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Ojni Redovi - Zadaci (II Deo)
Ojni Redovi - Zadaci (II Deo)
Dalamberov kriterijum
Ako za red
lim
postoji
n =1
an +1
= r onda vai:
an
Primer 1.
n!
n =1
Reenje:
Najpre da odredimo an . Ovde je to an =
1
( znai uzimamo sve iza oznake za red). Dalje odredjujemo an +1 .Kako ?
n!
1
(n + 1)!
lim
an +1
an
1
n!
n!
1
(n + 1)!
= lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=0
n
n
1
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)
(n + 1) n !
n!
n!
konvergira.
n =1
Primer 2.
2n
n =1 n
Reenje:
lim
an +1
an
2n +1
n 2n +1
n 2n 2
n
= lim n +n 1 = lim n
= lim n
= 2 lim
= 2 1 = 2
n
n 2 ( n + 1)
n
n n + 1
2
2 (n + 1)
n
2n
divergentan.
n =1 n
1
Primer 3.
(2n 1)!! 1
n +1
2
n =1 (2 n)!!
Reenje:
Ovde je an =
(2n 1)!! 1
, a da se podsetimo ta znai ovaj dvostruki faktorijel.
(2n)!! 2n +1
lim
an +1
an
(2n + 1)!! 1
=
n (2n 1)!!
n 2
1
(2
n
1)!!
(2
n
+
2)!!
(2n)!! 2 n +1
= lim
2n +1
2 n+1 2
(2n)!!
(2n + 2) (2n)!!
1 2n + 1 1
= lim
=
n 2 2n + 2
2
Dakle, r = , pa dati red konvergira.
Primer 4.
n!
n
n =1
Reenje:
lim
an +1
an
(n + 1)!
n
(n + 1) n !
(n + 1)!
nn
nn
(n + 1) n +1
n
= lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=
n
n
n!
n ! (n + 1)n +1 n
n!
(n + 1) (n + 1) n n n + 1
nn
n
1
1 1
= lim
= lim
1 =
n n + 1
n
e
1+
n
n
2
n ! 2n n n e n
Sada imamo:
an =
n!
nn
2n n n e n
n
2n
en
a
lim n +1 = lim
n a
n
n
2(n + 1)
2(n + 1)
en
en
en +1
= lim n +1
= lim n
n e
n
2n
2n
e e
n
e
2 (n + 1)
=
2 n
(n + 1)
1
=
n
e
1
= lim
n e
tei 1
Primer 5.
np
Ispitati konvergenciju reda
n =1 n !
Reenje:
Ako probamo bez Stirlingove aproksimacije, imamo:
lim
an +1
an
(n + 1) p
p
(n + 1) p n !
(n + 1) p
n!
(n + 1)!
n +1 1
= lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=
n
n
np
n p (n + 1)! n n p
n ! (n + 1) n n n + 1
n!
p
1 1
1
= lim 1 +
= lim 1 +
n
n n + 1 n n
p
n
p
lim
1
1
n n
=e
lim
= eo 0 = 0
n n + 1
n +1
an =
np
n!
np
n p en
=
2n n n e n
2n n n
lim
en e
2n
nn
(n + 1) p
=
n
p
2(n + 1) en (n + 1) (n + 1) n
tei 1
n
n
n 1 n +1
1
n n 1 1
lim e
e 1 +
1
= lim e 1 +
= lim
n
n
n +1 n +1
n +1 n +1 n
n +1 n +1
tei 1
n
1 1
1
= lim e 1 +
= e lim 1 +
n
n
n +1 n +1
n 1
1
= e lim 1 +
n
n 1
( n 1)
n
( n 1)
n( n 1)
1
( n 1)
1
=
n +1
1
1
= e e 1 lim
=0
n n + 1
n +1
Ako za red
postoji
n =1
Primer 6.
n 1
Ispitati konvergenciju reda
n =1 n + 1
n ( n 1)
Reenje:
n 1
lim n
n
n +1
n ( n 1)
n 1
= lim
n n + 1
n 1
lim 1 +
1
n
n +1
n 1
n ( n 1)
n
n 1
= lim
n n + 1
n 1 n 1
= lim 1 +
n
n +1
n +1 2
( n 1)
n +1
1
= lim 1 +
n
n +1
n 1
n 1
= lim 1 +
n
n +1
n 1
n +1 2
( n 1)
n +1
1
= lim 1 +
n
n +1
1
Kako je r = 2 < 1 , to znai da red
e
=e
n 1
n =1 n + 1
lim
2 n + 2
n +1
= e 2 =
1
e2
n ( n 1)
Primer 7.
1 + cos n
n =1 2 + cos n
2 n ln n
Reenje:
1 + cos n
lim n
n
2 + cos n
Znamo da izraz
1 + cos n
lim
n 2 + cos n
2 n ln n
ln n
n
ln n
n
1 + cos n
= lim n
n
2 + cos n
n (2
ln n
)
n
1 + cos n
= lim
n 2 + cos n
ln n
n
tei 0 kad n tei beskonanosti, a da cosn ne moe imati veu vrednost od 1. Onda je:
1+1
lim
n 2 + 1
2 0
4
2
= lim = < 1
n 3
9
Rabelov kriterijum:
Ako za red
postoji
n =1
lim n(
n
an
1) = t onda :
an +1
Primer 8.
(2n 1)!! 1
2n + 1
n =1 (2 n)!!
