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Advanced PID Architecture for Improving Disturbance > What Should
Rejection and Enhancing System Performance Look for in
Performance
As they say: Timingis everything. The lag between upset and response directly Monitoring
impacts a systems performance along with the performance of other Software?
tip lleonrlstation com/cascade-conrl-cascade-conval-canigured! 45enrots \Whatls Cascade Contal? How Is Cascade Control Configured? - Contr Station
processes with which
interacts.
Fortunately there are
avariety of
approaches available
that leverage the PIDs
capabilities. These
approaches improve a
systems ability to
reject the negative
> July 28, 2016 -
PlantESP
Simplifies Issue
‘Awareness and
Process
Optimization with
New Innovations
> How to Performa
impact of Step Test
disturbances.
Cascade Control is > May 26,2016 -
among them. Control Station
Expands Portfolio
(Cascade Control is an advanced application of the PID that can improve of eLearning
control of systems that are subject to significant lag. Since such systems are Courses
slow to respond to disturbances their performance can suffer with each upset.
The Cascade architecture can be applied effectively to such sluggish processes > Accelerating
when @ related and faster responding loop is available, When applied in Start-Up,
concert the faster loop serves as an early warning mechanism that buffers the Optimizing PID
impact on its slower counterpart, allowing for smoother control and enhanced Control
performance.
‘Some thoughts to keep in mind when considering Cascade Control:
+ Mind Your PID Sign up for
our
Avaretyf term pling reused to describe the Cascade
" better Newsletter!
configuration. Whether Primary-Secondary, Master-Slave, or Outer-
Inner, these pairings may not jibe with a process physical attributes. For Email
instance, the loop controlling temperature of ajacket that surrounds a
reactor vessel would not be the Outer loop in a Cascade structure.
Although the jacket is on the outside, it serves as the Inner loop. The
correct configuration can be determined by referencing a Piping &
Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID).
n Up
+ Faster, Faster!
Keep up to
In order to function properly Cascade requires aloop the Inner, date!
Secondary or Slave that is capable of responding to changes at a rate Sx-
10x faster than the Outer loop. When architected properly, the speedier f in
Inner loop uses the Controller Output from the Outer loop as its Set
Point. This allows the Inner loop to respond directly to disturbances that,
affect the Outer loop. Given its responsiveness, the Inner loop reacts
‘more rapidly to changes than the Outer loop and it can help to counter
the negative impact of disturbances.
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Effective communication between and among production staffis critical
and sos the communication between the Inner and Outer loops. When
configuring the Outer loop its essential to scale the controller based on
the range of the Inner loops Set Point (i.e. 0% - 100%). The twoloops are.
linked and they must communicate properly if any performance
improvement is tobe achieved. improper scaling inhibits the Outer loop
from taking full advantage of the Inner loops range.
+ Industry Best-Practice
Use of Cascade has grown dramatically across the process industries, and
ithas become best-practice to apply it to most Temperature and Level
loops where a corresponding Flow loop is available. The dynamics of a
typical Flow loop allow for an appropriately fast response to the slower
‘changing Temperature/Level loop. When configured such that the Outer
loops Controller Output drives the Inner loops valve position, the
Cascade structure allows for improved disturbance rejection and for
smoother performance.
There are numerous industrial processes too many to list that suffer from
poor performance due to extensive lag. The slow responding nature of such
processes leaves them vulnerable to disturbances. Cascade Control is one
advanced application of the PID that enables them to react quicker to
disturbances and to limit the negative impact.
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