisasubgroup ol Sesinitse andy ten 91019") = (aaa) = 1000)" = “Therefor, gg belong to Kand the subgroup Ks or in G. Iwo cose X yarecgual then) ine Apesing gives 00") 00)) Tots = ead therefore os) = 9) This ans me havea Fenton SGiK"= 0" ened ty yak) = oc) Reversing the above compotion Sows that te) = oto thee A= C0 9 sini Ts hone AKER) = HK) = 909) = 9D 0G) = HURDVOK) for any two cos wk, K€ GK: ial the mape of isthe same athe Imape of Weave proved tu ium womorghen fom tthe mae oe 5 “wo speci cae of 1) ar particulate 2) Conary. Ie image of 9 al of ten GK isomorphic 1 (063) Cort. Sipps th mage of alo The asamp Wonton YR coms tof te ey sm of Senin homomorphism (Ez esximodn, rhe se ofall mulipes of) and Zin isomorphic 0 2 ware ee oen > Zand RS omorpheww € $0, and 0,80, nomorpe 02, cae and St, tomar ¢ (oi) The group conan tne cements of oder 2, namely (2) 13)08,(14)23). Topeter with the identi, these elements form 3 ‘hbpoup of Sy whi soma © Kish’ group ad whch me ene by ¥-Canjgnton ya ermataton 0 3, men permite sr emu ("ths ets fore) we can pada unton fem’ cn mama snd ain He eei) Anelemen of ofthe fom + +d iscalled pure qutrion.” 1 cou th at al pre aateretons wth an the cosrspodense Bea arg mms gmtman onneion ‘48 Ts comtructn penne homarerpasm fom ~ (0) toy. Tes images al of Sy hho 0) and (162 ew hat Whi fo] emer SO, 164) Seon -Toorem, Supp Hare subgroups of ith J sete tfiecsungrcpayc.tfcd sonoma mbgrap of Hand ‘ne tn grape Hit ar map. Proof Let gb clement of Hand write g = xs = Nave We 84 € an sian subgroup of by (5.1), Whereas he somali of J bees we? "pe fanson pHs HD define by os) = d= x8 8 ham apd (bens ye) “The clement sof Helmy tothe keel of @ press when J = J inter ‘torSswhon ve Thee th keel o 8 Hand he el fim from te. a (68) Third moran These. Let HJ be meal sabres of Gd spp H's cated n J Thon nrmal mbgronp of 1 an he eto GI omer to Pro The action Gi» die y oat) =x i tamormor ‘eva alow fom 18). 3 Ter Which of the following define Pomomorphisms from C~ (0) 10 Get @ eae ite et 66 ‘Do any ofthe fllomingdeemine homemorpions om GL) te outer Oe any ase @anae Stow that Gf) 68 mormal subgroup of G = H and thatthe Woden group (6 = AE» fe) omer Wo WA normal sbgroup of Gand Bi norma ssbaroup of Provetha 4 Bisanomal abproupofG = andthe the guatin Poup = Hy(t «Bye wamore (04) CH, Vent hth eansnions in D, form a normal subgroup of Band Thathe corresponding seat rou acon, Given numbers (0). be Refine action fl fmm Rta Roysiaseat= ax 6 Show at thecletonef ash functions forms group G ver composition anions I Means thne homens ot for whch = pret Hs nrmalsebroup of Inditar OF His tomorphe oR as GL) ie tie 2 0 ced Mobi amformaton tb the extended comple ae Cu 2). Stow thatthe transom ‘ions orm a grote Makin grog unde composition offncons, that hs eroup i somone othe gob of GL(Cl By Ko olgigec} susutyrou of ‘Prove tha he uoten: roup 821} morphic o 0, Chek {har s*and 9 a meeps fo oe anti Use the de of ere 12121 argue that amor to ono te ba rou tenho isasubproup of 0" dete on = yeciete et)Sherr lias 1612 Show that ta maximal noma subgroup of Gand only si ‘Simple gnu. Mana mata egy somal aberoups of sich comm ae ae 0) CHAPTER 17 Actions, Orbits, and Stabilizers ‘Aged defntion shouldbe pres, sonoma apes simple ini ‘hein fm aison tren 0 work wih, so mach he tr We hog {ts chop wit deteion having alte quai An acon ofa rg on X14 homomnpion from amine thisin det Lato: GS be homomorphism, For each rou slemen gin the fencony guess perusing) te pat of Iaine the permutior ph sacl to th prod ual oe ompestion pyoth fauna bomomorphan. We apne the Se Moto ie we wisp our notation by wing fo tena ofthe pointe wndr te pertain corpoding ona oth Imore cumbersome og). We shal ei sy ta he gro cement y £6 ‘end the point veto the pots) e The regret pb momentos baomes| ates = 40)aur ven he fit word our dint apg, Wesay “an” Sasecondsctonal on Agr thane Zsens eto inher stor theperlatin nota ochre egr beeity Fena Uihow af and that soled lo al he a itegets Sct Corpse CeCe tor any toners mm ad ay fal umber coring our ck foxes, ne a ale more teminly Ginen an acon of Gon Yanda poi ve ke cto al megs ga 9 ‘estou 6, ald the odo and writen Noa at U3) ‘sb of ¥tnou st example the rt of eal nomber scons oF ivan «'vuboreme inthe cond sample the ott of tcont ‘theta pons proves or aero and he ob of (0) Tec bee sub oft A onasing a thw dre a (9) oc that tn = for soe 4 @6 Thon # an equates lation on Tae Perna sccte To the Key ment fhe deat peru oncconsuemy each weed 1 ul Bose ee) = elt toysa ac) 06" ayo Mao) snd yeruedtox Haines andy tos. 960) = 28°09. xu pit off the clemet of 6 which ene ed for a subgroup ‘6 cael the sabi Gy of tm Boample te sabion feck el entertain 0) 2 me eter ot ts) at0) = sf zyondby rnin thecaesboutananewhch paserterngh ie cetes ‘ews oppose art Formal ite perma of re ye ‘ttionsnownin igure thenwedlneg:Zs+ 5b lm) = Tate freee tint rb: he top Toure the box four es. an be four vert een Th sabe ery eget rial subgroup fof Onan asian reese (hore wou wot Setniae ane andusutabe svat of Eiatease nought prpencetr oth platings othe postion ary the mash oso nan clement 80 which snde to) The three orbits, 4 bethe int member of the standard afr 146 0, fine then ere 90, Ths the stair of tistandard copy” of SO inside Soy: Poin in he se orb abways Rave const bis ie 171 hers the wus of ev an verter emai to 90, THs ‘Samplers acon. An ston trae hereon one Exar) Take any group Gand ete the andere eof GLa stony conjugation Heep Gaendstoguy-" Tusian sco eee (ahs = thc * foral ge Gand all re X. The nis are the onary les The [ae i989 = 9} = fae Glee = aSuppose we ar sven am acton of eroup 6 on ast X (174) Theorem, Pins he ame obit have conga sabes Prof Suppo «ay toner he sme orl say ge) = We sow sou sha = 009) om =a “Teves, "x conanedn G, Reversing he ole of xan the same rumen proviesy tye =, notherwords G = 96,9" Tiscompletes theron a (173) Ort Saline Theorem, For