Reenje:
(2n 1)!! 1
a
(2n 1)!! (2n + 2)!! 2n + 3
(2n)!! 2n + 1
lim n( n 1) = lim n(
1) = lim n(
1)
n
n
n
(2n + 1)!! 1
an +1
(2n + 1)!! (2n)!! 2n + 1
(2n + 2)!! 2n + 3
= lim n(
(2n + 2) (2n)!! 2n + 3
1) =
2n + 1
(2n + 1) (2n 1)!!
(2n)!!
= lim n(
(2n + 2)(2n + 3)
(2n + 2)(2n + 3) (2n + 1)2
1)
=
lim
n
(
)=
n
(2n + 1) 2
(2n + 1) 2
= lim n(
4n 2 + 6n + 4 n + 6 4 n 2 4 n 1
6n + 5
) = lim n(
)=
2
n
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)2
(2n 1)!!
6 n 2 + 5n
6 3
= = >1
2
n 4 n + 4n + 1
4 2
= lim
Primer 9.
n !e n
konvergira.
n+ p
n =1 n
Reenje:
Najpre emo srediti izraz
an
an +1
n !e n
an
n ! e n ( n + 1) n +1+ p
n!
e n (n + 1) n + p (n + 1) 1 (n + 1) n + p
nn+ p
=
=
=
=
=
an +1 ( n + 1)!e n +1 (n + 1)! en +1
nn+ p
(n + 1) n ! e n e
nn+ p
e nn+ p
( n + 1) n +1+ p
n+ p
1 n +1
1 1
=
= 1 +
e n
e n
Iskoristiemo trike:
n+ p
ln
1
gde je = 1 +
n
= ,
1
1 +
n
n+ p
=e
1
ln 1+
n
n+ p
=e
n+ p
1
( n + p ) ln 1+
n
Sada je
an
1 1
= 1 +
an +1 e n
1
ln 1+
n
n+ p
( n + p )ln 1+
1+ ( n + p )ln 1+
1 ( n + p )ln 1+ n
n
n
= e
= e 1 e
=e
e
ln(1+x) =
n -1
(-1)
n =1
xn
n
-1<x<1
1
1
1
1
ln(1 + ) = 2 + ( 2 ) sada je:
n
n 2n
n
p 1
1
1+ ( n + p )ln 1+
1+ ( n + p )( 2 + o ( 2 ))
1+1 + 2 + o ( 2 )
+o( )
an
n 2n
2n n 2n
n
n
n
=e
=e
=e
= e n 2n n = e
an +1
1
2 +o( 1 )
n
n
1
2 + o( 1 ) kad n
n
n
= 1+
a
lim n( n 1) = lim n(1 +
n
n
an +1
1
1
p
2 1) = lim n
2 = p1
n
n
n
2
1
3
>1 p >
red konvergira
2
2
f ( n)
n =1
integralom
f ( x)dx
1
Primer 10.
n
n =1
Reenje:
Posmatramo integral:
x dx
1
1
1
x +1
dx
dx
x
dx
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
1 x
A x
A
A + 1
1
1
A
A
1
= lim(
A
A +1
1
)=
+ 1 + 1
A +1
1
1
1
) = 0
=
+ 1 + 1
+ 1 1
A +1
1
)=
+ 1 + 1
Primer 11.
Ispitati konvergenciju reda sa optim lanom an =
1
n ln p n
gde je n>1
Reenje:
1
1
dx
p
2 x ln p x dx = lim
A
x
ln
x
2
Reimo najpre integral na stranu bez granica ( da ne bi morali da menjamo granice jer moramo upotrebiti smenu)
ln x = t
1
1
t p +1
t 1 p
p
dx
=
=
dt
=
t
dt
=
=
1
x ln p x
p +1 1 p
dx = dt t p
x
1
1
(ln x)1 p
dx
=
lim
dx
=
lim
2 x ln p x A 2 x ln p x A 1 p
A
A
2
=
A
1 p
1 p
= lim
= 0
=
1 p
1 p
1 p
p 1
=
A
1 p
1 p
n =1
an
1
= + + o( 1+ ) za
an +1
n
n
i)
ii)
iii)
Ako je =1 tada
> 0 tada:
Primer 12.
(2n 1)!!
n =1 (2n )!!
Reenje:
p
(2n 1)!!
p
p
p
(2n)!!
(2n 1)!! (2n + 2)!!
an
(2n 1)!!
(2n + 2)(2n)!!
2n + 2
=
=
=
= 2n + 1
an +1 (2n + 1)!! p (2n + 1)!! (2n)!!
(2n)!!
(2n + 2)!!
1
2n + 2
2n + 1 + 1
2n + 1 = 2n + 1 = 1 + 2n + 1 =
p
1 0 p p 1 1 1 p p 2 1 2
= 1p (
) + 1 (
) + 1 (
) + ...
2n + 1
2n + 1
0 2n + 1
1
2
= 1+
p
p ( p + 1)
1
+
+ o( 2 )
2
n
2n + 1 2(2n + 1)
p
1
+ o( 2 )
2n + 1
n
p
1
= 1+
+ o( 2 )
1
n
2(n + )
2
p/2
1
= 1+
+ o( 2 ) kad n
n + 1/ 2
n
p/2
1
= 1+
+ o( 2 )
n
n
= 1+
Ovo uporedjujemo sa
an
1
= + + o( 1+ )
an +1
n
n
p
2
p
> 1 p > 2 red konvergira
2
p
ii) Ako je = < 1 p < 2 red divergira
2
i) Ako je =
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