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    Process control

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    Process control

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views4 pages

    Cascade Control

    Uploaded by

    SamuelEmebu
    Process control

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4
    enrots ts ssubsenbe Error-Proofing Applications + Matching Measuring Counting * Detecting Error Proofing onthe Spot Test Drive Teday! Fundamentals of cascade contol | Control Engineering oe a ‘Manage Account Fundamentals of cascade control ‘Sometimes two controlers can do beter Job of keeping one process varlable where you want It oanvaoce \When multiple censors are available for measuring concltons in a controlled process, a cascade contfol —__wiseritow {System can often perform better than a radtional shiglemeasuromont contaier. Consier, for ‘example, the steam-fed water heater shown in the ‘Sidebar Heating Water wth Cascade Contr. In Figure A, a tractional controllers shawn measuting ‘he temperature nsie the tank and manipulating the Sleam valve opening fo add more or ss heat 26 Ilowing water dsturoe the tank temperature, This arrangement works well enough I'he steam supply {and the steam vale are sufficiently consistent to Droduce another X% change in tank temperature ‘very time the convallr cals for another Y% change Inthe vate opening. However, several factors could alter the ratio of X to Toggerre ‘Yori time required forthe tank temperature to es ‘change afer a contral efor. The pressure inthe ‘foam supply Ine could drop while olher tanks aro ‘drawing down the steam supply they share, in which ‘cane the controller would have fo open the valve mare than Y% in err to achiave the same X% change in tank temperature (0, the steam valve could start sticking as friction takes ts mechanical toll overtime. That would lengthen the time required for ‘he valve to open fo te extent called Tor by he conoler and slow the rte at which the tank tomperature changes In response {oa given contrel efor A better way ‘A cascade contol system could solve both of these broblams as shown In Figure B where a second ontalir has taken over responsibly for ‘manipulating the valve openng based on ‘measurements froma second sensor monitoring the _Wiseritow Steam flow rate, Instead of eietating om widly the valve should be opened, te fist contol now tells the second contaler now much heat wants in terms of desired steam flow rate The ‘second _sloaey supi8y System ———, sl s Satabase, Teens a os eet Integrator controllor then manipulates the vave opening until the steam s flowing at the Fequeste rate. iat rate tums out to be Insufficient fo produce the desired tank temperature, the frst contraller can call ora higher low rate, thereby indueng the second controller to provide more steam and more heat (or vce versa) ‘That may sound Ike a convoluted way to achieve the same result as the frst controler could achieve on its own, but a cascade contal system shauld be able to provide much fasor compensation when the slaam flow is disturbed. In te orginal single Contolle arrangement, a drop inthe steam supply pressure would rt have to lower te tank temperature before the ip shwwr controleng comisinle-ariclatundamnlals-f-cascade-conalbcedadS face ¢00S3babb9672854 Nm Wobcasts Newslatrs Magazine een us enrot6 Fundamentals of cascade conva | Corral Engineering PLO temperature sensor cou even note the aturance Wi he second contol an second senso on te bth steam {owt canbe messures and maintaned much more qaray and procsay allowsng so rt conta to work wt te Debt EHIMI _ thatwnatover steam ow ate t wants wilin fat got, no matter what happens tothe stoam pressure. ‘ALLINONE" The second controller can also shield the fist controller from deteriorating valve performance. The valve might sil slow down {swears ou or gums up, and ine secand conrofer might rave fo wors harder as 2 esi, but Ue frst conor woud be 1 yu thatccted ao ong a6 fw second convalr able to manta to toa flow ae ate equred foal Vision1210 3 “ \Wiinout the acceleration afrded by the second controll, the frst controler would see the process becoming slower and slower. It might sti be abl to achieve the desired tank lamperatura on is own, dul unless @percoplive operator notices the effet and re-tunes ito be more aggressive about responding to disturbances in he tank temperature, it too would become Slower and slower. ‘Similarly the second controlar can smooth out ary qutks or nonineartes inthe valve's performance, such as an orfe that is harder to close tan to open, The socond contalier might have to sug abit to achieve the desred steam flow rato, butt ‘can do 0 quickly enough, the frst controle wil never see he effects of the valve's quirky behavior Elements of cascade contro! 2 Henen ML whe Cascade Control Block Di shor nd I ity Il id ‘The Cascade Contal Block Diagram shows a generic cascade canal system wih tw controler, two sensors, and one ‘Power PLC aetustr acting on two processes inserts A pimary or master controler generates a convo eft ha serves a8 he ep ane {ora secondary or slave controll Thal contol in tum uses the actuator o apply te corral efor cel tthe sacandary ‘Aleneone Software process. The secondary process then generates a secondary process variable that serves as the control effort for the primary process FPEIETRI ccomcry fis sock dagram des an ine eo ving te secondary conole a an ctr opine he Seat primary conor. The inner loop functions ike a radtanal feedback control system with a setpoint, a process variable, and a CTH sso sckn In te water heater example, the tank temperature controler would be primary since it defines the setpoint thatthe steam flow Ps Contvllor i required to achive. Tho water inthe tank the tank temperatura, the steam, and the stoam ow rats would be the WYunrrnonics: primary process, the primary process variable, the secondary prosats,and the secondary process variable, respectively (efor TmrvanbenesPiGean © bw Caseade Control Block Diagram), The valve tat the steam flow conlallor uses to maintain tho stam flow ralo servos as ‘he actuator which acts direcly onthe secondary process and indirectly onthe primary process. Requirements Natural, a cascade contol system cant solve every feedback conto problem, but it can prove advantageous f under the right creumstances + The inner loop has influence aver the outer loop. The actions of the secondary conivllar must affect the primary process varable na predictable and epealable way or ese tne pmary coro will have no mechanism for nfuencing is OWN process, + The inner lop is faster than the outer loop. The secondary process must react to the secondary controle’ effor's at least thee or for times faster nan the primary process reais tothe primary contallar. This allows the secondary

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