och 6X. he correspondence 0) South btn Benen U0 od he tof ft coc of Gx. Pro Te cages dey ie 1 nee cae if Sx OE SeeToyi to a, nd tae 9 = Trainee a Patan wy, he Ort Sains here sys tha the crm of thet weal einer o he stabzero in (073) Con. 16 iste, hee fac orb ia do ofthe of Prof By the Ost Sabie theorem he sof Gis GG, hretne 16¢9116,1= 164 a Exaure (conned) 16 fine, (172) tells. ta he number of lomentsinsahconupacy se a dibrofthe ode 0G xara We an rst the prot of Cauchy theorem 8 lows. Let EieT tate soup and pas pre dobar afte ore of As ere thet fal andere sag (eps st) ment fC or which "werent he se sabe yp. Tete mata ILS ety on The coment re ZS the SDE Cet) Coenen TS Epa Seach ott coms ether orp Sings iia hana of cee) eon sg the te se cannot evs byp, We tear ave a ing (4-4 her than (ye wh if by ener ment 2a ote wor sense 2 Saegaee (474) Theorem. prime and fh are of Ga powe of then G hae ‘Proof Cotider he prion of Ga conju ass We bow rom (173) tat the ma ofeach cl eer Fora poe fan by dette the cone ismade pthc conupiy cases which conta ston emer Woke env na ei th ro mld te Sng 0 |help ‘string our autumn tat he ner OF bs Powe Eh (41) Theorem. 7p prime a grupo ade ps ther pio morphic ‘Proof Suppose the ore of Gin? 1G contig clement of ore then ith ajebe Oona althe elements enc hae ore The sent of ‘sno. by 17, choo not) em 21G) and choo oase Co Thep! elamets wy I's) « peared Beaute x) an) oa hevethe entity cement consnon Throre (C3) = Every element fa) comms with evey semen of 9) so eZ) By WO2Q Go iomorpicto<) = > and bene Z, = Zy 5 171 Le be the subgroup ofS aeetted by (129149 nd (8). Then G crass gro pmutaon ofthat = [1-2 A Caen ‘hecrbt sd he abil o vr gen (See Chapter Woek out the ort and th stab of eck ae owt eh Hey Sith eon my rp faces Chap ‘hese subir and oe ths staoer nrmal gr (as) tH ree We sl a a Be wae atin 9176 Here atefour group ation on (a) The wan getion of) (G) say wah eB ad eae te prodet ation of $0, = 50, (e) Thk of R94 = © and et St et nthe usual way. (8 Me i gs and te Be rset aon of 90» 2 Diu he rte of he bite andthe subir incach ne 199, 1s X anton Yabo hate ora (= 02909) ‘isan aton of @ on = ¥- Cos th te tate a Ce) 8 theimeneston i Gand, ivesn example hie shows action ‘hac his ocon he agonal tow of Go 8 7 178, Lt = [12.3.4] andle Gbethesubproupof Sy peeratd by (1238) 24 Work out he visa stable fore diagonal ton 179, Thepoun€ x Ciclle he rm Drape of x Cio show ion he sore (a) Thera mamber end (0) 104.0 (8) Trine sen fee) toe (0) nally great Sede 1740, Lette an clement of group G Show thatthe lent of 6 which oma with frm 4 Subpoup o GThis uhpoup ie the enter of and writen CU), rove tat the sie te onaey Ceres equ tthe don Cs) 8 Mme come) east ‘San poche two semen how tha camer Basil up. "seach of whch conti r=) ements When mise FOE Gitte te Dye make op two conju les ech of ‘tlk oman (n=) omens 172, Let ew pine number Show hal the ais Eid form anonabeln group of order? 1714, Let Abe afte sebgroup ofa group: Very that he forma eigen action of 1x Ho Prose tha 1 normal sbgroup ‘1 Gif and aly i evry orto ths aon contig precyCHAPTER 18 Counting Orbits puns andt pot pe pat Fy sero aes ther ase or pen spe asin figure It so ut no woo stp me. ‘Who produ the large namber of ierety Jose ce tion theca yw al le Pat ep nda he ote es teen oer ie sume real mn dao pn of evs scl {he tontom ed analih e gern. We cn stn on fom the abe [insuring ce opie cow and wernastape tat tm ooo ces etic uie fon canbe rotated in he oer Neca so dcoveal9 19) dierent ways of esouring each ice of odeeabeon ‘sd wor te by experimen Intend we aa Erls problem 38 Toons Paitin ach ac ser rel or en pres asec whch We {lnc The cube i rs othe ate colored cutest ‘Sangh form asic we dente y Toons symm wea Steeute ston andtwocaloutottes ate penn deren provided hoy dome lente same ov To sav oe pote we nee th number sk aiigt obs fhe ston Stppns we hee an stn ofa fit group Go as ¥, Wet Xo tbe subset Fcomutng toe poitwich arly theslement 016 (O81 The Coating Therm, Te mmber of sine obs mee neuer wns, the areraye Mb 0 pons feb an clement of ‘Prof Counthecllesionof hose ordered puis om = Tor whi Ua) The nba fac pais zu © S14 oo Le Mins be the tin ons and reo) as 5, leu1= 1x1. (80.163 sich ijn] the Orbe Subiize there, Therefore expen) Slot) Equating (ano) pes he re a (982) Theorem. Group comet which recog fi the same manber of Prof. Suppose gant hate compte in 6: ww ise} eauce ts) = a) =i be, | Ems Probe, We mst ake an een fom ech conus cof the ‘atonal pmmety grog of the ube tnd wok ou how’ many sloued ‘Seni aver fod As reprewnites fhe cogacy clans ne choose ‘erouons and rahowm in Figue 12, ogee th be ey ‘Semen A coloured ce which see by r mst havea four vera {ace pimed the same colour sate oae cach hs 1 the poston otis and agar Wee cheof ur eo. {orthe htm and wo fora the rhe. The cle of oto ethan sie om = Bstomn ivng 4" = 2%, We lave and othe rend, ies colour cubes 8 Snir coe ech, umtngcah face ether or ren U6 12940292 x2) 56x42) ales ed ees) = a problema bel: bu mo gue The en pes of ier ot se nt ei by every rotation! yet the coe, on by bal them. tose ‘hic induce son rats othe four ang diagonal. The poup Toles rther tan ST congas cane are prevented by [Sreand hetuner of int sokour cobs ao MIG x22 4x 244242) ‘Weft witha hid probem ofthe speedy LM. Woodward ‘ns stung of apo mat of om bo sino fie ‘Sear Tae eds ofthe Spare they ed wih a al wis to pods ‘thou Hom many fre: bndsean esa we have ie colours sith nich opi he gure Tere ae ten marr and tee sour ng ota of pat unde “Durem aw means diferent po {heatwsa”symmety othe Mobis hand Makes mode of Mand ani "heh your igre sare move lng one pion. Call hs Sty Af on owes Supt ck to where ou sare 0 "1 the Uo. ore hat ern ys oem fa mover’ of the Mh hd oT yea met shows sp wel the band (ted aw bl debe connecting two pelle) There anatber sta Noup bik tomocnic oth daly Dey swith athe ‘eof pm bane obvious way. Tae con else of Dae vo _fh A Or, Ae orate FAP foros fore and for (Por cre ves two squares Invanan those whch ae pret thee aad nerchange the er eight pi 50 fer pam Bands) By the Coaning Theorem the numero inet pied Nes ards ABHOR FAEH HEE FORE) 210 “The reader may well wiht have exp formal fo the symm 7 andi The mene approach ras flows, Thnk of Mathes le iy) -n 2402421) of 4.6 Then sens (20%) to (01%), an 5 sends tem setote mien secon 5 of Reference 851, Each ee of cue spite Mock white Mow many dierent 183 Show thre ely ae 09 eet dirent ways of olan he chr thy ce sie into ight gual wedge In how erent nyse we die edu rsa cae 2 the andes he come a ech pce? Solow beds oor apo “The vertices the midpoint of es an the eos of the aes Uist ere te 400707 ways of dog is we ake to coum the How any diferent ways are there of oouring te Vries and eles ‘tarepua exagon enn reds sor geo fore as 4 ak ‘rahe theese” ‘Look at ot desrgtion ofthe Mais bandas subset of» Cab Sioa ates hc epseat he nme FanCHAPTER 19 Finite Rotation Groups ‘The spc opto soup 50, ay be Wee with he Boon ‘rs ot xe ei Cap 9) an ahi poston isihiscone of gy sb ong thn tsa ont oun tsa suy of $0 We are far wt sca poss, Hom oh lpn ironman upd SAME rpc ihn sds ts etl yay and Bs De ‘agar she yan ee ape Sad nec 813) ‘Safe, etic spomety pou tee Awe hl ‘hc ar he ony pss, pod or ope ar ny 2 amen [ama neha wonder Sere ede Shomrpie tothe sonnet pou on ofthe esa Sieben th le abs ot UAE eas Rate peo (092 Theorem. inte sobre of Os thee deal Prof Ls fe non-alsbgroup of O,- Suppose fst fal hat {hes imide S050 ha each clement of represen roan ofthe plas, ‘Wee forthe marc mich represen’ ftation aco hough © ida pons Gran 4 ise ay 9 produced =he +9 A= Aue Uae a8 Ay CA Sic and hen et adn Gn Se = 1 ot what contains ide $0 we wt = G50, Then Hie subgroup of 6 wis ha inaen nd byte fist art nee aa ISeontined In oy. Chooses geerioe 4 for Hand an ment Brom G—'i As Bropesttsaefeeion weave BY = 4 = Iban cosine ff fand Wands cele grap of order 2 Otis. he oder of 4 Inegern 32 Thecement oar 0 sd he Say A= 1B = 84 = 4°18 I ict the comenpondence Pni8 decries an somone beeen Gan the heap (492) Theorem. byron of $0 mrp there wp 1 dal rau oh toa sont grap of nf herr ide Prof Lt Ga nit et Sy Tench cent of ther hin fects the ol phere ar calle the poe oy 18.1) ite i apps {Dicthe ne weave the waa NethandSoulh pie tthe spre se rosa partson te nee nh ae Kd ye pen evfandge6-tet tea pelea theclemet he G Then (ghy i() = inhien =a we sows at poe fg" and heme eX ‘fen hem tn of on XT het 0 ph he Poles of ¢‘denote the number f int nits, coon pte rom cach obi and hae pe ay getty. Every lemon of (Ts pre Saye pte wt Mey ae bm al 5 he Counting Theorem Anan +iK) ve Siow o Assuming Gente iil group, the bn ie ofthe aor xeon ‘Memterban rq Tats thn Bu cach taba hs oder fer-guer (004 £168. Tf Nite 2 03 Wen =the eyes 2 = 14) 10) and thee cn ony be So pole rete ana Lanse cee (e atbe ‘tick pend Lr roated ota yo. Terre © Bono Mtomscbrmnof 3am ate hesileRy ON) yy + Gira *ies) ere 52 ‘Weshalonsier each of hs ae in tn ase) 6 = 16) = 6, ~ 2,0 G8 oop ors in which every ‘Semen ther thn the Went a ner 3 Teton, omg fo Kio grup tought of ere aes ral group wth four ements La | 10, an vember hat reseres Stn he pols and stn fom sav are andy) So ~z must be tok pa mG) ind wehue ye) = = tp) = =>: Trelors,he aes tout ‘owen omante aber) (2yh (a8 MG, = 1G) = 2and 6, = n> 3. hen Ges poup of order 2 Teas hough ited by erry oan ie the table therfore un fender n. Suppose gs minima sation hich fein ng. -gh a areal dtc To se by app ‘thre Then gta) = But sand rare eon pols ned by and veanno be ~=3(6,|=2 whose) Gh =n > Beauney proces dnance weave, Ie a00t = toe Theor n8™) athe eof cela non PSs sonst oft sui enh of whch sede tl mabe te ‘otonl gs groper Hen, Graal Of oune te ple of ‘Soman tog td epee teh hough ee Ofeiyandsareshoen in Fg " Nh == a =aCae 6, = 2 a 6 = 1, = 3. thm Gs gro foe 12-THe ‘tht conse of four pine Chose one. which sss = Trees and choo gman fry, Tien woh and ga) areal Anns Since gprs stance, hey ae esto on sand Heat he Seu an cuca ing: Facengourateton sate han = ‘Soweto aod a are eget fom a. Thro, =a ‘Fea are the sertoan of elroy whch set to al ‘ery coat se bate Core oder ne) mas be he oer Case (16, = 2,16 = 3, a = 4 ton soup of order disp em Gy The yang ae ns {Thispte~niscoainy Tn tied So wm be gt herr, 9 ana evar of oy taeda, a aot Syme aroun ee Fie 1. Gee 11-310 and =o i ony fre # from orbit of x * y1 from orbit of x +——» Oe tsna ets ez Wy can we do hs 1g ca minimal rotation which ener, then th ah ah ae ga are stint equa fom ane at he ores rept pentagon Ao go) g) antares, “Sulaant vs re vay thi), fo the eis eet Sentagon Tis iaver sas theoaly pai frhe we pot of Ge). my ow atenon m weso tat we te) Ue) At beats tone of fom it mest te on te poise 9h ah wh oF FU Reibeling asa we eat arange that = then =a") = 90, Sirs sasin igre 195 Looking ot om v we se eleven pont ad the fe ach ae clues to athe quota rom ic These te = 90) ee seh and yoy eo a=2)= fr ah =~ #0 tis now en occ ta or tele points ea the erties of regalar Seetia octangula Asalitismade up of no replete ara wothat hires ‘eet ome another at Hehanpes (F197) Finds rotons! ‘Show that the tational snr group af the eabotaedon Figure 198) siomerpi to Sy Aan made up ofa pri sho ‘eh har ace theabe a tt and then fh a 9 pox By mousing thee pyramid onthe faces oa send ce, ‘sc cian the humble eden, Make oe of te mb hve sbyrows of Oy Le Ge ite xbproupof yan 1 fits ‘ncscton with 0,16 conti the matt ave ta © Is ES << CuboctahedronSuomorplic of «Zs, Fone ther hand does na bon 10. ‘foe that be frst tht provides a somo rm {Grow suyroup of 80, Ney tht ll posi ae ed the £| Bae, | Ohms z0, 196 Resincck of 2, Day a Ay Zhe al symmetry group of $0, 7,208 0, eopetuey " 19, Prove tat $0, doce nl contan subgroup wich tomoepic CHAPTER 20 The Sylow Theorems Let Ge a fine group whose ode is divisible by the pine number» Stypos psig power ofp whch bx coro Glandssk =p (201) Theorem. These G comin teat esata fdr 9 (202) Thee. Any shroud ar cone (283) Theorem. The nero syrup of Gof ender pi congrint 0 ‘nol pando afatr of ‘These rot wer Sn publi by L Sylow rater ore than a etary 1g The spuments presented ao he a de to H.W 139) take repeated se the Orbe Stable thorem Each ree athi There wl te nated by an sea a0 at avd eds epetion Prof of) et denote the colon of al sto G whch hep tent and et @ 2 ft ain he oy See ‘Sen Each oat dsb by pce Eacrose 9014)" Moe tre ‘mat Ean are Ga) eee ol mai ofp. We have Iol = (Gay Gla, conequently hohe Now Gt sabe fsoitec 4 amg then ga AT etn thatthe wae kt ose Guan comuned ni wheneer fad lsat aces “hereon. 8 sebroup oF whch hs onary a Prof of 0.2) and 203-1 H.-H Stee aby 6 which Ie dr pdt Monn iby copaon thatfe sens A Ab abi eK = 0 80 Str aoc ape ps th ob) spr = and tc obo soe ene (ame Tito ocean of cesar powcr an, xt besivofevey sie rts map op) Adding ope na ‘omit ier aon i come. Ino ep of vesous Hare The art of sry contains Mand ech tea conguet ie mode p Spy nw a ar {Belov of dle acto eH] Wr coaoon The Gort Glin leno pend so Mpa od hee echo tho ea Sligo ane th econ (76) wow pe Th ede Moons tha | cong ofr mos mich dor ot oe wh our roar sion To he ork oy ao a Seine tamer always factor of be odef he roupinvatet coe mow tr yp Some a mk enn. th rection of Mya ‘rn of tem fon y= (he HAHA = Ha tee Ciel ane emai tat coed Cony it Kw apo 6s Bac 1) Ion ‘Sloud ijse snoa ubyoup snd tbe Soon tomer Tere i= Kom “re ne of i i ere Wh a poe ofp Bat ‘huge a ower pp = be =H ann be ie Megat Ps nh ooo 20-005 3 esha se the Sylow theorems op lly groupe of ene 12 Fist i io des etl era 1H Boon of ten ‘Toots 6 fawn shes cvproup Othe arme ore 8H. then Hast tes nama! ebgroup oF Classification of Groups of Order 12, ‘modulo and ea factor of & Therfre G has eter sige nbroyp of srt 3 crab anormal dria mb fer hoped er ono ce subroupe fader 4 Cae. Suppose G coma «normal ubgroup Hof onder 3 generate by Leteastbprospotordert Then Kinetic orsomorpict Klan (@) Assume forthe moment tha Kel ap choo seer yf K The ens tbe ony elenet wbih ein bth ad so he ont Heriy iy Hy areal int apd HK 6. Soe Hw vos (tpn ae then Gabelan a we have by iat and 02. (6) The her ons, 97 5. oreqeiaey, r=, ead So commutes wth yan he ment = = ha one 6, We so eperes ‘Tae one of 4 therefore. dos not en 2 a the cont (2). Broa GT serena my ae ” wre he powers f= ae wed modulo & Ascii requies& Tie atte, hough wo real Mr and we do have 4 pap Te [oup bons fo the amily of dec grgp how nt membre notes to Oe re 9 ceca naan esse Atay HK ean eis 10, TheSsow eset Gib tras hubs sour rasp oon sd omorphicto HK, 6) Orherie 0.0 45 ah cael =I ate id ik Rebel pM ifanecanysothita = land 1 Thencomats wth {Utnd x hs der The ements topether generate ant hepa terete pines soup bomerphe to ‘hea group of ode 1. a Care 16 consis ou cova sbeoup of oder 3. hes bso ‘Seupigt caren from eae room fr oni obe SaBEoup (6) Wei show ht K cot Be le Suppo Kies: goeated by {becca 7 andi melt of = Then hier an ‘Shugo tt conta four conse subgroups a ter, We ‘opie nyrtsySaenoman trey and hate erent nde (4) Thermal stow Kotor tm nfo Ks ‘G which has eder 3 The cosets K, x, AG ave al dsiet, 80 6 a “ger prt Conon ype hte ens Seaton ier be enya hey cae =e TS Wein bn hey ean heads oa (0) Reliengat necey we my sae at ne Ee wetl2Nh,—ees3NE. so) lxeines an iomorpinm ben ape aerating ou Ae hace proved th ery aon af vr 12 tapi on ofthe Joltming eye woee the pr! = £y the hed rn D he ino fend nl abating rah ‘Assume th ore f Ge ip whe pi pie an ot at ok, Then any subgroup of G whch comes elements wll eel a Sylow pe eo tS tay a ep a 211. Show that sro fords 1% mas contain a orm subgroup of ‘order 7 rove nt group of eer 0 cana es Spe Pe, 22. Wit dow all Sjow subgroups af A. Are any ofthese sube0¥ps oral sabroup 203. Irevery Sylow sbgrou of 6 a normal subgroup show that Gi ‘omar th prod Ke yw suberoupe 204. Clan the groupe which have order 1.235, 205, Prove tha ie abcan group i omerpic to he product Fine number fabs) groups the oder oeach et wes a power ofaprime 206. Ips not congue tL medal bow paseye 217 Chas he poups of order 74 Ap wt congruent 19 +1 oF = ‘moda 208 Asner! not conn mal an pot congact 0 209, Lesp bea prime fator othe onder fe poup G1 xa norm sugrou of G whose ines nota mull fp, bow hat 1 ma onan every Show pasharoupof 210, Suppose sa Sslow subgroup of Gand Shea subgoupetGwbick Contin HF Hs moan an nal poe at 2.1, Let ea subgroup of Gand write forthe st Ff oes dein an aon Go rove tat normal pou ofous ‘FG Prove hata suhroup of whichharinde pst ba normal ‘Shpoup of Vow may hte 0 the ton fined im Eneree an 11 isa subgroup o © whose ode 8 poner of a rine , vi ‘hat J mn Ye comida Ssow paubproup of (Take Ht Be {Sviow pabgroupin Euercse20 I and coset he ne ion ction) pisaprinenamber sss nota mutipleofpanif0-<< = ‘Sow tat ip" yp — a) td by Let bean integer hich rete than oe ul 102, Begin wih Semen ree) = cope ee benny ‘Ge hati group whem x omoepitotke uate ‘Soup when m= 3 Weal the yee rap order CHAPTER 21 Finitely Generated Abelian Groups 1 grou i nly gna has 4 est of seta. Finite ‘eerie ata rope my eli By ween wean Sp _talbetitint) of andar examples nota of wich ae hamoph, ‘that we ae resented witha arbi pneaed sbehan eu. ‘Sassamarpheto one on ort (QL) Theron. nel gonrand ain rap america st Prac of ee rape bck me factor afm fir 5k 1 ewe 2 ashore ds pod of scopes heave group torsion coffiients. Two special cases are worth listing separately (21.2) Coals fine abo group omar w dct prac of (213 Corry ny fel generate abcian grou nc are we ‘ements of ie ndr npi toth t r ofie of ‘Suro ch snot peal ce eso ko er ep SEGA the ps fps Bc 8 orExaurss (i) Do nt ele ya grou ch 8.2,» ZL aN We ny be pad bau sot a factor 1 Bol ng 0) wehae 24x 2g Zs x2 12g Zs * Li (G) Ae atin group of onder 12 must be amore 1 ether Z, oF iy The subgroup of C ~ [0 generated y the wo ements —1 and (2s (Gy) Rix ieygenrte (Ese 2112) an in nat omar o one 1 be iy great aban proup ant. be dint clement whch togeterpneate Go of ens can generate ‘Groccaln. amine tof preritors Besse our ospsblan che Gcan Be iten ns purcairy ne maya Word anata aD © where msm ar ineges,smply by colktng together powers 0 the ‘rtowt sncaas Aa expen oe form aba wo ebtaeete Goth Prof of Suppor fo all at has minis f geen whichis oly atone tal coe Stained 8s ao nea) Then the expenon Fr gina of hse fenruio uigu andthe covespondense ooh) stuaen nachna mateo west minal sof gear fr ‘Romeo pve mana ats of eeretre re be a males pie costa oo) eevee the enero yo. , We SM a my ea tro Fort mnam saree ci cmb PP a mostra Since aft, nso a minimal et of great his ona our Shoe of asthe mle pote exponen) soln mea Hen. Gieadhotn. mand werctn aim forde ler SenatP at dnote hate tm nthe Or fs, Lat =<) an let Gy be the aber erst by Sn nay to heck ht HG Cand HG = Teh Theretoe.0 = H'w'6, 22, 6, by 102. "Now won wth yd eaty ou cay the ame rocedare Apia hee ssciwo pstites G2 2°" and G2 2 Gy Thun the orl rou heer momorpw Zq 2" nich eve we ate hed. 1 eee dy nthe le ete ntaper moe a he expose ences he minimal st generat FOF GSE 232d see se that mia factorofm, We nw havea the eal ingredient for ir prot and we cominur wth, The proeess evra termes enteateach stage we reduce th amber of erty one “Tocomplee ov csition we must show hat two ely ener selon groups ae omerphe teh they have the une raha the sae (214 Tato. Let) = Za ZH Ze FE wht ot nd Op Been Zoe che BL here mid ad Gy nope ens 2K = Fann, cor ek(215) Lem, Let mb psc yrs. Th ar of mer whch Sesh O ere mand lt highest common fcr of mand Prof de the ihe common fast of ma ge m= md 9 = gd Tachi} = 1 Avmige mehaver di random’ Ths means Fone! 2nd Tm Coney enh ese ineges sss ‘urtwo Rypothns swe do ned have poste a (216) Lem, i 1% 2, the mb flats x6 H whch stip x= € [il hs sommon for fw ad IF Zag = Zon Ea tn rumbling)" ih ‘Proof This sunt pesese by a omer, 20 the et par sat ‘esteem 13) (Sine the group aeration Za ado noo inibe qh yet oan Sementr isthe ony prstely when m ide) Forthe sect pr ihe yh power frst) 8.0 e deny Bere ata we bate heli) ches for Belg) oie er and svn a Proof of 214—torion coins. The eens Fit otra Gy orm he tubpouy ih Berens Ea fe) and those n make Wyn dy dy x 2, cf), An ooorphisn beter nd Gv (Sheltie ne tosomets oink, hse Homo Dh oy Astame fore sake of argent that ka apy (2180 Et My sg =m Thott) fom mele om) = ime) lnm kn he word nb = tom) eta.» fim) etm) ‘Apply (218) again to Hy and, with g = my Ten mm = Blom) esis em) sem ena lm) msl) eo) = samme, Tarn ep on Wee hee conn (1.7) tama, erp 02 hn = Prof Assume ta is es than o age 1. eg 2-2! bean omer pn. andthink a asthe subgrop of contig os pos hose ‘sisi ordinate an ul otexcoorginaes 0. (ye 2 then nde nnn eo ts and Olean nla H+ Soe mig of sn he subse o spanned by gts of Ia Selene eh of Tee =a Proofeof Q14)—rack We have homomorphism G02 gv by (isonet esr einen nd thermal i preci (Hs bomorpie 9 2"by the Fir omorphinm These Smli /Mesomompe 02. Ase ‘plein carer an bamorphum betwee and yen 00M wa {hector om the uoten rou Gy oy ‘onsequety by OU) o (ur prof of (2.1) in, but not a ret de of Rly in eso: ‘ng tin shea group Hom apes of pneratar and reatone Wes Sow ha to do hs in aysemateway the next chapter. The method es Torte ive of «The standard fom of (211) he eee toa te ‘ln wou dy grt wy he 'eisitomorpi tothe quotient group AV where ithe fre bean group ‘hose laments ris combos shinee ofan 8th group generat ym,‘Sema oder 10 What arethetorsoncoeioenso fF @ has order greater tha 10 21.3, Ite order ffi aban group it vie bya uae show thatthe group mast Beep 214 Css the bela group nr, 18 and 216 21.5, Leipbea prime numb, Av abelian poop ha ore "and contaas pinto onder». Show tat he arp yee 216.16, 4, ze ite abla groups, und iG = As orori 10 GS aiprne tit 43 omer B 217 LG bea ne aban group of onder 360 whith dos no contain Styeementot ode Sor Find the tosvoncoelioontsoFG How ‘mans cmt of rer does G cota? 218 Prove that nil ened no-sival subgroup of R— [0 ms eomrphien 25 Setzer, 2forsome postive leper 219, Lat 6 tet fn selan group and wite #( fr the numberof ‘Semen sof @ which nay —e Find the oon veins af Gatun #03) 16 #0) 232.60) 9,20) Stand efor 2110, As for the prvi ecg, bat he time #0)= 4, #0)=3, Gers) Dexa, (9) 8 Zo, whee sth eye groupof order 12 {umetedoun he onion sesentof herein aban ros 2112, Prove that camo be weet bya Ste number of ements by ‘owing that every tly grvtatl grou cule 2113, LeGbean abelanpoup and ative notation Cal Ge sup i pon v0 to pote tegen ca age ind ah ‘Somat of such hat =e Foresampe Rand Creal SNe row at Zand Peo dae oe as 4 Show hat QP oni aban ao ak Fr CHAPTER 22 Row and Column Operations Arie with generator an relations fingered aban group, ‘tewoulde to eabiesonsopne the priypin heen arm povided U2tn. As tec posture for dn th pen telow We sal we snhdtivenotaontreaghct and wc hgh than ean anus (Let Ge the abaln group deine bythe genes 3.2 dike rcs Bersyodeno oo sep 2p—0 >. “Thaistosy,Gissomorpic tothe quent AN where iat ie in| troup whose semen a Har combinations ats yet ewig ceca and 5th subgroup of 4 generated hy Jer Sy Sead ae Tysabri Rom Ry phe and then subir sts rom R, that & uate 5) — Scand ~ 4 ¢2palehvedone so fristo change out eat fr Nomhs 22. Row and Cleon Opens My ine 2y 2 G9 220 46-2920 Werced, vartoyrm Fay Then ssa fm fr ani dn te Sosy 48 yh sya “Te litions Ry Ry now sing = Dad ity. 80. Stabs consonant praesent frat 2 gether ‘Tan sewent = wha hw nite oder: We conde ht rust be Nomorpicto ZZ cote mart he sil lions By and Ry The coresponding Stpearea follows (2 o] sa: “This fina ti represents our ew eto, 2° =O, which in um nA pneral procedure has now evolved fom this simple erample. Gs the elansfoup deerme by pseratar ea eatons snes he ott ate ain fowing operations. 1) ierchange tu rom oro som, At) Mutya th cones sso gens by = (lt) Aaa ap integer male of oe ro footer row, oF an nese lip ofene stn tno aa ‘Teeopesons on ros ake the elation thos on am athe pnera soit phe an ra tran We pf en $e parantedby he nex sh (22.1) Theorem, Gen an mn mati A whase enc re ingest Iwate souece of operations of pe I tht comers a ‘haga mane forueh ay 312 Fe Kander = ‘nmin eters of stable sew generators, she ma D repos the rsibonndany = oes den 0. Abbreviated to deand supp th > Za Ly wom 2 EM syed = a = d= Osten he generators "ar reundane whereas have alae er Thee thi Zags A Day ng EM une Pao for (2.1). We sy “ou” base he i. tough simple,sine by generatbe 2. Rowand Calan Operation ‘Re cocfien! mau of traone ne Sow tht the goup is homorpic to Zs X 25% Z5 XZ Satara tna 0 dey ty + Hy dee Prove that Gis ie abe eroup a ing anh 224, How do ner rom anc column operations fe! he determinant of 2.5, Anaelan prop Gis serine by generates, and lations Cate the determinant of he ofiint mati of hs eons ‘Drethe eteomnan pve you any nfrmaton bout 7 Find thank nde torso ois of 26 Sov 6, What an you ty about Ga the oeficent mtr ofthe ‘latin be noneso determinant? What happens he eterna CHAPTER 23, Automorphisms An atamorphim of 099 a homorghim rom G10 G Tee al ‘temarpan fot rp andercompostonfarcions wich caed ‘he atmo grupo a writen Ast). cert therfore 1) = 21 FU = weave the ent sutomor. Pon. Orhrwse, Hf!) ~~ and # sends ca near m0 We oe () Teecormmpondence x4" deteminesun automorphism of any alan Compltd by tending «to, an tulomern of 2 fy, Treo Auilz, = Zp issomorpicto 5, i) Au) somo 0 the ero Rnd in Chapter 1. Tae teens of atthe pote rtep esa than n wih eal pene io mand the soup operation aipeaton mole Suppo #3 Sincere) peaten 2, td coment the hi omen factor of) und mms be. Tae cospondnce 0») an mao han erm hp 1) se ee Mopac’ Ss Thowone Aun mcmic iei 28, Auten (si) Let be a astomorpism of ZZ Sappone 8 send(1.010 (0) ant (tenet then mm = m0) +01 veal] so ta stepsetay 22 Amarth etes. The dtersinast tarteiscqualco or 1 bcs vera an inves ‘represented yates whee ens re mepee. Aut 2 2} omer cto ie group OLs(2) a2» Smuts, which hae ntact ed (6) Conisetion by afaed amen yo gies parca ype ofauomor- bho epee 9 er i Tene toons Frm nema aero Ina) of Aunt. 1s sn, oly he Wen ‘tomer am ne tomers (241) These. 1a) mrp tthe gin gree 61200) Prof The fc rm G19 AMG) which sends each 9 0 the nner ‘Shomer gy’ bomomorpham sine cons of he net Sitmorpisms ands Ketel ae Ge oxy Yee 6} = (ge Ging = er-¥re 0) 20 “The rst no fll fram ee Fi omar Theorem, a (222) Thee. pg ae primes which asp > ¢ ond @1(9~ thon Se wrap re ge ‘Prof ites apy the Silom thors at rece 206, proceed a8 Janek of or sst = <2) Wet sho that Hi om Ebwoupot These le seta He bas members and 17 at ie ero to a A Ht i of al. {Te orev ea nt und moat be actor of =p Theos “The cent yak an asomonpia A+ 9ht af whose nde ia factor oy tscame p24) ant fcr of f(y Lagrange tease Tau SAuctzp\= po y-Avgt ip Maths and we ave be lacy autcmorpirFhrtre, 9h = for al he He IK =. te Mien Hons (clan = thwhenver he Hh eK consequent aoa, o Suppose are ven groups Jan a homomorbism oJ» Au) \Weshilconsrut ne pH oy Je he sme prod of Hand “Hiewsmiby earls Ilona cere pa) whee Sead ttt eine GeyWe) = 9D “Taf conn hie proce obsinedby apg te automorphism ‘Hoptos thn mapping herent omelet For eps i tn th ands has been dented by «dt. The ny met GeO 10°71, Amity Flows tom Tete y Me Ceo neE DT NIE Y HO. 0D (e298 EDI. I De AEE PD see “Taefanction(s3)- a homomorpbin rm Hf Jomo J. who kernel [feesice isomorphic to Soe base cop of whch sina TCT nmol subgroup There aba» copy of nie the em Sh gts ey sh © ou hone ret omy TW sends cry chment of J so the ny automoepbim of H. we rscantthe st pode Jods in Satin 1 The next es 23) Thee. Let J eye of agro 6.11 ivamoral bro Wind 9) [ea Gnomon othe somes pad gd. whe e)-°AMY he hemamcrphio ecd By eUD = ofall ete Prof Deine YH 51-6 by ¥sy) =a. Then 9 8 homomorehisna 2. Auomecpos tesa Stee nee y= voe-eu ney ae Sisngee “The image of inl of Gheaase G = H.s0 ha esr dement of G may ‘Rsrten ine form forsome re re Ms) bs the bee of Suton“ eghing 9°! Terre andy beth beangto M9. ~ IMIG cident ement of 2,8) (63 9 an Bomorpis Exaurss ¢) In Sy the sprue Hf = (123) and J = (1) say the yb of (2) Thersor ,bamorc to the emit prod Pi Press pseu the geeratorof ote nena uomo7p NS (i The homers tance peri ransformtions ofthe plane fem 2 [gop Eye he Br grap. Let T dente the sobroup of, which ‘Sour af alte santo ad ht Oe he sbgroup of atogonal ‘Simformatons ff). ihe test Super we sal check that Tt ‘ormal tyr if fy, $0 By and PO {1} There, the ‘SG uc 7 =O, were: 0» Aut nde conan 2.4. Find he uromorpiam groups oF nd, 23.2. Workout Ant(Q) an 82) 22.2, 1246) ~ [eos tat esate of he astomorpiso ou of G 234, Le m be a postin nee. Show thal 2) somo 05» Tor m’s and hat ig) cyl onder pep D wi 285, Asubgoup 1 of @ icles characei sabgragp of ise (Siuel byw sutomorphiomor Shaw ta 216) 9981.) etnchascesncsubsroups a. Ter aviomerpions Sopp tstouy Gand nore wharf 237, Le Gand fe ite group how orderare elie eine. Show {hats (andere bh churactest subgroups of Prove dat Auta") istomorpae@ AUG)» Aut) ‘A roupof the form Hx, J wil bce a seit proto Hb 234, Pro ia tee group of oder 12 isomorphic toa semiiet produ at 2592 289. Show ht Qt Homo a mie pri of no 2310. LG bean alan groupand write G3 7 fo thesis podct G se 2, bereg: 25-7 hut ake othe auiomorm e— {r6"Proe ta, 5 Zs somorpi to Dy that 23 2, one peo, and ht 90, 3 2, morph to O, 2311, Vette ats ‘nd te contin of Theorem 23:3 to expres. 8 sei oduct of $0, by 2, Find an Somorphism betwee ths Sere Prose and 80,» 2 Sieh Cael dates ahaa anton {nde othe non-tvalautomarphim of 2 .CHAPTER 24 The Euclidean Group “Tae omer ofthe pane frm a gro une compostion of functions he {cael Enea gregp E Afuntiong + telongsto Ey provided rere dsc tht 050) 19) ~ = th forever pir of pointy in Ig, he By ase 1h) — ay = IM) MODE cate gis an inometey spon esau hiram nome: therfore he Ey, Composition of finctons esc, pd the ieny tranormatio ofthe ne au aides cement Fina nchge 8 8 ‘lectonsnd satis we p= tara — af" ater Rottons, rescuons and rans areal fair isometes.Zransa sunt the esr th fet deine by oo) => 4 al Som Se oes aon simpy denn Wve ow the origi followed bya transition, oa Peflection i ie through the wait folowed by vason To tine, sappom gE end the oi, {ere deotetrarslton by Then the composte ome fy ft he ‘iim We cam tat jer rataton abou © a a fection in ne through © Take p= (1,0 aid q (1) rene plats and ape to rete 1 toughout Fach pot af ecomplety Serine ty the ee mextarements Pepi eat becuse tree ii who cents arent clin iter nat ost oe Figure 241) Forth same reason Strib ttn and Bit WEs Is 9TH In ph ad peg =I ‘Therefore once we ow he poston yan we ow te tof fon {iy pn tae Te are soso Pw IWl= twit Were tQi=1 ane a= i he ange yt ih ang So aniackise rte through takes p toprthen fates ether iog orto eg nie fistcae fo ancectise ‘ein gh ahs ea inthe end ceo ‘canis At comiss of followed by tour argumeat complete “Toe pation make ps sagopa Ey Theta cheked sie (arts. rseT aredeined tyeu)~0 tx nla) sv tora “vieste nnn) eeu ares ‘orl by 4 van therefor longs oT: Let Odeo he ‘shun af th cons fh geal rena I het Trouph the origin The dcusion i the previous papa sows Sa nate. “Tetntereson sf Tand Oi theen tranforason cane evry ros tril tansition moves the cig, fess ee ment a OAS Theo Sad The wal agtnent i shows at eck omer em be ‘rian inn ae way an othogoal aaformatonToowed Dy 3 amnion Forty caf ube te Tand fe. then Y= JF Manin Tm Onde = ff =f Arg ~ Familia ean ben ‘Tice nde my othe it ae when fa fees 8d {otean appa homey Soypone 0,0 and) FEM) =fo4F00) joy fifi) case stinear nfo “Therefore the congas ff 8 tration by the wer fe). Se he lees of F and © opto pnerate ne ce ing (52) ha Te sb efor, &Tandf €0then oh teh MY xpress gh as an othognal apfemation felled by taaaton, Pat Is an omarion betesn Ey an te eer pr TO whe (°0-sAMtT} i given by conepnon Spee lation ae et ered out ig ater deren otto, Supporey = where ve Pande fee) andi M ste orthogonal ith whic oes nthe andar an fe hn ni 9 Fd ae © forall. Convent pene Rand MO, the fo) dtrines tn omecy of the plane We may therfore thik of eich some na raved pair) nck ead MeO, mth malin pen 86) = 6+ lM) It wear pred tobe very poste we expan tha weve Mei ith These prods Boy Oy hehomomergbion = AUR) BoM ‘hal to of 0, on Ne ta) meen (Se oe} [eS]cote (a) Prasat by he vector ¥Bsomes (1) where the 2 2 Mey (6) Rover sick trough # about he oi (4 {Gefen tee 180.8 (9) orem smicackre oud # about he pot 8 (e— fle A {@) Rafer thine mix. Note ta) = a oth) and rou some eparation. Rotation about een ich estroge sae shown ig 24 and Shem hi) H00 te fe +08 a equi. To else efleston nme th ist tale by — 0th hci ent Fand fy sande Pack tom. So» Bos PS Ihen aja and alto +08) fa spits ae 20+ A releton ina ie flowed by a ransation parle othe ae ine Sean make octane sot ase were fh) = 8 and» #0 Sone ome ie efector ie ecto. rh Sires tay i pend ya od pl. ee fms aera) Sati Jesse is pov. Therefore, 4 invert andthe etion sige slaion fore. The sien ree the rotation ¢— fie AD stout ths parte ich oposts Somety’i repented by an onder pi 6.) whee ope tnilf)= —v neha eflctonin the bte for whch = V2 What) # “nwo tm veal serv at fiw) = fs 09) 091-20) Resin ¥ along a in Figure 24 gies he vector (7 Il?) a gu romety th een Gab, =oworl isthe fometry ich cormspod tothe oder pi (AM), whee = rane (V2. hin i an anokite ration ough Since one) = site it scene cingnenty co fle eer couraert 0.13 =n) “Testor. anche tation trou x4 about he oi xa WAR 8? in My msrh =r Jind to VB, 1 a ‘fuls)=n¥t = (2/3. Sif) ta ne en my gi son ~ fad = 52 Dam te mine 6/5. ~ bay ena ‘Thea of a toh aio sol eon pode avile- DB) art yae “To poy we Fit tinh ie, then trans y = (29. 24.1, Wetgeich ofthe lowing rotations tan order pr) where vet and Meds (a) Amick rotation through aout he pit (0) Cloke rotation hous} aboat he oi (2. 242. spre refton inthe inex + +2 = and sefaton in he oe Vp aor pr, 243. A routon though =i uly clo alm, Prove tat the ‘rod te aur smayen alan 2.4. Show tat eve) Some can be expr a the product of ete ‘oor the reson 24S. Provettateeey opposite bomety can Be dcomposd a efston fotloned by alta 26. hia Beret with ans andi ean omer, show tht ‘hy ica tong yo 247. Show that esto ia the ne mowed by rection i m8 ‘ramon when ms pail om an oan eter fer (9-V~ ») 249, Show ta ava cane (Jertyinde B43)ie ftom. Find the aif the lisa the mount CHAPTER 25 Lattices and Point Groups Figre25.1showsa repeating ater of bexagon wich, continued nd. sey illus nol plane Te patter bab aceraiameant of sme, Foretamplefweapoy ter ofthe atons: rors inte ag ‘rotate anos through 5 abut the ni then Benga bo Ieuioos and he patern x preevd y shading in pat eck espe, tin Fgue 262, we produce stew deuge ich “lw neta cae the ational symmetry harem destroyed As ua thespett iE mensrea bya pup. nts can the appropiate bgp a B wane ‘eens ar the bometes of he ple whch senda pe pat ol ‘Weta casi the reps whcncan ain thay ame ous €swo dimesonl repeating patterns, we tal a the, mapper ‘SowninFigue2s3 Bathe recily beam ymca te pate ‘asad hexagon [Werke oa bord al the ida 4 aotton of he previo chaptr In parle ne deol each nome ofthe plane by ae dered pis) Shorey e Wang 0, Real ha ify = tvtf) th ta) fla) = foraltne@! Defies: f+ Osby nf) = McThen isa homomorpism enue EAP) = sa) MBG) Moiling hentai gr 0f epi rp GF he « A S P ( , KI y 7 ys! y, ye 4 ys "Fa ast ( ( yy, ws “A } 4 y WF OS ( Oe, a VW ys) | s 77 ys ve Ss Ma S Me s ba ys va iS yA ww (| (l A 4 ( i a, ys" ) p as 5 ) K "% 5 je L7 71i\ a “a, {| ) ( SY y 4 | ZA, “A Z st 4 y (| Oy os We ww yy S) a, y 7 ss A, y x NSS nd terminal veren gs cover ees yxy ys es for fecrtor tin X. Tae acon of @ ome by Ie amaion permis the ‘eens of, and extends over the ees ing 1 = (9004 oe son of om 16,0, Esra edges ae mended dr some = ‘Any twa serie, ha th apt can boned bys pth Oven g he sxe thav a pada yep ot pmb cach of which ter eons 1OiFor fas isimenein Then = yey cand the sing of lace errnee loxe os ong gener ne ca thnk of (6.1) a polygon ch iter wth tbe scion a G repre by roto IFC are peu epraed by X= [ss] thestuctere of 10, x) sated in Figure 28. (241) Theorem. 1110 ef gears for then FX) rae. Pref Support 2.2.05 4 pth which fis the vere g 10 Il If Pgaonaa lotsa eae ass Sen) en poe endteres = 23.25 ASX eset of generators for 6 been word Sstheony edad word whch represents e025 ems pall ‘st adacent symbols of he form 2 tn her eds, aya cOno a Found wp Hens 10.4) 8a a Suppose atom thee F, Conse the oston Tf al esi FFahch ona no more than ne ee and one vertex om uc oP A lemon Ao Thich ial wept othe pra ede en 5Y Incloston wl eal reference ree Maal ea ho eons @Tand i Ach thn Awa. The eusene of 8 mania leant tara by Zoom ern [Baur LeU be he finite ee which epee in Figure 24 “Tink of a soe the plane and conser te acton of 2 Z, = {esl de) Seemed by gna tas 3d Mn) == y (23) There. reference tse cms precy om eres frm each rf et bea cers ste et Gon ey dion fo ee of Ateine unc ob Supp Adour also Seren rm each nS ese feet Nam otra Ste {at des not mot Lens be tc ego Sand et =the totam ty line ang tego a) A pose ‘ethan A wicket at on Se om echo Tis ca ‘eis may of On he ot Ba let fy esp Smt Awe dy pce ab pes cur pet ult ah Seadcton a (283) There. 16 ats fet aman hn Ga fre rn ie to se Seas fae nates aa Soc eae Pen ark trata ence ite ara ek emtanckc tee Scales eteeimenenenimeames a taregetnatd th potty ffs tnd Tea hh ale sh ety inner? a Seo Sle en Se pe oie oectadine rere eae Seite rie ate Fe endeemanee Ee cn 9 st fd a gence aetna Sic hte tc Rap ain pata os erent ini mam ee gene fh rh Frabereibere ener pectin Nei Thepoade tb pe or a ee ‘Sica eangan hcophete etpe See ie Ne bh ees “The righthand side of) determines a reed word w( gh in symbols from Fit ofl thatthe adi fs ge round ip eto the geod ec notlands ide at some tags, n which cate (6) uhangs, goto Sng of 4 when) ange tog ayy 29, nba es ‘) tuner” Era rod rp muy Se death n'a sion, ow ferme that an abivry path ween two verte can Be aed ftom the pode bythe suse aon of rund ep To complete our argument we sal show that any esompostion¢ = dude -tnothere. b= cpalliin4y,tny berenaed ya rua chen Bath oto We can the ee hat) thoy eed ord Inthe laments ot 1 whic epee Proven by indo othe ath tthe dcompotion Set = ogy amd lt Pe pa rm 1040) ‘hich elit ecomposon of, By following 1) hen g(P) we ‘rouee a pth @ from to gt). Examine ie) ens th HC ees ‘alone thes continues vn 93) nee == 9 "))© A. Apbing the {sts toa proceso producer ad aver wth 3c ein Afton by F Therefore Q reales gerard a (084) Nien Seer Theorem. ery sbyroyp of free youp fre Prof Let Feber pou generated by thee an eG be a subgroup [SCF Weknow tha Fact elon the tee 1 ¥)anconedoenty 5 Sat Hien, tee by GR, a Exercise 24.1, Draw ampli grams fhe allowing sap Aa (eB hr5 AB, or eee and fg aig) 10) fa) =) = 10)" iinaanaw A= rit re7) Pe (ite) and aw tan) Head Ha) = 1a) > an = tae) =e 1) = en = Has) = A) = (0) = Hed) = taeh= ‘Fuhich jou to cand whieh doc ot contain ay round ip Tit pathis thecal grace tf Prana pu fm uo show thee re pats Fn sin allo whch oto auc nat Py ante abaied om fy the sito o's nage rund rp for 283, Suppose we havea group ction on 8 Ue. the group dementg Figen tw verter 07 roe tut at len a othe ees Wid 284. Find elerence rs for he group scons dribodin Expl (Gea ots atin 285. Workout all psi sctons ofa jhe group ode wo om ech ofthe gaps Jserbed i Berane 28 24.6, Pramine how the ooo of Thovem 28.3 wats in he sation of sample iof iste and for thesia action thee op 285. The cements of SL3(2), the roup of 22 mates which have Integer ens nf dtetinamt + 2 om the per Bal of he Complex pun ar Ma antonaton ct denote te ae of te ‘Stork which joie exp) tent in the ape bal plane tnd define Tt be the ono all sepmet where ge SLs (2). Draw a pte of Fan eck that repencnte re Show tht the Aton oF ST,C2hon hs te no are ein 285. Let we be veraes of sap 7:17 ar paths which oth on w tou wesay that P isadcet oP provided Fan be ober Pay the aon or removal oul sound tp. Show that th ‘5h oan equalece elason on tection a al pts fom ia There Piste to Q rods theese tle Phe Re ‘ofwichnn ator auchsha f= = Bad sade ts 249, Asal Fea graph a tern ofA path Pin F which ois So wits ep nal bean dee prenmuvonecte P= a,2, and Q= fifo Betheasee Root up eff A Pret hes {he pods (PO) [PO Cos hous py shag at he Proust ne Oe) This pop cael the fandametal rnp of Find ate [Ado the terminology of the reious exece a sme tha tevin Show that & consume vertex Choose an edge a ‘sch pir dese ds whch dot let A an toe the {tiling alec of gs Pov tht the fndamestal poop of Somat morphic tthe fe pou FX). Bibliography 101 Wop. Sma: Pt Uri rm, Pion 8 982 TR ey with ad ee sa tod) © anon, RE, pad Gory, Cnt Unt Pe, Comte eae Re Nc Cnr pedro mone ‘“ 11M VE Gs Resin and Orc tar Pt, New Yor (Th eon ermine) 19 Bama 13. hf Gd bin AB cn Rosen, 1 Haine To, VN Pan J See Troe hr mang Zs rs An rai ow ene (8 Jon. he Gamma of man Day So, Lon, 564 Ome sth are tego (ee cy ana pats an om fit sie 1) Main. Pmfrmion Goma, Singer, New Yor, 19, Rca Si Sot Spt Cage Us (Wert of jm Si mall md ppt)Index feteatte =r s cont Tren 8.98 Coney ewe ain Serer tyoey 8 ceeetn yan ten 78 Seen oe Dejasu ke sabgrowps oe, it Sons ‘iste or 28 ug albomonorphinn 36 “= Sittin mae Ntipcaae un Ntoonsongoar Srey a Froerstwoun eee Sener Rowena ‘Tenge pt 15 Seema Sa aNnee ‘Soweto yo et of tents ‘Sanenegor 2 ae Tram bow 146 ats gun depen Ta Math = rset tc ates tie. ie emt hr Tayo ‘EXitejtpt Pron emt ont Somer FEET eto tira 7 ttn Tn. ‘Si crc som ti ‘Stee tenance ‘Rope een Tops ter